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Micromechanics modeling of fault stability under the influence of fluid pressure changes Zhibing Yang Postdoctoral Fellow, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Advisor: Prof. Ruben Juanes MIT Earth Resources Laboratory 2016 Annual Founding Members MeeLng May 18, 2016

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Page 1: under,the,influence,of,fluidpressure,changes Zhibing Yang...Micromechanics,modeling,of,fault,stability,, under,the,influence,of,fluidpressure,changes , Zhibing’Yang’ Postdoctoral’Fellow,’’

Micromechanics  modeling  of  fault  stability    under  the  influence  of  fluid  pressure  changes  

Zhibing  Yang  

Postdoctoral  Fellow,    Department  of  Civil  and  Environmental  Engineering  

 Advisor:  Prof.  Ruben  Juanes  

 MIT  Earth  Resources  Laboratory  

2016  Annual  Founding  Members  MeeLng  May  18,  2016  

Page 2: under,the,influence,of,fluidpressure,changes Zhibing Yang...Micromechanics,modeling,of,fault,stability,, under,the,influence,of,fluidpressure,changes , Zhibing’Yang’ Postdoctoral’Fellow,’’

Slide  2  2016  Annual  Founding  Members  MeeLng  

MoLvaLon  

•  Induced  seismicity  

•  The  role  of  pore  pressure  in  faulLng  

•  EvaluaLon  of  fault  stability  

•  Landslides  

Page 3: under,the,influence,of,fluidpressure,changes Zhibing Yang...Micromechanics,modeling,of,fault,stability,, under,the,influence,of,fluidpressure,changes , Zhibing’Yang’ Postdoctoral’Fellow,’’

Slide  3  2016  Annual  Founding  Members  MeeLng  

Geological  faults  have  complex  structures  

Mitchell  and  Faulkner,  2009  

Reservoir  scale  coupled  hydro-­‐geomechanical  modeling  

?

Page 4: under,the,influence,of,fluidpressure,changes Zhibing Yang...Micromechanics,modeling,of,fault,stability,, under,the,influence,of,fluidpressure,changes , Zhibing’Yang’ Postdoctoral’Fellow,’’

Slide  4  2016  Annual  Founding  Members  MeeLng  

Fault  stability  criterion  

Iσσ pα−=ʹ′

0cσn +ʹ′≤ µτ

EffecLve  stress  principle  

p-­‐  p+  

x

(a)  

x

z

Reservoir  

InjecLon  

σh   σh  

σv  

σn  τ  

(b)  

x

pressure  Fault  plane  

p-­‐  p+  p0  

Sealing  fault  

Which  pressure  should  be  used  in  the  Coulomb  failure  criterion?  

Page 5: under,the,influence,of,fluidpressure,changes Zhibing Yang...Micromechanics,modeling,of,fault,stability,, under,the,influence,of,fluidpressure,changes , Zhibing’Yang’ Postdoctoral’Fellow,’’

Slide  5  2016  Annual  Founding  Members  MeeLng  

Micromechanical  modeling  Discrete  Element  Model   Pore  network  flow  

model  Pore network Grains

Pore  fluid    Darcian  flow  

Pressure  forces  

Force-­‐displacement  law  Law  of  moLon  

Contact  forces  

DEM  

Page 6: under,the,influence,of,fluidpressure,changes Zhibing Yang...Micromechanics,modeling,of,fault,stability,, under,the,influence,of,fluidpressure,changes , Zhibing’Yang’ Postdoctoral’Fellow,’’

Slide  6  2016  Annual  Founding  Members  MeeLng  

A  block-­‐and-­‐gouge  model  

Lx  =  8  cm  Ly  =  1.6  cm    Lz  =  4  cm    Tgouge  =  1.2  cm  Ravg  =  0.1  cm  σv  =  10  MPa  V  =  0.000325  m/s  

v  

v  

σv  

σv  

Block

Block

Fagereng  et  al.  2011  

p

Lme  0  

pmax  

p-­‐  =  p+  

Page 7: under,the,influence,of,fluidpressure,changes Zhibing Yang...Micromechanics,modeling,of,fault,stability,, under,the,influence,of,fluidpressure,changes , Zhibing’Yang’ Postdoctoral’Fellow,’’

Slide  7  2016  Annual  Founding  Members  MeeLng  

Fault  failure  by  mechanical  loading  

Page 8: under,the,influence,of,fluidpressure,changes Zhibing Yang...Micromechanics,modeling,of,fault,stability,, under,the,influence,of,fluidpressure,changes , Zhibing’Yang’ Postdoctoral’Fellow,’’

Slide  8  2016  Annual  Founding  Members  MeeLng  

Individual  parLcle  velocity  and  trajectory    

ParLcle  velocity   ParLcle  posiLon  

Intermicent  behavior  

Page 9: under,the,influence,of,fluidpressure,changes Zhibing Yang...Micromechanics,modeling,of,fault,stability,, under,the,influence,of,fluidpressure,changes , Zhibing’Yang’ Postdoctoral’Fellow,’’

Slide  9  2016  Annual  Founding  Members  MeeLng  

Micromechanical  response  of  the  gouge  layer  

Total  kineLc  energy  [J]  

Page 10: under,the,influence,of,fluidpressure,changes Zhibing Yang...Micromechanics,modeling,of,fault,stability,, under,the,influence,of,fluidpressure,changes , Zhibing’Yang’ Postdoctoral’Fellow,’’

Slide  10  2016  Annual  Founding  Members  MeeLng  

Comparing  different  pressurizaLon  scenarios  

Four  scenarios:    p  =  0  à  pmax  unLl  t1    p  =  0  à  pmax  unLl  t1  but  only  

       on  the  negaLve  side    p  =  0  à  0.5*pmax  unLl  t1    p  =  0  (”dry”)  

p-­‐  =  p+  =  pmax  

p-­‐  =  p+  =  0.5pmax  

pmax  =  p-­‐  >  p+  =  0  

p-­‐  =  p+  =  0  

Page 11: under,the,influence,of,fluidpressure,changes Zhibing Yang...Micromechanics,modeling,of,fault,stability,, under,the,influence,of,fluidpressure,changes , Zhibing’Yang’ Postdoctoral’Fellow,’’

Slide  11  2016  Annual  Founding  Members  MeeLng  

Slip  weakening  behavior  of  the  gouge  layer  

Shear  stress  Normal  stress   eff  

Slip  failure  

Page 12: under,the,influence,of,fluidpressure,changes Zhibing Yang...Micromechanics,modeling,of,fault,stability,, under,the,influence,of,fluidpressure,changes , Zhibing’Yang’ Postdoctoral’Fellow,’’

Slide  12  2016  Annual  Founding  Members  MeeLng  

Macroscale  onset  of  failure  

Horizontal  strain   Horizontal  strain  

Ver<cle  strain  

1.  Higher  pressure  à  earlier  onset  of  slip  2.  When  pressure  is  larger  on  one  side  than  the  other,  neither  the  maximum  nor  the  arithmeLc  average  pressure  is  suitable  for  evaluaLon  of  the  Coulomb  failure  criterion  

Page 13: under,the,influence,of,fluidpressure,changes Zhibing Yang...Micromechanics,modeling,of,fault,stability,, under,the,influence,of,fluidpressure,changes , Zhibing’Yang’ Postdoctoral’Fellow,’’

Slide  13  2016  Annual  Founding  Members  MeeLng  

Conclusions  and  future  work  

Ø A  coupled  DEM  and  pore-­‐network  flow  model  developed  

Ø Gouge  layer  slip  failure  characterized  by  local-­‐scale  sLck-­‐slip  dynamics  

Ø Pressure  imhomogeneity:  the  CFC  cannot  be  simply  evaluated  using  the  max.  or  the  average  pressure  for  the  boundary  scenario  considered  

Ø Future  work  –  addiLonal  boundary  scenarios;        extension  to  two-­‐phase  flow  and  fracturing  

Page 14: under,the,influence,of,fluidpressure,changes Zhibing Yang...Micromechanics,modeling,of,fault,stability,, under,the,influence,of,fluidpressure,changes , Zhibing’Yang’ Postdoctoral’Fellow,’’

Thank  you!  

2016  Annual  Founding  Members  MeeLng  

Page 15: under,the,influence,of,fluidpressure,changes Zhibing Yang...Micromechanics,modeling,of,fault,stability,, under,the,influence,of,fluidpressure,changes , Zhibing’Yang’ Postdoctoral’Fellow,’’

Slide  15  2016  Annual  Founding  Members  MeeLng  

Failure  criterion  for  a  sealing  fault  

(b)  

x

pressure  Fault  plane  

p-­‐  p+  p0  

(a)  

Sealing  fault  x

z

Reservoir  

InjecLon  

σh   σh  

σv  

σn  τ  

InσInσ ++−− +⋅ʹ′=+⋅ʹ′ pp αα

Iσσ pα−=ʹ′

0cσn +ʹ′≤ µτEffecLve  stress  principle  

( ) 0,min cf +⋅ʹ′⋅ʹ′⋅≤ +− nσnσµτ( )+−≤ ppp f ,max Jha  and  Juanes,2014  

p-­‐  p+  

x

Page 16: under,the,influence,of,fluidpressure,changes Zhibing Yang...Micromechanics,modeling,of,fault,stability,, under,the,influence,of,fluidpressure,changes , Zhibing’Yang’ Postdoctoral’Fellow,’’

16  

Discrete Element Method (DEM)

+ Pore-Network Darcy Flow

∑∑ +=n

pn

j

cjiim FFx!! ∑=

jjii MθI !!

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛−−= ∑

jjp

p

f tqVVK

p δδδ

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛ −=

j

jjj l

ppCq

Explicit scheme for pore pressure

Darcy’s Law

Pore network Grains

Two interacting, overlapping networks for the grains and pores

A  micromechanics  model  for  hydro-­‐geomechanic  coupling  

Two-way coupling between the deformation of the solid matrix and the fluid pressure

Page 17: under,the,influence,of,fluidpressure,changes Zhibing Yang...Micromechanics,modeling,of,fault,stability,, under,the,influence,of,fluidpressure,changes , Zhibing’Yang’ Postdoctoral’Fellow,’’

Some  faults  are  sealing  

•  JuxtaposiLon  •  Cataclasis  •  CementaLon/diageneLc  

effects  •  Clay  and  shale  smearing  

5  cm  Fagereng  et  al.  2011  

Fossen  2010  

Page 18: under,the,influence,of,fluidpressure,changes Zhibing Yang...Micromechanics,modeling,of,fault,stability,, under,the,influence,of,fluidpressure,changes , Zhibing’Yang’ Postdoctoral’Fellow,’’

Time  scales  

•  Pore  pressure  diffusion  

•  Pore  deformaLon  

18  

𝑡↓𝑝 = 𝑑↑2 /𝐷↓ℎ      

𝐷↓ℎ = 𝑘/𝜇𝛽↓𝑤      

𝑡↓𝑑 = 𝑑↓𝑝 /𝑣     

𝑑=0.001  m    

𝑘=1×10↑−9    m↑2     𝛽↓𝑤 =4×10↑−10    Pa↑−1     

𝑑↓𝑝 =0.1𝑑    

𝑣=1×10↑−4   m/s    

𝑡↓𝑝 ~ 10↑−10 s  

𝑡↓𝑝 ~1  s  

Page 19: under,the,influence,of,fluidpressure,changes Zhibing Yang...Micromechanics,modeling,of,fault,stability,, under,the,influence,of,fluidpressure,changes , Zhibing’Yang’ Postdoctoral’Fellow,’’

Slide  19  2016  Annual  Founding  Members  MeeLng  

A  block-­‐and-­‐gouge  model  

v  

v  

σv  

σv  

Block

Block

Four  scenarios:  1.  p  =  0  (dry)  2.  p  =  0  à  0.5*pmax  unLl  t1  3.  p  =  0  à  pmax  unLl  t1  but  

only  on  the  negaLve  side  4.  p  =  0  à  pmax  unLl  t1  

Lx  =  8  cm  Ly  =  1.6  cm    Lz  =  4  cm    Tgouge  =  1.2  cm  Ravg  =  0.1  cm  

p  

A   A’  0  

p0  

4.  Uniform  pressure  

t  =  0  

t  =  t1  p  

A   A’  0  

p0  

3.Inhomogeneous  pressure  

t  =  t1  

t  =  0  

A  

A’  

Page 20: under,the,influence,of,fluidpressure,changes Zhibing Yang...Micromechanics,modeling,of,fault,stability,, under,the,influence,of,fluidpressure,changes , Zhibing’Yang’ Postdoctoral’Fellow,’’

2016  Annual  Founding  Members  MeeLng  

Page 21: under,the,influence,of,fluidpressure,changes Zhibing Yang...Micromechanics,modeling,of,fault,stability,, under,the,influence,of,fluidpressure,changes , Zhibing’Yang’ Postdoctoral’Fellow,’’

Slide  21  2016  Annual  Founding  Members  MeeLng  

Horizontal  stress  evoluLon  

Page 22: under,the,influence,of,fluidpressure,changes Zhibing Yang...Micromechanics,modeling,of,fault,stability,, under,the,influence,of,fluidpressure,changes , Zhibing’Yang’ Postdoctoral’Fellow,’’

Stress  calculaLon  

•  microstress  

•  Averaging  over  the  gouge  layer  

22  

kc

k

kcc

V,,1

∑ ⊗= fxσσ

gouge

cσσ =

Lz  Lz  +  ΔLz  εv  =ΔLz/Lz  VerLcle  strain