understanding dissolved gas analysis of ester...
TRANSCRIPT
Understanding Dissolved Gas Analysis of Ester Liquids
an Updated Review of Gas Generated
in Ester Liquid by Stray Gassing,
Thermal Decomposition and Electrical Discharge
Initially presented at the 2016 IEEE ELECTRICAL INSULATION CONFERENCE (EIC)
TRANSFORMATOR’17
Carbon
Hydrogen= Hydrocarbon
Mineral Oil Chemical Structure
TRANSFORMATOR’17
Carbon
Hydrogen= Hydrocarbon
Mineral Oil Chemical Structure
Aromatic
Naphthenic
Paraffinic
TRANSFORMATOR’17
CO
O
R2
1R
R 21R , = Carbon Based Compound
Ester Chemical Structure
TRANSFORMATOR’17Glycerol
CO
CH
COCH2
R’’
CO
O
CH2
R’’’
O
O
R’
Natural Ester Chemical Structure
Fatty Acid
Fatty Acid
Fatty Acid
H
H
H
TRANSFORMATOR’17
CO
CH
COCH2
R’’
CO
O
CH2
R’’’
O
O
R’
Ester
Natural Ester Chemical Structure
R
R
R
H
H
H
TRANSFORMATOR’17
CO
CH
COCH2
R’’
CO
O
CH2
R’’’
O
O
R’
Natural Ester Chemical Structure
Fatty Acid
Fatty Acid
Fatty Acid
R
R
R
H
H
H
For R = HandR’, R’’, R’’’ =long hydrocarbonchain
TRANSFORMATOR’17Glycerol + Fatty Acid = Glyceride
CO
CH
COCH2
R’’
CO
O
CH2
R’’’
O
O
R’
Natural Ester Chemical Structure
H
H
TRANSFORMATOR’17
CO
CH
COCH2
R’’
CO
O
CH2
R’’’
O
O
R’
Natural Ester Chemical Structure
Glycerol + 3 * Fatty Acid = Triglyceride
TRANSFORMATOR’17
R’, R’’, R’’’ = Fatty Acid
TRANSFORMATOR’17
Fatty Acid Composition (%) of Some Natural Ester Liquids
10053162173Flax Seed
10010226224Canola
10075424411Soybean
10055128511Walnut
100<198245HO Sunflower
93<13248211Peanut
100<1731548Grape Seed
Sum%
LinolenicC18:3
3
LinoleicC18:2
2
OleicC18:1
1
StearicC18:0
0
PalmiticC16:0
0
Unsaturated
=
TRANSFORMATOR’17
Differences of Natural Ester Oilfrom Mineral Oil
Mineral Oil
TRANSFORMATOR’17
CO
CH
COCH2
CO
O
CH2
O
O
CO
CH
COCH2
CO
O
CH2
O
O
Differences of Natural Ester Oilfrom Mineral Oil
Ester Oil
TRANSFORMATOR’17
CO
CH
COCH2
CO
O
CH2
O
O
CO
CH
COCH2
CO
O
CH2
O
O
Differences of Natural Ester Oilfrom Mineral Oil
Numerous Carbon Double Bonds
TRANSFORMATOR’17
CO
CH
COCH2
CO
O
CH2
O
O
CO
CH
COCH2
CO
O
CH2
O
O
Differences of Natural Ester Oilfrom Mineral Oil
Numerous C – O – C Bonds
TRANSFORMATOR’17
CO
CH
COCH2
CO
O
CH2
O
O
CO
CH
COCH2
CO
O
CH2
O
O
Differences of Natural Ester Oilfrom Mineral Oil
Large amount of Oxygen
TRANSFORMATOR’17
CO
CH
COCH2
CO
O
CH2
O
O
CO
CH
COCH2
CO
O
CH2
O
O
Differences of Natural Ester Oilfrom Mineral Oil
Large Molecule
TRANSFORMATOR’17
Mineral Oil Natural Ester
• Different composition
• Different structure
• Different properties
• Different reactions?
TRANSFORMATOR’17
Oil Degradation
• Moderate temperature might produce gas
• Excessive temperature (Hot Spot) will produce gas
• Arcing will produce gas
• PD will produce gas
• It occur in both mineral and ester oil
TRANSFORMATOR’17
Oil Degradation
• Fortunately the gases produced are the same:– H2 hydrogen
– CH4 methane
– C2H6 ethane
– C2H4 ethylene
– C2H2 acetylene
– CO carbon monoxide
– CO2 carbon dioxide
• Just not in the same proportion
TRANSFORMATOR’17
Oil Degradation
• There is several way to degrade a molecule
– Autoxidation (Free Radical)
– Oxydation (O2)
– Pyrolysis (Heat)
– Ionisation (Charge transfer)
• Each way has several possible mechanisms
TRANSFORMATOR’17
Natural Ester Degradation: Stray Gassing
• In normal service, no gas production is expected
• However, Ethane has been reported for normal operation
• This phenomena is called “Stray Gassing”
• It is also observed with some Mineral Oil
• But Mineral Oil produce mostly H2, not C2H6
• Why?
TRANSFORMATOR’17
Degradation by Autoxidation(Free Radical)
RH R· + H·
RRR· + R·
ROO·R· + O2
ROO· + RH ROOH + R·
H2H· + H·
TRANSFORMATOR’17
1
+ H· (From a nearby R)
Ethane (C2H6)
HH
H
HH
HH
H
HH
H
H
H
H
HH
H
HH HH
H
H
H
H
H
H
1HH
H
H
HH
H
H
HHHH HH
HHHH HH
CCC CCCC
CCCCCCCCCCC
Omega-3
Stray Gassing: Formation of Ethane from Linolenic Acid (Oxidation)
TRANSFORMATOR’17
Stray Gassing: Formation of Ethane from Linolenic Acid
1O2 is unstable 3O2 is the normal form of Oxygen
So where 1O2 come from ?
1
HH
H
HH HH
H
H
1
Sn
S2
S1
S0 Electronic Ground State
Vibrational states
Photosensitive Oxygen
Photon absorption
е-
γ
е-
Electronic statesSinglet (S0,S1,S2,Sn)
Triplet (T1,T2)
Molecule
Generation of 1O2
Photon Capture
е-
Sn
S2
S1
S0 Electronic Ground State
Vibrational states
Photosensitive
е-
е-
е-
Electronic statesSinglet (S0,S1,S2,Sn)
Triplet (T1,T2)
Molecule
Generation of 1O2
е-
Fluorescence
Fluorescentemission
γ
Internal conversion (IC), heat transfer
Sn
S2
S1T2T1
S0 Electronic Ground State
Vibrational states
Internal conversion (IC), heat transfer
Intersystem crossing (ISC)
Photosensitive
е-
е-
е-
Electronic statesSinglet (S0,S1,S2,Sn)
Triplet (T1,T2)
Molecule
Generation of 1O2
ISC
е-
Sn
S2
S1T2T1
S0 Electronic Ground State
Vibrational states
Photosensitive
е-
е-
Electronic statesSinglet (S0,S1,S2,Sn)
Triplet (T1,T2)
Molecule
Generation of 1O2
Phosphorescence
е-
Phosphorescentemission
γ
е-
Sn
S2
S1T2T1
3O2
1O2
S0 Electronic Ground State
Vibrational states
Photosensitive
Oxygen
Spin inversion
е-
е-
Electronic statesSinglet (S0,S1,S2,Sn)
Triplet (T1,T2)
Molecule
Generation of 1O2
е-
е-е-
Spin Inversion
е-
TRANSFORMATOR’17
Stray Gassing
• Photoreaction is compound dependant
• It is also dependant of light energy
• Is photoreaction also occurring in natural ester?
• The short answer is “YES”
TRANSFORMATOR’17
Stray Gassing
Natural ester fluid showing phosphorescence from photo activity (left) and after this activity had subsided (right).
TRANSFORMATOR’17
Stray Gassing in Natural Ester
• Could be initiated by Free radical reaction
• Could be initiated by Photoreaction
• Exposure to light (UV and Sunlight) create gas
• Exposure to Light also increase gas generation at moderate temperature.
• Mostly H2, C2H6, CO and CO2
• C2H6 production related to oil composition
TRANSFORMATOR’17
Stray Gassing in Natural Ester
• Importance of storing Oil properly
Impact of 3 years exposure of soybean oil to sunlight in Polyethylene tank (ASTM D7150 at 120°C)
942
220
0
7
615
35
149
NewASTM 7150
786
7
0
0
0
0
0
New
2627
265
0
52
400
18
33
Stored
2199CO2
351CO
0C2H2
68C2H4
1372C2H6
76CH4
429H2
StoredASTM 7150
942
220
0
7
615
35
149
NewASTM 7150
786
7
0
0
0
0
0
New
2627
265
0
52
400
18
33
Stored
2199CO2
351CO
0C2H2
68C2H4
1372C2H6
76CH4
429H2
StoredASTM 7150
TRANSFORMATOR’17
Stray Gassing in Natural Ester
• Importance of storing Oil properly
As Received
942
220
0
7
615
35
149
NewASTM 7150
786
7
0
0
0
0
0
New
2627
265
0
52
400
18
33
Stored
2199CO2
351CO
0C2H2
68C2H4
1372C2H6
76CH4
429H2
StoredASTM 7150
942
220
0
7
615
35
149
NewASTM 7150
786
7
0
0
0
0
0
New
2627
265
0
52
400
18
33
Stored
2199CO2
351CO
0C2H2
68C2H4
1372C2H6
76CH4
429H2
StoredASTM 7150
TRANSFORMATOR’17
Stray Gassing in Natural Ester
• Importance of storing Oil properly
After Stray Gassing Test
942
220
0
7
615
35
149
NewASTM 7150
786
7
0
0
0
0
0
New
2627
265
0
52
400
18
33
Stored
2199CO2
351CO
0C2H2
68C2H4
1372C2H6
76CH4
429H2
StoredASTM 7150
942
220
0
7
615
35
149
NewASTM 7150
786
7
0
0
0
0
0
New
2627
265
0
52
400
18
33
Stored
2199CO2
351CO
0C2H2
68C2H4
1372C2H6
76CH4
429H2
StoredASTM 7150
TRANSFORMATOR’17
Stray Gassing in Natural Ester
• Importance of storing sample properly
Impact of one week sample exposure to light
(ASTM D3612 method C at 70°C)
TRANSFORMATOR’17
Stray Gassing
• Do not store oil sample under the sun
• Do not store outside in translucent container
• Expect some Ethane
TRANSFORMATOR’17
Thermal Studies
• Controlled thermal stress zone– Studies from 250°C to 700°C at 50 degree intervals
• Controlled fluid flow
• Thermal relaxation zone
• Fluid reservoir and headspace
• Managed system pressure
• Nitrogen environment– Low oxygen content
• Fixed study time– Ensemble of studies optimized at 8 hours.
• Liquid and gas sample collection
TRANSFORMATOR’17
Thermal Studies
Gas Collector
N2
Oil1.5 L
Pump
Heate
r
Sam
plin
g
250 – 700°C
8 Hours
TRANSFORMATOR’17
Thermal Studies
TRANSFORMATOR’17
Total gas volume 8 Hours
Total Gas Generation
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Temperature
Volu
me (
liters
)
Soybean
Sunflower
Mineral
300°C 400°C 500°C 600°C 700°C
TRANSFORMATOR’17
Gas Produced in Soybean Oil
Soybean Oil
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
Temperature
Am
ount
of
Gas (
ppm
)
H2
CH4
C2H6
C2H4
C2H2
CO
CO2
300°C 400°C 500°C 600°C 700°C
H2
CH4
C2H6
C2H4
C2H2
CO2
CO
TRANSFORMATOR’17
Gas Produced in Sunflower Oil
Sunflower Oil
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
Temperature
Am
ount
of
Gas (
ppm
)
H2
CH4
C2H6
C2H4
C2H2
CO
CO2
300°C 400°C 500°C 600°C 700°C
H2
CH4
C2H6
C2H4
C2H2
CO2
CO
TRANSFORMATOR’17
Gas Produced in Mineral Oil
Mineral Oil
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
Temperature
Am
ount
of
Gas (
ppm
)
H2
CH4
C2H6
C2H4
C2H2
CO
CO2
300°C 400°C 500°C 600°C 700°C
H2
CH4
C2H6
C2H4
C2H2
CO2
CO
TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval TriangleMineral Oil
Duval 1
C2H2
CH4 C2H4
0
100 0
100
0100
D2
D1
DT
T1
T2
T3
PD
TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval TriangleMineral + Soybean Oil
Duval 1
C2H2
CH4 C2H4
0
100 0
100
0100
D2
D1
DT
T1
T2
T3
PD
TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval TriangleMineral + Soybean + Sunflower Oil
Duval 1
C2H2
CH4 C2H4
0
100 0
100
0100
D2
D1
DT
T1
T2
T3
PD
TRANSFORMATOR’17
Modified Duval Triangles
Duval 3 b
C2H2
CH4 C2H4
0
100 0
100
0100
D2
D1
DT
T1
T2
T3
PD
Duval 3 d
C2H2
CH4 C2H4
0
100 0
100
0100
D2
D1
DT
T1
T2
T3
PD
TRANSFORMATOR’17
Acidity
• Thermal Degradation of Natural Ester generate also high level of Acidity
Temperature °C 250° 300° 350° 400° 450° 500° 550° 600° 650° 700°
Soybean Oil 0.026 0.049 0.084 0.328 9.035 >10 >10 >10 >10 >10
Sunflower Oil 0.043 0.061 0.066 0.15 0.262 8.762 >10 >10 >10 >10
Mineral Oil 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.011 0.01 0.01 0.047 0.048 0.048
Acid Number
TRANSFORMATOR’17
Electrical Discharges in Ester Oil
• In Arcing and PD, oil degradation occur in gas phase
• Plasma is involved
• Large difference of energy level
TRANSFORMATOR’17
Partial Discharges Studies
1. Oil
2. Salt Bath
3. Gas Phase
4. Electrode
5. Tesla Coil
12
3
4
5
12
3
4
5
TRANSFORMATOR’17
Partial Discharges Studies
TRANSFORMATOR’17
Partial Discharges
Mineral
Oil
Soybean
Oil
High Oleic
Sunflower Oil
Rape seed
Oil A
Rape seed
Oil B
Synthetic
Ester Oil
H2 4733 537 179 1462 3110 2977CH4 251 167 0 38 188 129C2H6 22 18 0 70 7 0C2H4 2 1 0 2 0 0C2H2 0 0 0 0 0 0CO 4818 2041 2535 1079 1336 1245CO2 5885 9432 5826 10311 4702 5379
Mineral Oil
Soybean
Oil
High Oleic
Sunflower Oil
Rape seed
Oil A
Rape seed
Oil B
Synthetic
Ester OilH2 5718 153 24 352 4947 4589
CH4 527 23 0 31 214 162C2H6 61 7 0 12 13 11C2H4 0 0 0 0 0 0C2H2 0 0 0 0 0 0CO 954 1428 532 1846 625 632CO2 310 1940 578 3202 918 1243
In Air
In Nitrogen
TRANSFORMATOR’17
D1
Study 1
Study 2
Mineral Oil Soybean Oil
High Oleic
Sunflower Oil Rape seed Oil
Synthetic
Ester OilH2 3462 2136 1282 2269 1664
CH4 452 155 80 60 69C2H6 2 1 6 0 0C2H4 554 532 327 180 154C2H2 3251 3339 2477 2660 2495CO 10 785 381 527 749CO2 352 915 537 777 665
Mineral Oil Soybean Oil
High Oleic
Sunflower OilH2 452 112 95
CH4 20 8 8C2H6 8 2 2C2H4 13 8 6C2H2 54 26 22CO 4 28 21CO2 473 558 671
TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval 1 for D1 studies
Duval 1
C2H2
CH4 C2H4
0
100 0
100
0100
D2
D1
DT
T1
T2
T3
PD
TRANSFORMATOR’17
Statistical Study
90 Percentile
95 Percentile
90 Percentile H2 CH4 C2H6 C2H4 C2H2 CO CO2
Ester Liquids 106 12 332 11 0 138 1497Mineral Oil 81 94 106 62 0 680 6680
95 Percentile H2 CH4 C2H6 C2H4 C2H2 CO CO2
Ester Liquids 159 21 583 19 2 195 2269Mineral Oil 186 182 225 135 8 893 9471
TRANSFORMATOR’17
Reference
Understanding Dissolved Gas Analysis of Ester Liquids
an Updated Review of Gas Generated in Ester Liquid by Stray Gassing,
Thermal Decomposition and Electrical Discharge
Initially presented at the 2016 IEEE ELECTRICAL INSULATION CONFERENCE (EIC)
Carbon
Hydrogen= Hydrocarbon
Mineral Oil Chemical Structure
Carbon
Hydrogen= Hydrocarbon
Mineral Oil Chemical Structure
Aromatic
Naphthenic
Paraffinic
CO
CH
COCH2
R’’
CO
O
CH2
R’’’
O
O
R’
TriglycerideEster
Natural Ester Chemical Structure
GlycerolGlycerol + Fatty Acid = Glyceride
Fatty Acid
Fatty Acid
Fatty Acid
H
H
H
R
R
R
H
H
H H
H
For R = HandR’, R’’, R’’’ =long hydrocarbonchain
R’, R’’, R’’’ = Fatty Acid
Fatty Acid Composition (%) of Some Natural Ester Liquids
10053162173Flax Seed
10010226224Canola
10075424411Soybean
10055128511Walnut
100<198245HO Sunflower
93<13248211Peanut
100<1731548Grape Seed
Sum%
LinolenicC18:3
3
LinoleicC18:2
2
OleicC18:1
1
StearicC18:0
0
PalmiticC16:0
0
Unsaturated
=
CO
CH
COCH2
CO
O
CH2
O
O
CO
CH
COCH2
CO
O
CH2
O
O
Differences of Natural Ester Oilfrom Mineral Oil
Numerous Carbon Double Bonds Large amount of Oxygen
Large MoleculeNumerous C – O – C Bonds
Mineral Oil Natural Ester
• Different composition
• Different structure
• Different properties
• Different reactions?
Oil Degradation
• Moderate temperature might produce gas
• Excessive temperature (Hot Spot) will produce gas
• Arcing will produce gas
• PD will produce gas
• It occur in both mineral and ester oil
Oil Degradation
• Fortunately the gases produced are the same:– H2 hydrogen– CH4 methane– C2H6 ethane– C2H4 ethylene– C2H2 acetylene– CO carbon monoxide– CO2 carbon dioxide
• Just not in the same proportion
Natural Ester Degradation: Stray Gassing
• In normal service, no gas production is expected
• However, Ethane has been reported for normal operation
• This phenomena is called “Stray Gassing”
• It is also observed with some Mineral Oil
• But Mineral Oil produce mostly H2, not C2H6
• Why?
1
+ H· (From a nearby R)
Ethane (C2H6)
HH
H
HH
HH
H
HH
H
H
H
H
HH
H
HH HH
H
H
HH
H
H
1HH
H
H
HH
H
H
HHHH HH
HHHH HH
CCC CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
Omega-3
Stray Gassing: Formation of Ethane from Linolenic Acid (Oxidation)
Stray Gassing: Formation of Ethane from Linolenic Acid
1O2 is unstable 3O2 is the normal form of Oxygen
So where 1O2 come from ?
1
HH
H
HH HH
H
H
1
That is Torun contribution to the science of DGA !!
SnS2S1 T2T13O21O2S0 Electronic Ground State
Vibrational states
Internal conversion (IC), heat transfer
Intersystem crossing (ISC)
Photosensitive Oxygen
Photon absorption
Phosphorescentemission
Spin inversion
е-
γ
е-
е-е-
е-
е-
γ
Electronic statesSinglet (S0,S1,S2,Sn)Triplet (T1,T2)
Molecule
Jablonski Diagram: Generation of 1O2
е- е- е-
е-е-
Energy Levels
Fluorescentemission
γ
Stray Gassing
• Photoreaction is compound dependant
• It is also dependant of light energy
• Is photoreaction also occurring in natural ester?
Stray Gassing
• The short answer is “YES”
Natural ester fluid showing phosphorescence from photo activity (left) and after this activity had subsided (right).
Stray Gassing in Natural Ester
• Could be initiated by Free radical reaction
• Could be initiated by Photoreaction
• Exposure to light (UV and Sunlight) create gas
• Exposure to Light also increase gas generation at moderate temperature.
• Mostly H2, C2H6, CO and CO2
• C2H6 production related to oil composition
Stray Gassing in Natural Ester
• Importance of storing Oil properly
Impact of 3 years exposure of soybean oil to sunlight in Polyethylene tank (ASTM D7150 at 120°C) As ReceivedAfter Stray Gassing Test
942220
07
61535
149
NewASTM 7150
786700000
New
2627265
052
4001833
Stored
2199CO2
351CO0C2H2
68C2H4
1372C2H6
76CH4
429H2
StoredASTM 7150
942220
07
61535
149
NewASTM 7150
786700000
New
2627265
052
4001833
Stored
2199CO2
351CO0C2H2
68C2H4
1372C2H6
76CH4
429H2
StoredASTM 7150
Stray Gassing in Natural Ester
• Importance of storing sample properly
Impact of one week sample exposure to light (ASTM D3612 method C at 70°C)
Stray Gassing
• Do not store oil sample under the sun
• Do not store outside in translucent container
• Expect some Ethane
Thermal Studies
• Controlled thermal stress zone– Studies from 250°C to 700°C at 50 degree intervals
• Controlled fluid flow
• Thermal relaxation zone
• Fluid reservoir and headspace
• Managed system pressure
• Nitrogen environment– Low oxygen content
• Fixed study time– Ensemble of studies optimized at 8 hours.
• Liquid and gas sample collection
Thermal Studies
Gas Collector
N2
Oil1.5 L
Pump
Hea
ter
Sam
plin
g
250 – 700°C
8 Hours
Thermal Studies
Total gas volume 8 Hours
Total Gas Generation
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Temperature
Vol
ume
(lite
rs)
SoybeanSunflowerMineral
300°C 400°C 500°C 600°C 700°C
Gas Produced in Soybean Oil
Soybean Oil
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
Temperature
Am
ount
of G
as (p
pm) H2
CH4C2H6C2H4C2H2COCO2
300°C 400°C 500°C 600°C 700°C
H2
CH4
C2H6
C2H4
C2H2
CO2
CO
Gas Produced in Sunflower Oil
Sunflower Oil
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
Temperature
Am
ount
of G
as (p
pm) H2
CH4C2H6C2H4C2H2COCO2
300°C 400°C 500°C 600°C 700°C
H2
CH4
C2H6
C2H4
C2H2
CO2
CO
Gas Produced in Mineral Oil
Mineral Oil
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
Temperature
Am
ount
of G
as (p
pm) H2
CH4C2H6C2H4C2H2COCO2
300°C 400°C 500°C 600°C 700°C
H2
CH4
C2H6
C2H4
C2H2
CO2
CO
Duval TriangleMineral Oil
Duval 1
C2H2
CH4 C2H4
0
100 0
100
0100
D2
D1
DT
T1
T2
T3
PD
Duval TriangleMineral + Soybean Oil
Duval 1
C2H2
CH4 C2H4
0
100 0
100
0100
D2
D1
DT
T1
T2
T3
PD
Duval TriangleMineral + Soybean + Sunflower Oil
Duval 1
C2H2
CH4 C2H4
0
100 0
100
0100
D2
D1
DT
T1
T2
T3
PD
Modified Duval Triangles
Duval 3 b
C2H2
CH4 C2H4
0
100 0
100
0100
D2
D1
DT
T1
T2
T3
PD
Duval 3 d
C2H2
CH4 C2H4
0
100 0
100
0100
D2
D1
DT
T1
T2
T3
PD
Acidity
• Thermal Degradation of Natural Ester generate also high level of Acidity
Temperature °C 250° 300° 350° 400° 450° 500° 550° 600° 650° 700°
Soybean Oil 0.026 0.049 0.084 0.328 9.035 >10 >10 >10 >10 >10Sunflower Oil 0.043 0.061 0.066 0.15 0.262 8.762 >10 >10 >10 >10Mineral Oil 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.011 0.01 0.01 0.047 0.048 0.048
Acid Number
Electrical Discharges in Ester Oil
• In Arcing and PD, oil degradation occur in gas phase
• Plasma is involved
• Large difference of energy level
Partial Discharges Studies
1. Oil
2. Salt Bath
3. Gas Phase
4. Electrode
5. Tesla Coil
12
3
4
5
12
3
4
5
Partial Discharges
Mineral Oil
Soybean Oil
High Oleic Sunflower Oil
Rape seed Oil A
Rape seed Oil B
Synthetic Ester Oil
H2 4733 537 179 1462 3110 2977CH4 251 167 0 38 188 129C2H6 22 18 0 70 7 0C2H4 2 1 0 2 0 0C2H2 0 0 0 0 0 0CO 4818 2041 2535 1079 1336 1245CO2 5885 9432 5826 10311 4702 5379
Mineral Oil Soybean
OilHigh Oleic
Sunflower OilRape seed
Oil ARape seed
Oil BSynthetic Ester Oil
H2 5718 153 24 352 4947 4589CH4 527 23 0 31 214 162C2H6 61 7 0 12 13 11C2H4 0 0 0 0 0 0C2H2 0 0 0 0 0 0CO 954 1428 532 1846 625 632CO2 310 1940 578 3202 918 1243
In Air
In Nitrogen
D1
Study 1
Study 2
Mineral Oil Soybean Oil
High Oleic Sunflower Oil Rape seed Oil
Synthetic Ester Oil
H2 3462 2136 1282 2269 1664CH4 452 155 80 60 69C2H6 2 1 6 0 0C2H4 554 532 327 180 154C2H2 3251 3339 2477 2660 2495CO 10 785 381 527 749CO2 352 915 537 777 665
Mineral Oil Soybean OilHigh Oleic
Sunflower OilH2 452 112 95
CH4 20 8 8C2H6 8 2 2C2H4 13 8 6C2H2 54 26 22CO 4 28 21CO2 473 558 671
Duval 1 for D1 studies
Duval 1
C2H2
CH4 C2H4
0
100 0
100
0100
D2
D1
DT
T1
T2
T3
PD
Statistical Study
90 Percentile
95 Percentile
90 Percentile H2 CH4 C2H6 C2H4 C2H2 CO CO2
Ester Liquids 106 12 332 11 0 138 1497Mineral Oil 81 94 106 62 0 680 6680
95 Percentile H2 CH4 C2H6 C2H4 C2H2 CO CO2
Ester Liquids 159 21 583 19 2 195 2269Mineral Oil 186 182 225 135 8 893 9471
Reference
