• Understanding proteins and enzymes in order to deliver optimal products Basic knowledge of the enzyme classes and their chemistry is of primary importance . This knowledge, together with state-of-the-art technologies within protein chemistry, is the basis for discovering and improving new enzyme applications.

• Basic knowledge of the function and stability of p

roteins and enzymes is the key to developing new enzyme applications and improving existing applications

• Large-scale enzyme screening in real-life tests Using High Throughput Screening can scan the properties of more than one million potential new enzymes each week. What is more, the tests also simulate real-life applications such as a washing machine or jet cooker.

• Every year are produced and isolated billions of potential new enzymes that may turn into a new, revolutionizing product. Finding the right enzyme with the right properties is therefore like finding a needle in a haystack.

• Testing new enzyme structures in a virtual environment With the help of specially programmed super-computers researchers can test new enzyme structures in a virtual environment. Even slight changes in an enzyme can result in amazing improvements in stability

• An enzyme consists of several hundreds of amino acids located in a delicate three-dimensional structure. This structure determines the properties of the enzyme such as reactivity, stability and specificity.

• Using nature’s own technology to develop new enzyme products Using the evolutionary process nature creates new organisms that are better suited for survival under new conditions. If our scientists are unable to find an enzyme to solve a specific problem in nature, they are able to develop it by imitating evolution

• In many industries the enzyme solution for a specific problem is not always easy to find. Most often harsh conditions place excessive demands on the enzyme used. Examples of such conditions are high temperature, extreme pH levels or harsh chemicals used in the industrial process.

• The visionary approach to safe and low-allergenic industrial enzymes The future of enzymes lies in safe enzyme products for personal care and food. Based on several new patents, to produce safe low-allergenic enzymes in these fields is getting ready.

• Proteins, including enzymes, have obvious applications in the detergent, personal care, agricultural, food, pharmaceutical and chemical industries, but until now it has not been possible to use enzymes in potential applications (e.g. Personal Care) due to the allergenic potency of the molecules.

• 5 Enzymes As Commercial Products

5.1 Detergent Additives

5.2 Food Additives And Food Processing

5.2.1 Corn Syrup

5.2.2 Alcohol And Beverages

5.2.3 Rennet And Rennet Substitutes

5.3 Enzymes For Feed Supplementation

5.3.1 Phytase

5.3.2 Xylanase

5.3.3 Other Feed Additive Enzymes

5.3.4 Thermostabilization Of Feed Supplement Enzyme

5.3.5 Industrial Production Of Enzymes For Feed Additives

5.3.6 Major Competitors With Enzyme Supplementation For Feed

• 5.4 Pharmacy

5.4.1 Fda-Approved Enzyme Drugs

5.4.2 Investigational Enzyme Drugs

5.5 Research And Development Products

5.5.1 Signaling (Probe) Enzymes

5.5.2 Proteases.

5.5.3 Lysozyme.

5.5.4 Nucleases

5.6 Clinical Assays

5.6.1 Forensic Pcr

5.6.2 Clinical Pcr

5.6.3 Elisa

5.7 Us Federal Funding For Enzyme Research/Technology Transfer

5.7.1 Small Business Innovation Research (Sbir) Program.

5.7.2 Small Business Technology Transfer (Sttr) Program

5.7.3 Advanced Technology Program (Atp).

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• 6.5 Other Targets

6.5.1 Neurami

6.5.2 Triclosan.

6.5.3 Immunophilins

6.5.4 Topoiso

6.5.5 Viagra ®

6.5.6 Polyketide Synthases

6.5.7 Hmg-Coa Reductase

6.5.8 Miscellaneous Enzyme Targets.

• 6 Enzymes As Therapy Targets

• 6.1 Proteases

6.1.1 Serine Proteases

6.1.2 Acid Proteases

6.1.3 Metalloprotease Inhibitors

6.1.4 Antigen Processing.

6.1.5 Apoptosis, Caspases And Ice.

6.2 Antibiotics

6.2.1 Vancomycin

6.2.2 Thienamy

6.2.3 Oxazolidinones

6.2.4 Streptog

6.2.5 Other New Antibiotics In Development

• 6.3 Cyclooxygenase

6.4 Antivirals And Reverse Transcriptase

• 7 Potential Growth Areas For Enzymes

7.1 Pharmaceutical Processing

7.1.1 Chiral Resolutions

7.1.2 Chiral Examples

7.1.3 Nonchiral Examples

7.2 Solid Phase Enzyme Chemistry

7.2.1 Biocatalysis Formats

7.2.2 Solid Phase Enzyme Chemistry Example

7.3 Specialty Chemical Applications.

• 7.4 Biopulping

7.4.1 Paper And Pulp

7.4.2 Fermentation Feedstock

7.5 Waste

7.5.1 Explosives

7.5.2 Organophosphates In Pesticide Residues And Nerve Gas

• 7.6 Biosensors

• 7.6.1 Glucose Monitors

7.7 Hydrogen Production For Fuel Cell Applications.

7.8 Clinical Assays 쉚 sa

7.9 Biofilm Control

7.10 Gas And Oil Desulfurization

7.11 Cyclodextrins

7.12 Synthesis Of Vanillin From Glucose

7.13 Gene Therapy

7.13.1 Rubisco

7.13.2 Agricultural Gene Transfer For Crop Enhancement

7.13.3 Enzymes Produced In Transgenic Plants

• The General Characteristics of Enzymes. Enzymes are highly efficient protein catalysts which are involved iii almost every biological reaction. They are often quite specific in terms of the substance acted upon and the type of reaction catalyzed.

• Enzyme Nomenclature and Classification. Enzymes are grouped into six major classes on the basis of the type of reaction catalyzed. Common names for enzymes often end in -ase and are based on the substrate and/or the type of reaction catalyzed.

• Enzyme Cofactors. Cofactors are nonprotein molecules required for an enzyme to be active. Cofactors are either organic (coenzymes) or inorganic ions.

• .

• Mechanism of Enzyme Action. The behavior of enzymes is explained by a theory in which the formation of an enzyme-substrate complex is assumed to occur. The specificity of enzymes is explained by the lock and key theory and the induced fit theory.

• Enzyme Activity. The catalytic ability of enzymes is described by turnover number and enzyme international units. Experiments that measure enzyme activity are referred to as enzyme assays.

• Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity. The catalytic activity of enzymes is influenced by numerous factors. The most important are substrate concentration, enzyme concentration, temperature, and pH

Enzyme Inhibition. Chemical substances called inhibitors decrease the rates of enzyme catalyzed reactions. irreversible inhibitors render enzymes permanently inactive and include several very toxic substances such as the cyanide ion and heavy metal ions. Reversible inhibitors are of two types: competitive and noncompetitive.

Regulation of Enzyme Activity. Three mechanisms of cellular control over enzyme activity exist. One method involves the synthesis of enzyme precursors called zymogens, which are activated when needed by the cell. The second mechanism relies upon the binding of small molecules (modulators), which increase or decrease enzyme activity. Genetic control of enzyme synthesis, the third method, regulates the amount of enzyme available. Medical Applications of Enzymes. Numerous enzymes have become useful as aids in diagnostic medicine. The presence of specific enzymes in body fluids such as blood has been related to certain pathological conditions.