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NSQF

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GpXô ùRô¯t©¬ÜdÏm ùTôÕYô]Õ

(COMMON FOR ALL TRADES)

T«t£jÕû\ ùTôÕ CVdLLm,§\uªÏ úUmTôÓ Utßm ùRô¯p Øû]úYôo AûUfNLm,

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© NIMI, Not to be republished

úYûX Yônl×j §\uLs - CWiPôm TÚYm

Employability Skills (NSQF) - 2nd Semester

GpXô ùRô¯t©¬ÜdÏm ùTôÕYô]Õ

Common for All Trades

T§l×¬ûU © 2019 úR£V ùRô¯t T«t£ FPL RVô¬l× ¨ûXVm, ùNuû].

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Utßm GkR Y¯Øû\«Ûm §ÚmTl ùTßm YN§«û] ùNnVdáPôÕ.

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YûXR[m (Website) : www.nimi.gov.in

(ii)


(iii)

ØuàûW

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×Õ ¥p≠ þ 110 001.


(iv)

ØLÜûW

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CRu Ød¡VjÕYm Ck§V Cû[OoL°u §\û] úUmTÓj§ ARuêXm AYoLs úYûXYônl× ùT\Üm, úUÛm ùRô¯p Øû]úYôo T«t£ A°jRp êXm, AYoLs ÑV ùRô¯p ×¬VBRWÜ Utßm Y¯LôhÓRp êXm Sm TôWmT¬V ùRô¯ûXÙm £\lTôL ùNnV Ø¥Ùm. CkRT«t£Ls NoYúRN RWj§u A¥lTûP«p CÚlTRôp, Sm Sôh¥u Cû[OoLs Ck§VA[®ÛmUtßm AVpSôh¥Ûm T¦×¬VÜm Y¯ YûL HtTÓm. CkR “úR£V §\u RÏ§LhPûUl×” (NSQF) úR£V §\u úUmTôhÓ ØLûU (NSDA) Guß AûZdLlTÓ¡\AûUl©]Wôp C§p GpXô®RUô] RÏ§Lû[Ùm JÚ ùRôPof£Vô] A±Ü ¨ûX, §\u,GiQm úUmTôÓ B¡VYtû\ AûPV Ø¥Ùm. CkR NSQF þu ¸r T«t£Vô[o GkR¨ûXdLô]RÏ§ ¨ûXûVÙm úSW¥ T«t£ êXúUô ApXÕ Uû\ØL T«t£ êXúUô ApXÕ AàTYT«t£«u êXUôLúYô AûPV Ø¥Ùm.

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ÑtßfãZp Lp®, TÏ§þ4p ùRô¯Xô[o SXfNhPeLs Utßm TÏ§ þ5p RWUô] LÚ®LsB¡VYtû\ Es[Pd¡VÕ.

CkR úYûXYônl×j §\uLs NSQF TôPj§hPj§u T¥ (GpXô ùRô¯t©¬®tÏmùTôÕYô]Õ). CWiPôm TÚY ×jRLm ùUôjR Eßl©]oL°u áhÓ ØVt£VôÛm (C§pLp®Vô[o/ ùRô¯p Øû\ Lp® ̈ ßY]eL[ô] (IIT) Utßm TX). Utßm (DGE&T) þu ̧ r CVeÏmùRô¯t T«t£ ¨ûXVeL°p T¦ ×¬Ùm AYWYo ùRô¯p Õû\«p §\]ôL Es[YoLs,Utßm (MDC) Eßl©]oLs Utßm (NIMI) F¯VoLs B¡úVôoL[ôp EÚYôdLlThPRôÏm.úUúX á\lThP ×jRLm, T«tß®lTYo Utßm T«t£Vô[¬u ¿iP Sôû[V ®ÚlTUô]ùRô¯p NôokR Õû\«p T«t£ ùLôÓjÕ úYûX Yônl©û] A§L¬dÏm ®RUôL ØÝûUVôL§Úl§ A°dÏm G] Sm©dûL ùR¬®jÕ (NIMI) YôrjÕ¡\Õ.

CfNkRolTj§p (NIMI), Aû]jÕ Eßl©]oLÞdÏm Utßm FPL RVô¬l× ÏÝEßl©]oLÞdÏm R]Õ EiûUVô] Su±ûV ùR¬®jÕd ùLôs¡\Õ.

Bo. ©. §eWôùNuû] - 600 032 ùNVp CVdÏSo, NIMI`


(v)

HtT±®l×

NSQF TôPj§hPj§uT¥ (CWiPôm TÚYm) “úYûX Yônl×j §\uLs”(Aû]jÕ ùRô¯t©¬®tÏm ùTôÕYô]Õ) ùRô¯tT«t£ FPL £lTeLû[ (IMP)

ùY°dùLôQW LôWQUô] ¸rLiP FPL RVô¬l× Eßl©]oL°u JjÕûZl×Utßm AYoL°u TeL°l©tÏ úR£V ùRô¯tT«t£ FPL RVô¬l× ̈ ûXVm (NIMI)

R]Õ Su±«û] ùR¬®jÕd ùLôs¡\Õ.

FPL RVô¬l× Eßl©]oLs ÏÝ

Dr. G. ù_VWô_ó - ¨oYôL A\eLôYXoOccupational Health Foundation, ùNuû]

Dr. G.C . CWôUêoj§ - CûQ CVdÏSoFTI, ùTeLÞo

§ÚU§. CkÕ ù_nNôp - ØÕ¨ûX ùRô¯pÖhT RûXYo,A¬ùNuh, MDC Eßl©]o, NIMI, ùNuû]

§Ú. A. ®_VWôLYu þ ER® CVdÏSo þ T«t£ (KnÜ)ATI ùNuû], MDC Eßl©]o NIMI, ùNuû]

§Ú. T. ØjÕ þ ØRpYo (KnÜ)DET RªrSôÓ, MDC Eßl©]o NIMI, ùNuû]

§Ú. R. ×Úú`ôjRUu þ ER® CVdÏSo (KnÜ)MSME, ùRô¯p AûUfNLm, Ck§V AWÑ

§Ú. C.C . Ñl©WU¦Vu - T«t£ A§Lô¬, (KnÜ)TôX Uk§o PHMITI,ùNuû] þ 600017

FPL úUmTôh¥u JÚe¡ûQlTô[oLs

§Ú. K. º²YôN Wôq - CûQ CVdÏSo,UiPX ùUô¯ ùTVol× ùTôßlTô[o,NIMI, ùNuû].

§Ú. G . ûUd¡s _ô² - T«t£ AÛYXo,JÚe¡ûQlTô[o NIMI,ùNuû].

CkR £lTjûR (IMP) EÚYôdÏm ùNVtTôh¥p ªLÜm £\lTôLÜm BrkR DÓTôÓPàmT¦Vôt±V L¦² RhPfNo, L¦² YûW LûXOo ªûN AfÑl T§lTô[o B¡úVôÚdÏúR£V ùRô¯tT«t£ FPL RVôôõl× ̈ ûXVm (NIMI) R]Õ TôWôhÓRûXl T§Ü ùNn¡\Õ.

CkR ×jRLjûR EÚYôdLl TeL°l× Sp¡V CRW T¦Vô[oL°u ØVt£LÞdÏm úR£VùRô¯tT«t£ FPL RVôôõl× ̈ ûXVm (NIMI) R]Õ Su±ûVj ùR¬®jÕd ùLôs¡\Õ.


A±ØLm

CkR T«tß®jRp ×jRLm, LÚj§Vp Utßm ùNnØû\lT«t£ B¡V CWiûPÙm

“ úYûX Yônl×j§\uLs” Gu¡u\ ùTôÚÞdÏ CWiPôm TÚYm NSQF (GpXô

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TÏ§ 3 OSH & Ñtßf ãZp Lp® - 15 U¦ úSWm

TÏ§ 4 ùRô¯Xô[o SXf NhPeLs - 05 U¦ úSWm

TÏ§ 5 RWUô] LÚ®Ls - 10 U¦ úSWm

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JqùYôÚ TôPj§u BWmTj§p úNodLlTh.Ós[, AlTôPj§tLô] Ï±dúLôsLs/

úSôdLeLs ØÝûUVôL T«tß®dLlTP úYiÓm.

CkR GÝ§Ùs[ Lt©jRp ×jRLm Rô]ôLúY T¥jÕd ùLôs[ úYi¥VûY ApX,

úUÛm YÏlTû\«p B£¬V¬u Lt©jRÛdÏ ÕûQVô] ×jRLUôLúY LÚRlTP úYiÓm.

(vi)


(vii)

ETúVô¡lTRtLô] Y¯LôhÓRp

TÏ§ 1 - ùRô¯p Øû]úYôo §\uLs

CkRl TÏ§Vô]Õ 9 LÚj§Vp TôPeL[ôLÜm Utßm SôuÏ ùRôPo×ûPVT«t£L[ôÜm ©¬dLlThÓs[Õ. CÕ TpúYß YojRLeL°p ùRô¯p ÖhT T«t£ùTtß ARu êXm Rôu JÚ ùRô¯p Øû]úYôWôL R]dÏ¬V ùRô¯p YônlûTùRôPeL ®Úm×m Cû[OoLÞdLôL GÝRlThP èp BÏm. C§p TôPeLs,T«t£ ùTßúYôûW ùRô¯p Øû]úYôWôL UôßYRtÏ¬V RLYpLû[j ùR¬kÕùLôsÞUôßm/ AûR úSôd¡V BoYjûRj çiÓYRôLÜm ûUVlTÓjRlThÓs[Õ Utßm JÚ ùRô¯p §hPjûR AYoL[ôL GÝ§ AûUjÕd ùLôs[YûL ùNnÙUôßm GÝRlThÓs[Õ.

ùNnØû\l T«t£Lû[ §hP A±dûL«û] RVô¬jÕ úUtùLôsYRtÏØu]RôL T«t£dLôLd ùLôÓdLlThP Uô§¬«û]l Tt± ØR≠p LXkÕûWVô¥Utßm ARu ©u]o T«t£ ùTßúYôûW AYoL[ôLl T§p áßUôß AYoLû[dúLs®Ls úLhL úYiÓm. JÚ úRokùRÓdLlThP ùTôÚs/ úNûYf ùNVÛdLô]NkûRj úRûY Tt± JÚ NoúY GÓlTRtLôLl T«t£Vô[oLs úLhÓd ùLôs[lTPúYiÓm.

TÏ§ 2 - EtTj§ ÅRm

Cuû\V EXLj§p EtTj§B]Õ CÚdÏm Y[eL°p CÚkÕ A§LmEÚYôdÏYÕ Tt±V ©W§T≠l× BÏm. C§p CÚdÏm Y[eLs GuTÕ êXlùTôÚhLs, T¦VôhLs, §\ûULs, êXR]m ùNnVlThP ETLWQeLs, ¨Xm,A±ÜNôo ùNôjÕ, ̈ oYôLj §\ûU Utßm ̈ §êXR]m úTôu\ûY BÏm. EtTj§GuTÕ ùTôÚhLs Utßm úNûYLû[, EÚYôdL, U²RoLs GlT¥ Y[eLû[GqY[Ü Su\ôLl TVuTÓjÕ¡\ôoLs GuTÕ Tt±VRôÏm.

CkRl TÏ§Vô]Õ , EtTj§ ÅRm Utßm ARu SuûULs, GDP, EtTj§ÅRj§p Y[okR SôÓLÞPu JlÀÓ, Ye¡f ùNVpØû\Ls, BTj§tLô] LôlÀÓUtßm TXYtû\ Es[Pd¡Ùs[Õ.

TÏ§ 3 - OSH & ÑtßfãZp Lp®

T¦Nôo× TôÕLôl©u CXdÏ B]Õ JÚ TôÕLôl×ûPV T¦fãZûXA°lTÕm Utßm BTjÕLû[j R®olTÕm BÏm. CÕ NL T¦Vô[oLs, ÏÓmTEßl©]oLs, T¦Vô[oLs, Yô¥dûLVô[oLs, ®tTû]Vô[oLs UtßmT¦«Pf ÑtßfãZ≠p DÓTh¥ÚdÏm ©\ SToLs úTôu\ Aû]YûWÙmANmTô®Rm HÕm ¨LÝm Øu]RôLl TôÕLôlTRôÏm.

SUÕ ùNôkR SXYôrÜdÏm Utßm ùTôÚ[ôRôW Y[m, NêL BRôWm,ÑtßfãZp BúWôdó¡Vm CûYLÞdÏ CûP«Xô] £dLXô] LÚj§VpùRôPo×Lû[ R² STWôL EÚYôdL, Ñtßf ãZp Lp® SUdÏ ªLÜm SuÏ ERÜ¡\Õ.NÁTj§V ùSÚdL¥Vô] EXL ùYlTUVUôRp, KúNôu ÏußRp, AªX UûZØRXô] AiûU«p HtTÓm ÑtßfãZp ©WfNû]Lû[ A±kÕ ùLôsYRtÏm,AûRl Tt± SUÕ T«t£Vô[oLÞdÏ ®¯l×QoÜ A°dLÜm ERÜ¡\Õ.


(viii)

CkRl TÏ§Vô]Õ TôÕLôl× Utßm BúWôd¡Vm, T¦Nôo× ATôVeLs, ØRÛR®,Eco System, UôÑTÓRp, Nd§ûVf úNªjRp, EXLm ùYlTUVUôRp ØRXô]RûXl×Lû[ Tt± GÓjÕûWd¡\Õ.

TÏ§ 4 - ùRô¯Xô[o SXfNhPeLs

ùRô¯Xô[o SXu GuTÕ, ùRô¯Xô[oL°u JhÓ ùUôjR SXj§hPeLsUtßm AYoL°u SpYôr®tLô] AdLû\ B¡VYtû\ Es[Pd¡VÕ. úUÛmAYoL°u YôrdûLj RWjûR úUmTÓjRÜm Y¥YûUdLlThÓs[Õ.

ùRô¯p UVUôdLp Utßm ùTôÚ[ôRôW Y[of£«p ùRô¯Xô°L°uØd¡VjÕYm EXL A[®p Ae¸L¬dLlThÓs[Õ. EXL AWe¡p ùRô¯Xô[o

SX²u Ød¡VjÕYm TôWôhPlTÓYÕ A§L¬jÕ YÚ¡\Õ.

CkRl TÏ§Vô]Õ, ùRô¯tNôûX NhPm, ùRô¯p TZÏSo NhPm,NmT[lThÓYôPôf NhPm ùRô¯Xô[o YÚeLôX ûYl× ¨§ NhPm ØRXô]

RûXl×Ls Tt± GÓjÕûWd¡\Õ.

TÏ§ 5 - RWUô] LÚ®Ls

¨ßY]j§tÏ Y[of£ ùLôiÓ YW Utßm AYu ApXÕ AY[Õ ùNôkRY[of£ AûPV outstanding Utßm §\ûUVô] RWm YônkR T¦Vô[WôL Uô\, CeúLRWlThÓs[ quality tools B]Õ Õp≠VUô] A±ûY input BLj RÚYÕ UhÓUu±ùRôPof£Vô] Øuú]t\j§tÏ ©Wf£û] ¾odÏm ùRô¯p ÖhTeLû[d ûLVô[jRÏ§ EûPVYWôL BdÏYRtÏm ªL Ød¡VUô]RôÏm. CÕ G§oLôX TQM

¨ßY]eLÞdÏ ùTôÚjRUô]YoL[ôL Uô\, C[m Es[eLû[ ¨fNVUôLdLhPûUjÕ RVôoTÓjÕm.

CkR quality tools Aû]jÕm modular CVp©p B]Õ Utßm JqùYôÚLÚj§Vp/ T«t£Ùm R² SToLû[Ùm T¦f NYôpLû[ SuÏ ûLVô[ AYoLs§\ûUûV úUmTÓjÕYRtLôL Y¥YûUdLlThÓs[Õ. CûY Aû]jÕùRô¯tNôûXl ©¬ÜLÞdÏm ùTôÚjRUô]Õ Utßm ØÝ ¨ßY]fùNVpTôÓLû[Ùm Es[Pd¡VRôLd LhPûUdLlThÓs[Õ.


Es[PdLeLs

LÚj§Vp Gi / RûXl× TdL GiT«t£ Gi

TÏ§ 1 - ùRô¯p Øû]úYôo §\uLs(Entrepreneurship Skills)

2.1.27 L ùRô¯p Øû]úYôo Utßm ùRô¯p Øû]Rp, ùRô¯p

Øû]úYô¬u TeÏ Utßm ùNVpTôÓ (Entrepreneur andEntrepreneurship, role and functions of Entrepreneur ) 1

2.1.27 T JÚ ùRô¯p Øû]úYôÚdÏj úRûYVô] BÞûUd áß /RÏ§Lû[d LiP±kÕ BnÜ ùNnRp (Identify and analyse the traits/qualities required for an Entrepreneur) 6

2.1.28 L ùRô¯p Øû]úYôo BYRtLô] FdLm, ùNVpTôÓ UtßmNôRû], ùRô¯p ×¬YRtLô] Yônl×Ls (Entrepreneurial motivation,performance and rewards, Entrepreneurial opportunities) 9

2.1.28 T JÚ ùRô¯p Øû]úYô¬u §\ûULû[ AûPVô[eLiÓ

TÏjRônÜ ùNnRp (Identify and analyse the abilities of an Entrepreneur) 13

2.1.29 L ùRô¯p Y¦L úVôNû]dLÞdLô] êX BRôWeLs(Sources of Business Ideas) 16

2.1.29 T JÚ £±V ùRô¯p ùRôPeÏRp (§hP AûUlûT LôhÓmYûWTPm) (The process of setting up a Small Business [a schematicrepresentation]) 19

2.1.30 L £ß, Ïß Utßm SÓjRW ¨ßY]eLs (MSME) (Micro, Small andMedium Enterprises [MSME]) 23

2.1.31 L ùTôÚ°u BnÜ ̈ LrÜ ÑZt£, ®tTû] Utßm T¡oUô]m

úUXôiûU (PLC, sales and distribution management) 26

2.1.32 L ®tTû] ØVt£ Øû\, ®[mTWm Utßm ©WTXlTÓjÕRp,

®tTû] Ej§ (Method of Marketing, Advertisement & Publicity, Market mix) 32

2.1.33 L SWOT Utßm CPo TÏlTônÜ (SWOT and risk analysis) 37

2.1.34 L ÑV úYûX Yônl×dLô] TpúYß §hPeL°u TeÏ Utßm

ARtLô] T«XLeLs (Role of various schemes and Institutes for self -employment) 41

2.1.35 L §hP EÚYôdLm, Yônl×Ls, NhP SûPØû\Ls (Project formation,feasibility, legal formalities) 45

2.1.35 T éoYôeLj §hP A±dûL Uô§¬ T¥YjûR ¨Wl×Rp (Filling up thepreliminary project report proforma) 57

L - LÚj§VpT - T«t£

(ix)


TÏ§ 2 - EtTj§ ÅRm(Productivity)

2.2.36 L EtTj§ ÅRm (Productivity) 63

2.2.37L FdLjùRôûL, EtTj§úVôÓ NmTkRlThP úTô]v, YôrdûLj

RWjûR úUmTÓjÕRp (Incentive, production linked bonus and improvementin living standard) 65

2.2.38L §\u, T¦×¬Ùm ETLWQeLs, Rô²Ve¡ Øû\ Utßm

ÑtßfãZp RôdLm (Skill, working aids, automation and environmental impact) 71

2.2.39L Y[of£ AûPkR SôÓL°u EtTj§ ÅRjúRôÓ Jl©ÓRp(Comparitive productivity in developed countries) 77

2.2.40L Ye¡ ùNVpØû\, KYC T§Ü, ùWôdLlTQm ûLVôÞRp, R²STo

ATôVm Utßm LôlÀÓ (Banking process, KYC Registration, Cash handling,Personal risk and Insurance) 85

TÏ§ 3 - OSH & Ñtßf ãZp Lp®(OSH & Environment Education)

2.3.41 L ùRô¯p ùRôPoTô] TôÕLôl× Utßm BúWôd¡Vj§tLô]

A±ØLm (Introduction to Occupational Safety and Health (OSH)) 91

2.3.42 L A¥lTûP ATôVm, úY§Vp ATôVm Utßm CVk§W

ATôVeLs (Basic hazard, Chemical hazard and Mechanical hazards) 95

2.3.43 L ®TjÕ Utßm TôÕLôl×, ®¯l×QoÜ Utßm R² STo

TôÕLôl× ETLWQeL°u ETúVôLm (Accident & safety, awareness

and use of Personal Protective Equipment) 102

2.3.44 L ¾«p CÚkÕ TôÕLôl× (Fire safety) 106

2.3.45 L ØRÛR® TWôU¬l× Utßm LôVUûPkR STûW K¬Pj§≠ÚkÕ

úY±Pm ùLôiÓ ùNpÛRp (First Aid Care and Transportation of InjuredPerson) 109

2.3.46 L OSH þdLô] A¥lTûP Øuú]tTôÓLs, TôÕLôl× Utßm

BúWôd¡Vm (Idea of basic provisions for OSH, Safety and Health) 121

2.3.47 L ÑtßfãZp Tt±V A±ØLm (Introduction to Environment) 123

2.3.48 L ÑtßfãZp AûUÜ Utßm NU¨ûXjRuûUûV HtTÓjÕm

LôW¦Ls (Eco-system & factors causing imbalance) 133

2.3.49 L UôÑ Utßm Lôtß, ¿o ¨ûXLs ØR≠VYtû\ UôÑTÓjÕm

ùTôÚhLs (Pollution and pollutants) 138

2.3.50 L Nd§ûVl úT¦ LôjRp UßTVuTôÓ Utßm UßÑZt£

(Conservation of Energy, Re-use and Recycle) 146

(x)


L - LÚj§Vp T - T«t£



L - LÚj§VpT - T«t£

(xi)

2.3.51 L ×® ùYlTUVUôRp þ KúNôuTPXm ÏußRp (Global Warming -

Ozone Layer Depletion) 152

2.3.52 L ¿¬Vp ÑZt£ þ ¨XjR¥ Utßm ¨X úUtTWl× ¿o, ¿oÑj§L¬l×,

UûZ¿o úNL¬l× (Hydrological cycle - Ground and Surface water, Watertreatment, Rain water harvesting) 157

TÏ§ 4 - ùRô¯Xô[o SXf NhPeLs(Labour Welfare Legislation)

2.4.53 L TpúYß NhPeL°u ¸r Ej§WYôRm A°dLlThP BRôVeLs(Benefits Guaranteed under Various Act) 164

2.4.54 L ùRô¯tNôûXL°u NhPm 1948 (Factories Act 1948) 165

2.4.55 L T«t£ ùRô¯Xô[o NhPm (Apprentices Act) 169

2.4.56 L ùRô¯Xô[o UÚjÕY LôlÀhÓf NhPm (Employees State Insurance

(ESI) Act) 174

2.4.57 L F§Vm YZeÏRp ùRôPoTô] NhPm 1936 (Payment of Wage Act 1936) 180

2.4.58 L Ïû\kRThN F§Vf NhPm Utßm ®§ Øû\Ls (Minimum Wages

Act & Rules) 183

2.4.59 L ùRô¯Xô[o YÚeLôX ûYl× ̈ §f NhPm (Employees Provident Fund

Act) (EPF) 186

2.4.60 L T¦Vô[o CZlÀhÓf NhPm (Workmen Compensation Act) 188

TÏ§ 5 - RWUô] LÚ®Ls(Quality Tools)

2.5.61 L RWm GuTRu ùTôÚs, RWj§tLô] ÏQSXuLs (áßLs)(Meaning of Quality, Quality Characteristics) 194

2.5.62 L A¥lTûPVô] RWUô] LÚ®Ls (£X ERôWQeLÞPu)

(Basic Quality Tools with few examples) 197

2.5.62 T RWd LÚ®Ls TVuTÓj§ ©WfNû]Lû[l TÏlTônÜ ùNnRp

(Analyse the problems using Quality Tools) 207

2.5.63 L RWYhPm, ®[dLm, RW YhPj§u Tôj§WeLs UtßmùNVpTôÓLs (Quality Circle, definition, role and functions of Quality Circles) 210

2.5.64 L ISO-9000 þtLô] úVôNû] Utßm BIS Øû\ Utßm

RWjûR ºWôL ûYj§ÚlT§p ARu Ød¡VjÕYm (Idea of ISO-9000

and BIS system and its importance in maintaining quality) 218

2.5.65 L ÅhÓ TWôU¬l× Utßm SûPØû\ úSôdLm (Purpose of house keeping

and practice) 231

Uô§¬ ®]ôdLs 238


(xii)

Lt\≠u ØÝûUûV U§lÀÓ ùNnÙm Øû\ LEARNING / ASSESSABLE OUTCOME

Cl×jRLj§u Ø¥®p ¿eLs §\m ùT\ CÚlTûY

• ÑV úYûX Yônl©u úRûY Utßm AûRl Tt±V ×¬Rp,ùRô¯p Øû]úYôodLô] §\û] ùTßRp, JÚ ×§VùRô¯ÛdLô] §hP A±dûL RVô¬jRp.

• NkûRlTÓjÕRp ùLôsûLLû[ Lt\p, ARu Øû\Ls UtßmùRô¯p ùRôPeÏYRtÏ BúXôNû] Utßm Y¯LôhÓRpYZeÏm TpúYß ¨ßY]eLÞPu ùRôPo©p CÚjRp.

• §hP EÚYôdLûX Lt\p, ARtLô] NhP YûWÜLû[ ùR¬kÕûYj§ÚjRp Utßm EtTj§dLô] U§lÀÓ ùNnØû\ûVA±k§ÚjRp.

• YôrdûLjRWm EVoYRtLô] úRûYLû[ ×¬kÕ ùLôsÞRp,¨§ ¨oYôLm Utßm Ye¡ SûPØû\Lû[ A±k§ÚjRp.

• RWjûR EVojÕYRtÏj úRûYVô] úYûX ETLWQeLû[A±k§ÚjRp, Y[of£VûPkR SôÓL°p TVuTÓjRlTÓmEtTj§ Øû\LÞPu Jl©hÓl TôojRp, Rô²VdLm,EkÕQoÜ Utßm YôrdûLjRWm EVoYRtLô] Y¯Lû[dLt\p.

• ÑLôRôWm Utßm TôÕLôl× Tt±V TpúYß ®`VeLû[Lt\p, ùRô¯pNôo GpXô ATôVeLû[Ùm A±k§ÚjRp UtßmAûR GqYôß R®olTÕ ApXÕ Ïû\lTÕ Gu¡\ETôVjûRÙm A±k§ÚjRp.

• ÑtßfãZûX Ltß A±Rp, UôÑdLs Utßm Bt\ûXTôÕLôlTÕ Tt±V úRûYûV A±Rp.

• ùRô¯Xô[o NhPeLû[ Lt\p Utßm ùRô¯p ùNnYRtLô]TpúYß NhPªVtßm NhPeLû[ A±Rp.

• RWj§u Ød¡VjÕYjûR Lt\p, RWj§tLô] YhPdÏÝdLû[A±k§ÚjRp, £dLp ¾odÏm Y¯Øû\Lû[ A±k§ÚjRpUtßm EXL[ô®V RW úUXôiûU SûPØû\ûV A±kÕûYj§ÚjRp.

• Øû\VôL Utßm çnûUVôL ûYj§ÚjR≠uØd¡VjÕYjûR Lt\p.


SYLLABUS

Second Semester Duration: 55 Hours

Duration Ref. Learning Lesson Title Lesson ContentOutcome

15 Hours

1 Entrepreneurship Skills

Concept of Entrepreneurship Entrepreneur - Entrepreneur-ship - Enterprises:Conceptualissue

Entrepreneurship vs.Management, EntrepreneurialMotivation, Performance &Record, Role & Function ofentrepreneurs in relation to theenterprise & relation to theeconomy, Source of businessideas, Entrepreneurialopportunities, the process ofsetting up a business

Understanding the need forself - employment andacquiring Entrepreneurshipskills, preparing projectreport for a venture.

Learn about marketingprinciples, methods andacquainting withInstitutions offering variousservices for industrialventure.

Institutions Support Preparation of Project. Role ofVarious Schemes andInstitutes for self-employmenti.e. DIC, SIDA, SISI, NSIC,SIDO, Idea for financing/ non-financing support agencies tofamiliarizes with the Policies /Programmes & procedure &the available scheme

Learn on project formation,legal formalities andcosting procedures.

(xiii)

Project Preparation &Marketing Analysis

Qualities of a goodEntrepreneur, SWOT and RiskAnalysis. Concept &application of PLC, Sales &distribution Management.Difference Between SmallScale & Large Scale Business,Market Survey, Method ofmarketing, Publicity andadvertisement, Marketing Mix

Investment Procurement Project formation, Feasibility,Legal formalities i.e., Shop Act,Estimation & Costing,Investment procedure - Loanprocurement - BankingProcesses

Understand the need forimproving living standard,acquainting with finance &banking procedure.



2 Productivity

Personal/ Workman -Incentive, Production LinkedBonus, Improvement in livingstandard.

Learn Skills & working aidsto improve quality,comparative productivitymethods in developedcountries, automationmotivation and improve-ment of living standard.

(xiv)

Benefits10 Hours

Affecting Factors Skills, Working Aids,Automation, Environment,Motivation - How it improves orslows down productivity

Comparison with DevelopedCountries

Comparative productivity indeveloped countries (viz.Germany, Japan andAustralia) in selectedindustries e.g. Manufacturing,Steel, Mining, Constructionetc. Living standards of thosecountries, wages

Personal FinanceManagement

Banking processes, HandlingATM, KYC registration, safecash handling, Personal riskand Insurance

3 Occupational Safety, Health and Environment Education

Introduction to OccupationalSafety and Health importanceof safety and health atwork place.

Learn the various Healthand Safety procedures,acquainting with all typesof hazards and thetechnique to reduce orelimiate hazards.

Safety & Health15 Hours

Basic Hazards, ChemicalHazards, VibroacousticHazards, Mechanical Hazards,Electrical Hazards, ThermalHazards. Occupational health,Occupational hygiene,Occupational Diseases/Disorders & its prevention

Learn about Environment,Pollutants, and the needfor Conservation of Energy.

Occupational Hazards

Basic principles for protectiveequipment

Accident PreventionTechniques - control ofaccidents and safety measures

Accident & Safety



First Aid Care of injured & Sick at theworkplaces, FirstAid &Transportation of sick person

Basic Provisions Idea of basic provisionlegislation of India

Safety, health, welfare underlegislation of India

(xv)

Eco system Introduction to Environment.Relationship between Societyand Environment, Ecosystemand Factors causingimbalance

Pollution Pollution and pollutantsincluding liquid, gaseous, solidand hazardous waste

Energy Conservation Conservation of Energy,re-use and recycle

Global warming Global warming, climatechange and Ozone layerdepletion

Ground Water Hydrological cycle, ground andsurface water, Conservationand Harvesting of water

Environment Right attitude towardsenvironment, Maintenance ofin- house environment

4 Labour WelfareLegislation

Benefits guaranteed undervarious acts- Factories Act,Apprenticeship Act,Employees State InsuranceAct (ESI), Payment Wages Act,Employees Provident FundAct, The Workmen'sCompensation Act

Learn about Labour lawsand various Legislative Actsapplicable for Industrialventure.

Welfare Acts5 Hours

Meaning of quality, Qualitycharacteristic

Quality Consciousness

5 Quality tools

Learn the importance ofQuality, acquainting withQuality Circle, problemsolving tools and the globalQuality ManagementSystem.

10 Hours



Definition, Advantage of smallgroup activity, objectives ofquality Circle, Roles andfunction of Quality Circles inOrganization, Operation ofQuality circle. Approaches tostarting Quality Circles, Stepsfor continuation Quality Circles.

Learn the importance ofHouse - keeping

Quality Circles

Quality ManagementSystem

Idea of ISO 9000 and BISsystems and its importance inmaintaining qualities

House Keeping Purpose of House-keeping,Practice of good Housekeeping.

Quality Tools Basic quality tools with a fewexamples

(xvi)


1

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

SKILLS

AûUlTRtÏ CPo ¨LZ Yônl×s[Ytû\G§oùLôsÞm STWôL CÚlTYo BYôo.AjRûLV STo B]Yo R]Õ GiQmúVôNû]ûV ùNVpTÓj§ ùRôPeÏTYoBLÜm JÚ §hPjûR JÝeÏØû\lTÓjÕTYo BLÜm,. ARtLô] TQm,ùTôÚs úTôu\Ytû\ HtTôÓ ùNnTYWôLÜm Utßm AYWÕ CXh£Vm/CXdûL AûPYRtÏ AYWÕ §hPj§tÏfùNVp Y¥Ym ùLôÓlTYWôLÜmCÚlTYWôYo.

ùRô¯p Øû]Rp (Entrepreneurship)

ùRô¯p Øû]Rp (Entrepreneurship) GuTÕ JÚùRô¯p/ Y¦Lm / YojRLj§p AYt±uùYt± Yônl× Eß§VôLj ùR¬kR¨ûX«Ûm Õ¦LW ØVt£VôL CPo¨LZYônl×s[Ytû\ G§oùLôs[ ë¡jR±Ùm(assuming the risk of a business venture) UtßmA§p ùYt± ùT\ §hPªÓm HtTôÓùNnÙm ùNVpTÓjÕm ùNVpØû\ BÏm.(process of planning, organizing, operating,) JÚ¨ßY]jûR (enterprise) ¨ßY/ ùRôPeL,GÓdLlTP úYi¥V, TpúYß ùNVpLû[,Es[Pd¡V, JÚ ùNVpØû\ (process),ùRô¯p Øû]Rp (entrepreneurship)

GuTRôÏm. ×Õ Y¯d LôQp/ ×§VùTôÚhLs, LÚjÕLs ApXÕùNVpØû\Lû[d LiP±Rp/ EÚYôdÏRp(innovation) Utßm CPo¨LZYônl×s[Ytû\ G§o ùLôs[p. ARû]jRôeÏRp (risk bearing) CûY CWiÓm ùRô¯pØû]R≠p (entrepreneurship) Es[Pe¡Ùs[CWiÓ A¥lTûPd ÏQeL[ôLdLÚRlTÓ¡\Õ. CkR ùNVpLû[f ùNnÙm(functions) R² SToLs (individuals) ùRô¯p

ùRô¯p Øû]úYôo (entrepreneur) Gu\YôojûRVô]Õ Sm U]§p, PôhPô ©oXôUtßm AmTô² (Tata , Birla, Ambani) úTôu\ªLl ©WTXUô] ùTÚk ùRô¯pA§ToL°u úRôt\jûRd ùLôiÓ YÚ¡\Õ.CYoLs GlT¥ Ut\YoL°Pm CÚkÕúYßTÓ¡\ôoLs? CRtÏ¬V JúW T§p,AYoL°u T¦ YpXûUj §\ûULs (entre-

preneurship skills) GuTRôÏm.

ùT¬V ùRô¯X§ToL°Pm UhÓm RôuùRô¯pØû]úYôoLÞdLô] §\ûULsLhPôVUôL CÚdL úYi¥V Juß GuTÕCRu ùTôÚs ApX. Sm A[®p £±VùRôÚùRô¯ûXj ÕYdÏYRtÏd áP, AkRjùRô¯ûX ùYt±LWUôL SPjR Utßm XôTmùTßYRtÏ ùRô¯p Øû]úYôodLô]§\ûU AY£VUô¡\Õ UtßmúRûYlTÓ¡\Õ.

ùRô¯p Øû]úYôodLô] A¥lTûPdúLôhTôÓ (The Concept of Entrepreneurship)

ùRô¯p Øû]úYôo (Entrepreneur)

JÚ ùRô¯p Øû]úYôo GuTYo EQokÕA±VlTÓm ùYÏU§, T¬Ñ/ XôTj§tLôL/SpXùRôÚ ®û[ÜdLôL ùYt± Yônl×Eß§VôLj ùR¬VôR ¨ûX«Ûm, Õ¦LWØVt£VôL JÚ ùNôkRj ùRô¯p

úYûX Yônl×j §\uLs þ ùRô¯p Øû]úYôo §\uLsLÚj§Vp 2.1.27

ùRô¯p Øû]úYôo Utßm ùRô¯p Øû]Rp, ùRô¯p Øû]úYô¬uTeÏ Utßm ùNVpTôÓ (Entrepreneur and Entrepreneurship, role and functions of

Entrepreneur )

úSôdLeLs: ClTôPj§u Cß§«p ¿eLs §\m ùT\ CÚlTûY• ùRô¯p Øû]úYôo (entrepreneur) ùRô¯p Øû]úYôo (entrepreneur ship) RuûULsUtßm ùRô¯p/ Y¦L ¨ßY]m (enterprise) CYtû\ YûWVû\ ùNnRp

• ùRô¯p Øû]lTLj§u (entrepreneur ship) SuûULû[d áßRp• ùRô¯p Øû]úYô¬u TeÏ Utßm ùNVpTôÓ Tt±d áßRp• JÚ SpX ùRô¯p Øû]úYô¬u Ti×Lû[l Th¥V≠ÓRp• ùRô¯p Øû]úYôo (entrepreneur) Vs úUXô[o (manager) Tt±d áßRp

ùRô¯p T¦ YpXûU ¨ßY]m (Entrepreneur) (Entrepreneurship) (Enterprise)

STo ùNnØû\ ®û[Ü (Person) (outcore) (Subject) (Verb) (Object)


2

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

SKILLS

Øû]úYôo (entrepreneur) G]Üm UtßmAYoL[Õ ùRô¯XLm ¨ßÜm/ ùRôPeÏm§\ûU/ Bt\p T¦ YpXûU (entrepreneur-

ship) G]Üm A±VlTÓ¡\Õ.

¨ßY]m (Enterprise)

JÚ ¨ßY]m (enterprise) GuTÕEÚYôdLlThP ùRô¯XL ApXÕ Yô¦T/Y¦Lm Nôo AûUl× (organization) BÏm. CÕùTôÚhLs (goods) úNûY (services) CYtû\jRÚYúRôÓ úYûX YônlûT YZeÏ¡\Õ.úR£V YÚYôndÏl TeL°l× RÚ¡\Õ.HtßU§ (exports), TiÔ¡\Õ Utßm JhÓùUôjR ùTôÚ[ôRôW úUmTôh¥tÏERÜ¡\Õ.

ÑV úYûX Yônl©u/ ÑV ùRô¯pAûUl©u AY£Vm (Need of SelfEmployment)

GkR JÚ SôhûP GÓjÕd ùLôiPôÛmùTôÚ[ôRôW úUmTôh¥tLôL (economic

development) ÑV ùRô¯≠u/ ÑV úYûXYônl©u Ød¡V úRûY/ ©WRô] AY£VmCÚd¡\Õ. ùTôÚ[ôRôW Y[of£ (Economic

growth) B]Õ, ùTôÚ[ôRôWj Õû\«p×Õl×Õ Y¯Ls/ ùNVpØû\LsEÚYôdÏR≠u ÅRjûRf NôokÕs[Õ. CÕARu Te¡tÏ NØRôVj§p Es[ ùRô¯pØû]úYô¬u §\u /RWm UtßmGi¦dûLûVf NôokÕs[Õ. CqYô\ôLÑV ùRô¯p/ ÑV úYûX Yônl×, GuTÕNØRôVj§p, Øuú]t\j§u ©W§¨§ (agent)

B¡\Õ.

ÑV ùRô¯p/ ÑV úYûX Yônl× B]Õ¸rLiPYt±tÏ GpXôm AY£VUô¡\Õ(Self Employment is needed for):

• ùTôÚ[ôRôW Y[of£dLôL

• ¨ßY]j§tÏ ×Õl×Õ úVôNû]Ls,LtTû] Utßm ×§V TôoûYLÞdLôL.

• Uô± YÚm ãZp Utßm ùRô¯pÖhTeLû[/ NYôpLû[ Nk§lTRtLô]/G§o ùLôsYRtLô]/ ¾oÜLÞdLôL.

• ùNXÜLû[d Ïû\jÕ, XôTjûRA§L¬lTRu êXm G§oLôX Y[of£Utßm úUmTôh¥tLô]NkRolTeLÞdLôL.

• úYûXdLô] Yônl×Lû[ A§L¬jRp.

• áÓUô] YûW/ CVu\ YûW, Ïû\kR®ûX«p/ ùNX®p SpX RWUô]ùTôÚhLs Utßm úNûYLs êXUôLSpX Øû\«p YôÝm YôrdûLjRWj§tLôL.

ùRô¯p Øû]Rp/ ÑV úYûX Yônl©uSuûULs (Advantages of Entrepreneurship/SelfEmployment)

JqùYôÚ ùYt±LWUô] ùRô¯pØû]úYôÚm (Every entrepreneur) AYÚdLôL/AYÞdLôL UhÓm ApXôUp AkRl TÏ§ØÝûUdÏm (region) ApXÕ JhÓ ùUôjRSôh¥tÏm BRôVjûRd ùLôiÓúNod¡u\]o. ùRô¯p Øû]úYô¬uùNVpTôÓL°p CÚkÕ ¡ûPdÏmBRôVeLs ¸rLiPYôß:

• HWô[Uô] ùNôkR/ ÑV ¨§XôTm.

• A§LlT¥Vô] T¦ U] ¨û\Ü.

• Ød¡VUôL ¡WôUl×\eL°p ApXÕ TÏ§L°p, A§L Gi¦dûL«p ùRô¯tNôûXLs EÚYôdÏRp, YÚYôndLô]Yônl× EÚYôRp Utßm áÓRXô]/ªÏ§Vô] ùTôÚ[ôRôW Y[of£.

• ÑV TVuTôh¥tLôL ApXÕ/ UtßmAúR úTôp ùY° Sôh¥tÏ HtßU§ùNnYRtLôL Esð¬p/ AÚ¡p¡ûPdÏm ùTôÚhLû[ êXEúXôLeLû[ EtTj§ ùNnVlThPùTôÚhL[ôL (finished goods) UôtßYRtLô] ùNnØû\Lû[ FdÏ®jRp.

• Ut\YûLL[ôp RWlTÓm úYûXûVfNôokÕ CÚdÏm RuûU«p CÚkÕ®ÓRûX/ ÑRk§Wm ¡ûPlTúRôÓUt\YoLÞdÏ úYûX YônlûT SômYZeÏYÕ.

• JÚ R² ST¬u TQj úRûYLs/ ÑVúRûYLs, EQof£YNlTÓRpCYtû\ùVpXôm éoj§ ùNnÙmCVdLjRôp Nk§dÏm Bt\Xôp T¦YpXûU/ ùRô¯p Øû]úYô¬u RuûU/ùNVXôoYm çiPlTÓ¡\Õ.

ùRô¯p Øû]úYô¬u ùNVpTôÓLs(Function of entrepreneur)

ùRô¯p Øû]úYôWôp Bt\lTÓm/ùNnVlTÓm TpúYß ùNVpL[ôY]:

úYûX Yônl×j §\uLs (NSQF) þ LÚj§Vp : 2.1.27


3

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

SKILLS

• JÚ ùRô¯t áPm/ Y¦L /YojRLY[ôLjûRj (business unit) ùRô¯pØû]úYôo, EÚYôd¡ TVuTôh¥tÏmùLôiÓ YÚYRôpó , AYo ARû]AûUkRYWôL ARu ØRXô°VôL,EÚYôd¡VYWôLf ùNVpTÓ¡\ôo.

• ùRô¯p Øû]úYôo (Entrepreneur)

EtTj§dLô] (production) TpúYßLôW¦Lû[ (factors) HtTôÓ ùNnYÕPuùRô¯p/ Y¦Lj§tLô] ̈ §ûVÙm (finance

for the business) HtTôÓ ùNn¡\ôo.

• ùRô¯p Øû]úYôo ®Úm×m¨ßY]jûR AûUlTÕPu, §hPeLs(plans) Utßm ùLôsûL úLôhTôÓ,SPjûR Øû\Lû[ (policies)

Ak¨ßY]j§u ÑêLUô] ùNVpTôh¥tLôL (smooth functioning) EÚYôdÏ¡\ôo.

• ùRô¯p Øû]úYôo EtTj§«u ©\LôW¦Lû[ JÚe¡ûQd¡\ôo. (co-

ordinates). CkR JÚe¡ûQlTô]Õ N¬Vô]YûL LôW¦Lû[j úRokùRÓjRp,N¬Vô] A[®p JqùYôÚLôW¦Lû[Ùm T¦ AUojRp, ªL ¡USpX ùRô¯pÖhT ETLWQeLû[lTVuTÓjÕRp. T¦VôhLû[/ T¦ûVlTe¸Ó ùNnRp (division) Ri½ûW£dL]UôLl TVuTÓjÕRp ØRXô]Ytû\ Es[Pd¡VÕ.

• ùRô¯p Øû]TYo CPo¨LZ Yônl×s[Ytû\ G§o ùLôs¡\ôo. (entrepreneur takes

risks) Yô¥dûLVô[oL°u ®ÚlTeL°pHtThP Yônl×ûPV Uôt\eLs, SÅ]EtTj§ ùRô¯p ÖhTeLs ×§V ×§VLiÓ©¥l×Ls, CûY GpXôYt\ôÛmúRôuß¡\ ùRô¯p Yô¦T CPoTôÓLsGpXôYtû\Ùm ë¡jR±¡\ôo. (assumes)

• JÚ ùRô¯p Øû]Yo B]Yo, ×§Õ×û]R≠u (innovation) ¸rdLiPGkRùYôÚ YûLûVÙm GÓjÕfùNnVXôm :

• ×§V ùTôÚû[ ApXÕ ùTôÚ°u×§V RWjûR A±ØLlTÓjÕRp.

• EtTj§ ùNnY§p ×§V ùNVpØû\ûVA±ØLlTÓjÕRp.

• êXl ùTôÚhLs ®tTû] ùNnY§p×§V ©\l©PeLû[ ùYt± ùLôs[p.

• GkRùYôÚ ùRô¯tNôûX«p JÚ ×§V¨ßY]jûR ùRôPe¡ SPjÕRp.

• ùYt±LWUôL JÚ ùTôÚû[j RVô¬dL¡ûPdLd á¥V Aû]jÕ YûLY[eLû[Ùm TVuTÓjÕRp.

ùTôÚ[ôRôW Y[of£«p ùRô¯pØû]úYô¬u TeÏ (Role of entrepreneur ineconomic growth)

ùRô¯p Øû]Ùm T¦ YpXûU GuTÕY[okÕ YÚm Sôh¥u EWØm FdLØmYônkR AY£Vj úRûYVôÏm Ut\m CÕ¸rLiP YûLL°p, ùTôÚ[ôRôWúUmTôh¥u ùNVpØû\L°p RôdLjûRHtTÓjÕYúRôÓ S≠Ü\ôÕ ¿¥jÕ CÚdLfùNn¡\Õ:

1 êXR]m EÚYôdLp(Capital formation)

2 úYûX YônlûT EÚYôdÏRp (Generationof employment)

3 ùTo úLl©hPô YÚYô«u úUmTôÓ(Improvement in per capita income)

4 ùNôjÕdLs K¬Pj§p Ï®YûRdÏû\jRp (Reduces concentration of wealth)

5 N¬NUUô] ùRôÏ§ Y[of£/ úUmTôÓ(Balanced regional development)

6 êX BRôWeLû[ Juß §WhÓRp(Resource mobilization)

7 YôrdûLj RWm EVoRp (Improvement instandard of living)

8 úR£V ÑV Nôo× ¨ûX (National self reliance)

ùRô¯p Øû]úYôÚdÏm UtßmúUXô[ÚdÏm CûP«Xô] R²jÕYm(Distinction between entrepreneur and manager)

ùTÚmTôÛm ùRô¯p Øû]úYôo UtßmúUXô[o Gu\ CWiÓ ùNôpÛm JußùTôXúY ùTôÚû[j RÚYRôLúYLÚRlTÓ¡u\]. CÚl©àm CWiÓmùYqúYß AojRm ùLôÓd¡\Õ.CWiÓdÏm CûP«Xô] R²jÕYm YônkRØd¡VjÕYm ªdL LÚjÕL[ôY]. :



4

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

SKILLS

JÚ SpX ùRô¯X§T¬u ÏQô§NVeLs(Qualities of a good entrepreneur)

¸rdLiPûY JÚ SpX ùRô¯X§T¬uÏQô§NVeLs BÏm:

•" Ru FdLm/ Ru Øû]l× (Initiative)-

©\¬u Yt×ßjRXôp ARu LôWQUôLJuû\f ùNnVôUp Rô]ôL Øu YkÕ®Úm© Juû\f ùNnRp ©\o ÕYd¡ûYjÕj ùRôPeLôUp Rô]ôL Juû\fùNnVj ÕYeÏRp.

Y¬ûN LÚjÕdLs ùRô¯p Øû]úYôo/ úUXô[o (Manager)

Gi ùRô¯X§To ( Entrepreneur)

1 êX úSôdLm R]Õ ùNôkR U] ¨û\Ü Utßm VôúWô JÚYWôp HtL]úY(Motive) U¡rf£dLôL, ùYt± Yônl× ÕYdLlThP JÚ ¨ßY]j

Eß§VôLj ùR¬VôR ¨ûX«Ûm §tÏ R]Õ úNûYûVJÚ Õ¦LW ØVt£ûV (venture) A°jRp JÚ úUXô[¬uùRôPeÏYÕ JÚ ùRô¯p ©WRô] úSôdLm BÏm.Øû]úYô¬u êX úSôdLUôÏm.

2 ¨ûX (Status) ØRXô° T¦Vô[o

3 CPo ¨LÝm CPo¨LZ Yônl× Utßm ¨ûX ¨ßY]j§p Es[Pe¡VYônl× (Risk) At\ RuûUûV G§oùLôs[p GkRùYôÚ CPo ¨LÝm

YônlûTÙm RôeÏYÕCpûX.

4 BRôVeLs CXôTm, CÕ ¨ûXVt\Õ NmT[m CÕ ¨ûXVô]Õ(Rewards) Utßm ¨fN«dLlThP Juß Utßm ¨fN«dLlThPÕ.

ApX.

5 ×§Õ ×û]Rp Yô¥dûLVô[oL°u Uô±YÚm JÚ úUXô[o ARàûPV(Innovation) úRûYdúLtT GkR Uô§¬Vô] ØRXô° ¾h¥V

ùTôÚhLû[ GlT¥j §hPeLû[ùYßUú]RVô¬lTÕ G] ùRô¯p Øû] ùNVpTÓjÕTYo UhÓúUúYôo RôUôLúY £k§jÕ B¡\ôo.ùNVXôtßYôo. G]úY AYoUôt\j§u ©W§¨§VôL§LrYôo.

6 RÏ§ (Qualification) JÚ ùRô¯X§To ùYt± ùTßm JÚ úUXô[o R²jÕYUô]EfNThN úSôdLm, ÑVUôL Lp®/ ùRô¯p Øû\úVô£jRp, ¨LÝm CPo RÏ§Ls UtßmRôeÏm §\u úTôu\ RWm ùRôPo×ûPV ùRô¯p

úUXôiûU«p LÚj§VpUtßm ùNnØû\«p SpXA±Ü ùTt±ÚjRpúRûYVô]RôÏm.

• Yônl×Lû[d LiP±kÕùNVXôtßRp (Sees and Acts on

Opportunities)- §]N¬ ¨LrÜLs UtßmAàTYeL°p CÚkÕ ùRô¯p Nôo×Yônl×Lû[j úR¥d LiP±kÕ A§pDÓTÓm Uú]ôTôYm.

• Ut\YoLs Ru]ôp ùNnVØ¥VôÕG]d áßm úTôÕm ®PôlT¥VôLJuû\j ùRôPokÕ ùNnÙm ÏQm(Persistence) - Ø¥jÕd ùLôs¡ú\u G]



5

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

SKILLS

JÚ úTôÕm á\ôR Uú]ôTôYm. JÚúTôÕm ØVt£ûVd ûL ®PôR ÏQm.ùYt± AûPÙm YûW«p ùRôPokÕYôÝm RLYp úRÓm ®PôØVt£.

• A±Rp (Knowledge)- VôÚdÏ CÕ Tt±ùR¬Ùm GuTûRj ùR¬kÕ ûYj§ÚdÏmÏQm ¨×QoLû[ LXkRôúXô£jRpùTôÚjRUô]Ytû\ Yô£jR±Rp UtßmJhÓ ùUôjRUôL úVôNû]Ls UtßmRLYpLû[ A±kÕ ûYj§ÚdL U]j§u§\l× ¨ûX.

• EVoYô] RWm EûPV T¦LÞdLôLLY]m ùLôs[p (Concern for High Quality

of Work)- ®TWUô] ®[dLeL°p LY]mùNÛjRÕRp Utßm EVoRWlT¥ ¨ûXUtßm Htßd ùLôs[jRdL ùTôÕ EVoUô§¬Lû[ ¨ß® ARû] ùRôPokÕLiLô¦jRp.

• ùNnÙm ùRô¯≠p Es[ôokR DÓTôÓ(Commitment to Work) - §hPªhPT¥T¦ûV ùNqYú] ùNnÕ Ø¥dLj RuEPp Y≠ûVl ùTôÚhTÓjRôÕT¦Vôtßm ÏQm.

• ùNVp §\u Tt±V LY]m (Efficiency

Orientation)- úSWm, TQm Utßm EûZl×CûY ÅQôLôUp úT¦d LôjÕØuú]ßY§p ùLôiÓs[ LY]m.

• JZeLûUYôLj §hPªÓRp (Systematic

Planning)- ùUôjRUô] £dLûX (complex

whole) £ß£ß TÏ§VôL ©¬jÕ (Breaking up

the into parts) TÏ§Lû[ ùSÚe¡ BWônkÕØÝûUûV úVô£jRp/ AàUô²jRp.ERôWQm AÔÏØû\«p JúW úSWj§pEtTj§ ùNnRp (production), ®tTû]ùNnRp (marketing) Utßm ¨§NmTkRUô]ûY Tt± LY]m ùNÛjÕRp

• ©WfNû]Lû[ ¾ojRp/ ¾oÜ LôQp(Problem solving)- Etß úSôd¡ (Observing)

BWônkÕ A±kÕ (diagnosing) UtßmN¬Vô] SPY¥dûL«u êXm©WfNû]dÏ ¾oÜ LôQp.

• Ru]m©dûL (Self-confidence)- ùRô¯pNôokR/ Yô¦Tm NôokR CPo ¨LZYônl×s[Ytû\ LiÓ AgNô§ÚkÕ/AfNlTPôUp CÚkÕ AYtû\ùYt±LWUôLf NUô°dLj R]Õ §\ûULsúUp Sm©dûL ûYjRp.

• R]Õ LÚjûR ©\o HtÏUôß GÓjÕdáßRp (Assertiveness)- JÚYo R]ÕùRôûXúSôdÏ TôoûYLû[ Ut\YoLs×¬kÕ ùLôsÞUôß ¾odLUôL/ AÝjRm§ÚjRUôL GÓjÕd á± ARu U§l×Lû[AYoLs ×¬kÕ R]Õ ®ÚlTjûRfùNnÙUôß AYoLû[ CQeL ûYjRp.

• JÚYûW HtLjRdL LôWQeLs á±Juû\f ùNnV JÚYûW CQeLûYjRp (Persuasion)- ùRô¯p /Yô¦TmGu\ Õ¦LW ØVt£«p Ut\YoL°uBRWûYl ùTßRp.

• RôdLjûR HtTÓjÕm ùNVpAÔÏØû\Lû[l TVuTÓjÕRp (Use

of Influence Strategies)- RûXûUl TiûTúUt ùLôiÓ Ut\YoLÞdÏ Y¯LôhÓRp.

• ùRôPokÕ LY²jÕ YÚRp (Monitoring)-

§hPªhPT¥, ùYt± Yônl× Eß§VôLjùR¬VôR ¨ûX«Ûm C\e¡V Õ¦LWØVt£«u Øuú]t\jûR Eß§ ùNnRp.

• ùRô¯Xô[o SX²p AdLû\ (Concern

for Employee Welfare)- úTôh¥ Utßm A§pùYt± ùTßY§p ùRô¯Xô[o SXú]Ød¡VUô]Õ GuT§p Eß§VôL Sm©CÚjRp Utßm ùRô¯Xô[o SXàdÏlTX ùNVp §hPeLû[j ùRôPeÏRp.



6

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

SKILLS

ùNnØû\ (Procedure)

• ùRô¯p Øû]Ùm STWôYRtÏ úRûYVô]ÏQSXj RÏ§Lû[d LiP±kÕTh¥V≠PÜm.

• AYo/ AYs HtL]úY ùLôi¥ÚdÏmRÏ§Lû[d LiP±Rû]f ùNnVÜm.

• RÏ§Lû[ Y¬ûNd¡WUôL JÝeÏTÓj§lTh¥V≠Ó.

• ®]ô ®ûP T¥YUôL AYtû\Y¥YûUdLXôm.

• LhPeLû[ (columns), ®]ôdLs, RÏ§LsUtßm Bm/ CpûX GuTRôLdÏ±l©hÓ ¸rLiPYôßAhPYûQûVj RVô¬dLÜm. (chart

RVô¬dLÜm)

AhPYûQ 1

úYûX Yônl×j §\uLs þ ùRô¯p Øû]úYôo §\uLs T«t£ 2.1.27

JÚ ùRô¯p Øû]úYôÚdÏj úRûYVô] BÞûUd áß / RÏ§Lû[dLiP±kÕ BnÜ ùNnRp (Identify and analyse the traits/ qualities required for anEntrepreneur)

úSôdLeLs : ClT«t£«u Cß§«p ¿eLs §\m ùT\ CÚlTûY• JÚ STo, ùRô¯p Øû]úYôWôL BYRtÏj úRûYVô] RÏ§Lû[d LiP±kÕTh¥V≠ÓRp.

• ®]ô®ûPl T¥Ym RVô¬jÕ AhPYûQ (chart) RVô¬jRp• ¿eLs ùRô¯pØû]úYôo BL BYRtÏ EeL°u TXm Utßm TXÅ]m Tt±TÏjRônÜ ùNnRp.

Y¬ûN ®]ô (Question) RÏ§/ ÏQm(Quality) Bm/ CpûXGi Yes/ No

01 ùYt±Vô[u BL úYiÓm Gu\ Nô§dÏm ÏQm¾WôR BYp EeL°Pm Es[Rô?(Do you have a strong desire to be a winner?) (Need to Achieve)

02 Eß§jRuûU Gu\ ÏQm EeL°Pm U]m R[WôR ®PôEs[Rô? ØVt£(Do you have a quality of firmness?) (Perseverance)

03 ¿eLs JÚ ùNVp CPo ¨LZ Yônl× CPo ¨LZ Yônl×s[EûPVÕ G] TÏjRônkR ©uàm Ytû\ G§oùLôsY§pÅ§«u SÓ®p Õ¦kÕ ùNpÛm ªRUô] A[®p Es[AÔÏØû\dÏ Øuà¬ûU CPûW G§o ùLôsÞmùLôÓlÀoL[ô Utßm AkRl ÏQm.©WfNû]ûV EeL[ôp ¾odL Ø¥ÙmG] ¨û]lÀoL[ô?Do you prefer a middle of the road strategy (Moderate Risk Taker)when you have analysed a risky problemobjectively and think you can solve it?

04 Yônl×LÞdÏiPô] ®¯l×QoÜ Yônl×Lû[ A±kÕEeL°Pm Es[Rô? ¿eLs ARû] EQÚm EQoÜùTtß EeLs SuûUdLôL Uôt±dùLôsÅoL[ô?(Are you alert to opportunities?Do you seize(Opportunity Sensing) and convertit to your advantage?


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05 ©WfNû]Lû[ Nk§dÏm úTôÕ TÏjR±Ùm §\uEeL[Õ ùNôkR ®Úl×/ ùYßl×L[ôp Tô§dLlTPôRYWô?(Are you unaffected by personal likes and (Analytical Ability)dislikes while approaching problems?)

06 JÚ ùNVûXf ùNnÙm úTôÕ ®UoN]eLs/ ©uGlT¥ ¿eLs ARû]d òhPm CYtû\ûLVôÞ¡ÈoLs GuTûR A±kÕ ETúVô¡jRp ÏQmùLôsYÕ Ød¡Vm GuTûRd LiÓùLôi¼oL[ô?(Do you find it important to know how you Using Feedbackare doing,when you are working on a goalor a task?)

07 ùR¬k§WôR B]ôp U¡rîhÓ¡\ ¨f£VªpXôRYtû\fNkRolTeLû[d ûLVôsYûR Nk§dÏm Õ¦fNp,YWúYt¡ÈoL[ô? ÏQm(Do you welcome tackling an unfamiliar but (Facing Uncertainty)interesting situation?

08 Ut\YoL°u ¸r T¦Vôt\ ¿eLs ÑRk§W U]lTôuûU®ÚmT®pûXVô?(Do you have a dislike for working for others?) (Independence)

09 ¿eLs EeLs Ø¥ÜL°p ùS¡rÜj ùS¡rf£Vô] RuûURuûU ùLôiPYWô?(Are you flexible in your decisions?) (Flexibility)

10 ¿eLs G§oLôXjûR §hPªhÓ §hPªhÓl T¦VôtßARû] ùNVpTÓjÕYRtLôL TYo.EûZlTYWô?(Do you think ahead, plan your future and then (Planner)work to make it come true?)

11 GpXô UhPj§Ûm Es[ UdLÞPu TZÏm §\ûULsTZÏYÕ EeLÞdÏ G°RôLCÚd¡\Rô?(Are you comfortable while dealing with people (Interpersonal Skills)at all levels?)

12 Ut\YoL°Pj§p EeL[ôp ùNVp BoYjûRRôdLjûR HtTÓjR Ø¥ÙUô? çiÓm §\u

EûPVYo(Can you influence others?) (Motivator)

13 A§L U¦ úSWm ¿eLs EûZdLd U] AÝjRm RôeLá¥VYWô Utßm AúR NUVm YpXYo. úYûXlTÞJúW úSWj§p ùYqúYß ùRôpûXLû[j RôeL©WfNû]Lû[ EeL[ôp ûLVô[ YpXYoØ¥ÙUô?(Are you capable of working for long hours (Stress Taker)and tackling) different problems at the sametime?

úYûX Yônl×j §\uLs (NSQF) þ T«t£ : 2.1.27


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ENTREPRENEURSHIP

SKILLS

• JqùYôÚ ®]ôûYÙm EeLû[ ¿eLú[®]®, TÏjRônYÕ ®]ôÜdÏ ®ûPûVBm/CpûX GuTÕ AhPYûQ«p (tick)

TiQÜm.

• GpXô ®]ôÜdÏm ®ûPûVAhPYûQ«p ØÝûUlTÓjRÜm.

• ÑV ®¯lTQoÜ ùTtß, EeLs/ AY]Õ/AY[Õ TXjûRl TÏjRônÜ ùNnÕEeLs TXÅ]jûR ùYt± ùLôs[Üm.

GkRùYôÚ ùRô¯X§T¬PØm C§pEs[ Aû]jÕ RÏ§LÞmCÚlT§pûX. B]ôp TX¬PmC§p Es[Yt±p TX ÏQeLs /RÏ§Ls CÚd¡u\].


14 EeLû[l Tt± ¿eLs SuÏ A±kÕ úSoUû\ ÑVûYj§Úd¡ÈoL[ô? LÚjÕLs(Are you aware of yourself?) (Positive Self Concept)

15 Øuú]±f ùNpX BûNlTÓTYWô? G§oLôXjûRúSôd¡ Øuú]ßRp

(Do you tend to think ahead?) (Orientation To Future)

úYûX Yônl×j §\uLs (NSQF) þ T«t£ : 2.1.27


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ùRô¯p Øû]RÛdLô] FdLm(Entrepreneurial Motivation)

('Motivation') FdÏ®jRp Gu\ YôojûRCXj¾u ùUô¯ YôojûR. ‘movere’ GuT§pCÚkÕ EÚYô] YôojûR BÏm. CRtÏAojRm (to move) SLoYRtÏ GuTRôÏm.Uú]ôRjÕY Ã§VôL CRu ùTôÚs(" psychologically, it means) Es[j§u Es (inner)

ApXÕ ãZXôp (environmental) JÚ ùNVûXfùNnVj çiÓm EkÕ Nd§ (stimulus to action)

Rô]ôLf ùNVpTÓm BoYj§tÏùTôßlTô] LôW¦Ls ApXÕ Nd§LsCYt\ôp UôßTÓm-/ HtTÓm ÏQeLs/SPjûR GuTRôÏm.

AY]Õ/ AY[Õ CXdûL AûPV ARû]ùYt±ùLôs[ JÚ EfNLhP ØVt£ûVùY°lTÓjÕYRtÏ ùRô¯p Ø]úYôoLû[çiÓm ùNVpØû\ G] ùRô¯pØû]úYôodLô] FdLm (Entrepreneurial

motivation) YûWVßdLlTÓ¡\Õ.

úYß Uô§¬VôL úYß YôojûRL°p ùNôpXúYiÓUô]ôp, ùRô¯p Øû]úYôÚdLô]FdLm (Entrepreneurial motivation) GuTÕ,JÚYWÕ TôûRûV ¾oUô²dÏm UtßmUt\YoLs Ït\m áßm úTôÕm Ru]ôpùNnV CVXôÕ G]d áßm úTôÕm Juû\®Pô©¥VôLj ùRôPokÕ ùNn¡\ Ju±pEß§VôL ©¥YôRUôL CÚdÏm Ru]ôoYSPjûRdÏj LôWQUôn CÚd¡u\ JÚùRô¯p Øû]úYô¬u EsÞdÏsú[úVCÚdÏm JÚ CVdLm CpXÕ ®ûNûVdÏ±d¡\Õ. ùYqúYß LôWQeLÞdLôLùYqúYß SToLs JúW Uô§¬Vô] SPjûRÏQeL°p DÓTh¥ÚlTûR ¿eLs A±Ùm

úTôÕ, BfN¬VlTÓÅoLs. úYß Uô§¬VôLúYß YôojûRL°p CRû]f ùNôpXúYiÓUô]ôp FdLlTÓjÕRp GuTÕ,TXRWlThPÕ GiQt\Õ Utßm EWØmFdLØm YônkRÕ BÏm. êuß U²RoLsèß Gi¦dûL«Xô] Ut\ U²RoLÞPuUôWjRôu KhPlTkRVj§p LXkÕùLôiPôoLs. AkR êuß úTÚúUKhPlTkRVj§p ùYt± ùT\®pûX. CRuùTôÚs Gu]? AkR êuß úTÚm úRôp®AûPkRYoL[ô? JÚ úTôÕm CpûX.JqùYôÚYÚm ùYqúYß Ï±dúLôÞPuAkRl úTôh¥«p LXkÕ ùLôiÓK¥]ôoLs ØRXôUYu R]Õ ¿iP úSWmKÓm Bt\ûX úNô§jÕd ùLôsÞmÏ±dúLôÞPu K¥]ôo Utßm AYo, AYoG§oTôojRûR ®P Su\ôLf ùNVpThPôo.CWiPôUYo AYWÕ ØkûRVùNVpTôh¥p Øuú]t\m LôQ®Úm©]ôo. ARû]f ùNnÕ Ø¥jRôo.êu\ôUYo CRtÏ Øu]o JÚ úTôÕmGkRùYôÚ KhPlTkRVj§Ûm LXkÕùLôiPYo ApXo. A§p K¥VYÚm¡ûPVôÕ. AYÚûPV úSôdLm CkRlTkRVj§p LXkÕ ùLôiÓ ØÝûUVôLAûR ¨û\Ü ùNnV úYiÓm. GuTúRUtßm ARû] AYo ùNnÕ Ø¥jRôo. CkRêuß SToL°p JqùYôÚYÚm ùYqúYßÏ±dúLôÞPu úTôh¥«p LXkÕùLôiPôoLs. AYoLs ARû] AûPkÕm®hP]o. Utßm AYo, Vôo TRdLjûRùYu\ôoLs GuTûRl ùTôÚhTÓjRôUpAYoLs GpXôÚúU ùYt±Vô[oLú[CqYô\ôL, BoYeLs úYßTPXôm. AûRlúTôXúY JqùYôÚY¬u TôoûYÙm/


ùRô¯p Øû]úYôo BYRtLô] FdLm, ùNVpTôÓ Utßm NôRû],ùRô¯p ×¬YRtLô] Yônl×Ls (Entrepreneurial motivation, performance andrewards, Entrepreneurial opportunities)

úSôdLeLs: ClTôPj§u Cß§«p ¿eLs §\m ùT\ CÚlTûY• ùRô¯p Øû]úYô¬u FdLm Tt± áßRp• ùRô¯p Øû]úYô¬u ùNVpTôÓ Utßm ùYÏU§ Tt±d áßRp• ùRô¯p Øû]úYô¬u Yônl×Ls Tt±d áßRp, EsÞo úRûYLû[ ×¬kÕùLôsÞRp

• ùRô¯p ÖhT ùTôÚ[ôRôW BnÜ A±dûLûV BnÜ ùNnYRu êXm EtTj§dLô]ùTôÚû[ ¾oUô]m ùNnRp.


10

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

SKILLS

úSôdLØm(perception) UôßTPXôm. JÚU²Ru L¥]UôL EûZdLXôm UtßmTQj§tLôL HeÏTYWôL CÚdLXôm. AúRNUVm Utù\ôÚYo TôWôhPlTÓm Jtû\YôojûR«p U¡rTYWôL CÚdLXôm.

ùRô¯p Øû]úYôWôL ùNVpTÓRpUtßm ARtLô] ùYÏU§ (Entrepreneurialperformance and rewards)

ùRô¯p Øû]úYôWôL ùNVpTÓRp GuTÕùRô¯p ApXÕ Yô¦Tj§p ùTßmùYt±VôL ARu A[ÅPôL LÚRlTÓ¡\ÕUtßm ùTßm ùYÏU§ GuTÕ JÚ ùRô¯pØû]úYôÚdÏ AYWÕ AÚgùNVÛdLôLAYÚdÏ ARtÏ DPôLd ¡ûPlTÕ, TQmNôokRRôLúYô ApXÕ U]R[®p¡ûPdÏm U¡rf£VôLd Ï±l©PlTÓYRôÏm. ùYt± Yônl× Eß§VôLjùR¬VôR ̈ ûX«p GÓjR Õ¦LW ØVt£«p(venture) ùYt± AûPkRúR R]dÏ ¡ûPjRùYÏU§VôLd LÚÕYÕ SpXùRôÚúSôdLjûR úSôd¡f ùNu\RôL AûUÙm.

ùRô¯p Øû]R≠u ùNVp§\u(Entrepreneurial performance)

¿iP LôXm ̈ ûXj§ÚlTÕ ApXÕ ªLÜmùR¬kRRôLf ùNôpX úYiÓùU²p¨ßY]j§u YVÕ, ®tTû] Y[of£TeÏfNkûR«p Y[of£, NkûR Yônl×L°pY[of£ (EsÞo Y¦Lm, úR£V NkûR«pùRô¯p ×¬Rp, AVpSôÓL°p Yô¦Tm),ØRÄh¥p Y[of£ (AúR ̈ ßY] CPj§p),áÓRp ¡û[Ls ùRôPeÏRp(ûLVLlTÓjÕRp, ®¬YôdLm êXm ) ,T¦VôhLs Gi¦dûL A§L¬l×, CXôTm

Utßm CûY úTôu\ûY ùRô¯p, Yô¦TmTt±V TpúYß A[ÅÓL°p APeÏm.

CYt±p ùTôÚmTôX]ûY TÚlùTôÚsNôokR Y[of£ ApXÕ ¨§¨ûX Y[of£LôW¦Ls Utßm CûY ùRô¯p Øû]R≠uùNVp§\u Tt±V TôWmT¬V A[ÅÓL°pCÚkÕ YÚ¡\Õ. ©u]o YkR LôXeL°p,Yô¥dûLVô[oLs §Úl§, T¦Vô[oL°u§Úl§, HtTÓjRlThP GiQm UtßmU§l×, ØRXô]ûYÙm ùNVp§\u Tt±VA[ÜúLôpL[ôLl ùTôÚjRUô]RôLA§L¬jRÕ, CkR A[ÅÓLs E¬ûU TeÏA¥lTûP«Xô] LôW¦Ls G]dÏ±l©PlTÓ¡\Õ.

£±V ¨ßY]eLs Y[okÕ ùT¬VA[®Xô] Y¦Lj ùRô¯p ¨ßY]UôLUôßm úTôÕ, TeÏL°u U§l×/ ûL«Úl×®ûX (stock price), EPC ØRXô] NkûRA¥lTûP«Xô] LôW¦LÞm ùRô¯pØû]R≠u ùNVp§\àdÏ ùTôÚjRUô]A[ÅPôL CÚdLXôm.

ùRô¯p Øû]úYôo Rôu ùNnR/ RuàûPVùNVp§\u Tt±V RW U§lÀPôL AûUÙmRLYpLû[ A±Y§p BoYm EûPVYWôLCÚlTôo. GpXôÚúU Rôu NmTkRlThPUt\YoLÞPu Ruû] Jl©hÓ TôodLØVt£ ùNnYôo. Ruú]ôÓ úTôh¥«PVôÚúU CpXôR RÚQeL°p RuàûPVØkûRV NôRû]LÞPu Jl©hÓ RôuRtúTôÕ AûR®P úUmTôÓAûPkÕsú[ôUô G]j úRÓYôo. CkRlùTôÚ°p ùRô¯p Øû]úYô¬u ùNVpTôÓGuTÕ ÑV ùYÏU§«u êX BRôWUôLUôß¡\Õ.


NkûR NôokR(MarketBased)

¨§NôokR(Financial)

ùRô¯p Øû]úYô¬u

ùNVpTôÓ(Entrepreneurial

Performance)

Yô¥dûLVô[o§Úl§ úTôu\ûY(Stake holder Based)

CVtùTôÚs(Physical)


11

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

SKILLS

ùRô¯p Øû]úYô¬u ùYÏU§Ls(Entrepreneurial rewards)

ùRô¯p Øû]úYô¬u ÑV ùYÏU§Vô]ÕùRô¯p Y¦L ùNVpTôhûPÙm Rôi¥VJuß BÏm. ARôYÕ ARtÏm úUXô]ÕBÏm. ùNVpTôh¥u ùY°lTôPôL ApXÕùNVpTôÓ UhÓúU ùYÏU§«uCVtá\ô¡\Rô. ùTÚmTôÛm JÚ STWô]YoùY°lTûPVô] ùYÏU§ UtßmEs°VpTô] ùYÏU§ CWiÓmCûP«Xô]j R²f£\lûT LYo¡\ôo.

Es°VpTô] ùYÏU§ (Intrinsic Rewards) :

CkR RûXl× EQojÕYÕ úTôXúYEs°VpTô] ùYÏU§ (intrinsic rewards)

GuTÕ ùNnVlTÓm ùNV≠u Esú[úV (vest

in) Es[Õ. JÚ CûN AûUlTô[ûWd úLhÓTôÚeLs, CûNVûUlTÕ AYÚdÏ GqY[ÜA§LUô] U¡rf£ûV ùLôÓd¡\Õ GuTûRA±ÅoLs. JÚ ûL®û]OûW (craftsman)

úLhÓ TôÚeLs AYoL°uTûPlTôt\Xôp (creativity) AYoLs GqY[ÜA§LUô] U¡rf£ AûP¡\ôoLs GuTÕ®[eÏm. ApXÕ JÚ ¡¬dùLh ®û[VôÓm®û[VôhÓ ÅWo AkR ®û[Vôh¥]ôpGqY[Ü NkúRô`UûP¡\ôo GuTÕ®[eÏm. CkR Uô§¬úV JÚ ùRô¯pØû]úYôo AYÚûPV Õ¦LW ØVt£dÏAYoRÚm TûPlTôt\Xôp Utßm ×§V]×Lf ùNnYRôp NkúRô`m AûP¡\ôo.ùRô¯p Øû]úYô¬u CkRd ÏQm B]ÕNôRôWQUôL CVt ùTôÚs Utßm ̈ § Nôo×LôW¦L[ôp EQokR±VlTÓm ùTôÕYô]ùYÏU§ûVd Lôh¥Ûm A§L U¡rf£ûVAYÚdÏj RÚ¡\Õ. ùTÚmTôXô] ùRô¯pØû]úYôoLs, ùRô¯p Øû]R≠uùNVpTôhPôp ùNÝûU, Y[ûUûVYWúYt\ôÛm Es°VpTô] ùYÏU§úVAYoLÞdÏ A§L U¡rf£ûV RÚm.JqùYôÚ ùRô¯Ûm, T¦VôhLs UtßmAYoL[Õ ÏÓmTjÕdÏ YôrYRtLô]BRôWUôL Es[Õ. CqYô\ôL Ut\YoLsE«oYôZ ERÜm R]Õ §\ûU«p CÚkÕùRô¯p Øû]úYôo ªÏkR §Úl§ûVùTß¡\ôoLs. CRû] AYoLsCqYô\ôLÜm ARôYÕ, ùTôÚhLû[EÚYôd¡ A±ØLlTÓjÕYÕ Utßm úNûYùNnYÕ úTôu\ Cu] ©\Yt\ôÛmUt\YoL°u YôrdûL«p úUuûU ùLôiÓYW Ø¥Ùm. AÕ UÚkÕ, Uôj§ûWLiÓ©¥l×, ÏZkûR/ úSôVô°Ls/

Ø§úVôo TWôU¬l×, ÅhÓlùTôÝÕúTôdÏ, KnÜ CûYúTôu\ûYVôLÜm CÚdLXôm.

×\m NôokR ùYÏU§Ls (Extrinsic Rewards):

JÚYÚûPV ùNôkR ®ÚlTUôL JÚ STo¨û]lTÕ CXôTlûTûV AûPYúR R®WARõp JÚ TeÏ UhÓm ¡ûPlTRtÏUhÓUpX. YÚUô]m Utßm Y[m/ ùNôjÕCûY ùRô¯Xôp ¡ûPlTÕ R®W AûRÙmRôi¥ JÚYÚûPV ÏÓmT Eßl©]oLÞmAkRj ùRô¯ûXj ùRôPokÕ ùNnVBRôWUôL CÚlTûR ùRô¯p Øû]úYôo®Úm×¡u\]o.

ùRô¯p Øû]úYô¬u Yônl×Ls(Entrepreneurial opportunity)

HtL]úY CÚdÏm NkûR«p ApXÕ×§Rô] Ju±p JÚ ×§V ùTôÚs ApXÕúNûYûV EÚYôdÏYRtÏ, ùTôÚ[ôRôWmUtßm NØRôV ¨XYWeLÞPu ¾®WBY≠u ùRôPo×l ©ûQl©p ùRô¯pØû]úYô¬u Yônl×Ls ùY°lThÓjúRôuß¡u\].

JÚ ùRô¯p Øû]úYôo JÚ ùRô¯ûXùRôPe¡ ùYt±VûPV AjùRô¯pAûUVÜs[ CPm, AeÏs[ úYûXYônl×Ls B¡VYtû\ Li¥lTôLA±k§ÚdL úYiÓm.

ùTôÕYôL úYûX Yônl×Ls, Esð¬p¡ûPdLd á¥V êXl ùTôÚsLs,ùRô¯Xô[¬u §\uLs, Y¦Lm ùNnYRtÏAÚLôûU«p CÚjRp Utßm úRûYdÏmYZeLÛdÏm CûPúVVô] CûPùY°B¡VYtû\l ùTôÚjÕ CÚdÏm.

JÚ ùRô¯p Øû]TYo Ru ùRô¯ÛdÏúRûYVô] Yônl×Lû[ ¸rYÚY]Yt±uA¥lTûP«p úRoÜ ùNnVXôm.

• úY[ôi NôokR ùRô¯pLs

• CVk§W®Vp Utßm EúXôL®Vp NôokRùRô¯pLs

• ªu²Vp/ ªu]Ô ùRô¯pLs

• ÀeLôu ùRô¯pLs

• EQÜ NôokR ùRô¯pLs

• EsÞo úRûY NôokR ùRô¯pLs

JÚ ùRô¯p Øû]TYo, Rôu úRoÜ ùNnRùRô¯ûX ùRôPeÏYRtÏ Øu MSME

A§Lô¬Lû[ ùRôPo× ùLôiÓ BúXôNû]



12

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

SKILLS

ùNnRp Utßm ùRô¯p Õû\ Y¯LôhP≠pEs[T¥ ùRô¯pÖhT Utßm ùTôÚ[ôRôWBnÜ A±dûL«u A¥lTûP«p úYûXYônl×Lû[ úRoÜ ùNnV úYiÓm.

YôeÏRp Utßm ®t\p (trading) Øû\ÙmùRô¯pÕû\ ùNVpTôPôL HtßdùLôs[lThÓs[Õ. C§p úNûY NôokRùRô¯pLs ªLf £\kRRôLd LÚRlTÓ¡\Õ.

Hù]²p C§p ØRÄÓ Ïû\Ü UtßmNkûRlTÓjÕRp G°Õ. Lôo TÝÕ TôodÏmLûP, Lôo LÝÜm ThPû\, UôÜ AûWjRp,ùYp¥e LûP, Ø¥§ÚjRLm Utßm TXB¡V úNûY NôokR ùRô¯pLs, Y[okÕYÚm TÏ§L°p ×§V Yônl×Lû[A°d¡\Õ.



13

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

SKILLS


• JÚ ùRô¯p Øû]úYôo BYRtÏjúRûYVô] §\ûULû[d LiP±kÕTh¥V≠ÓL.

• AhPYûQ -1 p Es[T¥§\ûULÞdLô] ùTôÕ ¨V§/YûWVû\ÙPu §\ûULû[ U§lÀÓùNnYûRÙm úNojÕ AhPYûQRVô¬dLÜm.


JÚ ùRô¯p Øû]úYô¬u §\ûULû[ AûPVô[eLiÓ TÏjRônÜùNnRp (Identify and analyse the abilities of an Entrepreneur)

úSôdLeLs : ClT«t£«u Cß§«p ¿eLs §\m ùT\ CÚlTûY• JÚ ùRô¯p Øû]úYôWôL BYRtÏj úRûYlTÓm §\ûULÞdLô] YûWVû\ûVjRVôo ùNnRp

• EeLÞdLôL Th¥V≠PlThP JqùYôÚ §\ûUûVÙm TÃh£jÕ Utßm TÏlTônÜùNnRp

• RÏkR GiûQ YhPªÓR≠u êXm JqùYôÚ TÏ§dLô] EeL°u §\ûULû[U§l©ÓRp.

AhPYûQ - 1

§\ûULs (Skills) U§l©ÓRp (Rating)

Ïû\Ü SÓjRWm A§Lm

®tTû](Sales) 1 2 3 4 5

• ®ûX öQ«jRp (pricing)

• ®tTû]ûVj §hPªÓRp (sales planning)

• úTWm úTÑRp (negotiating)

• Yô¥dûLVô[o úNûYûVd LiLô¦jRp (Customer service follow-up)

• úTôh¥Vô[oLs Tt±V RLYp ùR¬kÕûYj§ÚjRp (tracking competitors)

NkûRl TÓjÕRp (Marketing) 1 2 3 4 5

• ®[mTWm ùNnRp/ ®tTû]ûVA§L¬lTRtLô] ùNVp ØVt£/ UdLsùRôPo× (advertising/promotion/public relations)

• FPLm §hPªÓRp Utßm YôeÏRp(media planning and buying)

• ®tTû] Ùd§ (marketing strategies)

• T¡oUô] Y¯jRPm §hPªPp(distribution channel planning)

• ®ûX öQVm (pricing)

• úTdúLé (packaging)


14

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

SKILLS

úYûX Yônl×j §\uLs (NSQF) þT«t£ : 2.1.28

¨§ûVj §hPªÓRp (Financial planning) 1 2 3 4 5

• TQm NmTkRUôLj §hPªÓRp(cash flow planning)

• Ye¡ÙP]ô] E\Ü (bank relationships)

• LPu úUXôiûU (management of credit lines)

LQd¡ÓRp (Accounting) 1 2 3 4 5

• YWÜ ùNXÜ T§úYÓ TWôU¬jRp(bookkeeping)

• ©p úTôÓRp, ùLôÓdL úYi¥VûY, YWúYi¥VûY (billing, payables, receivables)

• JqùYôÚ UôRj§tLô] CXôTm/ SxPmLQdÏLs (monthly profit and loss statements/balance sheets)

¨oYôLm (Administrative) 1 2 3 4 5

• §hPªÓRp (scheduling)

• NmT[l Th¥Vp ûLVôÞm Øû\(payroll handling)

T¦Vôs úUXôiûU (Personnel management) 1 2 3 4 5

• T¦VôhLû[ úYûXdÏ AUojRp(hiring employees)

• T¦VôhLû[d Li¥jRp (firing employees)

• T¦VôhL°Pm BoYjûRj çiÓRp(motivating employees)

• ùTôÕ úUXôiûU §\ûULs(general management skills)

ùRô¯p NôokR ùNôkRj §\ûULs(Personal business skills) 1 2 3 4 5

• úTfÑj§\u (oral presentation skills)

• GÝjÕj §\u (written communication skills)

• L¦²j §\u (computer skills)

• ¨oYôLj §\u (organizational)

EQokR±V CVXôR EVoYô] ÏQeLs(Intangibles) 1 2 3 4 5

• L¥]UôLÜm, ¿iP úSWm EûZlTYoBLÜm CÚdÏm §\ûU (ability to work longand hard)

• CPo ¨LZ Yônl× Utßm, AÝjRmRôeÏm Bt\p EûPVYWôLÜm CÚjRp(ability to manage risk and stress)

• úRôp®Lû[ RôeÏm §\u (ability to deal withfailure)

• Ut\YoLÞPu úNokÕ T¦Vôtßm §\ûU(ability to work with and manage others)

ùUôjRm (Total)


15

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

SKILLS

• AhPYûQ«p Th¥V≠PlThPJqùYôÚ §\ûUûVÙm T¬h£jÕlTôodLÜm.

• £±R[Ü GpXô §\ûULû[Ùm ¿eLsùLôi¥Úd¡ÈoL[ô G] EeLû[¿eLú[ úLhÓd ùLôs[Üm.

• (Scale 1 -5) G]d ¸úZ ùLôÓdLlThÓs[A[ÜlT¥ RÏkR GiûQ YhPªÓRpêXm JqùYôÚ TÏ§«Ûm EeL°u§\ûUûV U§l©PXôm.

Scale 1 Ïû\Yô]RôL (as low)

Scale 2 Ïû\®tÏmSÓjRWj§tÏm SÓ®p(as between low and medium)

Scale 3 SÓjRWUôL (as medium)

Scale 4 SÓjRWj§pA§Lj§tÏm SÓ®p (asbetween medium and high)

Scale 5 EVoYô]RôL (as high)

• EeLs §\ûUdÏ U§lùTi YZe¡V©\Ï U§lùTiLû[ ùUôjRUôLáhPÜm Utßm ¸rLiP U§lùTiA[ÅhûP Alû[ (apply) TiQÜm

• EeLs ùUôjR U§lùTiLs 20

×s°LÞdÏm Ïû\YôL CÚkRôp,ùNôkRj ùRô¯p BWm©lTÕEeLÞdÏ N¬lThÓ YÚUô G] UßBnÜ ùNnL (reconsider) (< 50%).

• EeLs ùUôjR U§lùTi 20 Utßm25dÏm SÓ®p CÚkRôp, ¿eLsùNVp ®°m©p EsÇoLs B]ôpEeLs TXÅ]l TÏ§Lû[lTXlTÓjÕYRtÏ £±Õ úSWmùNX®ÓYÕ ×j§Nô≠jR]m.

• ¿eLs ùTt\ U§lùTiLs 30þdÏmA§LUôL CÚkRôp ClúTôúR×ÕjùRô¯p ÕYeL ¿eLs RVôoG] GÓjÕd ùLôs[Xôm (> 75%).



16

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

SKILLS

ùRô¯p úVôNû]LÞdLô] êXBRôWeLs (Sources of Business Ideas)

1 EeLÞdÏsú[úV ¿eLs EtßúSôdÏeLs Utßm EeLs §\ûULs,®ÚlTm CYtû\ ¿eLú[ BnÜùNnÙeLs (Look within yourself and examineyour skills, talent, passion)

ùRô¯p úVôNû]LÞdLôL úRPp ÕYeÏmúTôÕ ØR≠p ¿eLs ùRôPeL úYi¥VÕEeLÞdÏs CÚkÕ Rôu. A±VôûU,úNômúT±jR]m Utßm NkúRLm CYt±uLôWQUôL, ùTÚmTôúXôo,ReLÞdÏsú[úV úRP úYi¥V CkRªdùT¬V YônlûTj RY\ ®hÓ®Ó¡\ôoLs.

¿eLs §\ûU YônkRYWôL CÚkRôp ApXÕJÚ Ï±l©hP Õû\«p ¿eLs Nô§jRÕNkúRLUôL ̈ ì©dLlTh¥ÚkRôp AjRûLV§\ûUûV BnÜ ùNnV CÕúY RdL RÚQmUtßm RÏkR úSWm BÏm. ¿eLs G§p£\kRYWôL EsÇoLs ApXÕ GkRjùRô¯p ùRôPeL ®Úm×¡ÈoLs GuTûRdLiP±V ¸rdiP ®]ôdLû[ ¿eLú[úLhÓd ùLôsÞeLs:

• ¿eLs Gu] §\ûULû[ ApXÕBt\pLû[d ùLôiÓsÇoLs? (What skillsor talents do you possess?)

• EeLÞûPV ùTôÝÕ úTôdÏLs Gu]?¿eLs G§p ªÏkR BoYm LôhÓ¡ÈoLs?(What are your hobbies? What are you passionateabout?)

• UdLs TQm ùLôÓdL ®Úm×m§\ûULû[ ¿eLs ùLôiÓ EsÇoL[ô?(Do you possess a skill that people are willing to payfor?)

2 Au\ôP ×jRm ×Õ ¨LrÜLû[ùR¬kÕ ûYj§ÚlTÕ ARu êXm¡ûPdÏm ùRô¯p Y¦LfNkRolTeL°p BRôVm ùT\jRVôWôL CÚeLs (Keep up with current

events and be ready to take advantage of businessopportunities)

NØRôV ¨LrÜLs, ¨Lrf£Ls, UtßmAlúTôûRV LôX LhPm CûYLÞmùRô¯p Yô¦T úVôNû]LÞdÏ SpX êXBRôWeLs BÏm. ¿eLs §]N¬ùNn§RôsLû[ Yô£lTÕ UtßmùNn§Lû[d úLhTûR Yô¥dûLVôLdùLôiÓ CÚkRôp, Utßm A§≠ÚkÕ HÕmùRô¯p ùRôPeL úVôNû]Ls HÕm¡ûPdÏUô GuTûRd LiP±ÙmSôhPjûR ùLôiÓs[YWôL CÚkRôp,GjRû] ùRô¯p NôokR NkRolTeLû[EeLs êû[ EÚYôdÏ¡\Õ GuTûR LiÓ¿eLú[ BfN¬VlTÓÅoLs

AqYlúTôûRV ¨LrÜLû[j ùR¬kÕûYj§ÚeLs Hù]²p, AÕ NkûR¨XYWeLs, ×§V UkRUô] úTôdÏLs,ùRô¯tNôûX NmTkRUô] ùNn§Ls, Utßm£X NUVeL°p Y¦L Yônl×Ls UtßmNôj§Vd áßLs Tt±V ×§V £kRû]Lû[dLiP±YRtÏ ERÜm.

3 JÚ ×§V ùTôÚs ApXÕ úNûYûVdLiP±kÕ A±ØLlTÓjÕeLs (Inventa new product or service)

¿eLs TûPlTôt\p £kRû]ûVdùLôiÓsÇoL[ô? AlT¥ùVu\ôp Øu]oGlúTôÕm CpXôR CÚk§WôR ×§VùTôÚhLs ApXÕ úNûYLû[ LiP±kÕA±ØLlTÓjRXôm. TûPlTôt\p U]ûRY[olTRtÏ ©WfNû]Lû[ Rôi¥ ARtÏAlTôÛm úVô£dÏm Utßm EQokR±ÙmJÚ Uú]ôTôYm EÚYôdL úYiÓm. ¿eLsEeLû[f Ñt± SPlTûR A±YÕPuEeLû[ ¿eLú[ úLhÓd ùLôs[ úYiÓm.CqYôß.

úYûX Yônl×j §\uLs þ ùRô¯p Øû]úYôo §\uLs LÚj§Vp 2.1.29

ùRô¯p Y¦L úVôNû]dLÞdLô] êX BRôWeLs (Sources of BusinessIdeas)

úSôdLm: ClTôPj§u Cß§«p ¿eLs §\m ùT\ CÚlTûY• TpúYß ùRô¯p Y¦L êX BRôWeLû[ Th¥V≠ÓRp.

CkR NkRolTj§tÏ ApXÕ CkRUdL°u ©WfNû]dÏ GÕ ªLf£\kR ¾oÜ?


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©u]o ¿eLs UdL°Pm Guù]u] áÓRpúNûYLû[ AYoLs LôQ ®Úm×¡\ôoLsGuTÕ Tt± ®]Y ùRôPeLXôm. ¿eLsRôUv G¥^u, AXd^ôiPo ¡WaômùTp, v¼q_ôlv ØRXôú]ôo úTôu\_ômTYôuLs úTôuß úVô£lTÕ AY£Vm.

ùYt± ùTßm úVôNû]Lû[ Y[ojÕdùLôsYRtÏ JÚ Ï±l©hP NkûRûVCXd¡p U]ûR JÚØLlTÓjÕYÕ AY£VmUtßm UdLs áhPm BoYUôL CÚdÏmúNûYdLÞdLô] ùRô¯p Y¦L£kRû]Lû[ TÏlTônÜ TiQ úYiÓm.Y¦L ApXÕ úNûY Tt±V A±ûYl ùT\,HtL]úY CÕ YûW CpXôR NkûRjúRûYûV AûPVô[e LôQ úYiÓm.

4 HtL]úY CÚdÏm ùTôÚÞdÏ áÓRpU§l× A°jRp (Add value to an alreadyexisting product)

JÚ UWjÕiûP Ø¥l× ùNnVlThP¥mTWôL UôtßYRôp HtTÓm CWi¥tÏmCûP«Xô] R²l ùTÚûU AkRUWdLhûP«u U§lûT A§L¬d¡\Õ.B]ôp CqYôß U§l× EVWf ùNnÙmáÓRXô] ùNnØû\Ls UhÓúU U§lûTdáhÓm Y¯ ApX, ¿eLs ARàPu úNokÕ£X úNûYLû[ áÓRXôL úNojÕj RWXôm.ApXÕ AkR ùTôÚú[ôÓ úNojÕ AÕNmTkRUô] ùRôPo×ûPV ùTôÚhLû[CûQjÕj RWXôm.

5 E¬ûU ùTßRp (Franchising)

ùNVXôdL Øû\LÞdLôL AYtû\ ̈ oQVmTiÔYRtÏ E¬ûUlTeÏ UtßmAYoL°u Te¡tÏ ùTßm ùRôûLCYtû\l ùTtßd ùLôiÓ ARtÏ T§XôLR²jR² £pXû\ ®VôTô¬LÞdÏAkRSkRl TÏ§L°p T¡oUô]m NmTkRUô]E¬ûUûV A°dÏm ùNVp ApXÕùTôÚÞdLô] húWÓUôod¡u JhÓ ùUôjRJúW ®¨úVôLvRo (distributor) ApXÕRVô¬lTô[o ùNnÕ ùLôsÞm HtTôÓ‘Franchise’ G]lTÓm. ‘Franchising’ GuTÕ TXY¯Lû[ GÓjRôÛm ªLÜm BoYjûRçiÓm Juß Gu]ùY²p, JÚ ùTVo,Y¦Lm ùNnÙm Øû\ CúUw, UtßmCVeÏm ùLôsûLLs CYtû\ A°dÏmØû\ YûLL[ôÏm.

ùRô¯p Yônl×LÞdLô] êX BRôWUôLClúTôÕ GlT¥ Y¦L E¬ûU ùTßRp

AûU¡\Õ? SpXÕ. EeLs Sôh¥pùNVpTôhÓdÏ YWôR B]ôp AúR NUVm©\ Sôh¥p CÚkÕ YÚm SpX ̈ ßY]eLsApXÕ SpX ùTôÚhLs Tt± ¿eLsA±VXôm. AlúTôÕ ¿eLs AkRlùTôÚÞdÏ Y¦L E¬ûU ùTtß EeLsSôh¥p ¿eLs Øuú]ô¥ BLXôm.

6 ùYÏ_]FPLeLs (Mass media)

ùNn§Ls, úVôNû]Ls Utßm RLYpLsYônl×LÞdLô] BfN¬VlTPjRdLêXôRôWm ‘mass media’ G]lTÓm FPLeLsBÏm. Tj§¬dûLLs, ùRôûXdLôh£¨ßY]eLs, úL©s ùShùYôod, Yôù]ô≠,ùNn§jRôsLs Utßm YûXR[eLsCûYùVpXôm FPLeLÞdLô]ERôWQeLs BÏm. Tj§¬dûLLs ApXÕùNn§jRôsL°p ¿eLs Y¦L®[mTWeLû[d LY]UôL TôojÕ YkRôp®tTû]dÏ¬V ×§V Y¦LeLû[LiP±ÅoLs.

Af£PlThP FPLeLs ApXÕYûXR[eL°p Es[ ùNn§Ls ApXÕùRôûXdLôh£«p LôQlTÓm ÏßgùNn§l TPeLs ÖLoúYôoL°u úRûYLsApXÕ SôLÃLeL°p LôQlTÓmUôt\eLû[l Tt±j ùR¬VlTÓjRXôm.ERôWQUôL, UdLs RtúTôÕBúWôd¡VUô] EQÜ ApXÕ EPtRÏ§L°p ªL A§L BoYm LôhÓ¡\ôoLsGuàm ùNn§«û] T¥dLúYô ApXÕúLhLúYô ùNnVXôm. §\ûUdLÞdúLtT £XúNûYLs YZeÏYRtLô] AûZl×Lû[¿eLs LiP±V úSWXôm. ApXÕ ¿eLsY¦L E¬ûU ùTßRp úTôu\ØRÄhPô[oLÞdÏ úRûYlTÓm ×§VYônl×Ls Tt±d LôQ úSWXôm.

7 ùTôÚhLôh£/ ùY°lTÓjÕRpUtßm Y¦Ld LiLôh£ (Exhibitions, Exposand Trade shows)

Y¦L Ùd§Ls Utßm Yônl×Ls Tt±A±YRtLô] Utù\ôÚ ùNVpTôÓLs,ùTôÚhLôh£Ls Utßm Y¦LdLiLôh£Lû[ LiÓ TôolTÕ BÏm. CûYTt±V ®TWeLs YZdLUôL Yôù]ô≠

Utßm ùNn§jRôsL°p ®[mTWlTÓjRlTÓ¡u\]. ùRôPof£VôL CkRUô§¬Vô] ¨LrÜLÞdÏ ¿eLs ùNußYÚYRôp ×§V ùTôÚhLs Utßm



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ENTREPRENEURSHIP

SKILLS

úNûYLû[ ¿eLs A±YúRôÓUhÓUpXôUp, ¿eLs ®tTû] ©W§¨§LsùUôjR ®tTû]Vô[oLs ®¨úVôLvRWoLs, RVô¬lTô[oLs Utßm Y¦LE¬ûU ùTt\YoLû[f Nk§dLÜm Ø¥ÙmCûYLs, ùRô¯p, Y¦L Yô¦Tj§p ªLf£\kR úVôNû]LÞdLô] BRôW êXeL[ôLGlúTôÕm AûUÙm.

8 ùRô¯tNôûXLs NmTkRUô]BnÜLs (Industrial Surveys)

JÚ ×§V ùRô¯t Ùd§dLô] ©WRô]Uô]ÕYô¥dûLVô[o Rôu. JÚ ùTôÚs ApXÕúNûYdLô] TÏjR±ûYj RÚYÕYô¥dûLVô[oL°u úRûYLs Utßm®ÚlTeLs Rôu. CRû] JÚ BnÜ êXmTÏjRônÜ ùNnVXôm ApXÕ¾oUô²dLXôm. CjRûLV BnÜdLû[U²RoL°Pm úTÑYRu êXmNôRôWQUôLúYô ApXÕ NôRôWQUt\RôLúYô SPjRXôm. YZdLUô] úSoØLjúRoYôL ®]ôdLs êXUôL ApXÕ EtßúSôdLp êXUôL SPjRXôm.

9 Yô¥dûLVô[o Ïû\Lû[dúLhP±Rp (Listen to customers complaints)

TX ×§V ùTôÚhLs ApXÕ úNûYLsEÚYôYRtÏ ÖLoúYôoLs RWl©u×LôoLÞm ®Wd§LÞm LôWQUôLAûUk§Úd¡u\]. GlùTôÝùRpXôm JÚÖLoúYôo JÚ ùTôÚs ApXÕ úNûYûVTt± ªL úUôNUôL ApXÕ LNlTô]×LôoLû[ ùR¬®d¡u\]úYô ApXÕGlúTôÕ ¿eLs £Xo CqYôß ùNôpYûRdúLs®lT¥¡uÈoL[ô ARôYÕ CkR

Uô§¬VôL AeÏ CÚdÏm G] Sôu¨û]júRu/ BûNlThúPu…” ApXÕCkR Uô§¬VôL ¿eLs úLs®lTÓm úTôÕJÚ Y¦Lj§tLô] úVôNû] EeLÞdÏERVUôÏm. CkR úVôNû]Vô]Õ úUmThPRWj§p ùTôÚs ApXÕ úNûYûV YZeÏmúTôh¥d LmùT² AûUlTRôL CÚdLXôm.ApXÕ úLs®dÏ¬V JÚ ¨ßY]j§tÏApXÕ Ut\YoLÞdÏ JÚ ×§V ùTôÚsApXÕ úNûYûV ®tTRôL AûUVXôm.

10 Ïû\kR úSWj§p CVu\ A[®pLÚjÕLû[ U]§p ¨ßj§ JÚ£dLûXj ¾ojRp ApXÕ Ø¥Ü LôQp(Brainstorming)

Brainstorming GuTÕ JÚ TûPlTô°VôLf©WfNû]Lû[ ¾odÏm JÚ ÖhTUô] Øû\ApXÕ Utßm TX úVôNû]Lû[ EtTj§ùNnÙm JÚ BRôW êXm BÏm. CRu CXdÏGu]ùY²p Ø¥kRYûW GjRû]úVôNû]Lû[ GhPØ¥ÙúUô AjRû]úVôNû]Lû[ AûPRp. YZdLUôL CÕ JÚ®]ôYôL ApXÕ JÚ ©WfNû]dÏ¬VLÚjRôLj ùRôPeÏ¡\Õ. ERôWQUôL,¿eLs úLhLXôm, CkSôhL°p ÅÓLÞdÏjúRûYVô], AúR NUVm RtúTôÕSûPØû\«p CpXôR úNûYLs ApXÕSûPØû\«p ¡ûPdLôR ùTôÚhLsGuù]u]? JqùYôÚ úVôNû]Ùm JußApXÕ áÓRXô] A§L ®û[YôL SpXGi¦dûL«p AûUÙm.

Brainstorming SpX Y[of£dÏ Ht\ ùRô¯ûXAûPVô[m LôQ ER®LWUôL CÚdÏm.



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ENTREPRENEURSHIP

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• ùLôÓdLlThP YûWTPj§p CÚkÕ(TPm 1) JÚ £±V ùRô¯pùRôPeÏYRtLô] Y¬ûNd¡WUô] ùNVpT¥Lû[ LiP±Rp.

• TônÜ YûWTPj§p CÚkÕY¬ûNd¡WUôLf ùNVpTÓjRlTPúYi¥V ùNVpT¥Lû[d LûPl©¥jRp.


JÚ £±V ùRô¯p ùRôPeÏRp (§hP AûUlûT LôhÓm YûWTPm)(The process of setting up a Small Business [a schematic representation])

úSôdLeLs : ClT«t£«u Cß§«p ¿eLs §\m ùT\ CÚlTûY• ùLôÓdLlThÓs[ TônÜ YûWTPj§p CÚkÕ JÚ £±V ùRô¯pùRôPeÏYRtLô] ùNVpTôÓLû[ LiP±kÕ Y¬ûNd¡WUUôL ®[dÏRp

• EeL[ôp úRokùRÓdLlThP EtTj§l ùTôÚÞdLô] AúR Uô§¬Vô]YûWTPjûR YûWRp.

JÚ £±V ùRô¯p ùRôPeÏYRtLô] ùNVpT¥Ls (Steps in setting up a small business - Aschematic representation)

Fig 1


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ENTREPRENEURSHIP

SKILLS

ùRô¯p Øû]úYôo (Enterpreneur) : GuTYoJÚ ¨ßY]j§u ØRXô°/ ùNôkRdLôWo/¨ßY]jûR ûYj§ÚlTYo BYôo.

ùRô¯p ¨ßY]m (Business Enterprise):

ùRô¯p ̈ ßY] AûUlTô]Õ JÚ RVô¬l×Õ¦LW ØVt£VôLúYô JÚ Y¦L¨ßY]UôLúYô ApXÕ JÚ úNûYAûUlTôLúYô CÚdLXôm.

£ß ùRô¯tNôûX ¨ßY]jûRAûUlT§p Es[Pe¡ Es[ 24

ùNVpT¥Ls ¸rLiPYôß (The following24 steps involved in setting up small industrialenterprises.)

1 ùRô¯p ÕYeL ¾oUô²jRp (Deciding

for business): JÚ Cû[Ou NmT[j§tÏúYûXl TôolTûR R®ojÕ ùRô¯pØû]úYôo BL ®Úm×m úTôÕ AkRSTo, AYo/AYs GÓdL úYi¥V ªLÜmØd¡VUô] Ø¥Ü CÕYôÏm.

2 TXm /TXÅ]jûR T¬º≠jRp (Analysing

Strengths/Weaknesses): GkR Uô§¬Vô], GkRYûL Utßm GkR A[®tLô] ùRô¯pªLÜm ELkRRôL AûUÙm GuTûR AYo/AYs A±kÕ ùLôs[ CÕ ERÜm. CÕSTÚdÏ STo UôßTÓm.

3 T«t£ (Training): SUÕ TXÅ]eL°pCÚkÕ ÁiÓYW ApXÕ úUmTP T«t£AY£VUô¡\Õ.

i) ùRô¯p Øû]YÚdúYôÚdLô]§\ûULû[ Y[ojÕd ùLôs[.

ii) §hPªhP ùTôÚs/ ùNVp§hPj§tLô] ùRô¯p ÖhT§\ûULû[ Y[ojÕd ùLôs[ T«t£úRûYVô¡\Õ.

4 Ñtßf ãZûX BWônRp (Environmental

Scanning): SUÕ Ñtßf ãZ≠p Es[ùRô¯p Nôo Yônl×Ls UtßmAfÑßjRpLû[ A±YRtÏ, SUÕAdLmTdLm Tt±V ùR°Ü Utßm ×¬RpªLÜm Ød¡Vm. CÕ RÏkR N¬Vô]ùNVp§hPjûR AûPVô[eLôQ UtßmúRoÜ ùNnV ERÜm.

5 ùTôÚs úRoÜ (Product Selection):

AÓjRLhP SPY¥dûL Gu]ùY²p,GkRj ùRô¯ûX £\kR ØVt£VôLjùRôPeLXôm. GkRl ùTôÚs ApXÕK¬] Tp§\l ùTôÚhLû[j

RVô¬lTRtÏ GÓjÕd ùLôs[XômUtßm GkR A[®p GÓjÕd ùLôs[XômGuTûRj ¾oUô²lTÕ BÏm.

6 NkûRûV BnÜ ùNnRp (Market Survey):

JÚ ùTôÚû[ RVô¬lTÕ G°Õ B]ôpARû] ®tTÕ L¥]m. G]úYRVô¬lTRtÏ Øu]RôL NkûRûV BnÜùNnÕ úRoÜ ùNnVlThP ùTôÚÞdÏúTôÕUô] úRûY Es[Rô G]Eß§TÓj§d ùLôs[ úYiÓm. ùTôÚsY¥YûUl©p úRûYlTÓm Uôt\jûREß§lTÓj§dùLôs[Xôm, úRûYdÏmûL«Úl×dÏm CûPúV Es[CûPùY°ûV (demand - supply)

¾oUô²dLXôm. úTôh¥L°u A[ûY¾oUô²jÕd ùLôs[Üm. NkûRTeL°l©p CVu\ A[Ü SmªPm Es[ûL«Úl× ¾oUô²jRp, ®ûX ¨oQVmUtßm T¡oUô]m NmTkRUô] ùLôsûLØRXô]Ytû\j ¾oUô²dLÜm. CRuRjÕYm Gu]ùY²p, G°RôL ®tTû]ùNnV HÕYô] A[Ü Utßm Y¥®pUdLs ®Úm©d úLhÏm ùTôÚû[EtTj§ ùNnYúR BÏm.

7 ØRXô°jÕY Y¥Ym (Form of Ownership):

JÚ ¨ßY]m B]Õ R² SToØRXô°jÕYUôL TeÏRôWoLs,Es[Pe¡V ≠ªùPh LmùT²VôL(ùTôÕ, R²lThP ApXÕùTôÕÜûPûUVôL) úLô þBlúWh¥qùNôû^h¥VôL Cu] ©\YôLAûUdLlTPXôm. CÕ YûL úSôdLmUtßm ùRô¯≠u A[Ü CYtû\fNôokÕs[Õ. JÚYo Ru ûL«p CÚdÏmBRôW êXeL°u A¥l TûP«p ApXÕY¬L°p úNªl× ¡ûPdÏm úSôd¡pùNôkRUôdÏYûRj ¾oUô²dLXôm.

8 AûU®Pm (Location): EeLs ùRô¯XLmGeÏ AûUdLl úTô¡ÈoLs GuTûRj¾oUô²dLÜm. AÕ ùNôkRdLh¥Pj§úXô ApXÕ YôPûLCPUôLúYô CÚdLXôm. UôSLWôh£/TgNôVjÕ/ EsÞo AûUl©p CÚkÕ¡ûPdLlùTßm BhúNTû] CpûXGu\ Nôu±R¯u A¥lTûP«pAûU®PUô]Õ EeLs CÚl©PUôLdáP CÚdLXôm.

9 ùRô¯p ÖhTm (Technology): SpX RWjûRRÚYÕm Utßm EtTj§ ùNXÜ Ïû\YôL



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CÚdÏm SpX ùRô¯p ÖhTjûRjúRokùRÓdLÜm.

10 CVk§WeLs Utßm ETLWQeLs(Machinery and Equipment): úRoÜ ùNnVlThP EtTj§ ùTôÚû[ RVô¬dLúRûYVô] ùTôÚjRUô] CVk§WeLsUtßm ETLWQeLû[j úRokùRÓdLÜm.CVk§Wm ®tTû] ùNnTYûW LiP±kÕ®ûXûV EjúRN U§lÀÓ ùNnVÜm.

11 ùNVp§hP A±dûL (Project Report):

ØRXô°jÕY AûUl×, AûU®Pm,RVô¬l×dLô] ùRô¯p ÖhTm,CVk§WeLs Utßm ETLWQeLs Tt±j¾oUô²jR ©\Ï JÚYo ¨û\úYt\dá¥VÕ Tt±V BnÜ ApXÕ AY¬uùNVp§hP A±dûLûV RVô¬dLjRVôWô]Yo B¡\ôo. ©u]o JÚùNVp§hP A±dûL Yô«XôLjúRokùRÓdLlThP ùTôÚ°u ùRô¯pÖhT Yônl× Utßm ùTôÚ[ôRôWYônlûTj RVôo ùNnV úYiÓm.ClúTôÕ CkR ¨ûX«p RVô¬dLlTÓmùNVp§hP A±dûL B]Õ, ¨§¨ûXEtTj§, NkûRlTÓjÕRp Utßm ̈ oYôLj§hPeLÞdÏ ERÜYRôL AûUÙm.

12 ¨§ ¨ûX (Finance): JÚ £±V A[ÜùRô¯tNôûX ùRôPeÏYRtÏ, TQm JÚ©Wf£û] ApX. JÚ ùRô¯p Øû]úYôoARû]l ùTßYRtÏ S¥Y¥dûLLû[úUtùLôs[ úYiÓm Utßm £XÏ±l©hP Y¯Øû\Lû[l ©uTt\úYiÓm. GiQt\ ¨§ ¨ßY]eLsNÛûL Øû\«p LPu RW Øu YÚ¡u\].TRYSEM, SGSY Utßm PMRY ùNVp§hPeL°u ¸r ùRô¯p Øû]úYôoUô²Vm ùTßYRtÏj RÏ§ EûPVYoLsB¡u\ôoLs. CÕ JÚ Y¦L ¨ßY]mJÚ ùTôÚs ÁÕ DhÓm CXôTjùRôûL«p A[®tLô] AY£VjûRobviate TiQÜm.

13 RtLô≠LlT§Ü (Provisional Registration):

JÚ ùNVp§hP A±dûLûV RVôo ùNnR©u]o, JÚ ùRô¯p Øû]úYôo AkR¨ßY]jûR T§Ü TiQ ®ÚmTXôm,local DIC þ«p ApXÕ ùRô¯tNôûXLsCVdÏSWLj§p Ï±l©hP Y¥Yj§p®iQlTm NUol©lTÕ RtLô≠LT§ÜlùT\ AY£VUô¡\Õ. CÕØd¡VUpX B]ôp ®ÚmTjRdLÕ.

Hù]²p, CÕ EeLû[l TpúYßAWNôeL ER®Lû[ FdL F§VeLû[Utßm ER® §hPeLû[ YN§Lû[lùTßYRtÏ Utßm NSIC ApXÕ SFC þpCÚkÕ ¨§ ER® ùTßYRtÏm úNojÕEeLû[j RÏ§ Es[YoL[ôdÏm.

14 ùRô¯p ÖhT A±Ü (Technical Know-how):

JÚ £X ¨LrÜL°p ùRô¯p ÖhT A±ÜùTßYRtÏ YN§Ls HtTÓj§j RÚYÕmAY£VUô] Ju\ôLXôm. CRû] TCO,

NSIC, SSIDC, R²Vôo BúXôNLoLs ApXÕCVk§Wm YZe¡úVôo êXUôLd áPAYoLs Yô«XôL CkR ùRô¯p ÖhTA±ûYlùT\Xôm. Turn key jobs þIÙmúNojÕ, TpúYß ùRô¯p ÖhT A±ÜùTßm YN§Lû[l ùTßYRtÏ SSIþdÏYN§Ls ¡ûPd¡u\].

15 ªu CûQl× (Power Connection):

úRokùRÓdLlThP CPUô]Õ ®Úm©VìTj§p ªu CûQlûTl úTôÕUô]A[Ü ùTt±ÚdL úYiÓm ApXÕRtúTôÕ ARû] ùT\ HtTôÓ ùNnVúYiÓm. JÚYo ùUôjR úRûYlTÓmªuNd§ A[Ü, úYôpúPw Utßm úTv(£e¡s ApXÕ êuß ) CYtû\Øu]RôLd LQd¡P úYiÓm.

16 CVk§WjûR ¨ßÜRp (Installation of

Machinery): ¨§ BRôWm, T¦Uû],ªuNôWm ØRXô]Ytû\ HtTôÓ ùNnR©\Ï AÓjRLhP SPY¥dûLVôLCVk§WeLû[ Yôe¡ ARû] ̈ ßÜYûRjùRôPeL úYiÓm. CÕ plan layout T¥AûUYRtÏ Øuà¬ûU ùLôÓdLúYiÓm. AqYôß AûUYÕ SpXÕ.

17 U²R Nd§ûV (T¦VôhLs) T¦dÏjúRokùRÓjRp (Recruitment of Manpower):

CVk§WeLû[ JÚ Øû\ ¨ß® ®hP©\Ï ARû] CVdÏYRtÏ U²R Bt\p(T¦VôhLs ) úRûYlTÓm. G]úY,Ø¥YôL úRûYlTÓm T¦VôhLs YûL(skilled, semi-skilled, unskilled, ¨oYôLl ©¬Ü,(administrative ) ØRXô]ûY. AYoLs GeÏ¡ûPlTôoLs Gu\ úRÓRp CYtû\j¾oUô²jÕ AYoLû[l T¦dÏ AUojRúYiÓm. úRokùRÓdLlThP T¦VôhLÞdÏj ùRô¯p Øû]úYôoY[ôLj§úXô ApXÕ JÚ T«t£¨ßY]j§úXô T«t£ A°dL HtTôÓùNnV úYiÓm.

úYûX Yônl×j §\uLs (NSQF) þT«t£ : 2.1.29© NIMI, Not to be republished

22

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

SKILLS

18 LfNôl ùTôÚhLs (Raw Material): EtTj§ùNnYRtLô] êX EúXôLeLû[/ BRôW/LfNôl ùTôÚhLû[ ùT\ ØVt£ùNnVÜm. úRûYlTÓm EúXôLeLsAÚ¡úXúV ¡ûPdLXôm. ApXÕC\dÏU§ ùNnVlTP úYi¥VRôLAûUVXôm. AWNôeL AûUl×Ls, LfNôlùTôÚhLs RhÓlTôPôL CÚkRôúXô,C\dÏU§ ùNnV úYi¥ CÚkRôúXôARtÏ ERYXôm.

19 EtTj§ (Production): U²R Nd§,ùTôÚhLs ApXÕ CVk§Wd ùLôs§\uCYt±p GkRùYôÚ ÅQ¥l×m CÚdLdáPôÕ. ùNnVlTÓm ùTôÚhLû[HtßU§ ùNnYRôL CÚkRôp, AkRlùTôÚû[j RÏkR úTdúL´e ùNnVúYiÓm.

¾oUô²dLlThP ùTôÚhL°u EtTj§CWiÓ ¨ûXL[ôLf (two stages) ùNnVlTP úYiÓm:

a) úNôRû] EtTj§ (Trial production)

b) Y¦LÃ§«Xô] EtTj§ (Commercial production)

úNôRû] EtTj§Vô]Õ EtTj§«púRôußm ©WfNû]Lû[j ¾odL ùYt±dLWUôLd ûLVôsYRtÏm, úNôRû]Øû\«p ®tTû]ûVf NkûR«p BnÜTiQÜm ERÜ¡\Õ. CÕ §hPjûRùNVpTÓjÕm Øû\«p HtTÓmRYßL°u Ø¥Yôp HtTÓm CZl×L°uYônl×Lû[d Ïû\d¡\Õ. ùTôÚû[ùYt±LWUôLj ùRôPe¡V ©u]úW,Y¦L Ã§«Xô] EtTj§ûVj ùRôPeLúYiÓm.

20 NkûRl TÓjÕRp (Marketing): NkûRlTÓjR Yônl×s[ ¨LrÜLs, ùTôÚsY¥YûUl× ®tTû] ùNnRp,®tTû]dÏl ©u]Rô] úNûY®UoN]eLs, UôßTÓm Yô¥dûLVô[oúRûYLû[ G§o ùLôs[p,ØRXô]Ytû\j ¾oUô²dÏm Øû\NkûRl TÓjÕRp Gu\ûZdLlTÓ¡\Õ.

21 RWjûR Eß§l TÓjÕRp (Quality

Assurance): NkûRl TÓjÕRp ùNnÙmúTôÕ ApXÕ ARtÏ ©\Ï BIS, 'Q' Mark,

Agmark, ØRXô] (ùTôÚhLÞdúLt\Yôß)

RWf Nôu±Rr ùT\ úYiÓm. Ï±l©hP

Uô§¬Vô] RW ̈ oQVm HÕm AYt±tÏd¡ûPVôÕ. G²p, ùRô¯p Øû]úYôúWT¬QôU Y[of£Vôp BWmTj§≠ÚkÕJqùYôÚ ¨ûX«Ûm úNô§jÕ,AYoL°u ùNôkR RWdLhÓlTôÓdLôW¦Lû[ A[ÅPôLd ùLôiÓ RWjûREß§TÓjR úYiÓm. CqYô\ôL¿iPLôX ùYt±dLôL CYtû\f ùNnVúYiÓm.

22 ¨WkRWl T§Ü (Permanent Registration):

JÚØû\ ̈ ßY]Uô]Õ EtTj§ ùNnYÕUtßm ®tTû] ùNnYÕ CYtû\Yô¥dûLVôd¡ ®hPôp, AlúTôÕAYoLs ¨WkRWl T§®tLôLØVt£dLXôm.

23 NkûR BWônf£(Marketing Research): JÚØû\ ùTôÚs ApXÕ úNûYûVfNkûR«p A±ØLlTÓj§V ©\ÏUôt\eLÞdLô] TÏ§Ls, Utßm RWmEVojRp Utßm Y[of£dLô]úRûYLû[d LiP±V ùRôPof£VôLfNkûRûV BWônf£ ùNnYÕAY£VUô¡\Õ.

24 ùRôPokÕ LY²jÕ YÚRp (Monitoring):

Ï±l©hP LôX CûPùY°«p EtTj§,RWm, ®tTû] NkûR ¨XYWm UtßmCXôTm CYtû\j ùRôPokÕ LY²jÕYÚRp Utßm BnÜ ùNnRp, U]dLiQôp Sôm LôÔm G§oLôXj§tÏmRtúTôÕ LmùT² GeÏ ¨t¡\Õ GußJl©hÓl TôojÕ A±V ERÜm. JÚ¨ßY]jûR AûUlTÕ UhÓm SUÕEfNLhP ®ÚlTm Utßm ARtÏA¥lTûP Av§YôWm, §hPjûRfùNVpTÓjÕRp ùRôPe¡V ¨ûX«pN¬VôL CÚkRôp UhÓúU Nôj§Vm. úUúXùNôpXlThP 24 þ ùNVpT¥LsùNnØû\L[ôp JÚ STo, JÚ £ß ùRô¯p¨ßY]m ùYt±LWUôL AûUlTûR Eß§ùNnÕ ùLôs[Xôm.

Ï±l×: JÚ ùRô¯p ÕYeÏYRtLô]24 T¥ ¨ûXLÞm Y¬ûNd¡WUUôLAûUdLl ThÓs[]. C§p GkRJÚ T¥ ¨ûXûVÙm Uôt±fùNnYúRô ApXÕ Rô®f ùNnYúRôApXÕ Øuàm ©uàUôL Uôt±fùNnYúRô áPôÕ.



23

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

SKILLS

£ß, Ïß Utßm SÓjRW ̈ ßY] úUmTôhÓf(MSMED) NhPm (act 2006)þp á\lTh¥ÚlTRu T¥ £ß, Ïß Utßm SÓjRW¨ßY]eLs GpXôm RVô¬l× ¨ßY]eLsUtßm úNûY YZeÏm ¨ßY]eLs(manufacturing enterprises and service enterprises) G]YûLlTÓjRlTÓ¡u\]:

RVô¬l× ¨ßY]eLs (Manufacturing

Enterprises): RVô¬l©p DÓTÓm ApXÕùTôÚhLû[ EtTj§ ùNnY§p DÓTÓm¨ßY]eLs CûY BÏm. CkRj RVô¬l×¨ßY]eLs RVô¬l× ¨ûXVm UtßmCVk§WeL°p ØRÄÓ ùNnVlTÓY§pYûWVû\ ùNnVlTÓ¡u\].

úNûY YZeÏm ¨ßY]eLs (Service

Enterprises): úNûY YZeÏY§p ApXÕRÚY§p DÓTÓm ¨ßY]eLs GpXômETLWQeL°p ØRÄÓ ùNnY§pYûWVßdLlTÓ¡u\].


£ß, Ïß Utßm SÓjRW ¨ßY]eLs (MSME) (Micro, Small and Medium Enter-prises [MSME])

úSôdLeLs: ClTôPj§u Cß§«p ¿eLs §\m ùT\ CÚlTûY• £ß, Ïß, SÓjRW ¨ßY]eLû[ YûWVû\ ùNnRp (MSME)

• EtTj§ ¨ßY]eLû[Ùm Utßm úNûY ¨ßY]eLû[Ùm Jl©ÓRp• £±V ©¬ÜL°p YÚm ùRô¯XLeLû[ EÚYôdÏm Yônl×dLÞdLô] LôW¦Lû[lTh¥V≠ÓRp

• £±V ùRô¯X§ToLÞdLô] ÏQô§NVeLû[l Th¥V≠ÓRp• £±V A[®Xô] ùRô¯p Y¦L Yô¦Tj§tÏm, ùT¬V A[®Xô] ùRô¯p Y¦LYô¦Tj§tÏm CûP«Xô] úYßTôhûPl Th¥V≠ÓRp.

(A) RVô¬l× ¨ßY]eLs (MANUFACTURING ENTERPRISES)

¨ûXVeLs CVk§WeL°p ùNnVlTÓm ØRÄh¥u EfN YWm× (Ceiling LIMITSon investment in Plant & Machinery)

(i) £ß RVô¬l× ¨ßY]m Plant Utßm ùUμ]¬«p ùNnVlTÓm ØRÄÓ (Micro Manufacturing Enterprises): Rs. 25 lakhs RôiPd áPôÕ.

(ii) Ïß¡V A[®p RVô¬l× Plant Utßm ùUμ]¬«p ùNnVlTÓm ØRÄÓ(Small Manufacturing Enterprises): B]Õ Rs. 25 lakhs þdÏ A§LUôL Utßm

Rs. 5 Crores þIj RôiPôRYôß CÚdL úYiÓm.

(iii) SÓjRW RVô¬l× ¨ßY]eLs Plant Utßm ùUμ]¬«p ùNnVlTÓm ØRÄÓ(Medium Manufacturing Enterprises): B]Õ Rs. 5 Crores A§LUôL Utßm Rs.10 Crores

RôiPôRYôß CÚdL úYiÓm.


24

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

SKILLS

Ï±l×: *úUúX á\lThP EfN YWm×Ls _]Y¬ 2011 T¥ YûLlTÓjRlThÓs[Õ.CkR EfN YWm× AqYlúTôÕ UôßRÛdÏ EhThPÕ. (Note : *The above ceiling limits

were classified as on January 2011, this ceiling limit will vary from time to time).

• Ïû\kR ®ûX«p ùTôÚhLû[ ®tÏm§\ûU

• ÖLoúYôo ùTôÚhLÞdLô] A§L¬dÏmúRûY.

• ùT¬V A[Ü ©¬®p GiQt\ greenfield

¨ßY]eLs A§L¬jÕ YÚYRôp ÕûQ¨ßY]eLÞdLô] (ancilliary units) úRûYLsA§L¬d¡\Õ. £±V ùRô¯tNôûXLs ©¬ÜªLÜm SpX Øû\«p ùNVpTôÓLû[ùNnÕ YÚYRôp SUÕ Sôh¥pùRô¯tNôûX Y[of£ A§L¬dL UtßmTp¡l ùTÚL ERÜ¡\Õ.

£±V A[®Xô] ùRô¯p ×¬Ùm ùRô¯pØû]úYôoL°u ÏQô§NVeLs(Characteristics of small scale entrepreneurs)

1 CYoLs Nd§ YônkRYoLs,EtNôLUô]YoLs Utßm CXdûLAûPÙm GiQm YÛYô]YoLs.

2 CYoLs L¥] EûZlTô°Ls,Ru]m©dûL EûPVYoLs Utßm JÚ§hPªhP AÔÏØû\ûVl ©uTtßTYoLs.

3 CYoLs Ïû\kRThN A¥lTûPd Lp®ùTt\YoLs.

4 CYoLs T«t£ ùTt±ÚlTôoLs/ ApXÕAàTY A±Yôp Øuú]ßTYoLs.

5 CYoL°u ùNVpTôÓ GpûX £±VÕ.


¸úZLiP LôW¦Ls LôWQUôL £ßùRô¯p ©¬®u Yônl×Ls HWô[UôLEs[]. (The opportunities in the small-scale sectorare enormous due to the following factors):-

• êXR] ØRÄÓ A[Ü Ïû\Ü.

• AWNôeLjRôp RWlTÓm FdLØmBRWÜm A§Lm.

• £ß ùRô¯p ©¬Yôp AYoLs UhÓúUùNnV HÕYô] R² JÕd¸Ó.

• ¨§ úNL¬jRpþ ¨§ BRôWm UtßmUô²Vm (YôL] YûL, êXR]m UtßmRWd LhÓlTôÓ)

• CVk§WeLs ØVuß ùTßRp G°Õ.

• LfNôl ùTôÚhLs ùTßRp/ JÕd¸Ó.

• U²R Bt\ÛdÏl T«t£ A°jRp.

• ùRô¯p ÖhT Utßm ̈ oYôLj §\ûULs.

• AWÑ ØLûUL[ôp LÚ®Ls UtßmúNô§jRp BRWÜ.

• AWNôp JhÓ ùUôjRUôL YôeÏYRtLô]JÕd¸Ó.

• HtßU§ Øuú]t\m.

• JhÓ ùUôjR ùTôÚ[ôRôW Y[of£VôpEs SôhÓf NkûR A[®p úRûYA§L¬l×.

• Ck§V ùTôÚhLÞdÏ HtßU§ Bt\pA§L¬l×.

(B) úNûY YZeÏm ¨ßY]eLs (SERVICE ENTERPRISES)

ETLWQeL°p ùNnVlTÓm ØRÄh¥u EfN YWm× (Ceiling LIMITS on investment inEquipment)*

(i) £±V A[®Xô] úNûY ETLWQeL°p ùNnVlTÓm ØRÄÓ B]Õ¨ßY]eLs Rs. 10 lakhs þdÏ ªLôUp CÚdL úYiÓm.(Micro Service Enterprises):

(ii) Ïß A[®Xô] úNûY ETLWQeL°p ùNnVlTÓm ØRÄÓ B]Õ¨ßY]eLs Rs. 10 lakhs þdÏ A§LUôL AúR NUVm(Small Service Enterprises): Rs. 2 Crores þdÏ ªLôUp CÚdL úYiÓm.

(iii) SÓjRW úNûY ¨ßY]eLs ETLWQeL°p ùNnVlTÓm ØRÄÓ B]Õ(Medium Service Enterprises): Rs. 2 Crores þdÏ A§LUôL AúR NUVm Rs. 5 Crores

þdÏ ªLôUp CÚdL úYiÓm.


25

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

SKILLS

6 CYoLs Ïû\kR A[Ü T¦VôhLû[úVDÓTÓjÕ¡\ôoLs.

7 CYoL°u (turnover) ªLÜm Ïû\Ü.


8 CYoLs ùTôÕYôL JÚ ùTôÚû[ UhÓmûLVôÞ¡\ôoLs.

£±V A[®Xô] ùRô¯p Y¦Lj§tÏm ùT¬V A[®Xô] ùRô¯p Y¦Lj§tÏmCûP«Xô] úYßTôÓLs (Difference between small scale business and large scale business)

£±V A[®Xô] ùRô¯p ùT¬V A[®Xô] ùRô¯p(Small Scale Business) (Large Scale Business)

CÕ Ïû\Yô] Gi¦dûL A[®pSToLû[Ùm TQjûRÙm DÓTÓjÕ¡\Õ

ùTÚmTôXô] T¦Ls T¦VôhL[ôpUtßm £±V CVk§WeL[ôp UtßmLÚ®L[ôp ùNnVlTÓ¡\Õ.

TVuTÓjRlTÓm LfNôl ùTôÚhLsÏû\Ü Utßm ARu ®û[YôL EtTj§ÙmÏû\Ü.

CûYLs ¡WôU SLo×\eL°p ùNVpTÓ¡u\] Utßm R²Vôo Õû\ BLfERôWQUôL ûNd¡s, ùRôûXdLôh£,úW¥úVô úTôu\Yt±p DÓTÓ¡u\].

CeÏ A§L A[®p BhLÞm A§LØRÄÓm DÓTÓjRlTÓ¡\Õ.

CeÏ T¦Ls ùTÚmTôÛm ùT¬VCVk§WeLs Utßm Rô²Ve¡CVk§WeL[ôp ùNnVlTÓ¡\Õ.

êXl ùTôÚ°u ØÝl TVuTôh¥u®û[YôL ùTÚU[Ü EtTj§SûPùTß¡\Õ.

CûYLs UôSLWeL°p ùTôÕ Õû\«]oUtßm ùT¬V ùRô¯X§ToL[ôpSPjRlTÓ¡\Õ. ERôWQm: _Ü°jùRô¯tNôûX, NQp ùRô¯tNôûX, LôoRVô¬l× ¨ßY]eLs Utßm TX.


26

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

SKILLS

ùTôÚ°u BnÜ ̈ LrÜ ÑZt£ (The ProductLife Cycle (PLC)

JÚ ùTôÚ°u BnÜ ̈ LrÜf ÑZt£ (Product’s

Life Cycle (PLC) GuTÕ AkR ùTôÚ[ôp Dh¥jRWlTÓm YÚYôVôp TX ¨ûXL[ôLl©¬dLlTPXôm. ùTôÚs YÚYôn Vs úSWm/LôX A[Ü G] JÚ Yû[Ü YûWkRôp, AÕTX ùYqúYß Y¥YeLû[ AûPVXôm.AlT¥lThP JÚ ERôWQm ¸úZLôhPlThÓs[Õ. (TPm 1)

BÙs ¨LrÜf ÑZt£j RjÕYm JÚ R²lTi× EûPV JÚ RW YûLl ùTôÚû[úVôApXÕ ùTôÚhL°u ùRôÏ§ûVúVôÏ±l©PXôm. ARu BÙhLôXm B]Õ JÚEQÜl ùTôÚs ¨ûX«p £X UôReL[ôLCÚdLXôm. ApXÕ ùThúWôp Nd§«Xô]YôL]m (gasoline - powered automobile) úTôu\ùTôÚh ùRôÏ§LÞdÏ JÚ èt\ôiÓApXÕ ARtÏm A§LUô]d áÓRp LôXBÙs EûPVRôL Es[ûYÙm Es[].

ùTôÚs EÚYôdLlTÓm ¨ûX (Product

development state)

ùTôÚs EÚYôdLlTÓm ¨ûX (Product devel-

opment state) ùTôÚs BnÜ ¨LrÜ ÑZt£«uAûP LôdÏm TÚYm/ ¨ûX BÏm.CfNUVj§p ®tTû] GÕÜm CÚdLôÕUtßm AkR ¨ßY]m AkRl ùTôÚû[A±ØLlTÓjRj RVôWô¡\Õ. CkR ùTôÚsB]Õ ARu BnÜ ¨LrÜ ÑZt£«pØuú]ßm úTôÕ, NkûR ¨XYWeL°pEs[ Uôt\eLs, Y[okÕ YÚm NYôpLsUtßm Yônl×Lû[ G§o ùLôsYÕAY£VUô¡\Õ.

A±ØL ¨ûX (Introduction stage)

ùTôÚû[ A±ØLlTÓjÕm úTôÕ,Yô¥dûLVô[oLs AkRl ùTôÚû[ Tt±ÙmARu SuûULs Tt±Ùm A±kÕ ùLôsÞmYûW ®tTû] UkRUôL CÚdÏm. £X¨ßY]eLs ùTôÚû[ A±ØLlTÓjÕmØu]úW ARû]l Tt±V A±®lûTùY°«PXôm. B]ôp CqYôß Øu]úWA±®lTRôp úTôh¥ ̈ ßY]eLs ®¯jÕdùLôs[Xôm. Utßm BfN¬Vm Gu\ LÚjûRALt± ®PXôm. CkR ¨ûX«p ®[mTWùNXÜ A§LUôL CÚdÏm. ùTôÚû[l Tt±VYô¥dûLVô[oLs ®¯l×QoûY ®ûWkÕA§L¬dLf ùNnV Utßm ®ûWkÕYôeÏTYoLû[ Ï± ûYjÕ AYoLû[CXdLôL ûYjÕ ®[mTWm ùNnVúYi¥VRô¡\Õ. BWmT A±ØL LôXeL°pùTôÚû[l T¡oUô]m ùNnYÕ Nôo×ûPVLôWQeL[ôp A§Lf ùNXûYf ùNX®ÓYÕ¨ßY]j§tÏ úSWXôm. CkR EVoùNX®]eLs Utßm AúR NUVm Ïû\kR


ùTôÚ°u BnÜ ̈ LrÜ ÑZt£, ®tTû] Utßm T¡oUô]m úUXôiûU(PLC, sales and distribution management)

úSôdLeLs: ClTôPj§u Cß§«p ¿eLs §\m ùT\ CÚlTûY• PLC þdLô] ùYqúYß ¨ûXLû[ ®Y¬jRp• PLC þ«àûPV YWm©û]l Tt± ®Y¬jRp• ®¨úVôLj§àûPV ®tTû] úUXôiûU Utßm ARàûPV Ød¡VjÕYm Tt±®Y¬jRp

• ®¨úVôLj§àûPV YWÜ ùNXÜ §hPj§û] ®Y¬jRp• ®¨úVôLj§àûPV T¡oUô] úUXôiûU Utßm ARàûPV TX ®RUô]Y¯Lû[l Tt± ®Y¬jRp.


27

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

SKILLS

A[Ü ®tTû] YZdLUôL BWmT LôXLhPjûR JÚ G§oUû\ CXôTm ¨ûXVôLBdÏ¡\Õ.

BWmT ¨ûX«p ØRuûU CXdÏ B]ÕSUÕ ùTôÚÞdÏ JÚ ØRuûUj úRûYûVY[olTÕm Utßm JÚ NkûRûV ARtÏEÚYôdÏYÕm BÏm. ̧ úZ RWlThPs[ûYBWmT LôXLhPj§p Nk§dLd á¥V,NkûR«p YÚeLôXj§p RôdLjûRHtTÓjRd á¥V £X ®û[ÜLs BÏm:

• ùTôÚs (Product) : ùRôPo©p ©¬jÕTôodL Ø¥VôR £X ùTôÚhL°p Juß.

• ®ûX (Price) : BWmT LôXj§p, ùTôÚsYôeÏúYôo YôeÏm ¨ûX«p, Utßm¨ßY]Uô]Õ ®ûWYôLl ùTôÚ°uEÚYôdLf ùNXûY ÁhL HÕYôL, JÚáÓRp CXôTj§tLôL JÚúUúXôhPUô] ®ûX ̈ oQ«l× AÔÏØû\ LôWQUôL ®ûXûV A§LUôLöQ«lTÕ JÚ YûL. £X ¨LrÜL°p,FÓÚÜm ®ûX AÔÏØû\ûVlTVuTÓjÕYÕ Utßm NkûRlTeL°lûT ®ûWYôLl ©¥dL ®ûXûVdÏû\YôL öQVm ùNnYÕ JÚ YûL.

• T¡oUô]m (Distribution) : T¡oUô]j§hPeLû[ ¨ßY]m B]ÕùNVpTÓjRj ùRôPeÏm úTôÕ,T¡oUô]m B]Õ úRokùRÓdLlThPCPeL[ôLÜm TWYXôLÜm CÚdÏm.

• ®tTû]ûV ùTÚdÏYRtLô]ùNVpØû\Ls (Promotion) : R]ÕùTôÚ°u R²jÕYm/ ùTVo Tt±V®¯l×QoûY EÚYôdÏm úSôdLj§p®[mTWm Utßm ®tTû]ûVùTÚdÏYRtLô] ùNVpØû\LsúUtùLôs[lTÓ¡u\]. BWmT LôXj§pùTôÚû[ YôeÏTYoLû[d LYÚmYûL«p Uô§¬Ls, ApXÕ Uô§¬ FdLlT¬ÑLs RWlTPXôm. BWmT LôX®[mTWm B]Õ TôÕLôlTô] Uß®tTû]dÏ EiPô]/ R]Õ ùTôÚû[GÓjÕ ®tÏm YûL«p AYoLû[ LYÚm®RUôLÜm AûUV úYiÓm.

Y[of£ ¨ûX (Growth stage)

®ûWYô] YÚYôn Y[of£ LôXúU Y[ÚmLôX LhPm BÏm. A§L Yô¥dûLVô[oLsùTôÚû[l Tt±V ®¯l×QoÜ ùLôsYRôp

®tTû] A§L¬dÏm Utßm áÓRp NkûRlTÏ§LÞm CXdÏLs BdLlTÓ¡u\].JÚØû\ ùTôÚs B]Õ JÚ ùYt±ûVùUn©jÕ®hPôp, Yô¥dûLVô[oLsARû]d úLhL BWm©jR ©\Ï, AR]ôpA§L Gi¦dûL«Xô] £pXûW®tTû]Vô[oLs SUÕ ùTôÚû[ Yôe¡®tL BoYm LôhÓm úTôÕ, ®tTû]úUÛm A§L¬dÏm. CkRf NUVj§p®tTû]d ÏÝ R]Õ T¡oUô]jûR®¬YôdLm TiQXôm. Y[of£ ¨ûX«u©u TÏ§«p ùTÚmTôÛm úTôh¥Vô[oLsÖûZÙm ¨ûX«p, ®ûX«p úTôh¥¨XYXôm Utßm SUÕ ùTôÚsúTôh¥Vô[oLs ùTôÚhLû[d Lôh¥Ûm£\kRÕ G] Yô¥dûLVô[oLû[ EQWfùNnV ®[mTWf ùNXÜ A§L¬dL úYi¥YWXôm.

Y[of£ AûPÙm LôX LhPj§pYô¥dûLVô[oL°u Øuà¬ûUûVlùTßYÕ Utßm ®tTû]ûV A§L¬lTÕSUÕ CXdÏ BÏm. NkûR ¨XYWjûR¸rLiPYôß ARtúLtT Uôt\eLsùNnVXôm :

• ùTôÚs (Product) : ×§V ùTôÚsAmNeLs Utßm úTdúLé ®ÚlTeLsùTôÚ°u RWj§p úUmTôÓ.

• ®ûX (Price) : úRûYlTôÓ A§LUôLCÚkRôp, EVo ¨ûX«p ®ûXûVlTWôU¬jRp, áÓRp Yô¥dûLVô[oLû[l ùTßYRtÏ ®ûXûVdÏû\jRp.

• T¡oUô]m (Distribution) : T¡oUô]mB]Õ A§L Øû]lúTôÓ ùNnVúYi¥V JÚ ®`Vm B¡\Õ. Uß®tTû] ùNnTYoLs ùTôÚ°p áÓRpBoYm Lôh¥]ôp, YojRL RsÞT¥B]Õ Ïû\kRRôL CÚdL úYiÓm.

• ®tTû]ûV ùTÚdÏYRtLô]ùNVpØû\Ls (Promotion) : R]ÕùTôÚs ùTVo Øuà¬ûU ùT\ áÓRp®[mTWeLs ùNnRp.

ØÝ Y[of£ AûPkR LôX LhPm(Maturity stage)

ØÝ Y[of£ AûPkR CkR LôX LhPúUªL A§L CXôTLWUô]Õ. CkRd LôXLhPj§p ®tTû] A§L¬jÕdùLôiúP



28

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

SKILLS

úTôÏm. SUÕ ùTôÚ°u ùTVo Tt±V®¯l×QoÜ TXUôL CÚlTRôp ®[mTWfùNXÜ Ïû\Ùm. úTôh¥L[ôp NkûRl TeÏ,Ïû\YúRô ApXÕ úUÛm ®ûX Ïû\VúYôHtTPXôm. úTôh¥ úTôÓm ¨ßY]eLÞmCkR CPj§p AúR úTôuß Rôu CÚdLØ¥Ùm. ̈ ßY]m B]Õ úTôh¥Vô[oL°uYô¥dûLVô[oLû[ Ru TdLm Uô± YWfùNnVXôm Utßm TVuTÓjÕTYoLû[ÙmYô¥dûLVô[oL[ôL Uô\f ùNnVXôm.úTôh¥Vô[oL°u ùTôÚhLÞdÏùLôÓdÏm CPjûR ®P SUÕ ùTôÚÞdÏA§L CPm RÚYRtLôL £pXû\®VôTô¬Lû[ FdLlTÓjR ®tTû]ûVùTÚd¡ RWXôm.

ØÝ Y[of£ AûPkR ¨ûX«pØRuûUVô] CXdÏ B]Õ NkûRlTeL°lûTj RdL ûYjÕd ùLôsYÕARû]l TWôU¬lTÕ Utßm ùTôÚs BÙs¨LrÜ ÑZt£ûV ¿h¥lTÕm BÏm. NkûRLXkR Ø¥ÜL°p CûYÙm APeÏm:

• ùTôÚs (Product) : úTôh¥Vô[oL[ôpA±ØLlTÓjRlThP ùTôÚhL°pCÚkÕ SUÕ ùTôÚû[ úYßTÓj§dLôhÓm T¥VôL Uôt\eLs ùNnVXômUtßm £X AmNeLû[d áÓRXôLfúNodLXôm.

• ®ûX (Price) : ®ûX ÙjRjûR R®odÏmYûL«p úTôh¥Vô[oLs NmTkRUôLØ¥kR A[Ü ®ûXd Ïû\l×.

• T¡oUô]m (Distribution) : ×§V T¡oUô]úN]pv SUÕ ùTôÚÞdLô] CÚl©PmÏû\YûRj RÓdÏm ùTôÚhÓ Uß®tTû] ùNnTYoLÞdÏ FdLl T¬Ñ/ùRôûL ùLôÓjRp.

• ®tTû]ûV ùTÚdÏYRtLô]ùNVpØû\Ls (Promotion) : SUÕùTôÚû[ úYßTÓj§ R²jÕYUôLùR¬V ØVt£ GÓjRp/ YÛ úNojRpUtßm SUÕ ùTôÚh ùTV¬uSmTLjRuûUûV Y[ojRp. úTôh¥Vô[oL°u Yô¥dûLVô[oLû[ SUÕùTôÚÞdÏ Uô\ ûYdL FdLl T¬ÑùLôÓjRp.

N¬Ü úSÚm LôXm (Decline stage)

®tTû] NkûR RÕm× ¨ûXûV AûPÙmúTôÕ Ø¥®p ®tTû] B]Õ N¬Ü

¨ûXûV Nk§dL ùRôPeÏ¡\Õ.ùTôÚ[ô]Õ ùRô¯tÖhTj§pTZûUlThÓl úTô]Rô¡ ®PXôm. ApXÕYô¥dûLVô[oL°u ®ÚlTeLs Uô±®PXôm. AkR ùTôÚ[ô]Õ JÚ SpXùTVûW, Sm©dûLûV ùTt±ÚkRôp CXôTmDhÓYÕ ¿¥dLXôm. N¬kÕ YÚm EtTj§Gi¦dûLVôp JÚ ë²h¥u ùNXÜA§L¬dLXôm. Utßm Ø¥®p CXôTØmCpXôÕ úTôn®PXôm.

N¬Ü ̈ ûXûV Nk§dÏm úTôÕ ̈ ßY]j§tÏêuß Yônl×Ls Es[].

• úTôh¥Vô[oLs ®X¡ ®ÓYôoLs Gu\Sm©dûL«p ùTôÚû[l TWôU¬lTÕùTôÚ°u ®ûXûV Ïû\lTÕ UtßmùTôÚÞdLô] ×§V TVuTôÓLû[LiP±Rp.

• Ïû\kÕ YÚm ®tTû] BRWûYAßYûP ùNnRp Utßm BRôVm/CXôTm DhPúY Ø¥VôR ¨ûX YÚmYûW GkùRùYôÚ ØVt£Ùm Cu±AlT¥úV ¿¥jRp.

• CXôTm DhP Ø¥VôR ¨ûX«pùTôÚû[ ûL®hÓ ®PXôm ApXÕ JÚùRôPo ùTôÚs AÓjR ùTôÚ[ôL®tTû]dÏ CÚkRôp SpXÕ.

NkûR«p ùNnV úYi¥VûRd¸rLiPYôß Uôt±d ùLôs[Xôm:

• ùTôÚs (Product) : ùTôÚs Y¬ûN«pùTôÚhL°u Gi¦dûLûVd Ïû\jÕùLôs[Xôm. RtúTôÕm ®tTû]«p¿¥dÏm ùTôÚû[ ×j§\ûUëh¥l×§RôLj úRôu\f ùNnVXôm.

• ®ûX (Price) : ûL®hP ùTôÚhL°uúRdLjûR Uôt± AÕÜm ®tÏmT¥ùNnV ®ûXûVd Ïû\jÕ ùLôs[Xôm.Ï±l©hP ùTôÚû[ Ï±l©hP©¬Y]ÚdÏ ®tÏm Yônl× ̈ ûX EûPVNkûR«p ùRôPÚm ùTôÚhLÞdLô]®ûXûV AlT¥úV TWôU¬dLXôm.

• T¡oUô]m (Distribution) : T¡oUô]mB]Õ A§Ld LY]m GÓjÕjúRokùRÓjÕ ùNnV úYi¥VRô¡\Õ.CXôTm At\ úN]pv þIl T¥lT¥VôLCpXôRRôdL úYiÓm.



29

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SKILLS

• ®tTû]ûV ùTÚdÏYRtLô]ùNVpØû\Ls (Promotion) : ®[mTWj§tLôL ùNX®Óm ùRôûL Ïû\YôLÜmUt\m ùRôPÚm ùTôÚhLÞdÏ SpXùTVo/ SpX úRôt\jûR EÚYôdÏYÕÏ±dúLô[ôL CÚdLhÓm.

ùTôÚ°u BÙhLôX ¨LrÜf ÑZt£jRjÕYj§u Ïû\TôÓLs (Limitations of theproduct life cycle concept)

YôrdûL ÑZt£ (“Life cycle”) Gu\ ùNôpB]Õ, E«o YôÝm E«¬]eL°uYôrdûL«u SpX Øû\«Xô] YôrdûLfNdLWm GuTÕ úTôuß EQoj§]ôÛmùTôÚhLû[l ùTôßjRUh¥p AûYLsØu]úW ë¡jR±VlTÓm JÚ YôrdûLûVùLôiPRpX. Utßm ùYqúYßùTôÚhL°u Ï±l©hP BÙhLôX Yû[ÜúTôÕUô] A[Ü UôßTÓ¡\Õ. CRuùRôPof£VôL YôrdûLf NdLWj RjÕYmùTôÚhL°u ®tTû]ûV Øu áh¥úV,L¦lT§p ùTôÚkRôÕ. ERôWQUôL JÚ®tTû] EfNLhPj§p CÚkÕ ©u]oN¬Vj ùRôPe¡]ôp úUXô[oLs ùTôÚsN¬Vj ùRôPe¡ ®hPÕ Gu\ Ø¥ÜdÏYkÕ AR]ôp ®[mTWj§tLôL JÕdLlTÓm¨§ûV ¨ßj§ ARu LôWQUôL A§LA[®p N¬ûY AYoLú[ ¨Lrj§®Ó¡\ôoLs.

CÚkR úTô§Ûm, ùTôÚhL°u BÙhLôXNdLWm RjÕYm UôodùLh¥e úUXôÞÚdÏAYoLs ùTôÚs G§oùLôs[úYi¥«ÚdÏm NYôpLû[j §hPªÓYRtÏ ERÜm. CÕ úUÛm ®tTû]®û[ÜLs LôXl úTôd¡p GqYôßUôß¡\Õ GuTûRd LiLô¦dLXôm. AúRúTôuß BÙhLôXm NdLWm EûPV Ut\ùTôÚhLú[ôÓ Jl©PÜm TVàs[RôLCÚdÏm.

®tTû] úUXôiûU (Sales Management)

JÚ ùTôÚû[ ®tTûRd Lôh¥Ûm JÚùTôÚû[ EÚYôdÏYÕ G°Õ. G]úYúUmThP ®tTû]dLôL ùTôÚjRUô]úUXôiûU Øû\Lû[l T¬QôUY[of£Vôp T¥lT¥VôL úUtùLôs[úYiÓm.

®tTû] úUXôiûU Gu\ôp Gu]? (Whatis sales management?)

CÕ JÚ ¨ßY]j§u úUXôiûUfùNVpTôh¥p ®tTû] TÏ§ Tt±V JÚúUXôiûU AeLUôÏm. CÕ úUÛm§hPªÓRp, NôR]eLû[ LhÓlTÓjÕRpUtßm ®tTû] ùNnRp, ERÜRp,ùNÛjÕRp, T¦ JÕdÏRp, ®tTû] ©¬ÜSToLû[ FdÏ®jRp Utßm Ri¥jRpB¡V ùNVpLÞm BÏm.

®tTû] úUXôiûU«p ̧ rLiPûYLÞmAPeÏm.

• ®tTû]ûV A§L¬dL ®[mTWm ùNnRp.(Sales promotion)

• NkûR Tt±V BWônf£ (Market research)

• ®tTû] ùNVpTôÓ (Sales activity)

• R[ YôPeLs NkûR ¨XYWm (Logisticsmarket)

• Yô¥dûLVôo úNûY (Customer service)

®tTû]l ©¬Ü Utßm ®tTû]úUXôiûU«u Ød¡VjÕYm

• YÚYôûV EÚYôdÏm JÚ ¨ßY]j§uJúW Õû\/ ©¬Ü/ ùNVp.

• JÚ ¨ßY]j§u ¨§ YÚYôn/Ak¨ßY]j§u ®tTû] Õû\ûVNôokÕs[Õ.

• ùRô¯≠p TX ®tTû] Õû\ U²RoLs¨ßY]j§p ªLÜm SpX NmT[mYôeÏTYoL°p RôØm JÚYWôL®[eÏ¡u\]o.

• EVo úUXôiûU«u úYLUô] Utßm¨fNVUô] úYWôL CjÕû\ ®[eÏ¡\Õ.

®tTû] Ï±dúLôsLs, ùNVpAÔÏØû\Ls Utßm NôUoj§VeLs(Sales objective, Strategies & Tactics)

JÚ ¨ßY]j§u §hPªÓR≠uØd¡VUô]ûY Ï±dúLôsLs, ùNVpAÔÏØû\Ls Utßm NôUoj§VeLsBÏm.

¨oYôLm Ï±dúLôsLû[ AûUÜ ùNnÕUtßm AYtû\ AûPV £X ùNVp AÔÏØû\Lû[ EÚYôd¡ AYtû\NôUoj§VeLs Utßm ùNVp §hPeLÞdÏùLôiÓ ùNp¡\Õ.



30

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

SKILLS

®tTû] úUXôiûUdÏiPô]úYûXdÏ FdLU°jRp (Emerging trendsin sales management are)

• EXL[ô®V Øû\«p ùT¬ÕTÓjRôÕA±YôokR Øû\«p £dLpLs UtßmØ¥ÜLs Ï±jÕf £k§dÏm Bt\p. (Globalperspective)

• ùRô¯p ÖhTj§p ×Wh£ (Revolution intechnology)

• Yô¥dûLVô[o ùRôPo× úUXôiûU(Customer Relationship Management (CRM)

• ®tTû]d ÏÝ Tp YûLûU (Sales forcediversity)

• ÏÝ ®tTû] AÔÏØû\(Team sellingapproach)

• TpúYß RPeLû[d ûLVô[p (Managingmultiple channels)

• A\ùS± Utßm NêLm NmTkRlThPûY(Ethical & Social issue)

• ®tTû]«p ùRô¯p §\ûU UtßmúRof£ (Sales professionalism)

®tTû] ùNXÜ §hP U§lÀÓ Gu\ôpGu]? (What is sales budget?)

®tTû] A[Ü Utßm ®tTû]dÏ BÏmùNXÜL°u EjúRN U§lÀÓ C§p APeÏm.¨ßY]j§u ®tTû] ëLj§p CÚkÕ®tTû] A[Ü EjúRN U§lÀÓùT\lTÓ¡\Õ.

®tTû]f ùNXÜ §hP U§lÀÓ B]Õ,®tTû] Utßm YÚYôn ùNXÜ Tt±VEjúRN U§lÀh¥u ®¬Yô] ®[dLjûRjRÚm. ®tTû] Thù_h¥u úSôdLm B]Õ§hPªP, JÚe¡ûQdL UtßmùNVp×¬RûXd LhÓlTÓjÕYRôÏm.

T¡oUô] úUXôiûU/ ¨oYôLm(Distribution management)

ùTôÚhL°p TVuTôhÓ CPeLs UtßmLôXlúTôdÏ EÚYôdLj§p úRûY UtßmYZeLûX JÚe¡ûQdÏm SPY¥dûLLû[f ùNnÙm GpXôf ùNVpTôÓL°uúUXôiûU.

CYtû\l ùTßm úRûYLû[j §oUô²jRpJÚ LûX Utßm Ø¥YôL AYoL°uBÙhLôXm ØÝûUdÏm RVôWôLd¡ûPlTûRl TWôU¬lTÕm JÚ LûXVôÏm.

YûWVßdLlThP T¡oUô] úN]pLsGpXôm JÚ ùTôÚs ApXÕ úNûYûVlTVuTôh¥tÏ ApXÕ ApXÕÖLoúYôÚdÏ ¡ûPdÏm T¥ EÚYôdÏmùNnØû\ûV Es[Pd¡V Juû\ JußNôokR ùRôÏ§Ls BÏm.

NkûR CPj§p JÚ ¨ßY]m AàT®dÏmùYt± Utßm JhÓ ùUôjR CÚl×dÏm/®tTû] úN]p ¾oUô]eLs JÚ Ød¡VlTeûL ARu ùNVp AÔÏØû\«uØd¡VjÕYj§p Y£d¡\Õ.

úN]≠u YûLLs (Type of Channels)

• ®tTû] (Sales) ©¬Yô]Õ¨ßY]j§tÏm ÖLoúYôÚdÏm CûPúVRLYpLû[ T¡o¡\Õ. YôeÏm SToLû[FdLlTÓjÕ¡\Õ.

• ùP≠Y¬ (Delivery) ©¬Ü T¡oUô]j§uúSW¥ TeÏ UhÓúU BÏm.

• úNûY (Service) ©¬Yô]Õ ®tTû]dÏ©kûRV úNûYLû[ úUtùLôs¡\Õ.

T¡oUô] ©¬®u Eßl©]oL[ôúYôo(Distribution channel members are)

• ¨ßY]j§u ùNôkR ®tTû]d ÏÝ(Company's own sales team)

• ®¨úVô¡vRo, ¼XoLs Utßm CÚl×ûYj§ÚlTYoLs (Distributors, dealers,stockists)

• ØLYoLs Utßm ×úWôdLoLs (Agent andbrokers)

• ET ®¨úVôLvRoLs (Franchises)

• GXdhWô²d ©¬ÜLs (Electronic channels)

• ùUôjR ®tTû]Vô[oLs (whole salers)

• £pXû\ ®tTû]Vô[oLs (Retailers)



31

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

SKILLS

®tTû]Vô[oLs Yô¥dûLVô[oLû[f Nk§dÏm SôuÏ Yô«pLs

RVô¬lTô[o RVô¬lTô[o RVô¬lTô[o RVô¬lTô[o(Manufacturer) (Manufacturer) (Manufacturer) (Manufacturer)

Yô¥dûLVô[o £pXû\ ùUôjR ØLYo(Customer) ®tTû]Vô[o ®tTû]Vô[o (Agent)

(Retailer) (Wholesaler)

Yô¥dûLVô[o £pXû\ ùUôjR(Customer) ®tTû]Vô[o ®tTû]Vô[o

(Retailer) (Wholesaler)

Yô¥dûLVô[o £pXû\(Customer) ®tTû]Vô[o

(Retailer)

Yô¥dûLVô[o(Customer)



32

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

SKILLS

JÚYo AYWÕ ¨ßY]jûR ùYt±LWUôLSPjRYpX TÏ§Ls Gu]? (What are the areasin which one can successfully run his/her enterprise?)

ÑV úYûX Yônl©p JÚ ùTôÚjRUô]T¦j ùRôÏ§ûVj úRokùRÓdÏm ØuTôL,ÑV ùRô¯p Yônl×Ls HWô[UôL Es[TÏ§Lû[l Tt±V £kRû] JÚYÚdÏ CÚdLúYiÓm. ¸rLiP TWkR TÏ§L°p ÑVùRô¯p Tt±V ®û] ùNVp YûLû[©¬jÕl TôolúTôm.

ùYqúYß Y¦LeL°p ùRô¯p/ Y¦LYûLLs (Types of Business in different trades)

Yô¦Tm ùNnRp (Trading)

ùTôÚhLs Yôe¡ ®t\p Utßm úNûYLû[ùNnRp YZeÏRp CYtû\ Es[Pd¡VÕYô¦Tm. £±R[Ü TQjûR ØRÄPôLûYjÕ JÚYo £±V Yô¦T ¨ßY]jûRùRôPe¡ SPjRXôm. AYo CÚdÏmCPj§p JÚ £±V TX NWdÏ LûPúVôApXÕ GÝÕ ùTôÚs ®¨úVôL LûPúVôSPjÕYRôL ¨û]dLXôm. EeL[ôp A§LA[®p ØRÄÓ TiQ Ø¥ÙùU²p, UtßmùYt± Yônl× Eß§VôLj ùR¬VôR¨ûX«Ûm £\kR ØVt£ GÓlTYWôLCÚkRôp, ùUôjR ®VôTôWm EeLÞdÏùTôÚjRUô] Juß. JÚYo £X Hù_u£Y¦Lm ùRôPeLXôm ApXÕ JÚ CÚl×ûYj§ÚlTYo BLÜm BLXôm. ¬VpGvúPh ùRô¯Ûm RtúTôÕ ªÏ YÚYônRWYpX Uôtß HtTôPôL CÚdLXôm.

EtTj§ ùNnRp (Manufacturing)

JÚYo ùNeLp RVô¬dÏm £±VùRô¯tNôûXûVj ùRôPeLXôm ApXÕúTdL¬ ùTôÚhLs ApXÕ §iTiPl

ùTôÚhLû[ RVô¬dLXôm. CkR GpXôYûLùRô¯pLÞdÏm £±V A[Ü ØRÄÓ UtßmG°V ETLWQeLs úTôÕUô]RôÏm.®YNôVm GuTÕm Ut\ùRôÚ AlT¥lThPTÏ§VôÏm. C§p AkR STo UhÓúU R²VôLùRô¯p ùNnÕ ùLôiúP CÚdLXômApXÕ Ju±WiÓ SToL°u ER®ûVlùTtß ùLôs[Xôm. CÕ JÚ LôXeLôXUôLùNnVlThÓ YÚm TZûU YônkR ÑVùRô¯p BÏm. TZj úRôhPeLs, TôpùTôÚhLs, úLô¯, YôjÕ ØRXô]Ytû\Y[odÏm TiûQLs, ThÓl ×Ý Y[ojRp,Áu©¥ ùRô¯p, úRôhP úY[ôiûUØR≠V]. ÑV ùRô¯p ®û] ùNVpYûLdLô] SpX ERôWQeLs BÏm.

T«t£j §\u YônkR ùRô¯pYpÛSoLs (Professionals)

JÚ Ï±l©hP Õû\«p R²jÕYm ùTt\A±Üm T«t£Ùm úRûYlTÓm T¦LÞmÑV úYûX Yônl©tÏ Yônl×Lû[jRÚ¡u\]. YZdÏûWOoLs, UÚjÕYoLs,B¥hPoLs, Lh¥PdLûX YpÛSoLs,CR¯Vp Õû\ûV NôokRYoLs CkRl©¬®u ¸r YÚ¡u\]o. CÚkR úTô§Ûm,£X SPjûR Y¯Øû\Lû[ AYoLÞûPVAúNô£úV`²p YÏdLlThPûRdLûP©¥dL úYi¥Ùs[Õ Utßm £\l×A±Üm Utßm T«t£Ùm AYoLÞdÏjúRûYVô¡\Õ.

R² STo úNûYLs (Individualised services)

ûRVp, úUôhPôo TÝÕ ¿dLm ùNnRp, Ø¥§ÚjÕRp, @úT`u ¥û^²e, Cu¥¬Vo¥dùLúW`u (interior decoration) ØRXô]ûYùRô¯p ùNVpTôÓL°p £X. CûY


®tTû] ØVt£ Øû\, ®[mTWm Utßm ©WTXlTÓjÕRp, ®tTû]Ej§ (Method of Marketing, Advertisement & Publicity, Market mix)

úSôdLeLs: ClTôPj§u Cß§«p ¿eLs §\m ùT\ CÚlTûY• ùYqúYß ùRô¯p YûL Y¦LeLû[ Utßm AYt±u §\ûUL°uØd¡VjÕYjûR ®Y¬jRp

• Yô¥dûLVô[o U]l úTôdÏ Utßm NkûR BnûY ®Y¬jRp• ®tTû]«u RjÕYjûR ®Y¬jRp• ®tTû]«u Øû\Lû[d áßRp• ®[mTWj§u RjÕYjûR áßRp• ®tTû] Ej§ (marketing mix) GuTRu ùTôÚû[ áßRp.


33

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

SKILLS

ÖLoúYôÚdÏ R² STWôp YZeLlTÓmúNûYLs BÏm. CûYLs R² STWôpYZeLlTÓm úNûYL[ôÏm. CûYLs R²SToL[ôp G°RôLj ùRôPe¡ SPjRHt\ûY. CkRf ùNVpTôÓLs GpXômAYtû\f ùNnÙm R² SToL°p ùNôkRj§\ûUL°u YpXûUûV A¥lTûPVôLdùLôiPÕ. ùLôpXu (black smith) RfNo(carpenter), ùTôt ùLôpXu (gold smith) CYoLsGpXôm ÑV ùRô¯p ×¬úYôo BYo.

ÖLoúYôo Utßm AYoLs U]l úTôdÏ(Consumer and behaviour)

NkûRûV BÞûU ùNnÕ RôdLjûRHtTÓjÕm TXm ùTôÚkÕm YpXûUEûPúVôo ÖLoúYôo BYo. Yô¥dûLVô[o§Úl§ GuTÕ Rôu JÚ ùYt±LWUô]ùRô¯≠u A¥lTûP Av§YôWd Lp BÏm.

ÖLoúYôo SPY¥dûL GuTÕ GlúTôÕ, HuGlT¥ Utßm GeÏ UdLs ùTôÚû[YôeÏYôoLs ApXÕ YôeL UôhPôoLsGuTÕ Tt±V T¥l× BÏm. CÕUú]ôjRjÕYm Utßm NêL®Vp, NêLUô²P®Vp/ U²RoL°u TZdL YZdLeLsUtßm ùTôÚ[ôRôWm CûYLs LXkRûYBÏm. CÕ, YôeÏTYoL°u Ø¥Ü GÓdÏmùNnûL, R²VôLÜm Utßm ÏÝYôLÜmAYoLs Ø¥Ü GÓdÏm ùNnûLûV ×¬kÕùLôs[ CVpYÕ BÏm. U²RoL°u©\l×/C\l× Utßm úSôn Tt± BWôÙmBWônf£ Utßm AYoLs SPY¥dûLUôt\eLs CYtû\ U²RoL°u®ÚlTeLû[ ×¬kÕ ùLôsYRtLôL R² SToYô¥dûLVô[o Tt±V AjRûLVÏQô§NVeLû[ BnÜ ùNn¡\Õ. ÏÓmTm,Sh× YhPm ÏÝdLs Utßm ùTôÕYôLNêLm úTôu\ ÏÝdL[ôp Yô¥dûLVô[oúUp HtTÓm RôdLeLû[ U§l©PÜm CÕØVt£d¡\Õ.

ÖLoúYôo U]lúTôdÏ (ConsumerBehaviour)

ÖLoúYôo B]Yo TVuTÓjÕTYoTQmùNÛjÕTYo Utßm YôeÏTYo G] êußR²jÕYm YônkR Tôj§WeL[ôLùNVpTÓYûR LY]j§p ùLôiÓ,ÖLoúYôo YôeÏm SPY¥dûL«uA¥lTûP«p ÖLoúYôo SPY¥dûLùR¬kÕ ùLôs[lTÓ¡\Õ. Yô¥dûLVô[oUtßm YôeÏTY¬u Ød¡VjÕYj§u Eß§ùNnÙm Yô«XôL ®tTû]dLô]

EiûUVô] AojRjûR Uß LiÓ©¥l©pJÚ BrkR BoYjûR ùLôi¥ÚlTÕYô¥dûLVô[o SPY¥dûL Tt±V Bn®pùRôPo× ®tTû] GuTÕ RôdLjûRHtTÓjRd á¥V ùNôjRôÏm.Yô¥dûLVô[ûW RdL ûYjÕd ùLôs[p,Yô¥dûLVô[o E\Ü úUXôiûUR²jÕYUôdLp, Yô¥dûL TZdLYZdLUôdLp Utßm Ju þ å þ JuUôodùLh¥e CYt±u úUpªLÜmØd¡VjÕYm ûYdLlTÓ¡\Õ. NêLùNVpTôÓLs B]ûY NêL ®ÚlTj úRoÜUtßm NêL SX ùNVpTôÓLs G]YûLlTÓjRlTÓ¡\Õ.

Yô¥dûLVô[oL°u ùTôÚs YôeÏmU]lúTôdÏ:

(i) YôeÏm TZdLYZdLm (Buying habits)

(ii) YôÝm TZdLYZdLm (Living habits)

(iii)YôeÏm §\u (Purchasing power)

(iv)Uú]ôTôYm Utßm Øuà¬ûULs(Attitude and preferences)

(v) Esðo ãZp (Local environment, situations)

(vi) ùTôÚ°u Yô¥dûLVô[o Gi¦dûL(Number of consumers of the product)

NkûR Tt±V ×s° ®YW BnÜ (MarketSurvey)

¨ßY]j§tÏm AÕ ¿iP LôXm¿¥j§ÚlTRtÏm §]N¬ RLYpLs, B]ûYSPl× NkûR Lôh£«p G§oLôX ¨LrØû\dLôLÜm úTôh¥«ÓYRtÏ ªLÜmØd¡VjÕYm YônkRRôLÜm GkRùYôÚùYt±d LWUô] ùRô¯≠tÏm ARû]jùRôPeÏYRtLô] Ød¡VUô] úRûY NkûRTt±V ×s°®YW BnÜ BÏm. NkûR Tt±VBn®u úSôdLUô]Õ Yô¦Tm Tt±VùYqúYß úSôdLj§tLô] RLYpLû[fúNL¬lTRôÏm. CkR BnÜ GuTÕATôVjûR Ïû\dÏm JÚ LÚ®VôÏm. NkûRBnÜ Ø¥Üt\ EPu ARu ®û[ÜLû[ùRô¯p §hPjûR Ø¥Ü ùNnV BWôVúYiÓm.

JÚ NkûR Tt±V Bn®u Y¯VôL ̧ rdLiPTÏ§L°p Sôm RLYpLû[ ùT\ Ø¥Ùm:

• NkûR«u CÚl©Pm Utßm A[Ü (Sizeand location of market.)



34

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

SKILLS

ERôWQUôL NkûR«p GjRû]®tTû]Vô[oLs Es[]o UtßmNkûRl TWl× ØR≠V].

• úRûY Tt±V BnÜ (Pattern of demand).

ERôWQUôL úRûY«u A[Ü, úRûYA§L¬lTRtLô] Yônl×, TÚY LôXAkRkR TÚYj§p UhÓm CÚdÏm úRûY,úRûYûV EÚYôdLp ØR≠V].

• YôeÏm TZdL YZdLm Utßm EsúSôdLm

ERôWQUôL Yô¥dûLVô[o Vôo (YVÕ,©¬Ü, Tô≠]m Utßm ùTôÚ[ôRôW ̈ ûX)

Yô¥dûLVô[o YôeÏm SPY¥dûLYô¥dûLVô[o ®ÚlTm ØR≠V].

• ùTôÚÞdLô] LPkR LôX Utßm ¨LrLôX ùTôÕYô] U]lTôeÏ.

• úTôh¥Vô[oLs ®TWm

AYoLs Vôo GeÏ Es[ôoLs UtßmAYoLs GjRû] úTo?

AYoL°u ùTôÚhL°u RWm UtßmA[Ü.

AYoL°u HLúTôLj R²Ù¬ûU TXmUtßm AYoL°u TXÅ]eLs.

NkûR Tt±V BnûY úUtùLôs[ô®hPôpùRô¯p Øû]úYôo Yô¥dûLVô[¬uNkûR CXdÏ, AYoL°u YôeÏm §\uYVÕ ©¬Ü Tt±V GkRùYôÚ ®YWØm A±VØ¥VôÕ. CRu ®û[YôL Ø¥®p, AYoLsEtTj§ A[Ü, Yô¥dûLVô[o Gi¦dûLUtßm ùRô¯p ùRôPeLj RÏkR CPm Tt±RY\ô] Ø¥Ü GÓdL úSÚm. TX ùRô¯pLsúRôp® AûPYRtÏ RY\ô] CPm, RY\ô]ùTôÚs úRoÜ ùNnYúRVôÏm.

®tTû] (Marketing)

Yô¥dûLVô[o úRûYLû[ CXôTLWUôL§Úl§ TÓjÕRp AYoLû[ AûPVô[eLôQp, AYoLÞdLôL BVjR ¨ûX«pØuú]tTôhÓPu CÚlTRtLô] ARtÏùTôßlúTtÏm úUXôiûU ùNVpTôÓLs®tTû] BÏm.

G°ûUVô] YôojûRL°p ùNpYùRu\ôp®tTû] GuTÕ ®tTû] Ùd§Ls ùRô¯pYô¦Tl úTfÑ YôojûR UtßmYô¥dûLVô[o ùRôPo× Tt± Ï±l©ÓmùNVp AÔÏØû\ EÚYôdÏYRu êXmùTôÚhLû[ ApXÕ úNûYLû[ ®t\pGuTRôÏm. CÕ Yô¥dûLVô[ÚPu

ùRôPe¡ Yô¥dûLVô[ÚPú]úVØ¥YûP¡\Õ. (AYoL°u úRûYLû[éoj§ ùNnÕ JhÓ ùUôjRj§p 4p’sþIdÏ±dÏm)

AûY ùTôÚs, ®ûX, CPm UtßmúUmTÓjÕRp BÏm.

®tTû] GuTÕ ®t\p GuT§≠ÚkÕúYßTôÓ EûPVRôÏm. ®tTû] B]ÕYôeÏm ST¬p CÚkÕ ùRôPe¡YôeÏúYô¬u úRûYLs Tt±úV ùRôPokÕ¨ûXVôL £\l× LY]m Ï®V ùNnYRôÏm.B]ôp AúR NUVm ®t\p GuTÕ ®t\≠pUhÓúU LY]m ùNÛjÕ¡\Õ.

£±V ̈ ßY]eLs ®tTû]ûV úUmTÓjÕm£X ¸rLiP ÖhTeL[ôp ùYt±LWUôLARu SuûULû[Ùm ùT\ Ø¥Ùm.

úSW¥Vô] ®tTû]ûV A§L¬dLfùNnÙm Ùd§Ls (Direct promotion techniques)

• Lôh£ TÓjÕRp Utßm Uô§¬Ls

• ®[mTWlTÓjÕRp.

• ©WTXlTÓjÕRp.

• £\l× ¨Lrf£LÞPu NmTkRlThP®tTû].

• R²STo ®tTû] Ùd§Ls.

®tTû]ûV A§L¬dLf ùNnÙm Uû\ØLÙd§Ls (Indirect promotion techniques)

• Yô¥dûLVô[oL°u úNûYLs.

• UdLs ùRôPo×.

• U¡rEQoÜm úSNØm LXkRYô¥dûLVô[o ùRôPo×Ls.

• RÏkR ùTôÚs Y¥YûUl×.

• NØRôVj§p SpX ùTVo.

×§V ùRô¯p Øû]úYôo ùUôjR®tTû]Vô[oLs Utßm £pXû\®tTû]Vô[oL°uBRWûY ùYt± ùLôs[JqùYôÚ ØVt£ûVÙm ùNnRôL úYiÓm.ùUôjR ®tTû]Vô[oLs ùTôÚhLû[SuÏ ûLVô[ FdL ¨§ RÚRp UtßmúTôÕUô] A[®p Uô²Vm RÚRp êXmFdLlTÓjRXôm. CÕ R®W RVô¬lTô[o®tTû]«p £\l×Pu TeùLÓjÕ,AYÚûPV T¡oUô] SToL°u §\ûUûVAqYlúTôÕ ºWô] LôX CûPùY°«púNô§jÕ TWôU¬dL úYiÓm. AYo



35

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

SKILLS

AYÚûPV ùTôÚhLÞdÏ ×§V NkûRYônl×Lû[ LiP±V úYiÓm UtßmAYÚûPV NL RVô¬lTô[oLÞPu §\mTP úTôh¥«Óm YpXûU ùTt±ÚdLúYiÓm.

®tTû] Øû\Ls (Methods of marketing)

• ®[mTWm Af£PÜm ERôWQj§tÏ§]N¬ Sô°RrLs Utßm Ng£ûLL°p(magazine) ®[mTWm ùY°«PXôm. AÕHWô[Uô] UdLû[f ùNu\ûPÙm.

• ùRôûXdLôh£ ùTh¥ UtßmYôù]ô≠«p ®[mTWm ùNnRpþERôWQUôL Lôh£ TÓjRlTÓm®[mTWeLs Utßm úTôh¥Ls ApXÕ¨Lrf£Ls SPjRXôm.

• ÕiÓ ©WÑWeLs, ERôWQUôL ÅhÓdÏÅÓ ùLôiÓ úNojRp, LûPL°p®¨úVô¡jRp, ÑYùWôh¥Ls, JhÓRp,ùTôÚhLôh£ SPjÕRp, £tßi¥NôûXL°p ®[mTWm ùNnRpØRXô]ûY ùNnVXôm. CÕG°Õ,U≠Yô]Õ Utßm EsÞo A[®p UhÓmUdL°u LY]jûRd LYWØ¥Ùm.

• FdLl T¬Ñ þ úLx ùYôfNo úTôu\FdLl T¬Ñ RsÞT¥ NRÅReL°p CXYNCûQl× ùTôÚhLs Øuà¬ûUYô¥dûLVô[oLs ØRXô]ûY.

• CXYN ©WTXm EsÞo ApXÕ §]N¬Sô°RrL°p JÚ LûR ApXÕ úTNlTÓmùNn§VôL JÚ ¨Lrf£, úW¥úVô, ¥.®ApXÕ ùYÏU§ YZeÏm ¨Lrf£VôLSPjÕRp. FPLeLs ®û[YôL ®tTû]A§L¬l×.

• L¦lùTô±ÙPu CûQVjÕPuCûQdLlThP ®[mTWeLs.

• YûXR[j§p ®[mTWm ùY°«PXôm.

• NêL FPLeLs þ ERôWQUôL blogging,

ØL èp (Face book), linked in, youtube Utßmh®hPo (twitter) NêL YûXR[eLsYô¥dûLVô[oLû[ ùT\ Utßm ùRô¯púUmTôh¥tÏ SpXùRôÚ UôodLm.

• YônfùNôp þ ERôWQUôL SiToLsêXUôL ÏÓmT Yô¥dûLVô[oLs UtßmúTôh¥Vô[oLs êXUôL áP ®[mTWlTÓjRXôm. JÚ U] ̈ û\Ü ùTt\ U¡rf£AûPkR Yô¥dûLVô[o ÏÝ®p SpX

úRokùRÓdLlThP ®tTû]Vô[WôLBYôo.

©WTXlTÓjÕRp (Publicity)

¨ßY]j§u ARu ùTôÚ°u UtßmùTV¬u §]N¬, Sô°Rr, YûXR[m, úW¥úVôApXÕ ùP≠®`u êXm ¡ûPdÏmùNX®PlTPôR ©WTpVm CÕYôÏm. CÕJÚ LhÓlTô¥pXôR ®[mTW Y¥Ym.

SpX ®RUôL ©WTXlTÓjÕRpSm©dûLëhÓYûR A§L¬dLf ùNnÕ ARu®û[YôLl ùTôÚs ÁÕ ApXÕ¨ßY]j§u ÁÕ Sm©dûL Y[o¡\Õ. B]ôpAúR NUVm ¾eÏ TVlT]YôLj §LÝm©WTXlTÓjÕRp ®û[YôL ùTôÚs ApXÕ¨ßY]jûRl Tt± UdLs U]§p NkúRLjûREÚYôdÏm.

®[mTWl TÓjÕYRú]ôÓ Jl©ÓmúTôÕ ©WTXlTÓjÕR≠pEiûU«u BZm A§Lm.

®[mTWm (Advertisement)

ùTôÚs, Ùd§ Utßm úNûY Tt±Yô¥dûLVô[oLÞPu úSW¥j ùRôPo×CpXôUp CÚdÏm JÚ ùRôPoûTEÚYôdÏm R²lThP ùRôPoTt\ûYLû[®vR¬dLlTÓYÕ JÚ ùNVXôÏm. CÕùTôÚÞdLô] úRûYûV EÚYôd¡RdLûYjÕd ùLôsÞm JÚ ØVt£ BÏm.®[mTW BRWÜ RWlThÓ ARtLôLfùNX®Pl TÓYRôÏm. CÕ ùTôÚhL°uRWm Utßm TVuTôÓ ApXÕ úNûYûVTt±V LÚjûR ùLôiÓ ùNp¡\Õ.

®[mTWj§u úSôdLm (Purpose ofadvertisement)

• Rôm CÚlTûR AÕ Tt±V ùNn§ûVRÚ¡\Õ.

• ùTôÚhLÞdÏ CÕ ×§V úRûYûVEÚYôdÏ¡\Õ.

• ùTôÚhLû[ ETúVô¡lTÕ Tt±A±ÜßjÕ¡\Õ.

• Yô¥dûLVô[oLû[ FdLlTÓjÕ¡\Õ.

• ùTôÚhLs Tt±V NkúRLm UtßmÏZlTeLû[ ALtß¡\Õ.



36

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

SKILLS

úVôNû]Ls, ùTôÚhLs UtßmúNûYL°u ®TWeL°pùNX®PlTÓm Y¥Ym ®[mTWmBÏm AúR NUVm ©WTXlTÓjÕYRtÏ BRWY°lTYoLsùNXÜ ùNnV úYi¥V§pûX.

®tTû] Ùd§VôL JÚ ¨ßY]múUtùLôsÞm Y¯Øû\L°uáh¥ûQÜ Gu\ôp Gu]? (What ismarketing mix?)

®tTYoL[ôp ®tTû]«p ETúVôLlTÓjRlTÓm ùRô¯p Ùd§ CÕYôÏm.áh¥ûQÜ GuTÕ NkûR«p JÚ ̈ ßY]mB]Õ ARu ùTôÚû[ ApXÕ ̈ ßY]j§uStùTVûW úUmTÓjRl TVuTÓjÕmùNVpTôÓL°p ùRôÏlûT Ï±lTRôÏm. JÚ

ùTôÚs ApXÕ AkR RWj§àûPV¾oUô²lTÕ L¥]Uô]Õ Utßm CÕùTÚmTôÛm 4p’ EPu ®ûX, ùTôÚs, CPmUtßm lúWôúUôù úNokÕLôQlTÓYRôÏm. úNûY NmTkRlThPUôodùLh¥e¡p 4p’ B]Õ úUÛm®¬YôdLm CVpûTd áß¡\Õ.

Ut\ AkR êuß P’s B]ûY úTdúLé,ùTô£ù, UdLs BÏm. UôodùLh¥eªdv B]Õ JÚ ¨ßY]j§u ùRô¯pY¦L §hPjûR EÚYôdÏ¡\Õ UtßmCRû]f N¬VôLd ûLVôiPôp ªLl ùT¬VùYt±ûV CÕ RÚm. B]ôp RY\ôLdûLVô[lThÓ ®hPôp ®tTû] Ïû\kÕùRô¯≠p ÁiÓm TûZV ̈ ûXdÏ YWl TXYÚPeLs BÏm.



37

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

SKILLS


SWOT Utßm CPo TÏlTônÜ (SWOT and Risk analysis)

úSôdLeLs: ClTôPj§u Cß§«p ¿eLs §\m ùT\ CÚlTûY• SWOT CPo TÏlTôn®u RjÕYjûR ®Y¬jRp• SWOT CPo TÏlTôn®u BRôVeLû[ ®Y¬jRp• CPo TÏlTôn®u RjÕYm, ¨oYôLm Utßm U§lÀhûP ®Y¬jRp.

SWOT TÏlTônÜ (SWOT Analysis)

JÚ §hPj§u TXeLs, TXÅ]eLs,NkRolTeLs Utßm AfÑßjRpLs CYtû\U§l©P ERÜm JÚ ùNVp§hP §hPªÓmØû\ SWOT BÏm.

SWOT B]Õ Ød¡VUôL CqYôßYûLlTÓjRlTÓ¡\Õ.

Eh×\ LôW¦Ls (Internal factors) - TXeLs,Utßm TXÅ]eLs

ùY°l×\ LôW¦Ls (External factors) -

NkRolTeLs Utßm AfÑßjRpLs.

TXeLs (Strengths): JÚ ̈ ßY]j§tÏ ARuÏ±dúLôû[ AûPYRtÏ ER®VôL CÚdÏmEh×\ LôW¦Ls.

TXÅ]eLs (Weaknesses) : JÚ ̈ ßY]j§uARu Ï±dúLôû[ AûPVj RûPVôLCÚdÏm Eh×\d LôW¦Ls.

Yônl×Ls(Opportunities) : JÚ ̈ ßY]j§tÏARu Ï±dúLôû[ AûPYRtÏ ER®VôLCÚdÏm ùY°l×\ LôW¦Ls.

AfÑßjRpLs (Threats): JÚ ¨ßY]j§tÏARu Ï±dúLôû[ AûPYRtÏ RûPVôLCÚkÕ Fß ®û[®dÏm ùY°l×\LôW¦Ls.

SWOT þI AûPVô[e LôiTÕ ªLÜmØd¡Vm Hù]²p ARu ùRôPof£VôLGÓdLlTÓm SPY¥dûLLs úRokùRÓdLlTÓm Ï±dúLôû[ AûPYRtÏ §hPªÓRpùNVpØû\ûV SWOTþp CÚkÕ ùT\ Ø¥Ùm.

SWOT þI CPo TÏlTônÜ ùNnÕ Ø¥jR©u]o Ï±dúLôû[ EÚYôdÏYÕùNnVlTP úYiÓm. CqYôß ùNnYÕGhPd á¥V CXdûL ¨ßY]m AûUjÕdùLôs[ AàU§dÏm.

Ï±dúLôû[ AûPYRtÏ Ød¡VUô]Rô]Eh×\ Utßm ùY°l×\ LôW¦Lû[A±YÕ GkRùYôÚ SWOT CPo TÏlTôn®uúSôdLm BÏm.


38

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

SKILLS

Eh×\ Utßm ùY°l×\ LôW¦dLÞdLô] £X ERôWQeLs:

Eh×\ LôW¦Ls (Internal factors)

TXeLs (Strength) (S) TXÅ]eLs (Weaknesses) (W)

• CÚdÏm ùTôÚhLs Tt±V BrkR • CXdûL GhPf £WUlTÓm RtúTôûRVA±ÜPu á¥V ªLf £\kR ®tTû] ¨ûX, T¦l TÞ A§LUôÏRp.

AÛYXoLs.

• Yô¥dûLVô[ÚPu SpX E\Ü • A§L YôPûL

• SpX Eh×\j RLYp T¬Uôt\m • NkûR BWônf£ ®TWeLs ªLÜm LôXmLPkR TûZV ¨ûX.

• EVo U²R SPUôhPm EûPV CPm • TQ T¬Uôt\ ©WfNû]Ls.

• ùYt±LWUô] NkûRf ùNVp • A§LlT¥Vô] ûL«ÚlûT§hPeLs. ûYj§ÚjRp

• ×Õl×Õ LiÓ©¥l×dLô] §ÚmT • úUôNUô] ®TWl T§úYÓ ûLVôÞRpùT\lTÓRp.

ùY°l×\ LôW¦Ls (External factors)

Yônl×Ls (Opportunities (O) AfÑßjRpLs (Threats (T)

• SUÕ ùTôÚû[ Uô§¬ CÚdÏm • úTôh¥Vô[oLÞm SmªPm CÚdÏmNkûR«p ¡ûPdÏm ùTôÚhLs ùTôÚû[l úTôuß ùTôÚhLû[SmTLj RuûU CpXôUp CÚlTÕ ûYj§ÚlTÕ.ApXÕ A§L ®ûXVôL CÚlTÕ.

• úSoûUVô] Yô¥dûLVô[oLs • úTôh¥Vô[oLs JÚ ×§V ®[mTWØLôm ùRôPeÏRp.

• ¡±vÕUv ®Zô®tLô] NkûR«p • úTôh¥Vô[oLs SUÕ CÚl©Pj§u®tLlTÓYRtLô] ùTôÚ[ôL AÚ¡úXúV AYoL°u LûPûVjCÚjRp. §\jRp.

• Yô¥dûLVô[oL°u úRûY AYoLs • ùTôÚ[ôRôWj§p Årf£ HtThPRuAúR úTôu\ ùTôÚs SmªPm LôWQUôL UdLs Ïû\YôLfEs[Rô G] SUÕ ®tTû]l T¦ ùNX®ÓRp.Vô[oL°Pm ®Nô¬j§ÚlTÕ.

SWOT TÏlTôn®u BRôVeLs (Benefits ofSWOT Analysis)

TX ùYqúYß NkRolTeL°p SWOT

TÏlTônÜ GuTÕ JÚ Nd§ YônkR UôPpBÏm. SWOT tool B]Õ ùRô¯p UtßmUôodùLh¥e¡tÏ UhÓUô]Õ Auß. CeÏSWOT TÏlTônûY GRtùLpXômTVuTÓjRXôm GuTRtLô] £XERôWQeLs ¸úZ RWlThÓs[]:

• JÚ ¨ßY]m (NkûR«p ARu ¨ûX,Y¦L ùYt±dÏ ChÓf ùNpXd á¥VÕ,ØRXô]ûY).

• JÚ ®tTû] T¡oUô] Øû\

• JÚ ùTôÚs ApXÕ Y¦L E¬ûUlùTVo.

• JÚ ×§V NkûR«p ÖûZRp ApXÕ JÚ×§V ùTôÚû[l ×§RôL A±ØLlTÓjÕRp úTôu\ JÚ NôRLUô]j úRoÜ.

• JÚ acquisition EÚYôdÏm JÚ NkRolTm.

• Es[ôokR Bt\p EûPV TeÏRôWo TeÏ.

• §hPm §hPªPp Utßm §hPúUXôiûU.



39

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

SKILLS

CPo TÏlTônÜ (Risk analysis)

CXdûL ùYt± LWUôL AûPYûR ApXÕJÚ §hPj§u ùYt±ûVl Tô§dLd á¥V/AYt±tÏj ¾eÏ ApXÕ CPo úSWYônl×s[ AlT¥lThP LôW¦Lû[AûPVô[eLiÓ ë¡jR±kÕ U§lÀÓùNnÙm ÖhTm CÕYôÏm.

CkR Uô§¬Vô] LôW¦Ls ¨LZ®ÚdÏmYônl×Lû[d Ïû\dÏm RÓl×SPY¥dûLLû[ YûWVû\ ùNnYRtÏ CkRÙd§ ERÜ¡\Õ, úUÛm CkR GpûXYûWVû\LÞPu ùYt±LWUôLl úTô¬ÓmSPY¥dûLLû[ AûPVô[e LôQÜm CkRÙd§ ERÜ¡\Õ.

L¦²j Õû\«p CPo TÏlTônÜ (Risk

Analysis (RA) úUtùLôsÞm CkR ©WTXUô]Øû\L°p Juß FRAP (Facilitated Risk Analysis

Process) Gu AûZdLlTÓ¡\Õ.

ùYt± Yônl× Eß§VôL ùR¬VôR¨ûX«Ûm £\kR ØVt£Vôn ARû]ùNnV C\eÏm CPo úUXôiûUGu\ôp Gu]? (What is Risk Management (RM)?

CPoLû[ ûLVôsYÕ GuTÕ RûXûU«uûLVôÞm Øû\«p JÚ TÏ§VôÏm, UtßmA¥lTûP«p GqYôß JÚ ̈ oYôLm GpXô¨ûXL°Ûm ̈ oY¡dLlTÓ¡\Õ GuTûR ISO

®[dÏ¡\Õ.

ISO 31000 þu T¥ (Ï±dúLôsL°p ¨XÜm¨ûXVt\ RuûU«u ®û[Ü G]YûWVßdLlTÓm) CP¬u U§lÀhûPAûPVô[eLiÓ Øuà¬ûU ùLôÓdÏmùNVp CÕYôÏm.

CRû] ùRôPokÕ ®ÚmTj RLôR¨LrÜL°u RôdLjûR ApXÕ AYt±uYônl×Lû[d Ïû\dL, AYtû\j ùRôPokÕLY²jÕd ùLôiÓ YW Utßm AYtû\dLhÓlTÓjR Utßm SpYônl×Lû[A§L¬dLf ùNnV ùTôÚ[ôRôW Y[eLû[ùNVpTÓj§ JÚe¡ûQlTûRf ùNnVúYiÓm.

¸rLiPYt±p LôQlTÓm ¨ûXVt\RuûU«≠ÚkÕ ATôVeLs YWXôm:

• ¨§ NkûR«p LôQlTÓm ¨fNVUt\RuûU«≠ÚkÕ (Financial markets)

• §hPm úRôp® AûPÙmAfÑßjR≠ÚkÕ (Threats from project failure)

• NhPf £dLpL°≠ÚkÕ (Legal liabilities)

• LPu ATôVeL°≠ÚkÕ (Credit risk)

• ®TjÕL[ôp (Accidents)

• CVtûL úT¬Po Utßm CVtûLLôWQeL[ôp (Natural causes & disaster)

• ¨fNVUt\ ApXÕ Øuáh¥úV ë¡jR±VØ¥VôR ¨LrÜL[ôp (Events of uncertain orunpredictable root-causes).

CYt±p LôQlTÓm ̈ fNVUt\ RuûUL°pCÚkÕ BTjÕLs YWXôm.

BTjÕLû[f NUô°dÏm Øû\LsJqùYôÚ ¨LrÜdÏm úYß Uô§¬VôLCÚdLXôm :

• §hP úUXôiûU (Project management)

• TôÕLôl× úUXôiûU (Security management)

• ùTô±«Vp Utßm ùRô¯XLùNVpØû\Ls (Engineering & Industrial process)

• ¨ßY]j§tÏ E¬ûUVô] ̈ § NôokR TeÏTh¥Vp (Financial port folios)

• UdLs SXm (ùTôÕ SXu ) UtßmTôÕLôl× (Actuarial assessment)

• ùTôÕ ÑLôRôWm Utßm TôÕLôl×

ISO guide 73 þVôp BTjÕLû[f NUô°dÏm,ETúVôLlTÓjRlTÓm YôojûRLsùR°YôL YûWVßdLlThÓs[].

CPo úUXôiûU«u RjÕYm B]Õ (RM)

¸rdLiPYôß CÚdL úYiÓm:

• U§l×Lû[ EÚYôdÏTûYVôL CXôTmB]Õ Y≠Lû[j Rôi¥VRôL CÚdLúYiÓm.

• ¨ßY] ùNVpTôÓL°p JÚe¡ûQkRAeLUôL CÚdL úYiÓm.

• ¾oUô]m GÓdÏm ùNVpTôh¥uAeLUôL CÚdL úYiÓm.

• ¨fNVUt\ RuûU Utßm ëLeLs Tt±VùY°lTûPVô] RuûUVôL ×¬kÕùLôs[ G°VRôL CÚdL úYiÓm.

• JÝeLûUÜPu á¥VRôL UtßmLhPûUl× ùNVpØû\VôL CÚdLúYiÓm.

• ªLf £\lTôL ¡ûPj§ÚdÏm RLYpL°uA¥lTûP«p CÚdL úYiÓm.



40

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

SKILLS

• ùTôßjÕd ùLôs[d á¥VRôL CÚdLúYiÓm.

• ùY°lTûPj RuûU EûPVRôL CÚdLúYiÓm.

• ÑßÑßlTô]RôL Utßm úNokÕùNVpTP YpXRôL Utßm Uôt\eLû[Htßd ùLôsYRôL CÚdL úYiÓm.

• ùRôPo úUmTôÓ Utßm EVoY[of£ûVd ùLôiÓ YÚYRôL CÚdLúYiÓm.

ùTôÚs (Product): ‘P’ GkRl ùTôÚû[RVô¬dL ®tL? (P Whatproducts to make/ sell)

CPm (Place): ‘P’ GeÏ EeLs ùTôÚû[®tL? (P Where to sell yourproduct).

®ûX (Price) : ‘P’ EeLs ùTôÚ°u ®ûXGu]? (P How much yourproduct gives the cost)

®[mTWl TÓjÕRp (Promotion):

®[mTWm, R² STo®tTû], ®tTû]A§L¬l× §hPm Utßm© W T X l T Ó j Õ R p(Advertising, Personal selling,Sales promotion & Publicity)

7P’s B]Õ CPm, ®ûX, ®[mTWlTÓjRp,UdLs, ùNVpØû\, ùTôÚs UtßmCVtûLVô] Ñtß×\ ãr¨ûX (7P’s : Place,Price, Promotion, People, Process, Physical environmentand Product)



41

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

SKILLS

JÚ ùRô¯p Øû]úYôÚdÏ N¬Vô]ùTôÚû[j úRoÜ ùNnV Ø¥ùYÓlTÕL¥]Uô] ùNVXôL CÚlTRôp Uj§VUtßm Uô¨X A[®p CWi¥ÛúU TX¨ßY] AûUl×Ls Utßm T«XLeLsCÚd¡u\]. CûY EtTj§ ùNnV HÕYô]ùTôÚs Utßm YZeLlTP HÕYô] úNûYTt±V BúXôNû]Lû[ YZeÏ¡\Õ. CRuêXm ùRô¯p Øû]úYôo TVu ùT\Xôm.£X Ød¡VUô] ¨ßY]eL[ôY]:-

UôYhPj ùRô¯p ûUVeLs (DistrictIndustries Centres (DICs)

ùRô¯tNôûX ©¬®u BúWôd¡VUô]Y[of£dLôL Jtû\d áûW«u ¸r/ JúWCPj§p Øû]úYôÚdÏ GpXô®RUô]ER®Ùm A°dÏm YûL«p CkR UôYhPùRô¯p ûUVeLs AûUdLlThÓs[].JqùYôÚ UôYhPj§Ûm AkRkR Uô¨XAWNôeL[ôp CûYLs AûUdLlThÓs[].

ùRô¯p ÖhT BúXôNû] AûUl×Ls(Technical Consultancy Organizations (TCOs)

£±V Utßm SÓjRW ùRô¯tNôûXLs Utßm×§V ùRô¯p Øû]úYôÚdLô] BúXôNû]úRûYLû[l éoj§ ùNnYRtLôLAû]j§k§V ̈ § Nôo× T«XLeLs B]ûY,Uô¨X UhPj§p CÚdÏm, ¨§ úUmTôhÓ¨ßY]eLs Utßm Y¦L Ye¡LÞPuáhPôLf úNokÕ, ùRô¯pÖhT BúXôNû]ûUVeL°u JÚe¡ûQkR ùRôÏ§ûVúRôtß®jÕs[].ùRô¯tNmTkRUô]LÚjÕLû[ Y¯ SPjÕm ̈ ßY]m. (Technical

Consultancy Organisations (TCOs) þIj úRôtß®jÕs[].

MSME úUmTôhÓ ¨ßY]eLs (MSMEDevelopment Institutes (MSME-DIs)

MSME-DIs þp ×§V ùRô¯p Øû]úYôoLs TXY¯L°p ERYlTÓ¡u\]o. RVô¬dLlPúYi¥V ùTôÚhLû[ úRoÜ ùNnRpUtßm AûPVô[e LôQp, RÏkR ùRô¯pÖhTjûRj úRokùRÓjRp RVô¬dÏm Øû\Utßm ùRô¯p ÖhTm, RÏkR Lh¥Pm,CVk§W úRoÜ ùNnRp, NkûR ®TWeLs.úUtá±V ©¬ÜL°p ùRô¯p Øû]úYôoERYlTÓ¡u\]o. MSME-DIs AYoLÞdÏúUtá±V ©¬ÜL°p ERÜ¡\Õ.

LRo Utßm ¡WôªV ùRô¯XLeL°u ÏÝ(Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC)

LRo úUmTôÓ Utßm ¡WôUl×\ùRô¯pNôûXL°u Øuú]t\j§tLôL§hPªÓRp, ®[mTWlTÓjÕRp, UtßmHtTôÓ ùNnRp Utßm ¨Lrf£Lû[fùNVpTÓjÕYRtÏ KVIC ùTôßlúTt¡\Õ.LfNôl ùTôÚhLû[ G§oLôX úRûYdLôLTj§WlTÓj§ JÕd¡ ûYlTÕ UtßmARû]j RVô¬lTô[oLÞdÏ YZeÏYRtLôL úNojÕ ûYlTÕ LfNô ùTôÚhLû[Tô§ A[Ü EtTj§ ùNnVlùTt\ (semi-

finished goods) ùTôÚhL[ôL UôtßYRtLô]ùNnØû\dLô] ùTôÕYô] úNûYYN§Lû[ EÚYôdÏYÕ Utßm KVIC

ùTôÚhLû[ ®tTRtLô] YN§LÞdÏHtTôÓLs ùNnRp B¡VYtû\Ùm KVIC þ«uùNVpTôÓLs Es[Pd¡Ùs[Õ. ùYqúYßÕû\L°p DÓThÓs[ ûL®û]OoLÞdÏT«t£ A°lTÕ Utßm áhÓ\ÜØVt£LÞdÏ FdLm A°lTÕ ØRXô]úNûYLs C§p RWlTÓ¡u\].


ÑV úYûX Yônl×dLô] TpúYß §hPeL°u TeÏ Utßm ARtLô]T«XLeLs (Role of various schemes and Institutes for self-employment)

úSôdLeLs: ClTôPj§u Cß§«p ¿eLs §\m ùT\ CÚlTûY• ÑV ùRô¯p Yônl×dLô] TpúYß §hPeLs Utßm T«XLeL°uùNVpTôhûPd áßRp

• ÑV ùRô¯ÛdLô] TpúYß §hPeLs Utßm T«XLeLû[l Th¥V≠ÓRp• ÑV ùRô¯ÛdLô] TpúYß ¨§¨ßY]eLs Utßm Ye¡Lû[l Th¥V≠ÓRp.


42

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

SKILLS

£±V ùRô¯tNôûXLs úNûYlT«XLeLs (Small Industries Service Institutes(SISIs)

JqùYôÚ Uô¨Xj§Ûm JÚ SISI

AûUdLlThÓs[Õ. AûY ùRô¯p ÖhTBRWÜ Utßm LÚjÕ T¬Uôt\ úNûYLû[YZeÏ¡\Õ. ùRô¯p Øû]úYôo úUmTôÓ¨Lrf£Lû[ SPjÕ¡\Õ. Utßm HtßU§Y[of£ Utßm áhÓ\Ü ùNVpTôÓLû[YZeÏ¡\Õ. CÕ SôÓ ØÝY§Ûm EDP

SPjÕ¡\Õ. CÕ LfNô ùTôÚhLû[T¬úNô§lT§p ERÜ¡\Õ Utßm SISI,

ùTôÚhLû[f úNô§lT§Ûm ERÜ¡\ÕAYt±u BnÜ Utßm RWdLhÓlTôh¥ÛmERÜ¡\Õ. CÕ úUÛm £±VùRô¯tNôûXLs NmTkRUô] ùLôsûL®`VeL°p Uj§V Utßm Uô¨X AWÑdÏA±ÜûW áß¡\Õ.

úR£V £±V ùRô¯XLd LZLeLs (NationalSmall Industries Corporation Ltd. (NSIC)

Esðo/ EsSôÓ Utßm ùY° SôÓL°pCWi¥ÛúU (SSI ©¬Ü) (small scale industries)

ùTôÚhLs ®tTû]dÏ NSIC (National small

industreis corporation ltd) ER® YZeÏ¡\Õ. CkRdLZLm B]Õ, £ß ùRô¯tNôûXLs ©¬®p(SSI) CÚkÕ ¡ûPdÏm ùTôÚhLû[AWNôeL vúPôodÏ YôeÏm §hPj§u¸Ým (AWÑjÕû\Ls, CW«púY, CWôÔYmØRXô] Õû\L°u úRûYLÞdLôL) UtßmùRô¯p ¨ßY]eL°u úSNd áhPûUl×(consortia) AÔÏØû\ êXUôL EhTdL®¨úVôLj§tÏiPô] ¨Lrf£ (Internal

marketing programme)þu ¸Ým, CWiÓØû\L°ÛúU CkRd LZLmNkûRlTÓjÕ¡\Õ. ®tTû]dÏ ERÜ¡\Õ.

Uô¨X AWÑ ùRô¯tNôûXL°uCVdÏSWLm/ BûQVm (State Government(Directorate / Commissionerate of Industries)

JqùYôÚ Uô¨X AWNôeLØm, Ïß,£ßUtßm SÓjRW (micro, small and medium-scale)

ùRô¯tNôûXL°u Y[of£ UtßmúUmTôh¥tLôL R²jR² Õû\Lû[AûUjÕs[Õ.

£ß ùRô¯tNôûXLs úUmTôhÓ¨ßY]m (Small Industries DevelopmentOrganisation (SIDO)

SIDO GuTÕ ‘SS’ YûL ùRô¯p Øû]úYô¬uY[of£dLô] ùLôsûL EÚYôdÏm,

KÚe¡ûQdÏm Utßm LiLô¦dÏmØLûUVôÏm. (agency) . CÕ AWÑ ¨§¨ßY]eLs Utßm Ut\ ØLûULÞPuùSÚe¡V ùRôPo×Pu ùNVpTÓm JÚAûUlTôÏm.

SIDO B]Õ YßûU J¯l× (poverty eradication)

Utßm ¨ßY] úUmTôh¥tÏj R]ÕTeL°lûT YZe¡ ARu êXm úYûXYônlûT EÚYôdÏm Utßm úNûYlTVuTÓjÕúYôÚdÏ YÚUô]m EÚYôdÏmúNûYLÞdÏiPô] YZeÏRp (demand

driven services) þu êXm ùTôÚ[ôRôWúUmTôh¥tÏ TeL°d¡\Õ.

£ß ùRô¯tNôûXLs úUmTôhÓ ØLûU(SIDA (Small Industries Development Agency)

SSI (Small Scale Industry) £±V A[ÜùRô¯tNôûXLs ùRô¯p Øû]úYôÚdÏJtû\f Nô[W úNûY YZeÏm JÚ Uô¨XúUmTôhÓ ØLûU CÕYôÏm.

SIDA B]Õ ¸rdLiPYt±tÏ ER®Lû[/Y¯LôhÓRûX YZeÏ¡\Õ.

(i) ªuCûQl×

(ii) Ye¡«p CÚkÕ Utßm ¨§¨ßY]eL°p CÚkÕ ¨§ ER®

(iii) UôÑ LhÓlTôh¥tLôLj RûP«pXôfNôuß (NOC for pollution)

(iv) ùRô¯tNôûX S≠YûPÙm úTôÕ Ye¡¨§¨ßY]m EPu SSI ©¬®tLô] JÚUû\ NUWN JlTkRj§tÏ ER®/BúXôNû] YZeÏ¡\Õ. ùRô¯tNôûXUtßm CVk§WeL°p ùNnVj¾oUô²dLlThÓs[ ØRÄÓLÞPuØRÄhPô[oLÞdÏm TôÕLôl×fúNûYLû[ CÕ YZeÏ¡\Õ.

¨§ ̈ ßY]eLs Utßm Ye¡Ls (Financialinstitutions and banks)

£ß ùRô¯p úUmTôhÓ Ck§V Ye¡(Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI)

SSI ùTôÚhLû[f NkûRl TÓjÕYRtLôL,×§V £\kR ØVt£ AûUlTRtLôL,®¬YôdLj§tLôL, SÅ]lTÓjÕYRtLôL,×§V ¡û[Ls ùRôPeÏYRtLôL GpXôfùNVpTôh¥tÏm SIDBI «u ¨§ ER®¡ûPd¡\Õ.



43

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

SKILLS

êXl ùTôÚhLû[ ØVuß ùTßYRtÏ¨§ ER® ùNnRp (Financing for procurementof Raw Material (Short term)

(Esðo/ EsSôh¥u ¡ûPlTûY UtßmC\dÏU§ ùNnVlTÓTûY) Gu\ CWiÓYûL«Ûm êXd LfNô ùTôÚhLû[®ûXdÏ YôeÏYRtLôL ¨§ ER®ùLôÓlTRu êXm £±V A[®Xô]ùRô¯tNôûXLs/ ¨ßY]eLÞdÏ ER®ùNnYûR NSIC'þ«u êXl ùTôÚs ERÜm§hPm CXdLôL Es[Õ.

®tTû] ùNVpTôÓL°p ¨§ ER®ùNnRp (Ïß¡V LôXm) (Financing formarketing activities (Short term)

Esðo/ Es Sôh¥p ®tTû] ùNnRp,HtßU§ Utßm RsÞT¥ úTôu\ ®tTû]ùNVpTôÓLÞdÏ NSIC ¨§ ER® YN§ûVfùNnÕ ùLôÓd¡u\Õ.

Ye¡L°u áhPûUl× êXm ¨§ ER®ùNnRp (Finance through syndication with banks)

ÑêLUô] LPu YN§ ¨LrÜLs £±V¨ßY]eLÞdÏm ¡ûPlTûR Eß§ ùNnV,SôÓ ØÝY§Ûm Es[ £±V ̈ ßY]eLÞdÏ¿iP LôX A¥lTûP«Xô]úYûXLÞdLôL TQ ØRÄÓ (working capital

financing) ¡ûPdL Y¯YûL ùNnÙm YûL«pYojRL (commercial) Ye¡LÞPu NSIC B]ÕNôRLUô] ùNVÛ\Ü EPuTôh¥pC\eÏ¡\Õ. CkR HtTôÓ B]Õ,®ÚlTØs[ £±V ¨ßY]eL°u LPu®iQlTeLû[ NSIC B]Õ Ye¡LÞdÏAàl×Rp êXm Nôj§VlTÓjÕRp UtßmùNVXôdLd LhPQj§p Ru TeûLlTeL°l× ùNnRp CYtû\ NSIC ùNn¡\Õ.

¨§ ER® Utßm úUmTôhÓd LZLeLs(Finance and development corporations (NFDC)

úR£V ©u Re¡V YÏl©tLô] ¨§Utßm úUmTôhÓd LZLm (NationalBackward Classes Finance & DevelopmentCorporation (NBCFDC)

NêL ¿§ Utßm A§LôWm YZeÏmAûUfNLj§u (Ministry of Social Justice and

Empowerment) ¸r YÚm JÚ Ck§V AW£uT¦l ùTôßl× Rôu (NBCFDC) úR£V ©uRe¡V YÏl©tLô] ̈ § Utßm úUmTôhÓdLZLm GuTRôÏm. ©u Re¡V YÏl©tLô]SXj§tLôLl ùTôÚ[ôRôW SPY¥dûLLû[úUmTÓjÕm úSôdLjÕPu CÕ

ùRôPeLlThPÕ. NBCFDC B]Õ (SCAs/ Self

Help Groups (SHGs) -þ dLs ÑV ER®d ÏÝdLsêXm £±V ¨§ ER® YN§ûVÙmYZeÏ¡\Õ. ̧ rdLiP TWkR ©¬ÜL°u ̧ r§\u úUmTôÓ Utßm ÑV úYûX Yônl©pùTÚU[®p YÚYôn ùTÚdLj§tÏ CÕERÜ¡\Õ.

a ®YNôVm Utßm AÕ NôokRùNVpTôÓLs Utßm £±V A[®Xô]ùRô¯p.

b ûL®û]Oo Utßm TôWmT¬V úYûXLs

c ùRô¯p ÖhTm Utßm

d úTôdÏYWjÕ Utßm úNûYl ©¬ÜØRXô]ûY.

• úR£V B§ §Wô®PoLÞdLô] ¨§Utßm úUmTôhÓd LZLm (NationalScheduled Castes Finance and DevelopmentCorporation (NSFDC)

B§ §Wô®Po ÏÓmTjûRf úNokRSToLÞdÏ AYoL°u §\uúUmTôhûPÙm úNojÕ Es[Pd¡VùTôÚ[ôRôW YpXûUdLôL ¨§ ER®YZeÏYRtLôL NSFDC AûUdLlThÓs[Õ.

LPûUl ùTôßlTôLd LÚRlTÓm T¦(Mission): ùRô¯p Øû]TYWôL ØVÛmRuûU êXm YßûU Utßm L[eLm/AYU§l× CYt±tÏ G§WôL úTôWôÓRp.

CXdÏ/ úSôdLm (Objectives): CWhûPYßûUdúLôh¥tÏ ¸r YôÝm B§§Wô®Pd ÏÓmTeLû[f NôokR SToL°uùTôÚ[ôRôW YpXûU ùTßYRtLôLAYoLÞdÏ ̈ § ER® A°jRp, ̈ § BRôWmúNL¬jRp B¡VûY NSFDCþu ©WRô]úSôdLm BÏm.

• úR£V £ßTôuûU«]o úUmTôÓUtßm ¨§dLZLm (National MinoritiesDevelopment and Finance Corporation)

£ßTôuûU«]oL°p ©u Re¡V ©¬®pCÚdÏm BiLs Utßm ùTiLÞdÏØuà¬ûU ùLôÓjÕ AYoLÞdLôL CkRdLZLm, ùTôÚ[ôRôWm Utßm úUmTôhÓSPY¥dûLLÞdÏj ÕûQ ùNn¡\Õ.

a SCAs êXm NÛûL ÅR Yh¥«u YÚYônEÚYôdÏm ùNVpLÞdÏ ̈ § ER® ùNnÕRÚRp.



44

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

SKILLS

b NGOs êXm £ßTôuûU«]oL°pHûZL°Ûm HûZVôL CÚlúTôÚdÏªLf £±V A[®p ¨§ ER® ùNnÕùLôÓjRp.

c £ß TôuûU YÏlûT NôokR SToLÞdÏLp®d LPu YZeÏRp.

d ùRô¯tLp®lT«t£j §hPeLÞdÏHtTôÓ ùNnRp.

e ûL®û]Oo Utßm ûLjùRô¯p ùNnÙmSToLÞdÏ Y¥YûUl× EÚYôdLm Utßm®tT§p ER® ùNnRp.

• úR£V TZeÏ¥ UdLÞdLô] ¨§úUmTôhÓd LZLm (National ScheduledTribes Finance & Development Corporation)

úSôdLeLs (Objectives):

a úYûX YônlûT EÚYôd¡ AYoL°uYÚUô] A[ûY EVojÕYRtÏ TZeÏ¥UdL°u Ød¡VjÕYm YônkRùTôÚ[ôRôW ùNVpTôÓLû[AûPVô[e LôQp.

b T«XLm êXUôLÜm Utßm T¦l T«t£êXUôLÜm CYtû\ A°lTRu êXmTZeÏ¥ UdLs TVuTÓjÕmùNVpØû\Ls Utßm §\ûULû[j RWmEVojRp.

c CÚdÏm ØLYoL°u T¦Lû[AlT¥úV úSo©W§ GÓlTûRd Lôh¥ÛmBWônf£Lû[ ×Õl©jÕ úUmTÓjÕRp.

• úR£V Safai Karamcharis þu ¨§úUmTôhÓd LZLm (National SafaiKaramcharis Finance & Development Corporation(NSKFDC)

úSôdLeLs (Objectives): ùRô¯p Øû]RpUtßm ùRô¯p ÖhTm T¦Ls UtßmY¦LÃ§«Xô] L[eL°p RÏkR ùRô¯p

ÖhTl T«t£ êXUôL ReLû[úV Sm©ùNVpTÓm YûL«p CXdÏûPVÏÝdLÞdÏl T«t£ A°jRp. §\uY[ojRp Utßm ùRô¯p Øû]RpúUmTôh¥tÏ ¨§ ER® Uô²VjÕPuYZeLlTÓ¡\Õ. JÚ §hPj§tÏA§LThNUôL JÚ CXhNm ìTôn YûWUô²Vm RWlTÓm.

T«t£j §hPeL°u YûLLs

a T«XLeLs CûQl×j §hPm(InstitutionalLinkages Programme (lLP)

b §\u úUmTôhÓ T«t£ §hPm (Skill up-gradation Training Programme (STP)

c ùRô¯p Øû]úYôo úUmTôhÓj §hPm(Entrepreneurship Development Programme (EDP)

§\u Utßm ùRô¯p Øû]úYôoúUmTôh¥tLô] ¨§ ER® (FinancialAssistance for Skill & Entrepreneurial Development)

Y¦L Ã§«Ûm Utßm ùRô¯p ÖhTlT¦L°Ûm Utßm ùRô¯p Øû]R≠ÛmAkRkR R[eL°p ùRô¯p ÖhT T«t£êXm ÑVNôo×ûPVYoLs BLUôtß§\]ô°LÞdÏl T«t£ A°jRp.A§LThNUôL ìTôn 5 CXhNm.

£ß LPu YN§j §hPeLs¸rdLiPYt±tÏ

a £ß ùRô¯p /Yô¦Tm

b £ß/ Ï¥ûNj ùRô¯p/ Yô¦Tm

c ûL ®û]Oo ùNVpTôÓLs

d ®YNôVm Utßm Nôo× ùNVpTôÓLs

e £ß ùRô¯p ¨ßY]eL°u ®[mTWmUtßm Y[of£dÏ Eß ÕûQ ×¬ÙmúTôdÏYWjÕ ©¬Ü ùNVpTôÓLs



45

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

SKILLS

ùRô¯p §hPm/ §hP A±dûLRVô¬jRp (Preparation of business plan/projectreport)

ùNVpLû[j ÕYdÏm Øu]RôL,¨ßY]jûR Tt±V ùUôjRUô] TôoûYûVjRÚm JÚ JhÓùUôjR ùRô¯p §hPjûR,ùRôPdLj§úXúV EÚYôdÏYûR JÚ £±VùRô¯tNôûXûV AûUlT§p A§LBoYjûRd ùLôi¥ÚdÏm JÚ ùRô¯pØû]úYôo ùNnV úYiÓm. Aû]jÕ YûLùNVpTôÓL°u ØÝûUVô] úYßTôÓL°p T\ûYd Li TôoûYVôLj RÚmØd¡VUô] ùNVûX ùRô¯p Øû]úYôWôp§WhPlThP §hP A±dûL ¨û\úYt\úYiÓm.

• NôRLUô] RuûU (Feasibility):

©WfNû]Ls Utßm NkRolTeLû[AûPVô[e LôiTRtLô], Ï±dúLôsLû[j ¾oUô²lTRtLô]NkRolTeLû[ ®Y¬lTRtLô]ùYt±LWUô] ®û[ÜLû[ YûWVû\ùNnYRtLô] Utßm ©WfNû]Lû[¾olTRtLô] TpúYß UôßThPY¯Øû\LÞPu á¥V ®ûX ÅRm UtßmBRôVeLû[ U§l©Óm JÚ LhÓlTÓjRlThP ùNVpØû\ Rôu NôRLUô]RuûU Tt± A±YÕ BÏm. ûLdùLôiÓYWlTP úYi¥V ùTôÚ°uA[ÅÓL°u ®[dLm, úRûYdúLt\T¥êXl ùTôÚs ¡ûPdÏm ®TWm,ùNnØû\ûV Y¬ûNd¡WUUôL ®[dÏmAhPYûQ Es[Pe¡V RVô¬l×Øû\«u Cu±VûUVôR ®TWeLsRWdLhÓlTôÓ SPY¥dûLLs, ªuNôWYN§, Ri½o ¡ûPdÏm YN§,úTôdÏYWjÕ YN§Ls Utßm ùRôûXj

ùRôPo× YûX AûUl× úTôu\LôW¦Lû[ CÕ Es[PdÏm.

NôRLUô] RuûUL°u YûLLs (Typesof feasibility)

1 NkûR ̈ XYW NôRLeLs (Market feasibility):

C§p RtúTôûRV NkûR ¨XYWeL°pG§oTôodÏm G§oLôX NkûR¨XYWeL°p CÚdÏm úTôh¥LsØRXô]ûY APeÏm.

2 ùRô¯p ÖhT NôRLeLs (Technical

feasibility): JÚ ùTôÚû[ GlT¥YZeÏYÕ Gu\ ®TWeLs.

3 ¨§ ¨ûX ¨XYWeL°p NôRLUô]ãZp (Financial feasibility): êXR]BRôWeLs, ùRô¯p ùRôPeL GqY[ÜBWmT ØRÄÓ úRûY Gu\ ®TWm,êXR]eLû[ ØRÄÓ ùNnYR]ôp§ÚmTd ¡ûPdÏm CXôTeLs,ØRXô]ûY Tt±V ®TWeLs.

4 ¨ßY]m ¨ßY NôRLUô] AmNeLs(Organisational feasibility): CÕ NhPm,NmTkRUô] Utßm ùRô¯pLhPûUl©u ̈ ßY]l Te¸Ó AûUlûT®Y¬d¡\Õ.

• ùTôÚ[ôRôW ùYt±dÏ ChÓf ùNpXdá¥V Yônl×Ls (Economic viability):

EsSôh¥u Utßm HtßU§f NkûRL°uúRûY«u §WhûP Ød¡VUôLEs[Pd¡Ùs[Õ. ªLl ùTôÚjRUôLØRÄÓ ùNôjÕ, ùTôÚ°u ®ûXûVU§lÀÓ ùNnRp, NkûR ®tTû]«púTôÕUô] TeûLd ûLlTtßRp G§oTôodÏm YÚUô]m ùTôÚjRUô] ®ûXdLhPûUl× Utßm Cu] ©\ NmTkRUô]


§hP EÚYôdLm, Yônl×Ls, NhP SûPØû\Ls (Project formation,feasibility, legal formalities)

úSôdLeLs: ClTôPj§u Cß§«p ¿eLs §\m ùT\ CÚlTûY• §hP A±dûL ARu NôRLUô] Yônl×Ls, ùYt±dÏ ChÓf ùNpXdá¥V RuûU,EjúRN U§lÀÓ Utßm ®ûX, NhPSûPØû\Ls

• §hP A±dûLdLôL LY²dLlTP úYi¥V LôW¦Lû[ Tt±f ÑÚdLUôL ®Y¬jRp• ¨ûXVô] êXR]m, ùNVpêXR]m Utßm êXR]jûR A§L¬dLf ùNnÙmùNVpØû\Ls Tt±d áßRp

• LPu ùLôÓdÏm ¨§ ¨ßY]eL°u BRôWeLs Tt± ®Y¬jRp.


46

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

SKILLS

¨ßYlTÓm §\u úRûYLû[Es[Pd¡VÕ.

• EjúRN U§lÀÓ Utßm ®ûXöQVm (Estimation and costing): §hPùNXÜ B]Õ CPm/¨Xm Utßm Lh¥PmBûX Utßm CVk§WeLs CVdLj§tÏØkûRV ùNXÜLs Utßm CÕ úTôu\§ÚmTj §ÚmT YWôR ùNXÜLs UtßmùRô¯p SPjÕm úTôÕ úRûYlTÓmØRÄhÓj úRûYLs êXl ùTôÚhL°uúRûY, T¦VôhLs NmT[m ØRXô]§ÚmTj §ÚmT YÚm ùNXÜLs CûYAû]jûRÙm Es[Pd¡VÕ. CYtû\®¬YôLj TôodL úYiÓm.

IkÕ YÚP LôXj§hPj§p G§o TôodLjRdL EtTj§f ùNXÜ U§l©P úYiÓm.Utßm ¨ûXVô] ùNXÜLs YpÛSoBúXôNû], TVQeLs, NmT[m, á≠,YôPûL, ®[mTWf ùNXÜLsØRXô]ûY) Utßm UôßTÓm ùNXÜLs,êX EúXôLm, úTdóúLé ùTôÚhLs,NWdÏYôPûLf ùNXÜLs ØRXô]ûYUtßm ®YôRj§tÏiPô] KnÜLôXmRWlTP úYiÓm.

JqùYôÚ UôRj§Ûm ¡ûPdÏm CXôTmR®W ØRÄÓ ùNnVlThP§p ¡ûPdÏmCXôT NR®Rm Utßm G§oTôodÏm®tTû]«u CXôTf NRÅRm CûYÙmL¦dLlThÓj RWlTP úYiÓm.

• öYôL ùNVp RÏ§ (Managerial

competence): £ß ùRô¯p ©¬®p ÖûZÙm×§V ùRô¯p Øû]úYôo úUXô[oB]Yo R]Õ ×§V £\kR ØVt£dÏAYWÕ ØÝ LY]jûRÙm AoT¦jÕRôu úRokùRÓjRúR ùTôÚs Õû\ûVùT¬VA[ûYXô] ùTôÚ[ôRôWfùNVpTôÓ G]d LÚR úYiÓm.

ARu ùYt±LWUô] Y[of£ûV Eß§ùNnYúRôÓ AYo SÅ] úUXôiûUT«t£Lû[ úUtùLs[ ¾®W ®ÚlTjûRY[ojÕd ùLôs[ úYiÓm. Ut\ùTôÚhLû[l TôojÕ LiûQ ê¥dùLôiÓ AúR úTôp ùNnVôUp AYWÕùNôkR SûP«p JÚ ×jRm×ÕEsÞQoÜ U]lTôe¡p, ×Õl ùTôÚû[NkûR«p C\dL AYo LÓûUVô]ØVt£«p DÓTP úYiÓm.

• NhPm NôokR SûPØû\Ls (Legal

formalities): Y¦L ¨ßY] NhPm GuTÕJÚ Uô¨Xj§u NhPm BÏm G]úYJqùYôÚ Uô¨XØm AÕ ARtúLtTR²jR² YûL«p ®§Øû\Lû[ AkRfNhPj§tÏ EÚYôd¡Ùs[]. CkRfNhPj§u Ï±dúLôs B]Õ LûPLsUtßm Y¦L ¨ßY]eLû[ SPjÕmØRXô°Ls Utßm AeÏ T¦VôtßmùRô¯Xô[oLÞdÏ NhPYWm×dÏhThPLPûUl ùTôßl× Utßm E¬ûULû[A°lTRôÏm. ùRô¯p ×¬Ùm ØRXô°«uÏÓmT Eßl©]oLû[Ùm R®ojÕ CkRfNhPm B]Õ, NmT[m Yôe¡d ùLôiÓApXÕ YôeLôUp T¦Vôtßm AjRû]ùRô¯Xô[oLÞdÏm ùTôÚkÕYRôÏm.

CkRf NhPm ¸rLiP ®§Øû\Lû[YÏjÕd áß¡\Õ:

1 JqùYôÚ Sôs Utßm YôWj§u T¦úSWm.

2 T¦l T¡oUô]m, CûPúYû[ KnÜúSWm, T¦ ùRôPeÏm Utßm Ø¥ÙmúSWm, ®ÓØû\ SôhLs, úR£V Utßm UR®ÓØû\Ls A§Ll T¥Vô] T¦úSWmØRXô]ûY Tt±V Y¯Lôh¥Ls.

3 £ßYoLs, Cû[OoLs UtßmùTiLÞdÏ úYûX ùLôÓjRp.

4 YÚPj§tÏ CjRû] SôhLs ®ÓØû\Gu\ ®§, úTßLôX ®Ól×, úSônLôWQUô] EPpSXm Ïu± UtßmNôRôWQ ®Ól× ØRXô]ûY Tt±V®§Øû\Ls.

5 T¦«p úNojÕd ùLôsÞRp UtßmúYûXûV ®hÓ ¿dÏRp CYt±tLô]®§Øû\Ls.

JÚ Y¦L §hPm/ §hP A±dûL(Creating a business plan/ Project report)

JqùYôÚ ×§V £\kR ØVt£dÏm JÚùRô¯p §hPjûR ùLôi¥ÚdL úYiÓm.ùNVp AÔÏØû\ Utßm ¾oUô²j§ÚdÏm×§V ØVt£«u ùNVpTôÓLû[ ®Y¬dÏmùRô¯p Øû]úYô¬u SûPØû\ GÝjÕY¥®Xô] ®[dLm Rôu ùRô¯p §hPmBÏm. JÚ Ye¡dÏd ùLôÓlTRtLôLjRVô¬dLlThP ùRô¯p §hPUô]Õ, LPu



47

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

SKILLS

ùTßYRtLô] BYQm ùNnRp ("loan

proposal."). Guß AûZdLl TÓ¡\Õ.

JÚ ¨ßY]j§u ùRô¯p §hPjûRGÝÕYRôp YÚm SuûU VôùR²p, AkRjùRô¯p NmTkRUô] Ntú\ H\dÏû\VAû]jûRÙm A±kÕ ùLôsÞm YûL«pùRô¯p Tt± £k§lTRtÏ AYoLsúSôdLeLû[ Ut\YoLÞdÏ ùR¬®lTRtÏØ¥ÜLs GÓlTRtÏ YN§VôL A¥lTûPBRôWeLs ùR¬YRtÏ Utßm §hPªPpùNVpØû\ûV úUtùLôs[ ERÜYRôLAûUÙm.

ùRô¯p Øû]úYôo B]Yo AYoL[ôLúYÑVUôL ùRô¯p §hPjûR RVôo ùNnVúYiÓm. BúXôNLoLs LQdLoLsúTôu\YoL°p BúXôNû]Ls Utßm¨×QjÕYjûR úLhP±kRôÛm áPARû] GÝ§VRtÏ AkR BúXôNLo RôuùTôßl× EûPVYo. ÑVUôLj §hPjûREÚYôdÏYÕ, ¾oUô²dLlTh¥ÚdÏmùRô¯≠u GpXôd úLôQeLû[Ùm FÓÚ®A±V ERÜm Utßm AYoLs Aû]jÕ®TWeLû[Ùm A±kÕ CÚlTûR Eß§ùNnÙm Hù]²p AYoLs Rôu AkRl ×§V£\kR ØVt£ NmTkRUô] Ø¥ÜLû[ GÓdLúYi¥VYoLs BRXôÛm AkR Ø¥®]ôpYÚm ®û[ÜLÞdÏ AYoLs RôuùTôßlTô[o GuTRôÛm ùRô¯pØû]úYôo AYoL[ôLúY ùRô¯p§hPjûR GÝR úYiÓm.

¨§ HtTôÓ ùNnRp, JÚ ùRô¯pùRôPeL ¨§ ER® (Arranging finance:Financing a start-up business)

TQjûR NmTô§dL TQm úRûYlTÓ¡\Õ.JÚ ùRô¯p ¨ßY]j§tÏ ARuùNVpTôÓLû[j ÕYdÏYRtÏ AkRfùNVpTôÓLû[ ùRôPoYRtÏ Utßm ARu®¬YôdLm Utßm Y[of£dÏ ¨§úRûYlTÓ¡\Õ. Yô¦Tj§u EsÞm×\Øm ùRôPokÕ ¨§lTônÜ CÚkÕùLôiúP CÚdÏm.

Eß§Vô] §hPeLs, §\ûUVô] EtTj§Utßm NkûRlTPjRp GpXôúU TQlTôn®u ºWô] RuûUûV NôokúR Es[Õ.

G]úY JÚ ¨§ Nôo§hPm RVô¬dLlTPúYi¥VÕ AY£VUô¡\Õ AÕTQjúRûY ̈ §¨ûXûV EVWf ùNnV BRôW

êXeLs Utßm ¨§ûVl TVuTÓjÕRpB¡VYtû\ EQojÕm.

JÚ ùRô¯p ùRôPeL ̈ §j §hPm ¾hÓRpB]Õ, AkRj ùRô¯≠u TpúYßúRûYLÞdÏ Ak¨ßY]j§tÏ úRûYlTÓmùUôjR ØRÄhÓj ùRôûL«u EjúRNU§lÀÓ ùNnY§p CÚkÕ ùRôPeÏ¡\Õ.

¸rLiP LôW¦Lû[d LY]j§p GÓjÕdùLôiÓ JÚ ¨ßY]j§u ¨§j§hPmYÏdLlTP úYiÓm:-

• AkR ¨ßY]j§u ¨§ CXdÏ.

• ùRô¯≠u YûL/ CVp× Utßm A[Ü.

• ¨ßY]m Tt±V GiQl T§Ü UtßmARu TQ U§l×.

• Y[of£ Utßm ®¬YôdLj §hPeLs.

• ØRÄhÓf NkûR«u RtúTôûRV ¨ûX.

• AWNôeL JÝeÏØû\Ls.

TQj úRûY«u YûLLs (Types of financialneeds)

• ¨ûXVô] ØRÄÓ (Fixed capital)

¨ûXVô] ApXÕ S≠Ü\ôUp ¿¥jÕCÚdLd á¥V ùNôjÕ YôeLj úRûYVô]TQm ¿iP LôX ØRÄÓ GußAûZdLlTÓ¡\Õ. CkR AûNVôf ùNôjÕB]Õ ¨Xm, Lh¥PeLs. CVk§WeLs,ETLWQeLs, UWl ùTôÚhLsØRXô]Ytû\ Es[Pd¡VÕ BÏm.

ùRô¯≠u CVp×m Utßm A[ÜmùTôÕYôLj úRûYlTÓm ¨ûXVô]ØRÄhûPj ¾oUô²d¡u\]. ERôWQUôLRVô¬l×f ùNVpTôÓLÞdÏ RVô¬l×¨ûXVm, CVkR§WeLs, TiPL NôûXUtßm Cu] ©\Yt±tÏ ùTÚU[®pØRÄÓ úRûYlTÓ¡\Õ. AúR NUVm Yô¦T¨ßY]eLÞdÏ Øu]ÕPu Jl©ÓûL«pAkR Uô§¬Vô] úRûYLÞdÏ Ïû\kRA[®Xô] ØRÄúP úTôÕUô]RôÏm.

¿¥jR LôX LhPeL°p SôhLs ùNpXfùNpX CkR ØRÄÓLs YÚYôn UtßmCXôTeLû[j RWj ùRôPeÏm, úUÛm¨ûXVô] ØRÄÓL[ô¡V ùNnVlThPêXR]m GÓdLlThÓ úYß©\TVuTôh¥tÏf ùNX®P Ø¥VôÕ.



48

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

SKILLS

• ÑZt£ êXR]m (Working capital)

Ïß¡V LôX ùNôjÕL[ôL ApXÕ SPl×¨§VôL ùNnVlTÓm ØRÄhÓl TQmB]Õ ÑZt£ êXR]m GußA±VlTÓ¡\Õ. CRàs êXl ùTôÚhLsYôeÏRp, NmT[m Utßm á≠ RÚRp,YôPûL , G¬ùTôÚs ùNXÜ ªuNôWmUtßm Ri½ÚdLô] RWlTÓm TQm,CVk§WeLû[l TÝÕ ¿dLm ùNnRp UtßmAYt±u TWôU¬l×dLô] ùNXÜ ®[mTWmùNnYRtÏ BÏm ùNXÜ ØRXô]ûYAPeÏm. CÕ R®W LPàdÏ ùLôÓdLlTÓmùTôÚhLs, LP]ô°L°u ©¥«pùT\lTÓm ÁRm WºÕ þp ûYdLlThÓCÕÜm RtúTôûRV ùNôjÕLs BLdLÚRlTÓm.

GpXô®RUô] úSôdLj§tÏ úRûYlTÓm¨§Vô]Õ Ïß¡VLôX CûPùY°L°pGÝ¡\Õ. ÑZt£ ØRÄÓ B]Õ ÑZt£êXR]m B¡\Õ. Hù]²p C§púUtùLôs[lTÓm êXR] ØRÄhÓl TQmB]Õ ùRôPof£VôLd TQUôL §ÚmTlùT\lTÓ¡\Õ. Utßm AlT¥ ¡ûPdÏmTQm UßT¥Ùm ØRÄÓ ùNnVlTÓ¡\Õ.

úRûYlTÓm ÑZt£ êXR]j§u A[ÜB]Õ ©WRô]UôLj ùRôZp CVp×CRVô¬l×f ùNVpØû\Lû[ Ø¥dL BÏmúRûYlTÓm úSWm/ LôX A[Ü Utßm GkRUô§¬Vô] ùTôÚhLs YôeLlTÓ¡u\]Utßm ®tLlTÓ¡u\] GuTûRfNôokÕs[Õ ERôWQj§tÏ Y¦L¨ßY]eLÞdÏ RVô¬l× ¨ßY]eLû[®Pd áÓRXô] ÑZt£ êXR]múRûYlTÓ¡\Õ.

êXR]jûR A§L¬dÏm Y¯Øû\Ls(Methods of raising capital)

Ïß¡V LôXj§p ApXÕ úTôÕUô] A[Ü¿iP LôX LhPj§p úRûYlTÓmùYqúYß úSôdLj§tLô] ¨§ A[ûYJqùYôÚ ¨ßY]Øm EVojR ¨û]dLXôm.ùRô¯≠uCVp× Utßm A[ûYf NôokúRJÚ ̈ ßY]j§u ùUôjR ̈ §j úRûY A[ÜCÚd¡\Õ.

GkR CPeL°p CÚkÕ TQm ¡ûPdÏmGuTûRf NôokÕ ¨§ ¨ûX A§L¬dÏmYônl×Ls Es[]. JúW JÚ R²jRØRXô°Vôp SPjRlTÓm ¨ßY]eLsUtßm TeÏRôWoLs SPjRlTÓm

¨ßY]eL[ôp ¨§ ¨ûXûV EVojRÏû\Yô] Yônl×Lú[ Es[]. AYoLs¸rLiP Y¯Øû\Ls êXm AYoL°uTQjúRûYûV éoj§ ùNnÕ ùLôs[Ø¥Ùm.

• AYoL°u ùNôkR TQjûRØRÄhPôdLXôm.

• SiToLs Utßm E\®]oL°PªÚkÕLPu YôeLXôm.

• Y¦L Ye¡L°Pm CÚkÕ, Øu TQmHtTôÓ ùNnVXôm.

• ¨§ ¨ßY]eL°p CÚkÕ LPuYôeLXôm.

Thù_h GuTÕ ªLÜm ®¬Yô] GpXôSPY¥dûLLû[Ùm LÚj§p Es[Pd¡VÕBÏm. úUÛm AÕ, ¨§d LQdÏ §hPjûRA¥lTûPVôLd ùLôiPRôÏm. AÕRVô¬dL úYi¥V RW ¨oQVmùNnVlTPôR ùTôÚû[ Es[Pd¡VÕBÏm. G²àm, ¨ûXVô]U§lÀÓ,ùNX®û] LhÓlTÓjRÜm, ®ûXLQd¡u ¿h¥lTôdLÜm Utßm CkR YûLLQdûL Thù_h¥tÏ ùY°úV CVdLØ¥VôÕ.

JÚ §hPm ùYt±VûPV ®ûX U§lÀÓ(Cost estimating) ªL Ød¡V úRûYVôÏm. JÚ§hPm úRôp® AûPYRtÏ úRûYVô]Y[eLû[l Tt±V Ïû\Yô] U§lÀúPùTôÕYô] LôW¦VôL AûUkÕ ®Ó¡\Õ.®ûX U§lÀÓ £X úSWeL°pThù_hPôLÜm ERôWQUôL LôhPlTÓ¡\Õ. úUÛm CÕ ùTôÚû[ EÚYôdLúRûYlTÓm úYßYûL úRûYVô]Y[eLÞdLôLÜm, TQ U§lûT A§L¬dLFPôÓm ùNVpØû\VôLÜm Es[Õ. JÚùTôÚû[ RVô¬lTRtÏ Øu ùNnVlTÓm®ûX U§lÀÓ (Cost estimation) U§lÀÓ (esti-

mation) Guß AûZdLlTÓ¡\Õ UtßmùTôÚû[ EtTj§ ùNnVj úRûYVô]Aû]jÕ ®ûX U§lûTÙm úNojÕ ®ûX¨oQVm ùNnVlThPôp AûRùTôÚÞdLô] ®ûX GußmAûZd¡uú\ôm. U§lÀÓ ApXÕ ®ûXU§l× GÕYôL CÚkRôÛm AûR AûPVCkR LôW¦Lû[ Es[Pd¡VRôL CÚdÏm.

EûZl©tLô] á≠ (Labour) (úSoØL UtßmUû\ØL EûZl× Utßm CRtÏEßÕûQVôL Es[ F¯VoL°u



49

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

SKILLS

F§VØm (supporting staff) APeÏm.

CÓ ùTôÚs (Raw material ) (ÖLoÜ ùTôÚsUtßm ÖLoÜ At\ ùTôÚs) (A)êXlùTôÚs)

ETLWQeLs Utßm CVk§WeLs

úNûYLs

ùUuùTôÚs, YuùTôÚÞdLô] ùNXÜLs

YN§Ls

RtùNVp ùNXÜLs (Contingency costs)

JÚ ùTôÚû[ RVô¬dL ERÜm êXlùTôÚ°u ®ûXûVÙm úNojÕ ùNnÙmùNXÜ Rôu ‘Costing’ Guß Ï±l©PlTÓ¡\Õ.C§p úSoØL Utßm Uû\ØL LôW¦Lû[LQd¡p GÓjÕd ùLôs[ úYiÓm. G]úYJÚ ùTôÚ°u ®ûX GuTÕ A§Ûs[ùNX®tLô] LôW¦Ls GußA±VlTÓ¡u\].

JÚ ùTôÚ°u ®ûXdLô] LôW¦Ls, AkRùTôÚ°u APdL ®ûX, EûZl×d á≠

Utßm CRW ùNXÜLs B¡VûYVôLCÚdLXôm.

ùTôÚÞdLô] ®ûX GuTÕ, AlùTôÚû[RVô¬dLl TVuTÓjRlTÓm êXlùTôÚs®ûXûV Ï±lTRôL CÚdÏm.

ùTôÚs RVô¬lTRtLô] á≠ GuTÕ AûRRVô¬l×l ©¬®p RVô¬dÏm ùRô¯Xô°dÏùLôÓdÏm F§VUôL CÚdÏm.

ùNXÅ]eLs GuTÕ YôPûL, úRnUô]m,ªuNôW ùNXÜ Utßm TXYtû\Es[Pd¡V ùNXYôL CÚdÏm.

JÚ ùTôÚÞdLô] ùNXÜ (®ûX) GuTÕúSoØL Utßm Uû\ØL ùNXÜ Guß CÚ©¬ÜL[ôL ®¬YôL ùLôs[lTÓ¡\Õ.

úSoØL ùNXÜ GuTÕ, ùTôÚs UtßmEtTj§«p DÓTÓm ùRô¯Xô°dLô]F§Vm Utßm ùNXÜLû[ Es[Pd¡VÕBÏm.

Uû\ØL ùNXÜ GuTÕ ùRô¯tNôûXdLô]ùNXÜLs, AÛYXLm Utßm öYôLùNXÜLs, ®tTû], Y¦Lm ùNnRp Utßm®¨úVôLm ùNnRp B¡V ùNXÜLû[Es[Pd¡VRôÏm.

JÚ ùTôÚ°u ®ûXûV öQVmùNnYRtLô] ®¬Yô] Y¥Ym ¸úZLôhPlThÓs[Õ.

A±ØLm (Introduction): ùTôÚ°u ®ûXGuTÕ AûR öQ«dÏm ®ûXûVdÏ±lTRôÏm. AlùTôÚÞdLô] ®ûXûVöQVm ùNnÙm LôW¦Ls, ®ûXdLô]LôW¦Ls BÏm.

®ûXdLô] LôW¦Ls (Elements of cost): JÚùTôÚ°u ®ûXûV öQVm ùNnV êußLôW¦Ls Es[]. AûY

1 êXl ùTôÚÞdLô] ùNXÜ (Material cost)

2 RVô¬lTRtLô] F§Vf ùNXÜ (Labour cost)

3 CRW ùNXÜLs (Expenses)

– ùTôÚÞdLô] ®ûX GuTÕ,AlùTôÚû[ RVô¬dLlTVuTÓjRlTÓm êXl ùTôÚs®ûXûVd Ï±lTRôL CÚdÏm.

– ùTôÚs RVô¬lTRtLô] á≠ GuTÕ,AûR RVô¬l× ©¬®p RVô¬dÏmùRô¯Xô°dÏ ùLôÓdÏm F§VUôLCÚdÏm.

– ùNX®]eLs GuTÕ YôPûL,úRnUô]m, ªuNôW ùNXÜ UtßmTXYtû\ Es[Pd¡V ùNXYôLCÚdÏm.

úSoØL Utßm Uû\ØL ùNXÜL°uLÚjÕÚYm (Concept of Direct and Indirect costs):ùUôjR ùNXÅ]m GuTûR úSoØL UtßmUû\ØL ùNXÜLs Guß YûLlTÓjRXôm.

úSoØL ùNXÜ (Direct cost): JÚ Ï±l©hPúNûY ©¬ÜdLôL ApXÕ EtTj§ùTôÚÞdLôL ApXÕ Ï±l©hPúYûXdLôL úRûY«u A¥lTûP«pJÕdLlTÓm ùNXÜLû[úV úSoØL ùNXÜGuß A±¡ú\ôm.

úSoØL ùNXÅ]m CqYô\ô] ùNXÜL[ôpB]Õ

1 úSW¥Vô] ùTôÚs ùLôsØRp ®ûX

2 úSW¥Vô] ùRô¯Xô°dLô] F§Vm

3 úSoØL ùNXÅ]eLs

Uû\ØL ùNXÜ (Indirect cost): JÚ Ï±l©hPúNûY ©¬ÜdLôL ApXÕ EtTj§ùTôÚÞdLôL ApXÕ Ï±l©hPúYûXdLôL úRûY«u A¥lTûP«pJÕdLlTPôR ùNXÜLû[úV Uû\ØLùNXÜ Gu¡ú\ôm.



50

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

SKILLS

JÚ §ûWlTP RVô¬l©p úRûYVô]ùTôÚsLs Utßm ùRô¯Xô[oL°uF§Vm R®W Hû]V A§LThNUô] ©\ùNXÅ]eLs Uû\ØL ùNXÜL[ôÏm.

Uû\ØL ùNXÅ]m CqYô\ô]ùNXÜL[ôp B]Õ (Indirect expenditure is

made up of)

1 ùRô¯tNôûX«u CVdL ¨ªjRUô]ùNXÅ]eLs

2 AÛYXLm Utßm öYôL ùNXÅ]eLs

3 ®tTÕ Utßm ®¨úVôLm ùNnYRtLô]ùNXÅ]eLs

ùNXÜL°u YûLlTÓjRp (Cost classifica-

tion): ùTôÕYô] ÏQSXuLs EûPV ÏÝfùNXÜLû[ ùNVpØû\«u YûLlTÓjRúXùNXÜL°u YûLlTÓjRp G]lTÓ¡\Õ.

ùNXÜ GuTÕ ARàûPV CVtûLjRuûUUtßm TpúYß ÏQSXuL[ô] ùNVpTôÓ,UôßTôPô] LhÓlTôPô] UtßmCVpTô] RuûU B¡VYtû\l ùTôßjÕYûLlTÓjRlThÓs[Õ.

1 CVp×jRuûU (Nature) : CVp×jRuûU«u A¥lTûP«p ùNXÜLsYûLlTÓjRlThÓs[].

a êXlùTôÚs ®ûX

b ùRô¯Xô°dLô] F§Vf ùNXÜ

c CRW ùNXÜLs

2 ùNVpTôÓLs (Function): SPY¥dûLLs©¬ÜL°u A¥lTûP«p ùNXÜLû[¸rLiPYôß YûLlTÓjRXôm.

a EtTj§dLô] ùNXÜ (Production cost)

b öYôLf ùNXÜ (Admistrative cost)

c ®tTRtLô] ùNXÜ (Selling cost)

d ®¨úVôLm ùNnYRtLô] ùNXÜ (Distri-

bution cost)

3 Uô\dá¥V (Variability ): EtTj§«u A[ÜúYßTôh¥u ùTôÝÕ ÏQSXuL°uA¥lTûP«p HtTÓm EtTj§f ùNXÜ¸rLiPYôß YûLlTÓjRlTÓ¡\Õ.

a ¨ûXVô] ùNXÜ (Fixed cost)

b AûW ¨ûXVô] ùNXÜ (Semi fixed cost)

c UôßTÓm ùNXÜ (Variable cost)

4 LhÓlTPd á¥V (Controllability): JÚEßl©]¬u SPY¥dûL êXm HtTÓmRôdLj§]ôp ùLôÓdLlTÓm ùNXÜLsCqYôß YûLlTÓjRlThÓs[].

a LhÓlTôh¥tÏs Es[ ùNXÜ

b LhÓlTôh¥tÏ AlTôtThP ùNXÜ

5 CVpTô] RuûU (Normality) : JÚÏ±l©hP ùY°lTÓ§\û] ùLôÓdÏmùTôÝÕ CVpTôL HtTÓm ùNXÜLsCqYôß YûLlTÓjRlThÓs[].

a NôRôWQ ùNXÜ

b ANôRôWQ ùNXÜ

ùUôjR ùNX®û] YZeÏRp (Presentation

of total cost): CVpTô] Øû\«p ùUôjRùNX®û] YZeÏRp ¸úZ Lôi©dLlThÓs[Õ.

ùUôjR ùNXÜ A±dûL (Statement of total

cost):

ìTôn

êXlùTôÚÞdLô] úSW¥ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ùNXÜ ------------------

úSW¥ F§Vm ------------------

úSW¥ ùNXÅ]eLs ------------------

“A” ØRuûU ùNXÜ ------------------

áhÓL (Add) : ùNXÜL°u -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------úUp Es[ úYûXLs -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ApXÕ ùRô¯tNôûX -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ùNXÅ]eLs ------------------

“B” úYûXdLô] ùNXÜLs ------------------

áhÓL (Add):

AÛYXLm Utßm öYôLf

ùNXÅ]eLs ------------------

“C” EtTj§dLô] ùNXÜ ------------------

áhÓL (Add):

®tTû] Utßm ®¨úVôLf -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ùNXÜLs

“D” ®tTû]dLô] ùNXÜ ------------------

áhÓL (Add):

XôTm ApXÕ Ïû\Ü -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------= SxPm ------------------

“E” ®tÏm ®ûX ------------------



51

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

SKILLS

úYßTÓm Øû\«p ùUôjR ùNX®û]YZeÏRp ¸úZ Lôi©dLlThÓs[Õ.

ùUôjR ùNXÜ A±dûL (Statement of totalcosts)

ìTôn

êXlùTôÚÞdLô] úSW¥ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ùNXÜ ------------------

úSW¥ F§Vm ------------------

úSW¥ ùNXÅ]eLs ------------------

“A” ØRuûU ùNXÜ ------------------

Add: úYßTÓm ùNXÅ]eLs ......................

“B” SÓ¨ûXVô] ùNXÜ ......................

Add: ¨ûXVô] úUp¨ûX .........................................ùNXÜLs ......................

“C” ùUôjR ùNXÜ ......................

¨ûXVô] Utßm ¨ûXVt\ ùNXÜLs(Fixed and variable costs): JÚ Ï±l©hP LôXúSW CûPùY°«p EtTj§«u TX¨ûXL°p ùNXÜLs JúW Uô§¬, ̈ ûXVô]ùNX®p CÚdÏm úYß YûL«p ùNôu]ôp,ùUôjRf ùNX®p Uôt\m CÚdLôÕ.ùRôPof£ ¨ûX«p EtTj§j§\uA§L¬dÏm ùTôÝÕ JúW JÚ ùTôÚÞdLô]®ûX Ht\m ªLd Ïû\YôL CÚdÏm.CûRúV ̈ ûXVô] ùNXÜ Guß A±¡ú\ôm.CÕ “À¬Vh Lôvh” (“Period Costs”) GußmAûZdLlTÓ¡\Õ.

¨ûXVt\ ùNXÜLs GuTÕ EtTj§j§\²u úYßTôÓ LôWQUôL HtTÓm ùNXÜBÏm.

Htßd ùLôsÞm ùNXÜ Utßm ®°m×¨ûX ùNXÜ (Absorption costing and Marginal

Costing): Htßd ùLôsÞm ùNXÜ GuTÕTôWmT¬V ApXÕ ØÝûUVô] ùNXÜØû\VôL Ï±l©PlTÓ¡\Õ. CkR Øû\«p¨ûXVô] Utßm ¨ûXVt\ ùNXÜØû\Lû[ LÚj§p ùLôiÓ JÚ ùTôÚ°u®ûX (ùNXÜ) ¨oQVm ùNnVlTÓ¡\Õ.Htßd ùLôsÞm ùNXÜ Øû\«p GpXô®RUô] ùNXÜLÞm RVô¬dLlThPùTôÚÞPu AûPVô[lTÓjRlTÓ¡\Õ.

®°m× ¨ûX ùNX®p JÚ ùTôÚ°uùNXûY (®ûXûV) ùRôÏdÏm ùTôÝÕ¨ûXVt\ ùNXÜ ¨ûXûV UhÓm LÚj§pùLôs[lTÓm ùRô¯pÖhT Øû\

LûP©¥dLlTÓ¡\Õ. ®°m× ¨ûXùTôÚ°u ®ûX Uô±d ùLôiúP«ÚdÏm.CkR Øû\«p ¨ûXVt\ ùNXÜLsGi¦dûLúLtT Uô±«ÚdÏm. ¨ûXVô]ùNXÜ GuTÕ AÕ ùNVpTÓm LôXj§tÏG§WôL TeL°lTRôL CÚdÏm.

G]úY TeL°l©tLô] ãj§WjûR¸rLiPYôß AûPVXôm.

TeL°l× = ®tÏm ®ûX þ ®°m× ¨ûX

( Contribution = sale price - marginal cost)

¨ûXVô] (RWUô]) ùNXÜØû\ (Standard

costing): CkR ùNXÜØû\ JÚ £\lTô]ùRô¯pÖhT Øû\VôÏm. C§p ¨ûXVô]ùNXÜLs Øu]úW ¾oUô²dLlThPJu\ôL CÚdÏm. EiûUVô] ùNXÜLsØu]úW ¾oUô²dLlThP ùNXÜPuJl©hÓl TôodLlTÓm. CkR CÚØû\LÞdÏ CûP«p Es[ úYßTôÓLsÏ±l× GÓdLlThÓ TÏlTônÜ ùNnVlTÓm.NôRLUt\ ®j§VôNeLÞdLô] LôW¦LsCÚl©u AYtû\ LhÓlTÓjR SPY¥dûLGÓdLlTÓm. ̈ ûXVô] ùNXÜ Øû\ ̈ oYôLúUXôiûU §hPªÓRp, Yô¦Tj§uTpúYß SPY¥dûLûV JÚe¡ûQlT§ÛmUtßm LhÓlTÓjÕY§Ûm JÚ YÛYô]LÚ®VôL TVuTÓ¡\Õ.

¨§ ¨ßY]eL°PªÚkÕ LPuYôeÏRp (Loans from financial institutions):¿iPLôX Utßm SÓjRW LôXd LhPj§pùLôÓdL HÕYôLd ¡ûPdÏm LPuLû[Uô¨X A[®Xô] ùRô¯p úUmTôhÓdLZLeLs ØR-VYt±p CÚkÕ ùT\ Ø¥Ùm.¨ßY]j§u ùNôjÕdLû[ APUô]UôLûYlTRu êXm, AûNVôf ùNôjÕdLû[©ûQVUôL APÏ ûYjÕ JÕd¡ YZeLfNmU§dLlThP LPû] ùT\ Ø¥Ùm.

Y¦L Ye¡L°p CÚkÕ ¡ûPdÏmLPuLs (Loans from commercial banks) :ùNôjÕdLû[ DPôL/ APÏ ûYjÕAYt±tÏ DPôn Y¦L úSôd¡Xô]Ye¡L°p CÚkÕ, SÓjRW LôXdLhPj§p§Úl©f ùNÛjR úYi¥V LPu ùRôûLûV¨ßY]eLs ùTtßd ùLôs[Xôm.SÅ]UVUôdLp Utßm ùNôjÕdLû[l×Õl©jRÛdLô] TQj úRûYLû[Ye¡L°PªÚkÕ LP]ôLl ùTtßdùLôs[Xôm.



52

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

SKILLS

ùRô¯p Øû]úYôo §hP Utßm AûR¨û\úYt\d á¥V A±dûLûV RVôo ùNnR©u× CÚ TÏ§L[ôL ReLs LPuúRûYLû[ ùY°lTÓjRXôm.

ùRô¯p Øû]úYôo Rôu ùRô¯p ùRôPeLCÚdÏm Uû] Utßm Lh¥Pj§tLô]BRôWeLû[d (ùNôkRUôLúYô ApXÕYôPûLdÏ GÓjúRô CÚdLXôm) LôhPúYiÓm. AÕ YôPûL CPUôL CÚl©u,AYÚûPV §hP A±dûLÙPu AkR ¨XE¬ûUVô[úWôÓ ùNnÕ ùLôiP YôPûLJlTkR EPuTôÓ Tj§WjûR Ye¡«PmNUol©dL úYiÓm.

CkR §hPj§tÏ úRûYVô] CVk§WeLû[YôeÏYRtÏj úRûYVô] ®ûXl×s°úVôÓ (quotation) úNojÕ Ïß¡V LôXLPu (ùNVtTôhÓ ¨§) Utßm ¿iP LôXLPu (¨WkRW ̈ §) B¡VYtû\ R²jR²VôLÏ±l©hÓd LôhP úYiÓm.

ùRô¯p Øû]úYôo ùRô¯p Õû\AÛYXLj§-ÚkÕ ùT\lThP RtLô≠L SSI

Nôu±RûZ NUo©dL úYiÓm.

LPu úRûYûV Eß§lTÓjR úRûYVôLCÚdLd á¥V CûQl×, G§o TôodLd á¥VYô¥dûLVô[oLs Tt±V RLYp UtßmY¦Lm ùNnYRtLô] Nôj§Vd áßLsB¡VYtû\ ¨§ YZeÏ ¨ßY]j§PmNUo©dL úYiÓm.

ùRô¯p Øû]úYôo úRûYlT¥u RôuYôeÏm Ye¡d LPàdÏ CûQVôLEj§WYôRm A°lTYo ApXÕ LPàdÏCûQVô] U§l×ûPV Ru ùNôjûRAPUô]m ûYdL RVôWôL CÚlTYWôLCÚdL úYiÓm.

ùRô¯p Øû]úYôo EtTj§ ̈ ûX«p Es[ùTôÚs ¨ûX Utßm Ru §hPj§tÏCûQVô] Htßd ùLôs[d á¥V LPu

®¡Rm Utßm Ru §hPm ùYt± AûPÙmGuTRtLô] ùNVp ®[dLm B¡VYtû\Li¥lTôL A°dL úYiÓm.

¨§ ¨ßY]m SûPØû\lTÓjÕm NhP§hPeLû[ ùRô¯p Øû]úYôoLi¥lTôL LûP©¥dL úYiÓm.

ÏßkùRô¯pLs Utßm UßTQjúRûYdLô] ØLûU (Micro units development

and refinance agency) (MUDRA):

MUDRA GuTÕ Sm ©WRU Uk§¬VôpHlWp 8, 2015m BiÓ ÕYd¡ ûYdLlThPùTôÕ ¨ßY]m BÏm.

CkR AûUl©u ØRuûU Ï±dúLôsGu]ùY²p, ©WRU Uk§¬ MUDRA úVô_]ô(PMMY) ®u ¸r JÚ Ye¡VôL ¨ßYlThÓARu êXm 10 CXhNm ìTôn YûW Ïß¨ßY]eLÞdÏ LPu Utßm UßLPuA°lTRu êXm úYûX Yônl×Lû[EÚYôdÏRp Utßm RVô¬l× ¨ßY]eLs¨§ EtTj§ ùNnRp, £pXû\ Y¦Lm,úY[ôi NôokR SPY¥dûLLÞdÏ ERÜRpBÏm. CkR PMMY êX¨§ûVTXYûLlTÓj§ Es[Õ.

1 Shishu þ LPu ùRôûL ì. 50,000/þ YûW

2 Kishor þ LPu ùRôûL ì. 50,000/þj§-ÚkÕ5 CXhNm YûW

3 Tarun þ LPu ùRôûL ì. 5 CXhNm ØRp10 CXhNm YûW.

CkR §hPj§u úSôdLm ̧ rLiPYtÏ ER®Utßm Y[of£dÏ ÕûQ ×¬Rp

§\u úUmTôÓ

ùRô¯p Øû]úYôo úUmTôÓ

Õû\ NôokR úUmTôÓ

Lp® ¨ßY] úUmTôÓ

¨§ NôokR Lp®V±Ü


ùNôjÕdLû[ APUô]UôL EÚYôdÏYûRjR®W úYß GkR NhP Nm©WRôVeLÞm CkRØû\«p TQm ùT\j úRûY«pûX.

LPu ùTßRp Utßm Ye¡ SûPØû\Ls (Loan procurement and bankingprocess)

úSôdLeLs : ClTôPj§u Cß§«p ¿eLs §\m ùT\ CÚlTûY• Ïß¡V LôX TQjúRûY Utßm ¿iP LôX TQj úRûYLû[ ®[dÏRp• LPu YôeÏYRtLô] Ye¡ SûPØû\Lû[ ®Y¬jRp• §hPeLÞdLô] LPu ùT\j úRûYVô] BYQf NôußLû[ Th¥V-ÓRp.


53

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

SKILLS

Name of the Bank: ....................................

LOAN APPLICATION FORM PRADHAN MANTRI MUDRA YOJANA (To be submitted along with documents as per the check list)

A.For office Use:

Enterprise Name Application Sl No. Name of Branch Category Shishu/Kishor/Tarun

B.Business Information:

Name of the

Enterprise

Constitution � Proprietary Partnership Pvt. Ltd. Ltd. Company Any Others (Specify)

Current Business

Address

State PIN Code

Business Premises � Rented Owned

Telephone No. Mobile No. 91

E-mail:

Business Activity Existing

Proposed

Date of Commencement (DD/MM/YYYY)

Whether the Unit is Registered � Yes No

If Registered (Please mention: Registration no.

And the Act under which registered)

Registered Office Address

Udyog Aadhaar Registered No.

Social Category � SC ST OBC Minority Community

If Minority

Community � Buddhists Muslims Christians Sikhs Jains Zoroastrians

C.Background Information of Proprietor/ Partner/ Directors:

S. No Name Date of

Birth

Sex Residential

Address with

Mobile No.

Academic

Qualification

Experience in the

line of activity (if

any

S. No Id Proof Id Proof

No.

Address

Proof

Address

Proof No.

Pan Car/

DIN No.

Relationship with the

officials/ Directors

of the bank if any

PMMYþu ̧ r ÏßeLPû] AÚLôûU«Ûs[Ye¡ ¡û[ AÛYXLj§-ÚkÕ ùT\Xôm.LPu YôeÏTYo (www.mudramitra.in) Gu\YûXjR[ ØLY¬«u êXm MUDRA LPuùTßYRtÏ ®iQlTm RôdLp ùNnVXôm.CkR MUDRA §hPj§p LPu ùT\ GkR

ØLYoLû[úVô (A) CûP¨ûXF¯VoLû[úVô MUDRA T¦VUojR®pûX.G]úY LPu YôeL ®ûZúYôo, CqYôßRuû] AûPVô[lTÓjÕm ØLY¬PmCÚkÕ ®X¡ CÚdÏUôß A±ÜßjRlTÓ¡\ôoLs.



54

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

SKILLS

D. Name of Associate Concerns and Nature of Association:

Name of

Associate

concern

Address of

Associate

Concern

Presently

Banking with

Nature of

Association

Concern

Extent of Interest as a

Prop./Partner/Director or Just

Investor in Associate Concern

E. Banking/ Credit Facilities Existing: (In Rs.) Type Of

Facilities

Presently

Banking With

Limit

Availed

Outstanding As

On............

Security

lodged

Asset

classification

status

Savings Account N.A. N.A.

Current Account N.A. N.A.

Cash Credit

Term Loan

LC/BG

If banking with this bank, customer ID to be given here:

It is certified that our unit has not availed any loan from any other bank/ Financial institutional in the past

and I/we am/are not indebted to any other Bank / Financial Institution other than those mentioned in column

no. E above.

F. Credit Facilities Proposed :( In Rs.)

Type of Facilities Amount Purpose for which

Required

Details of Primary Security Offered (with

approx. value to be mentioned)

Cash credit

Term loan

LC/BG

Total

G. In case of Working Capital: Basis of Cash Credit Limit applied: (In Rs.)

Actual Sales Projected

FY- FY- Sales Working

Cycle in

Months

Inventory Debtors Creditors Promoter's

Contribution

Limits

H. In Case of Term loan requirements, the details of machinery/ equipment may be given as under:

Type of

machine/

equipment

Purpose for

which required

Name of

Supplier

Total Cost of

Machine

Contribution being

made by the

promoters (Rs.)

Loan Required

(Rs)

Total

Repayment period with moratorium period requested for



55

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

SKILLS

I. Past Performance / Future Estimates: (In Rs.) Past Performance / Future Estimates (Actual performance for two previous years, estimates for current year

and projections for next year to be provided for working capital facilities. However for term loan facilities

projections to be provided till the proposed year of repayment of loan.)

Past Year - II

(Actual)

Past Year -II

(Actual)

Present Year

(Estimate)

Next Year

(Projection)

Net Sales Net Profit Capital (Net

Worth in case of

Companies)

J. Status Regarding Statutory Obligations: Statutory Obligations Whether

Complied with

(select Yes/No)

if not applicable

then select N.A.

Remarks

(Any details in

connection with the

relevant obligation to be

given.)

1. Registration under Shops and Establishment Act

2. Registration under MSME (Provisional / Final)

3. Drug License

4. Latest Sales Tax Return Filed

5. Latest Income Tax Returns Filed

6. Any other Statutory dues remaining outstanding

K. Declaration :

I/We hereby certify that all information furnished by me/us is true, correct and complete. I/We

have no borrowing arrangements for the units except as indicated in the application form. There

is/are no overdue/ statutory due owed by me/us. I/We shall furnish all other information that

many be required by Bank in connection with my/our application. The information may also be

exchanged by you with any agency you may deem fit. You, your representatives or Reserve

Bank of India or Mudra Ltd., or any other agency as authorised by you, may at any time, inspect/

verify my/ our assets, books of accounts etc. in our factory/business premises as given above.

You may take appropriate safeguards/action for recovery of bank's dues.

Space for Photo

Space for Photo

Space for Photo

(Signature of Proprietor/partner/director whose photo is affixed above)

Date : ______________

Place: ______________



56

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

SKILLS

CHECK LIST :SHISHU

1. Prof of identity - Self Certified copy of Voter's ID card / Driving License/ Pan Card/

Aadhaar Card/ Passport/ Photo Ids issued by Govt. authority etc.

2. Proof of Residence - Recent telephone bill/electricity bill(not older than 2 months), latest

property tax receipt, Voter's ID card, Aadhaar Card, Passport of individual/ Proprietor/

Partners, Certificate issued by Govt. Authority/ Local Panchayat/ Municipality etc.

3. Applicant's Recent Photograph (2 Copies) not older than 6 months.

4. Proof of SC/ST/OBC/Minority, if applicable.

5. Proof of identity / Address of the Business Enterprises - if available.

6. Statement of Account from the existing Banker for the last six months, if any.

7. Quotation of Machinery / other items to be purchased.

CHECK LIST : KISHORE & TARUN

1. Proof of identity - Self certified copy of Voter's ID card / Driving License / PAN Card/ /

Aadhaar Card/ Passport/ Photo Ids issued by Govt. authority etc.

2. Proof of Residence - Recent telephone bill/electricity bill( not older than 2 months),latest

property tax receipt, Voter's ID card, Aadhaar Card, Passport of individual/ Proprietor/

Partners, Certificate issued by Govt. Authority/ Local Panchayat/ Municipality etc.

3. Proof of SC/ST/OBC/Minority, if applicable.

4. Proof of Identity / Address for the Business Enterprise - Copies of relevant Licenses/

Registration Certificates / Lease to Rent agreement/ Other Documents pertaining to the

ownership, identity of address of business unit / Udyog Aadhaar Memorandum.

5. Statement of Accounts from the existing Banker for the last six months, if any.

6. Last two years unaudited balance sheet of the existing units along with income tax/ sales

tax returns etc. (Applicable for loans of Rs. 2 lacs and above.)

7. Projected balance sheets of the start -ups/ existing units for one year in case of working

capital limits and for the period of the loan in case of term loan (Applicable for loans of

Rs. 2 lacs and above.)

8. Sales achieved during the current financial year up to the date of submission of

application (in case of existing units).

9. Performa invoices / Quotations for the assets to be purchased and estimates for the civil

works, if any to be undertaken. Aspect of technical feasibility and economic viability

may be discussed with borrower if felt necessary.

10. Asset & Liability statement of the borrower including Directors & Partners.

11. Memorandum and Articles of association of the company / Partnership Deed of Partners

etc. wherever applicable.

12. Photos (two copies) of applicant/ Proprietor/ Partners/ Directors not older than 6 months.



57

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

SKILLS


éoYôeLj §hP A±dûL Uô§¬ T¥YjûR ¨Wl×Rp (Filling up the prelimi-nary project report proforma)

úSôdLeLs : ClT«t£«u Cß§«p ¿eLs §\m ùT\ CÚlTûY• §hP A±dûL Uô§¬ T¥YjûRd LY]UôL Yô£jÕ úRûYVô] ®TWeLû[fúNL¬jRp

• ùTôÚjRUô] ®TWeL[ôp Uô§¬l T¥Yj§p Es[ JqùYôÚ LhPjûRÙm¨Wl×Rp

• ¨WlTlThP §hP A±dûLûVf N¬ TôojÕ EeLs ûLùVôlTm CÓRp.


1 §hP A±dûL Uô§¬ T¥YjûRdLY]UôLl T¥dLÜm.

2 §hP A±dûLÙPu úNojÕûYlTRtLô] CûQl× Utßm®TWeLû[f úNL¬dLÜm.

3 §hP A±dûL Uô§¬l T¥YjûRjùR°YôL (Ju\u ©u Ju\ôLLhPeLû[) (one by one column) ¨WlTÜm.

Uô§¬ T¥YjûR ¨Wl×m úTôÕA¥jRp, §ÚjRp CpXôUp¨WlTÜm. ØR≠p Uô§¬l T¥Yj§uù_Wôdv þI ¨Wl© ®hÓ ©u]oUô§¬ T¥YjûR ¨Wl×YÕ SXmTVdÏm.

4 ùTôÚjRUô] ®TWeL[ôp Uô§¬T¥Yj§u LhPeLû[ ¨WlTÜm.

5 ÁiÓm JÚ Øû\ ¨WlTlThPLhPeLû[ úNô§jÕ úRûYVô]RLYpL[ôp GpXôd LhPeLÞm¨WlTlTh¥ÚlTûR Eß§ ùNnÕùLôs[Üm.

6 ¨WlTlThP §hP A±dûLûV EeLsT«tßS¬Pm ùLôÓjÕ úNô§dLlThÓYôe¡ ûYdLÜm.

7 ARtÏ¬V CPj§p U\dLôUp EeLsûLùVôlTm CPÜm.

AûUlTô[¬Pm CÚkÕ ApXÕAe¸L¬dLlThP RûXûU«PmCÚkÕ ûLùVôlTm ùTtßdùLôs[Üm.

(A) AûPVô[f Nôuß ®TWeLs/ A±ØLm (Identification particulars/ Introduction):

§hPªPlThP ¨ßY]j§u ùTVo(Name of the proposed organization)

ØLY¬:

AûUlTô[oLs ØLY¬:

RVô¬dLlTP CÚd¡u\ ùTôÚhLs:

YÚPôk§W EtTj§ §\u A[Ü UtßmARu U§l×:A[Ü:U§l×:

ùUôjR ØRÄÓ (Rs.):

ùNôkR CÚl×l TQm:

LPu Yôe¡V TQm :

¨ßY]j§u YûL: R²STo ØRXô°/ TeÏRôWoLÞPu á¥VÕ/ áhÓ\Ü

NeLm/ ©\


58

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

SKILLS

(B) AûUlTô[oLs / ùRô¯p Øû]úYôo ®TWeLs (Details of the Promoter(s) /Entrepre-neur):

• RLYp ùRôPo©tÏl ùTVo Utßm ØLY¬

• ©\kR úR§ Utßm YVÕ.

• ¿eLs SC/ST/OBC/Others þIf NôokRYWô? (RVÜ ùNnÕ Ï±l©PÜm)

• Lp®j RÏ§

• £\l×l T«t£ HúRàm CÚl©u,

• úYûX TôojR AàTYm (LPkR Utßm ¨Lr)

(JÚ ùRô¯p Øû]úYôûWd Lôh¥Ûm A§L Gi¦dûL«p EjúR£dLlThP ¨ßY]m¨ßYlTÓUô]ôp JqùYôÚ TeÏRôWdÏm R²jR²jRôû[ CûQdLÜm.)

(C) EjúR£dLlThP §hPj§u ®TWeLs (Details of the proposed project):

Y¬ûN ùTôÚs/ úNûYf YÚPôk§W YÚPôk§WGi ùNVpTôÓ (Item/ ùUôjR A[Ü ®tTû] YÚYôn

Product/ Service activity) (Total quantity / Year) (Sales Revenue/ year)

(D) NkûR Yônl× Y[m (Market potential):

ùTôÚÞdLô] úRûY (demand) UtßmG°§p ¡ûPdLdá¥V ¨ûX EjúRNU§lÀÓ úUt ùLôs[lTP úYiÓm.

(A) ®¬Yô] NkûRl ×s° ®TWj §hPA±dûLûV (market survey report) CûQdLúYiÓm.

EtTj§ Øû\Ls JÚ ©Wôù^v lú[ô ÌhûP(Production methods) ùNVpTôÓLû[ Y¬ûNd¡WUUôL

Ï±jÕ CYtû\ Es[Pd¡VjR²jR²j Rôû[ CûQdLÜm.(Attach separate sheet incorporating a processflow-sheet, indicating sequence of operations).

RWdLhÓlTôÓ/ ¨oQVeLs(Quality control / Standards)

YÚPôk§W EtTj§ CXdÏ(Target production per annum)

A[Ü (Quantity):

U§l× (Value):

(E) RVô¬l× Øû\ Utßm ùRô¯p ÖhT ®TWeLs (Method of manufacture and technicaldetails):



59

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

SKILLS

(F) ¨ûXVô] êXR]m (Fixed capital):

(F1) ¨Xm Utßm Lh¥Pm (Land and building)

¨Xm (Land) (TWlT[Ü þ NÕW ÁhPoL°p)

(Area in square meters) ___________ sq.m:

U§l× (Value) - Rs.

Lh¥PeLs (A[Ü, TWl× Ï±l©PÜm)(Buildings (specify the size/dimensions, area) :U§l× (Value) - Rs.

(ùRô¯tNôûX Y[ôLm YôPûLdÏGÓdLlTÓYRôL CÚkRôp, ARu®TWeLû[ ©\ ùNXÜLs Gu\ ÕûQjRûXl©p Ï±l©PÜm.)

(F2) CVk§WeLs/ ETLWQeLs (Machinery / Equipments):

(F3) §Úl©j RWlTPôR Øu TQm UtßmúNªl× (Non-refundable advances & deposits)

(F4) ¨LÝm Yônl×s[ G§oLôXfãr¨ûXdLô]f ùNXÜLs(Contingency ex-penses)

Fixed capital:F= F1+F2+F3+F4 =

(G) ùNVpTôh¥tÏ úRûYVô] ØRÄÓ(Working Capital)

(G1) êXl ùTôÚhLs (UôRj§tÏ) (Rawmaterials(per month)

Y¬ûN ®TWm úRûYVô] ®ûX ùUôjRU§l× YZeÏTY¬uGi Gi¦dûL AXÏ (Rs.) ùTVo/ ØLY¬

ùUôjRm (A)Total (A)

úNô§dÏm ETLWQeLs (Testing equipments)

10 NRÅR CVk§W ®ûX«p ªu NôR]m¨ßY]m Utßm ùRôPdLf ùNXÜ(Electricals, erection & commissioningcharges @ 10% of machinery cost)

EÚYôdÏRp, Utßm ùTôÚjÕRp, Aû\LXuLs, AÛYXL ETLWQeLs (Moulds,dies and fixtures, Furniture, Office equipments)

ùUôjRm (B)Total (B)

ùUôjRm (A+B)(Total (A+B)



60

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

SKILLS

(G2) TVuTôÓ (UôRj§tÏ)(Utilities (permonth)

(G3) U²R Nd§ úRûYLs Utßm NmT[ ®TWeLs (UôRj§tÏ) (Man power requirements &wage details (per month)

Y¬ûN EÚlT¥ ùUôjR YÚPôk§W úRûY ùTôÚs YZeÏTY¬u(Item) ùTVo/ ØLY¬

A[Ü (Quantity) U§l× (Value)

ùUôjRm(Total (Rs.)

Y¬ûN ®TWeLs YÚPôk§W ùUôjR Ï±l×LsGi úRûY YÚPôk§Wf

ùNXÜLs

1 ªuNôWm(Electricity)

2 Ri½o(Water)

3 ¨XdL¬/GiùQn(Coal/Oil)

ùUôjRm(Total(Rs)

Y¬ûN ®TWeLs Gi¦dûL T¦Vô[oL°u ùUôjRd á≠

Gi UôRôk§Wf Utßm NmT[m (Rs.)

NmT[m



61

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

SKILLS

(G4) ©\ ùNXÜLs (UôRj§tÏ) (Other Expenses (per month)

YôPûL (Rent)

¨oYôLf ùNXÜLsþ RTôp ùNXÜ, GÝÕùTôÚs ùNXÜ ØRXô]ûY(Administrative Expenses - Postage, Stationery etc)

®[mTWf ùNXÜ Utßm ©WTXlTÓjÕRpYûLf ùNXÜ CYtû\ Es[Pd¡V®tTû]f ùNXÜLs(Sales Expenditures including advertising and Publicity)

TÝÕ ¿dLm Utßm TWôU¬l×(Repairs and Maintenance)

úTôdÏYWjÕf ùNXÜLs (Transport Expenses)

Y¬Ls/ LôlÀÓ (Taxes / Insurance)

CRWf ùNXÜLs (Others)

ùUôjRm (Total)

Working Capital êuß UôReLÞdÏ (3 months) G= (G1+G2+G3+G4)*3 = Rs._______________

(H) §hPf ùNXÜ/ ùUôjR êXR] ØRÄÓ (Cost of the Project / Total Capital Investment (Rs.)

¨ûXVô] êXR]m (Fixed Capital) (F)

ùNVXôdL ùNXÜ (Working Capital) (G)

CVdLj ùRôPeÏm Øu]Rô] ùNXÜLs(Pre-operative Expenses) (KhÓ ùUôjRm (Lumpsum)

ùUôjRm (Total)

(I) ¨§ BRôWm (Sources of Finance):

Y¬ûN ®TWeLs U§l× Ï±l×Ls

1 TÚYd LPu (Term Loan)

2 ùNVp BdL êXR]d LPu(Working Capital Loan)

3 ùNôkR ØRÄÓ(Own Investment)

4 Uô²Vm (Subsidy)

5 ©\ BRôWeLs / Y¯Ls(Other sources, if any)



62

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

SKILLS

(J) YÚPôk§W ®tTû] (Annual Sales):

EÚlT¥/ùTôÚs AXÏ (Unit) ®ûX (Rs.) ùUôjRm (Rs.)(MT/Kg../Ltr.) Total

(K) §hP CXôTl TÏlTônÜ (Project Profitability Analysis):

Y¬ûN Gi ®TWm (Description) U§l× (Rs.)

K1 ®tTû]Vôp ¡ûPjR YÚYôn (Sales Revenue)

K2 RVô¬l×f ùNXÜLs (êXl ùTôÚhLs + TVuTôhÓf ùNXÜ + NmT[m Utßm á≠)

(Manufacturing Expenses (Raw materials + Utilities + Salaries& Wages)

K3 ®t\p Utßm T¡oUô]f ùNXÜLs(Selling & Distribution Expenses)

K4 ¨oYôLf ùNXÜLs (Administrative Expenses)

K5 Yh¥ (Interest)

K6 U§l×d Ïû\Rp (Depreciation)

K7 ùUôjR CXôTm (Gross profit K1 - (K2+K3+K4+K5+K6)

K8 YÚUô] Y¬ (Income Tax)

K9 ¨LW CXôTm (Net Profit (K7 - K8)

(L) Ød¡V ®¡ReLs (Key Ratios)

(M) áÓRp ®TWeLs, HúRàm CÚkRôp (Supplementary details, if any)

úR§ (Date):

CPm (Place):

HtTôhPô[¬u ûLùVôlTm/ A§LôWéoY ûLùVôlTm

Signature of the promoter/ Authorised signatory

1 BRôV ÅRm (Profitability ratio)

2 ØRÄÓL°u CÚkÕ ¡ûPdÏm BRôVm(Return on investment)

3 LPu ùRôûL (Debt : Equity Ratio)

4 LPu ùT\lThP ÅRm (Debt Service Coverage Ratio)

5 SPl× ÅRm (Current Ratio)

6 ¨LW CXôTj§u TeÏ (Return on Equity)

7 CûPdLôX ÅRm (Percentage of Break-Even)



63

PRODUCTIVITY

úYûX Yônl×j §\uLs þ EtTj§ ÅRm LÚj§Vp 2.2.36

EtTj§ ÅRm (Productivity)

úSôdLeLs: ClTôPj§u Cß§«p ¿eLs §\m ùT\ CÚlTûY• EtTj§ ÅRj§u ùTôÚû[ (meaning) ERôWQeLÞPu áßRp• EtTj§ ÅRj§u AY£VjûR (necessity) ®Y¬jRp• ùUôjR EsSôhÓ EtTj§ (GDP) (Gross Domestic Product) þu ùTôÚû[d áßRp.

YûWVû\ ùNnRp (Definition)

Es°ÓYRtÏm A§≠ÚkÕ ùY°YÚmTXàdÏm CûP«Xô] ÅRm Guß EtTj§ÅRjûR YûWVû\ ùNnVXôm.

CkR ®[dLm /YûWVû\ B]Õ JÚ¨ßY]j§p JÚ ùRô¯tNôûX«p ApXÕùTôÚ[ôRôWj§p, JhÓ ùUôjRUôLlTVuTÓjRlTÓ¡\Õ.

EtTj§ ÅRm GuTÕ, EtTj§SPY¥dûL«p ETúVôLlTÓjRlThPGkRùYôÚ ùTôÚ°u A[ÜdÏm UtßmEtTj§ ùNnVlThP ùTôÚ°u A[ÜdÏmCûP«Xô], L¦R Ã§Vô] ÅRjûRj R®WúYß GÕÜm CpûX. CkR Y[eL[ô]ûY:(¨Xm/ CPm BL, ùTôÚ[ôL, ̈ ûXVô]RôL,CVk§WeLs Utßm LÚ®L[ôL )

T¦VôhL°u úNûYVôL ApXÕùTôÕYôL ùNôpXlTÓm ¨LrYôL CkRSôuÏm úNokR LXûY BLúYô CÚdLXôm.

JqùYôÚ YûL«u ERôWQeLs(Examples of each type)

¨Xj§p EtTj§ ÅRm (Productivity of land) :

úUmThP ®ûRLû[ ETúVô¡jÕ úUmThPT«o Y[of£dÏm Øû\Lû[ ETúVô¡jÕA§L EWeLû[ ETúVô¡lTRu êXm,Rô²Vm ®û[fNûX (yield of corn) JÚÏ±l©hP HdLo ¨Xj§p/ YV≠p CÚkÕ(2) Ï®iPô≠p CÚkÕ (3) Ï®iPôp(2 quintals to 3 quintals), BL A§L¬dLf ùNnVØ¥Ùm. G²p, ¨Xj§u EtTj§ ÅRm(productivity of LAND) ®YNôVl TôoûY«p,50 NRÅRm (50 percent) A§L¬dLlThÓs[Õ.

ùTôÚhL°u EtTj§ ÅRm (Productivity of

materials) : 1 ÁhPo Õ¦«p CÚkÕ JÚ§\ûU YônkR ûRVtLôWWôp 2 suit ùYhPØ¥Ùm G²p, úUÛm AúR A[Ü Õ¦«pCÚkÕ §\ûU AqY[YôL CpXôR (unskilled)

ûRVtLôWWôp Juß UhÓúU ùYhP

Ø¥ÙúUVô]ôp (skilled tailor) ûLL°p A§LEtTj§ ÅRj§p Õ¦ ûLVô[lThÓs[ÕGu\ô¡\Õ.

CVk§WeL°u EtTj§ §\u ÅRm(Productivity of machines) : JÚ CVk§Wm B]Õ,JÚ T¦ Sô°p 100 Gi¦dûL«p JÚùTôÚû[ EtTj§ ùNn¡\Õ.G²p úUmThP ùYhÓ°Lû[ETúVô¡lTRu êXm AúR A[Ü úSWj§p(output) þI 120 Gi¦dûLVôL EVojRØ¥ÙùU²p, CVk§Wj§u EtTj§ §\uÅRm 20 NRÅRm (20 percent) A§L¬jÕs[ÕG]lTÓ¡\Õ.

T¦VôhL°u EtTj§ §\u ÅRm(Productivity of men) :JÚ ÏVYu (potter)

B]YoJÚ U¦ úSWj§p 30 RhÓLs(30 plates) ùNnTYWôL CÚkRôp úUmThPùNnØû\L[ôp 1 U¦ úSWj§p 40 RhÓLs(40 plates) AYWôp ùNnV Ø¥kRôp AkRU²R]ôp 33 NRÅRm EtTj§ A[Ü ÅRm(productivity of that man) A§L¬jÕs[ÕGuTRô¡\Õ.

úUúX ùNôpXlThÓs[ AkR êuß G°VERôWQeL°Ûm EtTj§ ùY°lTôÓA§L¬jÕs[Õ. EtTj§ ÅR NRÅRØmEVokÕs[Õ. B]ôp (input resources)þIA§L¬jÕ AR]ôp ARtúLtT (output)

EVokRôp AlúTôÕ EtTj§ ÅRmA§L¬jRôLd á\ Ø¥VôÕ.

ÑÚdLUôL ùNôpYùRu\ôp (higher productivity)

A§L EtTj§ ÅRm GuTÕ AúR A[ÜêXl ùTôÚû[ ùNXÜ ùNnÕ AlúTôÕáÓm A§Ll T¥Vô] EtTj§ GuTRôÏm.ARôYÕ ¨Xj§p ùTôÚ°p CVk§Wj§púSWm ApXÕ T¦VôhL°p ùNnVlTÓmAúR A[Ü ùNX®p áÓRXôLd ¡ûPdÏmEtTj§ YÚUô]m A§L¬jÕs[ÕGuTRôÏm. CûRúV úYßUô§¬d á\úYiÓùU²p AúR A[Ü EtTj§ûV


64

PRODUCTIVITY

ØuûT ®Pd Ïû\Yô] A[Ü ùNX®p,¨Xm, ùTôÚs, CVk§Wm, úSWm UtßmT¦Vôs TVuTôh¥p Ïû\Yô] ùNX®pùNnÕ Ø¥lTRôÏm. AqYôß ùNnÕEtTj§ á¥]ôp AÕ EtTj§ ÅRmA§L¬jÕs[Õ GuTûRd Ï±dÏm.

EtTj§«u AY£Vm (Necessity ofproductivity)

JqùYôÚ SôÓm ApXÕ NêLØmLi¥lTôL, LôX KhPj§p, ÑV Nôo×EûPVRôL CÚdL úYiÓm. ©W§¨§VôL®[eÏm Ï¥ULu RuàûPV ùNôkRØVt£Vôp Utßm Aû]jÕ NL U²RoL°uùNôkR ØVt£Vôp Nô§júR YôrdûLj RWmAûPVl ùTt\RôÏm.

GkRùYôÚ NêLj§tÏm ùNnVlThPúNûYLs Utßm ùTôÚhL°u áÓRp ªûLA[úY AfNêLj§p EVo NWôN¬ YôrdûLjRWUôL ®[eÏm.

EtTj§ ùNnVlTÓm ùTôÚhLs UtßmùNnVlTÓm úNûYL°u A[ûYA§L¬lTRtÏ CWiÓ Y¯Øû\Ls Es[].Juß úYûXYônlûT A§L¬lTÕ UtßmUtù\ôuß EtTj§ ÅRjûR A§L¬lTÕ.

ùUôjR Es SôhÓ EtTj§ (GDP) (GrossDomestic Product)

GDP GuTÕ YZdLUôL YÚPôk§WA¥lTûP«p LQdùLÓdLlThPôÛm,Sôh¥u GpûXLÞdÏs Ï±l©hP LôXYWm©p EtTj§ ùNnVlThP Aû]jÕlùTôÚhL°u Utßm úNûYL°u TQU§l× BÏm. CÕ Aû]jÕ R²Vôo UtßmùTôÕ UdLs ùNXÜ ùNnRÕ, AWNôeLsùNXÜ ùNnR §hPf ùNXÜ ØRÄÓLsUtßm HtßU§, JÚ Ï±l©hP Sôh¥uGpûXdÏs ¨LrkR Ïû\Yô] C\dÏU§CYtû\ CÕ Es[Pd¡VÕ.

GDP = C + G + I + NX

CeÏ:

"C" JÚ úRNj§u ùTôÚ[ôRôWj§pAû]jÕ R²Vôo ÖLoÜ ApXÕÖLoúYôo ùNnR ùNXÜ.

"G" AWNôeLm ùNnR ùNXÜL°uùUôjRm

"I" Sôh¥u Aû]jÕ ùRô¯pL°ÛmêXR]j§p ùNnVlThP ùNXÜL°u ùUôjRm.

"NX" GuTÕ úRNj§u ùUôjR ¨LW HtßU§BÏm. CÕ ùUôjR HtßU§«p CÚkÕùUôjR C\dÏU§ûVd L¯jÕdLQd¡PlTÓ¡\Õ. (NX = Exports - Imports)

SôÓLÞd¡ûP«p YôrdûLj RWjûRJl©ÓY§p §\mTP ®[dÏRpCpXô®¥àm, ùNpY Y[jûR A[lT§pJÚ ®gOô] Y¯Øû\ Es[Õ. CÕ êXR]A[®p GDP Guß (GDP per capita measure).

AûZdLlTÓ¡\Õ. CÕ G°ûUVôL (nominal

GDP) þI ùTôÕYô] SôQVj§p US dollars,þpYÏjÕ ARôYÕ Sôh¥p Es[ ùUôjRUdLs Gi¦dûL«p nominal GDPþIYÏlTÕ BÏm. CÕ UdLs ùRôûL«pJqùYôÚ ST¬PØm CÚdÏm NWôN¬YÚUô] A[YôÏm. úYß®RUôL CRû]fùNôpYRu\ôp JqùYôÚ R² STÚm A§LTQm NmTô§dL Ø¥kRôp YôrdûLj RWmEVokÕ LôQlTÓm GuTRôÏm.

ùTôÚ[RôW ùN¯lûT SôÓLÞdÏ CûP«pJl©ÓYRtÏ CÕ JÚ SpX TVàs[Y¯Øû\ BÏm. ERôWQj§tÏAùU¬dLô®p US þp GDP per capita B]Õ$25,000 BÏm. AúR NUVm ùUdv³úLô®p(Mexico) AÕ ÑUôo $7000 BL CÚdÏm.C§≠ÚkÕ ùR¬V YÚYÕ YôrdûL RWmSÓ¨ûXVôL Es[Õ. ùUdv³úLô®uYôrdûL RWjûR ®P AùU¬dLô®uYôrdûL RWm EVokÕ LôQlTÓ¡\Õ. CúRXôw´dûL GkR CÚ SôÓLÞd¡ûPúVÙmJl©ÓYRtÏ TVuTÓjRXôm.

HtL]úY Øu]o á±V T¥, GDP per capita

measure B]Õ UdLs ùRôûLVôp nominal GDP

þI YÏlTRôp ¡ûPlTRôÏm. CqYô\ôLùLôÓdLlThP outputþtÏ Ïû\Yô] UdLsùRôûLûV ùLôi¥ÚdÏm SôÓ EVoYô]YôrdûL RWjûRd ùLôi¥ÚdÏm. AúRNUVm A§L UdLs ùRôûL EûPV Sôh¥uYôrdûLj RWm Ïû\kÕ LôQlTÓm. ªLdÏû\Yô] GDP per capita measureþdÏ UdLsùRôûL ©WfNû] JÚ LôWQUôÏm. GDP

Ïû\YôL EVÚm úTôÕ, UdLs ùRôûLúYLUôL A§L¬lTRôp GDP per capita UtßmYôrdûL RWm LôXl úTôd¡p N¬¡\Õ.CqYô\ôL UdLs ùRôûL A§L¬l×ÅRjûRd LhÓlTÓjÕYRu êXm GDP per

capita þûY A§L¬dLf ùNnVXôm.



65

PRODUCTIVITY

GkRùYôÚ NØRôVj§Ûm T¦×¬Ùm Bt\pEûPV BiLs Utßm ùTiLs CÚkRôpUtßm AYoLÞdÏj RWlThP §\àdÏHt\T¥ ùTôÚhLs Utßm ¡ûPdÏmúNûYL°u ®û[Ü EVojRlTPØ¥ÙùU²p SUdÏd ¸rdLiPYôß¡ûPdÏm:

• ®YNôV ®û[fN≠u ÅRjûRA§L¬lTRu êXm A§L A[®p UtßmÏû\kR ®ûX«p EQÜ ¡ûPdÏm.

• ùRô¯tNôûXL°u EtTj§ ÅRjûRA§L¬lTRu êXm, A§L A[®p UtßmÏû\kR ®ûX«p Õ¦Ls UtßmReÏªPm ¡ûPdÏm.

• GpXô EtTj§ ÅRjûRÙm A§L¬lTRuêXm Utßm NmTô§dÏm §\û]ÙmA§L¬lTRu êXm A§Ll TôÕLôl×Utßm Ød¡V úNûYLs ¡ûPlTÕPuAYoLÞdÏ ùLôÓdL CÚdÏmTQj§Ûm A§L ªfNm ¡ûPdÏm.

T¦VôhL°u FdLj ùRôûL (PersonnelWorkman Incentive)

U²R ØVt£ûVj çiÓm A[ÜLs FdLF§Vm BÏm. U²RoLû[ ªÏ§VôL UtßmA§L EtTj§ ØVt£dÏj çiÓYRu êXmAYoLs AYoL°u EfNThNj §\û]dùLôÓdL FdLlTÓjRlTÓ¡\ôoLs.

úUXô] ùNVpTôh¥tÏ T¦VôÞdÏùYÏU§ A°d¡\Õ. AûYLû[d¸rLiPYôß ©¬dLXôm:

1 ¨§ NôWôR (Non Financial)

2 Tô§ ¨§ NôWôR (Semi-Financial)

3 Øt±Ûm ¨§ NôokR (Financial)

¨§ NôokR FdLj ùRôûL (Financialincentive)

CÕ NmT[ FdL F§Vm GußmA±VlTÓ¡\Õ. Utßm CÕ EtTj§ÅRjûR A§L¬dLf ùNnÙm JÚ YûL Ùd§Utßm JÚ YûL çiÓm ùNVp T¦ûVBnÜ ùNnY§u êXm ¾oUô²dLlThPùRôPo×ûPV U§l©tÏ DPôL áÓRpúYûXdÏj RWlTÓ¡\Õ áÓRp NmT[mCÕYôÏm.

FdL F§Vj§u úSôdLm (Purpose of

Incentives)

JÚ T¦Vôs AY¬u ªûLVô] §\ûUûVjRÚmT¥ AYûWj çiÓYúR FdLF§Vj§u ©WRô] úSôdLm BÏm.T¦VôhL°u BúWôd¡Vj§tÏ ¾eÏúSWôUp T¦ûVj §\mTP ùNnV JÚA§LUô] úYLj§p Ïû\Yô] úSW®WVj§p A§L §\ûUÙPu T¦Vôt\T¦VôhLû[ úUmTÓjÕYRtÏ FdLF§Vm ØVp¡\Õ. £X RW¨oQVeLÞPuRWjûRd RdLûYjÕd ùLôiÓ ®û[ûYA§L¬dLf ùNnYúR GkRùYôÚ F§V FdL§hPj§u YZdLUô] úSôdLm BÏm.

1 áÓRXô] ®û[Ü (Higher output)

2 úUmThP RWm (Improved quality)


FdLjùRôûL, EtTj§úVôÓ NmTkRlThP úTô]v, YôrdûLj RWjûRúUmTÓjÕRp (Incentive, production linked bonus and improvement in livingstandard)

úSôdLeLs: ClTôPj§u Cß§«p ¿eLs §\m ùT\ CÚlTûY• FdLj ùRôûL«u ®[dLm, úSôdLm Utßm RôdLjûR áßRp• FdLj ùRôûL Gu\ôp Gu]? ARu úSôdLm Ut\m RôdLm Gu] GuTûRdáßRp

• FdLj ùRôûL ¨oQ«lT§p Es[Pe¡Ùs[ T¥Lû[l Th¥V≠ÓRp• EtTj§úVôÓ NmTkRlThP úTô]v GuT§u ùTôÚû[d áßRp• EtTj§ ÅRjûR A§L¬lTRu êXm GlT¥ YôrdûL RWm úUmTÓjRlTÓ¡\ÕGuTûR ®[dÏRp

• GlT¥ EtTj§ ÅRm ùRô¯tNôûXLû[Ùm Utßm úRNjûRÙm Øuú]tß¡\ÕGuTûR ®Y¬jRp.


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3 Ïû\Yô] L¯Ü (Reduced waste),

4 úUmThP áÓRXô] ¨ûXVl TVuTôÓ(Higher plant utilization),

5 Ïû\Yô] EtTj§f ùNXÜ (Lower cost ofproduction),

6 T¦Vô°u A§LlT¥Vô] YÚUô]m(Higher earnings for worker)

JÚ FdL F§Vm A§LlTÓjRlTÓmØu]o AkR FdL F§Vj§p CÚkÕA§LlThN TXu ¡ûPdL, EtTj§ùNnØû\Ls Utßm Y¯Øû\Ls ØR≠púUmTÓjRlTP úYiÓm Utßm ¨oQVmùNnVlTP úYiÓm. Øû\Ls G°ûUlTÓjR TP úYiÓm. RôUReLs UtßmRPeLpLs Ïû\dLlTP úYiÓm.CYtû\ùNnV method study techniques þIdLûPl©¥lTRu êXUôL ¨û\úYt\úYiÓm.

EtTj§ ÅRj§p FdL F§Vj§uRôdLm (Impact of incentive on productivity):

ùRô¯tNôûXL°p FdL F§Vm ("Incentive

in Industries") Gu\ RûXl©p JÚ BnÜ§hPjûR úR£V EtTj§ ÅRd ÏÝ (National

Productivity council) úUtùLôiPÕ. EtTj§Utßm EtTj§ ÅRm CWiÓm FdL F§V§hPeLs A±ØLlTÓjRlThP ©\ÏA§L¬jRÕ GuTRû] BnÜ Lôh¥VÕ.

FdL F§V §hPeLû[ Y¥YûUlT§pAPe¡Ùs[ ùNVpT¥Ls (Steps involvedin designing incentives scheme)

JÚ FdL F§V §hPjûR Y¥YûUlT§pEs[Pe¡Ùs[ A¥lTûP SPY¥dûLL[ôY]:

1 FdL F§V §hPj§u úSôdLjûRjúRoÜ ùNnRp Utßm AkR úSôdLjûRA[Ü A¥lTûP«p A[lTRtÏ ERÜmLôW¦Lû[j ¾oUô²jRp.

2 úRokùRÓdLlThP LôW¦LÞdLôLùNVpTÓm RWjûR A[jRp UtßmEÚYôdLp

3 ùNVp§\u ùYÏU§ E\ûY §oUô²jRp

4 NmT[m YZeÏm LôXjûRj ¾oUô²jRp

5 §hPjûR Uß ºWônÜ ùNnRp

6 §hPjûR ùRôPeÏRp UtßmTWôU¬jRp

EtTj§ NôokR T¦d ùLôûP (Productionlinked bonus)

EtTj§ ùNVpØû\ûV EtTj§Vôp ApXÕùTôÚ[ôRôWj§p TpúYß UhPeL°p,UôßTÓm Uôt\ ùNVpTôh¥]ôp©W§¨§jÕYl TÓjRXôm. CÚdÏmEsÇÓL°u ùRôÏ§LÞdÏ A§LThNUôLEtTj§ ùNnV HÕYô] ®û[ûY EtTj§fùNVpTôÓ ùRôPo×TÓjÕ¡\Õ.

EtTj§ ùNnTYoLs §\ûUVôL SPkÕùLôs¡\ôoLs. ARôYÕ AYoLs ùNXûYdÏû\d¡\ôoLs Utßm YÚYôûVlùTÚdÏ¡\ôoLs T¦Vôs EtTj§j§\uÅRm JÚ TVàs[ A[ÜúLôp CÕR²Vô] Jtû\ ªL Ød¡VUô] EtTj§dLôW¦ÙPu ùRôPo×TÓjÕ¡\Õ.

ùTÚmTôXô] EtTj§ ùNVpØû\LÞdÏT¦Vôs Rôu JúW JÚ ªL Ød¡VUô]EsÇhÓ Y[UôL §Lr¡\ôo. T¦VôsEsÇhÓ Y[m B]Õ, ªLÜm Lf£RUôLúYûX ùNnR ùUôjR U¦ úSWjRôpA[dLlTÓ¡\Õ.

T¦Vôs úNûYûV ùNnR U¦úSWj§pA[kÕ NWôN¬ 1 U¦ úSWj§tÏ ARtÏDPôLl ùLôÓdLlThPÕ, ùTôÚ°u ®ûXA[ÜúLôp B¡\Õ. NWôN¬ U¦úSW DÓB]Õ RVô¬lTô[oLs TôoûY«pNmT[ÅRUôL CÚdÏm. AúR NUVm á≠

Utßm NmT[jÕPu GpXô ÕûQBRôVØm úNok§ÚdL úYiÓm.

úSW¥Vô] úYûXjÕiÓ AûUl©p (straight

piece work system) T¦VôhLs ®û[ÜdÏ(output) þdÏ DPôL ARu úSW¥ ÅRj§pNmT[m RWlTÓ¡\Õ. T¦Vôs B]Yo(output) þu ë²h U§l©tÏ Ï±l©hPÅRj§p á≠ûVl ùT\¡\ôo.

ERôWQm (Ex):

1 JÚ ùTôÚ°u ®ûX (Rate per piece)

: Rs. 1000

EtTj§ ùNnVlThP ùUôjRùTôÚs (Total number of pieces produced)

: 100

ERôWQm (Example) 100 X 10 = : 1000

ØkûRV EtTj§l T§úYÓL°u A¥lTûP«p YZdLUôL JÚ T¦ûV ApXÕúYûX«u JÚ AXûL Ø¥lTRtÏ BÏmúSWm ̈ oQ«dLlTÓ¡\Õ. T¦Vôs B]Yo



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Ej§WYôRm RWlThP á≠ûV AàU§dLlThP úSWj§tÏs ùNnÕ Ø¥jRôpùTßYôo. öQ«dLlThP úSWj§tÏmÏû\Yô] úSWj§p úYûX ùNnÕØ¥dLlThÓ ®hPôp, á≠ûV R®ojÕARú]ôÓ áP, úNªdLlThP úSWj§uÏ±l©hP NRÅR A¥lTûP«p JÚ TQBRôVm ùYÏU§VôLf úNokÕ YZeLlTÓm.

ERôWQm (Ex)

öQ«dLlThP úSWm (Standard time)

: 8 U¦ úSWm (8 hours)

T¦Vôs JÚ U¦ úSWj§tÏ ùTßmNmT[ ÅRm (Workers hourly rate)

: Rs 10

T¦ûV Ø¥dL GÓjÕd ùLôiP úSWm(Actual time taken to complete the job): 6 U¦ úSWm ùUôjRm (6 hours total)

YÚYôn: (6 U¦ úSWm X 10)+ (1 U¦ X 10)For 50 % of the time saved under 50:50

Earnings : (6 hours X Rs 10) + (1 hour X Rs. 10) For 50 % of the time saved under 50:50

(Sharing) : Rs. 7 for 6 hours work

úTô]v (bonus) LQd¡Óm JÚ Øû\dÏ(ROWAN SYSTEM) Guß ùTV¬PlThÓs[Õ.CkR Øû\«Ûm JÚ T¦ûVf ùNnÕØ¥dLd Ï±l©hP úSWmöQ«dLlTÓ¡\Õ. T¦Vô]Õ AkRAàU§dLlThP úSWj§tÏ Øu]RôLúYØ¥dLlThÓ ®hPôp, úTô]vYZeLlTÓ¡\Õ. ªfNm ©¥dLlThP úSWmB]Õ öQ«dLlThP úSWj§p GjRû]NRÅRm G]d LQd¡PlThÓ AúR NRÅRA[®tÏ, T¦Vôs ùTßm NmT[ ÅRUôLúTô]v ùRôûL úNojÕ YZeLlTÓ¡\Õ.

ERôWQm (Ex):

T¦Vôs 1 U¦ úSWj§tÏ ùTßm NmT[ÅRm (Workers hourly rate) : Rs 10

T¦ûVf ùNnÕ Ø¥lTRtÏöQ«dLlThP úSWm (Standard time for thejob) : 8 hours

T¦ûV Ø¥lTRtÏ EiûU«p GÓjÕdùLôiP úSWm (Actual time taken for the job)

: 6 hours

úNªdLlThP úSWm (Time saved): 2 hours

ªfNm ùNnVlThP úNªl× úSWm(Time saved as a percentage of Standard): 25 %

1 U¦ úSWj§tÏ úTô]v ÅRm(Time bonus per hour) : 25 % of Rs. 10

Rs. 2.5 6 Hours X (Rs. 10 X 0.25)

Rs. 15

YôrdûL RWj§p úUmTôÓ/ Øuú]t\m(Improvement in living standard)

YôrdûLj RWm GuTÕ JÚ ùTôÚ[ôRôWNôo× Y[j§u A[ÜúLôp BÏm.

ØkûRV TÏ§«p Sôm Lt\Õ Gu]ùYu\ôpEtTj§ ÅRj§p A§L¬l× B]ÕùLôÓdLlThP T¦VôhLs A§LlT¥Vô]EtTj§ûV EÚYôdÏ¡\ôoLs GuTRôÏm.AúR A[Ü ®û[ûYj RÚYRtÏmÏû\Yô] A[Ü úYûXVôhLú[ úTôÕmGuTRôp EtTj§ ÅRj§p A§L¬l×LôWQUôL CÚd¡u\ úYûXYônl×Ïû\¡\Õ G] ©WTX Oô]m áß¡\Õ.A§oxPYNUôL YWXôtßl ùTôÚ[ôRôW®TWm CqYôß A±ÜßjR®pûX.¿iPLôXl úTôd¡p Ød¡VUôL,T¦VôhLû[l Tô§lTûRj Rôi¥, AûR®P A§L A[®p, JhÓ ùUôjRùTôÚ[ôRôWj§tÏ, A§L¬dÏm EtTj§ÅRm ERÜ¡\Õ, GuTûRd LôQXôm.

JÚ YWXôtß ¨LrÜ CRû] EÚYLlTÓjRERÜm. 20þBm èt\ôi¥u BWmTLôXeL°p, _lTô²p, JÚ U¦ úSWj§p¡ûPdÏm ®û[®u A§L¬l× B]Õ,1000%dÏm A§LUôL CÚkRÕ. CÕ GûRdLôhÓ¡\Õ, Gu\ôp NWôN¬VôLl TôojúRômG²p, Cu±ÚdÏm T¦VôhLsèt\ôi¥u ©\ LôX LhPeL°p, EtTj§ùNnÙm A[ûYd Lôh¥Ûm, 10 UPeÏA§LUôL EtTj§ ùNnV Ø¥Ùm GuTRôÏm.

CkR A[®tÏ EtTj§ ÅRm A§L¬jRôp,AúR A[®tÏ úYûX«uûUÙmA§L¬dÏm GuTÕ úTôp úRôu±]ôÛm,Hù]²p, 1900þL°u BWmT LôXLhPeL°p ETúVô¡dLlThP Aû]jÕmClúTôÕ AûR ®Pd Ïû\Yô]lT¦VôhL[ôp ùNnV Ø¥Ùm Gu\ LôWQmLôWQUô]ôÛm EiûU ¨XYWm ¨LrkÕAÕYpX.

Uô\ôL, EtTj§ ®Rm A§L¬jRu LôWQUôL,ùTôÚhL°u Gi¦dûL ARu êXmARtÏ¬V NkûRÙm A§L¬jR]. CúR úTôpùTôÚhLs, §\uªÏ EtTj§ Øû\L[ôpÏû\Yô] ®ûXdÏd ¡ûPjRRôp, £X



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ùTôÚhL°u úRûYLÞm A§L¬jR]. JhÓùUôjRj§p ¿iPLôXl úTôd¡p EtTj§ÅR A§L¬lûTj úRûYL°u A§L¬l×fN¬d Lh¥]. G]úY úYûXYônl×lT±úTôL®pûX.

CÕ GlT¥ùV²p, EtTj§ ÅRj§pA§L¬l× B]Õ úYûX«uûUûVA§L¬dLf ùNnV úYiÓm Gu\ AY£VmCpûX. B]ôp CkR ¨Lr®u UßTdLmRôu Gu]? (what is the other side of the coin)?

ARôYÕ EtTj§ ÅRm ©u Re¡]ôp ARu®û[ÜLs Guù]u]? ùTôÕYôL A§LEtTj§ ÅRm EûPV SôhûP Lôh¥Ûm,EtTj§ ®Rm ©u Re¡«ÚdÏm Sôh¥pÏû\kR á≠Ùm Utßm YôrdûLj RWmÏû\kÕm CÚdÏm.

CkR ëLm B]Õ ùY°f NkûR«p Aû]jÕYô¦Tl ùTôÚ[ôRôWj§u ëd§«uA¥lTûP«p B]Õ Rôu. Tu]ôhÓfNkûR«p EtTj§ ÅRm Ïû\Yô] JÚ SôÓ,JÚ ùTôÚû[ ®tL úYiÓm. G²p, A§LEtTj§ ÅRm Ïû\Yô] JÚ SôÓ, JÚùTôÚû[ ®tL úYiÓm G²p, A§LEtTj§ ÅRm ùLôiP SôÓLs ®tÏm AúR®ûX«p Rôu AkRl ùTôÚû[ ®tLúYi¥ CÚdÏm. ClT¥lThP ¨Lr®p©u Re¡Ùs[ Sôh¥tÏûPV JúW Y¯ùTôÚû[d Ïû\kR ùNX®p RVô¬dLúYiÓm. ARtÏj ùRô¯Xô°«uNmT[jûR Ïû\dL úYiÓm. CqYô\ôLúYûXVôs Ïû\Yô] NmT[m ùTt\ôpAYoL[ôp EVoRW YôrdûLûV YôZØ¥VôÕ.

CRû] Sôm JÚ ERôWQm êXUôLf ùNnÕTôolúTôm. Tu]ôhÓf NkûR Es[Õ G]ûYjÕd ùLôsúYôm. JÚ widget þdÏ AÕ(IkÕ PôXÚdÏ ®ûX úTô¡\Õ Gu\ôpA§Lm EtTj§ ÅRm EûPV SôÓLs ($5)þIdLhÓT¥VôÏm ¨ûX«p ARû] EtTj§ùNnÕ AkR ®ûXdÏ ®tL Ø¥Ùm.Ïû\Yô] EtTj§ ÅRm EûPV ©uRe¡Ùs[ SôÓ B]Õ Ut\ SôÓLû[ ®PlTô§ A[Ü úYLj§p ARû] EtTj§ ùNnVØ¥Ùm. B]ôp AkR ©uRe¡Ùs[ SôPmAúR IkÕ PôXÚdÏÏRôu AlùTôÚû[®t\ôL úYiÓm. Gu\ ̈ oTkRm CÚlTRôpAkSôÓ EtTj§ ùNnYRtLô] ®û]ûVÏû\jRôL úYi¥V LhPôVj§pCÚd¡u\Õ. T¦VôhLÞdÏ ùLôÓdLlTÓm

á≠ Juû\jRôu Uôt± AûUdL Ø¥ÙmGuTRôp Hù]²p CVk§Wm YôeLARtÏ¬V ®ûXûVd ùLôÓjÕj Rôu ¾WúYiÓm. G]úY Tu]ôhÓf NkûR«púTôh¥Vô[oLÞPu úTôh¥V¥ EtTj§ÅRj§p ©u Re¡Ùs[ SôPôp ùNnVØ¥kR JúW ùNVp T¦VôhLÞdÏd Ïû\kRNmT[m ùLôÓlTÕ Rôu.

YôrdûL RWjûR ©WRô]UôL ¨oQ«lTÕEtTj§ ÅRUôÏm,. CÕ EtTj§ ÅRj§tÏmAÜh×h¥tÏm A[®Ûs[ ùRôPoûTlTVuTÓj§ ùTôÚ[ôRôWm GlT¥¡ûPdÏm êX BRôWeLû[ TVuTÓjÕ¡\Õ GuTûR A[d¡\Õ.

EtTj§ ÅRm Y[jûR ùNpYf ùN¯lûTúUmTÓjÕ¡\Õ (Productivity improvesProsperity)

EVo RW YôrdûL GRû] Cu±VûUVôRôdÏ¡\Õ? CRu T§p/ ¾oÜùTôÚsLú[ôÓ ùRôPo×ûPVÕ B]ôpùTÚmTôXô] ùTôÚ[ôRôW ¨û\U§EûPVYoLs Aû]YÚm LôÔmùTôÕYô] LôW¦Ls GiQt\ûY.CûYLs, ùRôhÓ EQW á¥V EûPûU,NjÕQÜ BúWôd¡V TWôU¬l× UtßmYôr®u G§oTôol×Ls Aû]jûRÙmEs[Pd¡VÕ. ùTôÚ[ôRôWm Y[UôLCÚkRôp, AkRl ùTÚ[ôRôW Y≠ûUVôpÏ¥ UdL°u úUmTôÓLs AYoLsûYj§ÚdÏm ùTôÚhLs UtßmBúWôd¡Vm Guàm GÝjRôp GÓjRô[lTÓ¡u\]. CqYô\ôL, NmT[m A§LUôLd¡ûPdÏm úTôÕ Utßm A§L EtTj§ ÅRmEûPV SôPôL CÚkRôp, Y[ûU GuTÕAûPVd á¥V Juß Rôu.

ùTÚmTôXô]ûYLÞdÏ YôrdûL RWmGu\ôp TôojRôp UhÓúU A±kÕ ùLôs[Ø¥Ùm Ju\ôÏm. SmUôp CRû]jùR°YôL ùNôtù\ôPWôn ùY°lTÓjØ¥VôÕ. B]ôp ARû] TôojRôp A±kÕùLôs[Xôm G] ¨û]jÕd ùLôs¡ú\ôm.CRû] YûWVßdÏm T¥ SmûUd úLhPôpSôm NôokÕs[ SpX YôrdûLj RWmTt±VYtû\l Th¥V≠ÓúYôm. JÚ AZLô]Lôo, YôrYRtÏ YN§Vô] CÚl©Pm,Õ¦U¦Ls, Aû\ LXuLs, ÅhÓ ETúVôLùTôÚhLs EQÜ, ®ÓØû\ LôXLhPeLs,Lp®VôLd áP CÚdLXôm. CRû] SmûUA[®hÓd áßm T¥ ùNôu]ôp, Sôm Sm



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ùTtú\ôûW ®P úUmThP YôrdûLYôr¡ú\ôUô CpûXVô G]l TôolúTôm.CÚl©àm YôrdûL RWjûR A[lTRtÏùTôÕYôL Jl×d ùLôs[lThP JÚA[ÅhÓ Øû\ Es[Õ. NWôN¬EiûUVô] JhÓ ùUôjR EsSôhÓEtTj§ (average real gross domestic product) (GDP)

Sôm CRû]j ÕiÓÕiPôLl ©¬jÕ AX£BWônúYôm.

YôrdûLj RWj§u Uôt\eLs þ (standard of

living) GuTÕ ÑjRUô] Lôtß, ÑjRUô]Ri½o, A§L KnÜ úSWm Utßm úUmThPYôrdûL G§oTôol× CYtû\ùLôi¥ÚlTÕ GuTûRd Ï±lTÕ BÏm.

Lp®«p CÚkÕ TVu ùTßm (productivity)

B]Õ, CVp©p (typically) ¿iPLôXlúTôd¡p ùTôÚs NôokRRôL UôtßlùTß¡\Õ. B]ôp CûYLs (Lp® )

YôrdûLj RWjûR EVokRA¥lTûPVô]RôÏm.

ùRô¯XLm (Industry)

Aû]jÕj ùRô¯XL A±ØL BWônf£úUmTôÓ ØVt£Ls Aû]jÕm EtTj§ÅRjûR úUmTPf ùNnÙm Ï±dúLô[ôpCVdÏ®dLlTÓ¡u\]. Ïû\kR ØRÄhÓfùNXÜ, Ïû\kR CVdLf ùNXÜ (operating costs)

A§LlT¥VôL ¡ûPdÏm ®û[ÜLs,Ïû\Yô] êXôRôWm Utßm Ïû\YôL Nd§TVuTôhûP Es[Pd¡V TpYûL Y¯L°pYÚUô]jûRd áhPXôm. GkRùYôÚùRô¯tNôûX ùRô¯p ÖhT úUmTôÓm,Juß ApXÕ C§p TX Øuú]t\eLû[EÚYôdLXôm, C§p £X LiÓ©¥l×LsBWmT ¨ûX«p JÚ CXdûLd Ï±ûYjRôÛm Ut\ EtTj§f ùNVpØû\Lû[L°Ûm RôdLjûR HtTÓjÕm. Nd§§\u ùRô¯pÖhTeLs ùTÚmTôÛm CkRdáÓRp BRôVeLû[ Es[Pd¡ CÚdÏm.Nd§ÙPu á¥V §\ûUVô] (Energy efficient)

G] AûPVô[e LôQlThP £X ùRô¯pÖhTeLs Es[]. Hù]²p, AûY Nd§TVuTôhûP Ïû\jÕ EtTj§ùNVpØû\L°p áÓRp úUmTôhûPdùLôiÓ YÚ¡u\]. CkR Øuú]t\eLsGpXôm JhÓùUôjRUôL EtTj§ ÅRBRôVeLs ("productivity benefits") GußùNôpXlTÓ¡u\].

SôÓ (Nation)

EtTj§ ÅRm A§L¬l× (Productivity growth)

B]Õ, YÚYôûV (income) EVojRXôm UtßmSpY¯ Yû[Vj§p (virtuous circle) YßûUûVdÏû\dLXôm EtTj§ ÅR Y[of£ B]Õ,EtTj§f ùNXûYd Ïû\d¡\Õ UtßmùNnVlThP ØRÄh¥p CÚkÕ §ÚmTd¡ûPdÏm CXôTjûR A§L¬d¡\Õ, A§pùLôgNm ùRô¯Xô[oLÞdÏ YÚYôVôLj§Úm×¡\Õ Utßm áÓRp NmT[UôLUôß¡\Õ. ®ûX Ïû\VXôm Utßm ÖLoÜ(consumption) Utßm úYûXYônl×A§L¬d¡\Õ.

SpY¯ Yû[Vm B]Õ, (virtuous circle)

ùTôÚ[ôRôWj§u ØRÄhÓl TdLj§uêXm úUÛm FhPm ùTß¡\Õ. £XEtTj§ ÅRl TXuLs JÚ ¨ßY]jRôpùTôÚs Utßm ùNnØû\d LiÓ©¥l×L°p Uß ØRÄÓ ùNnVlTÓ¡\Õ.¨ûXVm (plant) Utßm ETLWQ úUmTôÓL°pUß ØRÄÓ ùNnVlThÓ AÕ úUÛmY[of£ (growth) Utßm EtTj§ ÅRm(productivity) Ød¡VUô] ¾oUô²dÏm LôW¦(determinant) BÏm. EtTj§ ÅR TXuLs(Productivity gains) B]ûY, ùTôÚ[ôRôWj§p(economy),EiûUVô] YÚUô]jûRA§L¬d¡\Õ. CûY áÓRp NmT[UôLT¡okR°dLlTPXôm. JÚ Ïû\Yô]NmT[m, Ïû\Yô] §\ûU, ùNVpAÔÏØû\, (strategy) ¿iPLôXlúTôd¡p,S≠Ü\ôUp ¿¥jÕ CÚdLf ùNnV Ø¥VôÕ(unsustainable) Utßm YßûUûVd Ïû\lT§pJÚ úNWl TVuTÓjR Ø¥VôRRô¡\Õ.(incompatible) Lp® Utßm §\u úUmTôh¥pùNnVlTÓm ØRÄÓ B]Õ,ùTôÚ[ôRôWjûR A§L U§l×Nôo×ùNVpTôÓLs Utßm úYLUô] Y[of£l©¬®p ùNpX ûYd¡\Õ.

úTôÕUô] YÚYôn A[Ü, A§Ll T¦TôÕLôl× úUmThP Lp® Utßm T¦lT«t£ ùTßY§p BÙh LôXlT«t£ (life-

long training), CYt\ôp A§L EtTj§ ÅRjûRAûPVXôm. SpX T¦«Pf ãZp JÚTôÕLôlTô] Utßm BúWôd¡VUô] T¦fãZp T¦ APoj§/ A[Ü Utßm (job

autonomy) Utßm A§L A[®p T¦VôhLsTeùLÓjRp Utßm A§LôWmùLôi¥ÚjRp Utßm úUmThP YôrdûLjRWm CûYÙm CÚdL úYiÓm. CûY U²R



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BRôV YûLlTôÓ ERôWQm (Example) LÚjÕ (Comments)(Benefit Category)

EtTj§«p A§L¬jR EtTj§ ®û[fNp, Hù]²p, CûYLs, EtTj§«pØuú]t\m Ïû\Yô] ùNnØû\ ¨LrÜf úSW¥Vô] RôdLjûR HtTÓjRd(Production ÑZt£, úUmThP RWm. á¥VÕ. CkRj RôdLjûR output

improvement) Utßm EtTj§f ùNXÜPuúSW¥VôLj ùRôPo×lTÓj§

A[dLXôm.

CVdLm Ïû\Yô] CVdLm Utßm CVdLm Utßm TWôU¬l×fUtßm TWôU¬l×f ùNXÜLs, ùNXÜLs Uôt\eLû[ G°§pTWôU¬l× Ïû\Yô] úRnUô]m A[dLXôm. Ïû\Yô] ETLWQlúNªl×Ls ETLWQeL°p, A§L¬dLl ùTôÚhLû[ Uôt±VûUjRp(Operating and SmTLjRuûU.maintenence savings)

úYûX ùNnÙm TôÕLôlTô] ¨XYWeLs, Ïû\YôLl ×¬kÕd ùLôs[á¥VãZp Ïû\Yô] NlRm, úUmThP Utßm Uû\ØLUôL EtTj§ûVl(Working environment) Lôt±u RWm, úUmThP RhT Tô§dLd á¥VûY.

ùYlT ¨ûX LhÓlTôÓ

L¯ûYd Ïû\jRp ùTôÚhL°p Ïû\Yô] L¯Ü, êXl ùTôÚhL°p Ïû\Yô](Waste reduction) Ri½o Utßm ATôVLWUô] ùNXÜ Utßm ûLVôsY§p

ùTôÚhL°p Ïû\Yô] L¯Ü Nd§ Ïû\kR A[Ü UtßmUtßm Ïû\Yô] êXlùTôÚs L¯Ül TR²hPôp CYtû\TVuTôÓ, £\lTô] L¯Ü U§l©PXôm.ùYlT Uß TVuTôÓ.

ùY°úVt\jûRd çÑ Utßm ©\ UôÑL°u CûY úSW¥VôL A[dLdá¥VÕ.Ïû\jRp Ïû\Yô] ùY°lTôÓ, (LhÓl TÓjRd á¥V UôÑ®p)

(Emission reduction) R®odLd á¥V YZdLôPXôpTQm úNªl×.

EtTj§ ÅR BRôVeL°u TVuTôÓ (Categories of productivity benefit)

Nd§ êXR]jûR TXlTÓjÕm,FdÏ®jRûX A§L¬dÏm, DÓTôÓ UtßmAoT¦l× Utßm ØVt£ûV A§L¬dÏm.CûYLs ®TjÕLs Utßm T¦dÏ YWôûU

Utßm U] AÝjRjûRd Ïû\dÏmTûPl×j §\û]j çiÓm (induce creative

effort) EPu T¦ ×¬TYoLs Uj§«pJtßûUûV EÚYôdÏm.



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PRODUCTIVITY

§\uLs (Skills)

¨ßY] AûUl©p EtTj§ ÅR Y[of£VôL(productivity growth) Utßm úTôh¥L°uØd¡VUô] CVdÏSoL°p Ju\ôL §\uúUmTôÓ (Skill Development) Es[Õ.ØRXô°LÞdÏm Utßm ùRô¯Xô°LÞdÏm CûP«Xô] JlTkReLs(Agreements) GpXôm T¦«ûPd Lt\ûXúUmTÓjÕm Ød¡VUô] LôW¦VôLÜm,ØRXô°Ls Utßm ùRô¯Xô°Ls CWiÓúTÚúU BRôVm AûPÙm T¥Vô]A§L¬dÏm EtTj§ ÅRjûR Eß§ùNnYRôLÜm JlTkReLs AûU¡u\].

§\u úUmTôÓ GuTÕ, úTôh¥Lû[ UtßmúYûX YônlûT TWôU¬dL, JÚ LôW¦VôLCÚlTRôp, AÕ YßûUûV G§ojÕúTôWôÓYRtÏm (combating poverty) UtßmARû] ùYt±d ùLôiÓ ¿dÏYRtÏm JÚØd¡VUô] LôW¦VôL AûU¡\Õ.

EtTj§ ÅRm (productivity), úYûXYônl×Utßm Y[of£ (growth) Utßm úUmTôÓ(development) CûYLÞdLô] §\u úUmTôÓØû\Ls £dLXô]ûY Utßm ùNVp§hPm(policies) Utßm T«XLeL°u RôdLj§tÏEhThPûY.

Ï±dúLôsLs (Objectives): SôÓLsùYqúYß BWmTl ùTôÚ[ôRôW UtßmNêL ¨XYWeLû[d ùLôiÓs[] UtßmCÚkRúTô§Ûm ×s° ®TWeLs LôhÓYÕGu]ùYu\ôp, §\uLû[ EtTj§ ÅRm,úYûX Yônl× Y[of£ Utßm úUmTôÓCYtßPu CûQjR§p ùYt± LiPSôÓLs, êuß Ï±dúLôsLÞPu §\uúUmTôÓ ùNVp§hPeLû[ (skills development

policy) CXdLôL Gh¥Ùs[]. (targeted).

1 CûVÜ Utßm RWm GuT]Yt±u§\u úRûYLû[ G§o ùLôsÞRp(Meet skills demand in terms of relevance andquality): ùTôÚjRUô] §\ûULû[úUmTÓjÕYÕ BÙhLôXl T¥l×úUmTPf ùNnYÕ, EVo RW Bt\ûXùY°lTÓjÕYÕ, CYtû\ ùNnYRtúLt\§\u úLôhTôÓLs (Skill policies)

AY£VUô¡\Õ Utßm úRûYûV éoj§ùNnÙm A[ÜdÏl ùTôÚjRUô] §\ûUYônkR T¦VôhLs úTÕUô]Gi¦dûL«p CÚdL úYiÓm. CuàmA§LUôL Lp®úLt\ NU A[Ü úYûXYônl×Ls B]ûYj úRûYLû[f Nk§dL(demand) AY£VUô¡u\]. NØRôVj§pAû]jÕl ©¬ÜLÞdLô] T«t£, EtTj§§\u ÅRj§tÏ TeL°l× ùNnVúRûYVô]Ytû\ Nk§dÏm §\ûULû[EÚYôdÏm ùNVp §hPeLs úYûXYônl× Utßm §Úl§LWUô]/ U] ̈ û\ÜA°dÏm YûL«Xô] úYûXLsCYtû\j §\u úLôhTôÓ éoj§ ùNnVúYiÓm. ¨ßY]eLs ùRô¯pÖhTeLû[j §\mTPl TVuTÓjRXôm.Cû[OoLs úYûX Yônl×j§\ûULû[l ùTt±ÚlTôoLs AÕAYoLû[ Ts°L°≠ÚkÕ T¦dÏfùNpÛm CPUôt\jûR AûPVfùNn¡\Õ Utßm T¦Vô[o NkûR«às(labour market) RûP«pXô JtßûUdÏ Y¯YÏdÏm.

T¦VôhLs EÚYô¡ úUÛm Bt\pLû[úUmTÓj§, Utßm AYoL[Õ BÙhLôXlT¥l×/ Gu\ ùNVpØû\«p AYoL[Õ¿iPLôXl T¦j ùRôÏ§ûV úUmTÓjRúYiÓm.


§\u, T¦×¬Ùm ETLWQeLs, Rô²Ve¡ Øû\ Utßm ÑtßfãZpRôdLm (Skill, working aids, automation and environmental impact)

úSôdLeLs: ClTôPj§u Cß§«p ¿eLs §\m ùT\ CÚlTûY• EtTj§ ÅRjûRl Tô§dÏm LôW¦Lû[l Th¥«≠ÓRp• T¦dLô] ETLWQeLû[ YûWVû\ ùNnRp• GlT¥j Rô²Ve¡ Øû\ EtTj§ ÅRjûR A§L¬d¡\Õ GuTûRd áßRp• GlT¥ ÑtßfãZp Utßm FdLlTÓjÕRp B]ûY EtTj§ ÅRjûRúUmTÓjÕY§p ©WRô] TeÏ Y¡d¡\Õ GuTûRd áßRp.


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Lp®, T«t£ Utßm T¦Vô[o NkûR«pÖûZV UdLs ùRôûLj ùRôÏ§ØVp¡\Õ.

2 §\u YZeLp Utßm úRûYLû[fNk§dL §\u úUmTôÓdÏm¨ßY]eLÞdÏm CûPúVJÚe¡ûQl× (Coordination between skilldevelopment and enterprises is required to matchskill supply and demand) : T¦Vô[o NkûRSÓYoLs (intermediaries) §\u úRûYLû[AûPVô[eLiÓ, CkRj RLYûXlTs°Ls, T«t£ RÚm ¨ûXVeL°PmùR¬®jÕ úRûYlTÓm §\ûUûVEÚYôdLl T¦ T«t£Vô[oLÞdÏj(apprentice) ùR¬®d¡\ôoLs.Sm©dûLFhÓ¡\ U§lÀhûP (credible assessment)

Utßm T¦Vô[oLÞdÏj §\u NôußRÚ¡\ T«XLeLs, ¨ßY]eLs ªLG°RôLl T¦Vô[oLs, §\ûUûVdLiP±V Utßm AYoL°u úRûYÙPuùTôÚkRd á¥VRôL ùNnV ERÜ¡u\].

3 úR£V úUmTôhÓf ùNVp AÔÏØû\«p§\u úUmTôhûPj §\mTPJÚe¡ûQdL, Utßm ùLôsûLûVjùR°Üm G°ûUÙm ùLôiPRôL ùYt±AûPVf ùNnV ùRô¯tNôûX ØRÄÓYô¦Tj ùRô¯pÖhTm Utßm ùT¬VA[®p ùTôÚ[ôRôWd ùLôsûLLÞPu§\u úUmTôhûP JÚe¡ûQlTÕAY£Vm B¡\Õ. §\u Bt\pLû[Y[ojRp Utßm NØRôVj§p §\uLû[Y[ojRp GuTÕ ¿iPLôX ùNVpØû\BÏm. G§oLôXf NkûR«p úRûYlTÓmAkRkR úSWj§\s YZeLûX Eß§ùNnYRtÏ Øuú]ôd¡V TôoûY«p §\uúUmTôhÓf ùNVp, AÔÏØû\ CR]ôpAY£VUô¡\Õ.

T¦×¬Ùm ETLWQeLs/ ERÜTYoLs(Working aids)

EtTj§ ÅRjûR A§L¬dLf ùNnV JqùYôÚT¦Vô[Úm A§L ®û[ûY EÚYôdÏm§\u EûPVYWôL CÚdL úYiÓm. CÕ,úYûXVôs EtTj§ÅR Y[of£ (labour

productivity growth) Guß Ï±l©PlTÓ¡\Õ.CÕ ¨LrYRtÏ¬V JúW Y¯ Gu]ùY²p,EtTj§f ùNVpTôh¥p TVuTÓjRlTÓmêXR]jûR A§L¬lTRu êXUôLfùNVpTÓjÕYRôÏm. CkR A§L¬l× GuTÕU²R Gi¦dûL êXR]UôL CÚdLXômApXÕ ùTôÚhL°u ØRÄPôL CÚdLXôm.

êXR] vhPôdûL (capital stock)A§L¬lTRuYô«XôL T¦Vô[o EtTj§ ÅR Y[of£SPd¡\Õ Gu\ A¥lTûP Y¯ûV JÚERôWQm ùR°YôL ®[dL ERÜm. ú_ô (Joe)

Gu\ ùTVÚûPV JÚ ¬ùYhPo CÚlTRôLûYjÕd ùLôsúYôm. ú_ô EúXôLlùTh¥Ls Ju\ôL ¬ùYh TiQlTÓm(riveted together) JÚ ùRô¯tNôûX«p T¦×¬¡\ôo. 1 U¦ úSWj§p 4 EúXôLlùTh¥Lû[ ùNnÕ Ø¥dÏm T¥VôLá±]ôoLs. ú_ô®Pm JÚ ¬ùYh¥e åp(riveting tool) Es[Õ. CRu êXm ú_ô®uT¦Vô[o EtTj§ ÅRm (labour productivity) 1

U¦ úSWj§tÏ 4 ùTh¥Ls Gu\ô¡\Õ. UßSôs ú_ô®tÏ CWiPôYÕ ¬ùYh¥e åp(second riveting tool) ¡ûPd¡\Õ. CWiÓåpLû[Ùm ùLôiÓ ú_ôYôp 1 U¦úSWj§p 8 EúXôLl ùTh¥Ls EtTj§ùNnV Ø¥¡\Õ. ú_ô®tÏ ¡ûPjR ùTôÚsØRÄÓ A§L¬l×, ARôYÕ CWiPôYÕLÚ® ¡ûPjR ùTôÚs ØRÄÓ A§L¬l×ARôYÕ CWiPôYÕ LÚ® ú_ô®u (labor

productivity) þI A§L¬dL AàU§jRÕ.JqùYôÚ U¦ úSW úYûX«Ûm ú_ô®uEûZl©tÏ AYÚdÏd ¡ûPjR ùTôÚsêXR]j§u A§L¬l× LôWQUôL 100%(100% more output) A§L AÜh×hûP RWØ¥kRÕ.

Utù\ôÚ ERôWQjûRl TôodLXôm. AÕÜmTVàs[RôL CÚdÏm. ãNu (Susan)Gu\ùTVÚûPV JÚ NûUVtLôWo CÚlTRôLûYjÕd ùLôsúYôm. ãNu 1 U¦ úSWj§p10 hamburgers If NûUlTRôL ûYjÕdùLôsúYôm. JÚ Sôs AYo hamburgersþIGlT¥ ®ûWYôL NûUdLXôm GuTRû]A±V hamburgers NûUlTûRd LtßdùLôÓdÏm Ts°dÏf ùNpX ¨û]jRôo.AeÏ LtßdÏd ùLôiP ©u AeÏ Lt\×§V ùNVpØû\L[ôp AYWôp 1 U¦úSWj§p 40 hamburgers NûUdL YpXYWô]ôo.NûUVp Ts°«p úNokÕ T«u\Rôp, ãNuAYÚûPV U²R Bt\p ØRÄhûPA§L¬jÕ ARu êXm T¦Vô[o EtTj§ÅRjûR A§L¬dL Ø¥kRÕ.

ØRÄhûP A§L¬lTRôp RWm UtßmGi¦dûL CWi¥ÛúU A§L¬lûTHtTÓjRXôm GuTûR ¨û]®pùLôsúYôm. CkR úUtùNôu] CWiÓERôWQeLs êXm ùR°YôLj ùR¬V



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YÚYÕ Gu]ùY²p, T¦Vô[o EtTj§ ÅRY[of£ûV A§L¬dLfùNnÙm JúW Y¯©£dLp (physical) U²R Nd§ êXR]j§uA[ûY A§L¬lTÕ UhÓkRôu. Utßm¿iP LôXlúTôd¡p JhÓ ùUôjR EtTj§ÅRjûR A§L¬lTÕ GuTÕ EtTj§«pTVuTÓjRlTÓm êXR]jûR A§L¬lTRuêXm UhÓúU Gu\ô¡\Õ.

Rô²Ve¡ Øû\ (Automation)

Ïû\Yô] ApXÕ Ïû\dLlThP U²RjRûXÂÓ ùLôiÓ ùNnVlTÓm ùNVpTôÓLs, CVk§WeLs, ùRô¯tNôûXLsùNnØû\Ls, ùLô§ LXuLs (boilers) UtßmùYlTl TRÉhÓ EûXLs (heat treating ovens)

ùRôûXúT£ ùNVpØû\ûV CVeL ûYjRp,LlTpLû[ CVdÏRp, ®Uô]jûR CVdÏRpúTôu\ ETLWQeLû[ CVdÏY§p U²RjRûXÂhûPd Ïû\YôL ETúVô¡jÕTpúYß LhÓlTôhÓ AûUl×Lû[TVuTÓjÕYÕ GuTÕ Rô²Ve¡CVk§WUVUôdLm ApXÕ Rô]ôLCVdLlTÓm LhÓlTôhÓ GuTRôÏm. £XùNVpØû\Ls ØÝûUÙúU Rô²Ve¡LhÓlTôÓ GuTRôÏm. £X ùNVpØû\LsØÝûUÙúU Rô²Ve¡ YûL«p APeÏm.

CVk§WUVUôdL≠u ªLl ùT¬V BRôVmGu]ùY²p, CÕ U²R AûUlûTªfNlTÓjR¡\Õ. CÚkR úTô§Ûm CÕúUÛm Nd§ Utßm ùTôÚhLû[fúNªdLÜm. RWjûR, Õp≠VjûR Utßm©W³^û] (precision) úUmTÓjRÜmTVuTÓ¡\Õ.

CVk§W®Vp (mechanical) §WYm (hydraulic)

NmTkRlThP Lôtß NmTkRlThP(pneumatic) ªuNôWm GXdhWô²d (electrical,

electronic) Utßm L¦² (computers)

NmTkRlThP CûYLû[ Es[Pd¡VYZdLUôL CûY TXYôLf úNokÕùNVXôtßYÕ Rôu CVk§WUôdLm GuTÕùYt± ùTß¡\Õ. SÅ] ùRô¯tNôûXLsBLôV ®Uô]m Utßm LlTpLs úTôu\£dLXô] AûUl×Ls B]ûY úUtùNôu]GpXôm CûQkR ùRô¯p ÖhTeLû[CVpTôLúY TVuTÓjÕ¡u\].

SuûULs Utßm ¾ûULs (Advantages &Disadvantages)

CVk§WUVUôdL≠u ©WRô] SuûUL[ôY]:

• A§L¬dÏm EtTj§ ÅRm.

• úUmThP RWm ApXÕ RWjûRØuáh¥úV ë¡lTÕ A§L¬jRp.

• ùNnØû\L°u ApXÕ ùTôÚ°uúUmThP LhÓWm ¡ûPd¡\Õ. JúWUô§¬VôL ¡ûPd¡\Õ.

• ®û[Ü Juß úTôp CÚlTÕA§L¬d¡\Õ.

• úSW¥Vô] U²R EûZl×f ùNXÜLsÏû\¡\Õ.

• EtTj§ ÅRjûR RWjûR UtßmLhÓWjûR JúW Uô§¬VôL CÚjRpúUmTÓjR ¸rdLiP ùNnØû\LsùTÚmTôÛm TVuTÓjRlTÓ¡u\].

• ÑZt£ úYLjûR Ïû\lTRtÏùNVpTôÓL°p CVk§WUôdLûX¨ßÜRp.

• GeÏ EVoRWj§p Õp≠Vm úRûYlTÓ¡\úRô AeùLpXôm CVk§WUVUôdLûX A±ØLlTÓjRp.

• L¥]UôL EPp EûZl× ApXÕU]fúNôoÜ FhÓ¡\ úYûXLs APe¡VT¦L°p, U²RoLÞdÏl T§XôLCVk§WeLû[l TVuTÓjÕRp.

• ATôVLWUô] ãr¨ûXL°p, ARôYÕ ,¾,G¬UûX, AÔl TVuTôÓ, Ri½ÚdA¥«p ØRXô]Yt±p U²RoLÞdÏT§XôL CVk§WeLû[l TVuTÓjÕRp.

• U²R Bt\ÛdÏ AlTôtlThP A[Ü,GûP, úYLm, ØRXô]Ytû\fùNnVCVk§WjûRl TVuTÓjÕRp.

• ùTôÚ[ôRôW úUmTôÓ (Economic

improvement): ùTÚmTôXô] U²RjÕYmApXÕ NØRôVm ¨ßY]eL°uùTôÚ[ôRôWjûR CVk§WUVUôdLpúUmTÓjRXôm. ERôWQUôL, JÚ¨ßY]m CVk§WUVUôdL≠u ØRÄÓùNnÙm úTôÕ, ùRô¯pÖhTm B]Õ,AkR ØRÄhûP ÁhÓjRÚ¡\Õ. ApXÕJÚ Uô¨Xm ApXÕ SôÓ B]Õ CÚTRômèt\ôi¥p ù_oU² ApXÕ _lTôuúTôuß CVk§WUVUôdLp LôWQUôLYÚYôûV A§L¬dLf ùNnÙm úTôÕ,CVk§WUVUôdLp ùTôÚ[ôRôWjûRúUmTPf ùNn¡\Õ. ØRÄhûP ÁhÓjRÚ¡\Õ.



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• Ï±l©hÓf ùNôpÛm A[®pùNVpTôhÓ úSWm Utßm ûLVôÞmúSWjûR Ïû\d¡\Õ.

• ©\ T¦Lû[f ùNnV T¦VôhLû[®Ó®d¡\Õ.

• úUmTôÓ TVàs[ ùYt±LWUô]Øû\«u TVuTÓjÕRp TWôU¬l×,Utßm CVk§WUVUô] ùNVpTôÓLsùNVpTÓRp G] EVo UhPl T¦Lû[jRÚ¡\Õ.

CVk§W UVUôdL≠u ©WRô]¾ûUL[ôY] (The main disadvantages ofautomation are):

• TôÕLôl× AfÑßjRpLs /TôÕLôlTôt\ RuûU (Security Threats/

Vulnerability) : JÚ CVk§WUVUô] AûUl×B]Õ JÚ YWm©tÏhThP×j§Nô≠jR]jûRúV ùLôi¥ÚdÏm.G]úY AR]ôp ARu A[®tÏAlTôtThÓ ùY°«p ©ûZLs ×¬YRtÏA§L Yônl× CÚd¡\Õ. (ERôWQm.ùTôÕYô] ®¡ReL°p G°ûUVô]Xô_õdûL ARu ®§Lû[f ùNVpTÓjRARtÏ CVpTôLj ùR¬VôÕ.

• ë¡jR±V Ø¥VôR /ªÏ§Vô]úUmTôhÓf ùNXÜLs (Unpredictable/

excessive development costs) : Rô²Ve¡Øû\VôL úNªdLlThP TQjûR ®PA§Ll TQm/ ùNXÜ JÚ ùNnØû\ûVCVk§WUVUôdLp ùNnYRtÏf ùNnVlTÓm ùNXYô¡\Õ.

• A§L BWmTf ùNXÜ (High initial cost ):

CVk§WUVUôdLp ùNXÜ TX ùTôÚhLsUtßm A§L LôXj§tÏ TW®]ôp áPJÚ ùTôÚ°u ë²h LôvhJl©ÓûL«p JÚ ×§V ùTôÚû[ ApXÕ¨ûXVjûR CVk§WUVm ùNnYRtÏ BÏmùNXÜ ªL A§Lm, ªLªL A§L êXR]mARtÏj úRûYlTÓ¡\Õ.

Ñtßf ãZp ®û[Ü (Environmental impact)

Resource productivity? (CÚl× Y[m EtTj§ÅRm Gu\ôp Gu]? ̈ § NôokR ®û[ÜLs/(monetary outputs) TQ U§lûT /ùTôÚ[ôRôWU§lûT (economic value) EÚYôdL CVtûLCÚl× Y[eL°p (natural resources) CÚkÕ¡ûPdLl ùTt\ ùTôÚhLû[ ùTôÚ°Vp(economy) B]Õ GqY[Ü §\m TPd

ûLVôs¡\Õ GuTúR (resource productivity)

Ï±l©ÓYRôÏm. ùTôÚ[ôRôW JjÕûZl×Utßm úUmTôÓ ØWiTôÓ (The Operation forEconomic Co-operation and Development Controversy(OECD) CRtLô] ùNVpTôÓ (Operation) B]Õ(resource productivity)þI JÚ (welfare perspective) þpûYd¡\Õ. C§p RWm Nôo A[Üm APdLm(ERôWQm. ùLôÓdLlThP CVtûL CÚl×Y[m EsÇÓ ùLôiÓ, EtTj§ùNnVlThP ®û[fN≠u AX¡p (per unit)

Ñtßf ãZ≠u RôdLm (environmental impacts)

(Decoupling) GuTÕ Ñtßf ãZ≠púUôNUô]ûYLs Utßm ùTôÚ[ôRôWj§pSpXûYLs ("environmental bads" and "economic

goods") CWiÓdÏUô] ©ûQlûTjÕi¥lTÕ BÏm. ùTôÚ[ôRôWm Y[okÕátßf ãZp Ïû\TôÓ Ïû\Ùm úTôÕØÝûUVôL CÕ (Decoupling) ¨Lr¡\Õ.ùTôÚ[ôRôWjûR ®Pd Ïû\Yô] ÅRj§pÑtßf ãZp Ïû\TôÓ A§L¬jRôp(Decoupling) B]Õ (relative) BÏm.

1990L°p T¦«P BúWôd¡Vm (Workplace

wellness) GuTÕ ØRXô°LÞdÏ ùT¬V®`VUôL GÝkRÕ. (emerged) Ød¡VUô]Y[okR SôÓL°p (developed countries) LôVmUtßm úSônj RÓl©p (disease prevention)

TôÕLôl×d LY]m Utßm TôWmT¬VT¦«p BúWôd¡Vm tradional and occupational

health) C§≠ÚkÕ JÚ T¬QôU Y[of£AûPYÕ úSôdLUôL CÚkRÕ EjúRNUôL80 ØRp 90 NRÅR (80 to 90 percent) SÓjRWUtßm ùT¬V A[®Xô]l T¦«PeL°pT¦Vô[oL°u BúWôd¡Vm UtßmSpYôrdûLûV úUmTÓjÕYRtLôLY¥YûUdLlThP §hPeLs ClúTôÕLôQlThPÕ. ùTÚmTôXô] ØRXô°L°uùNVp FdLm (motivation) B]Õ, BúWôd¡VBRôVeLÞdLôL ùNX®Óm ùRôûLûVdÏû\lTÕ Utßm ARtÏl T§XôL BRôVdLôlÀÓ (benefits coverage) ùLôiÓ YÚYÕTt±VRôL CÚkRÕ. £X ̈ ßY]eLs úUÛmCkR §hPeLû[j ùRô¯Xô°LÞdÏBRWYôLl TeL°l× ùNnÙm LXôfNôWjûR(contributing to a culture) TôojR]. ùUôjRj§p©WRô] úSôdLm B]Õ, EtTj§ ÅRjûREVojÕYÕ Rôu. AùU¬dLô®p (U.S.)

úYLUôL GpXô §ûNL°Ûm TW®V,JqùYôÚ R²lThPj ùRô¯Xô°«uBúWôd¡VoûR úUmTÓjR Y¥YûUdLlThP T¦«P BúWôd¡Vj §hPeLs



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Tt±V ®`VeLs ©W§T≠jRÕGu]ùYu\ôp, Sôh¥p Es[ùTÚmTôuûUVô] ØRXô°Ls,T¦Vô[oL°u BúWôd¡V AdLû\fùNX®]eL°p JÚ Ï±l©hP TeûLj RôuùNÛjÕ¡\ôoLs GuTÕ Rôu. ClúTôÕUt\ SôÓLÞm CkR Uô§¬Vô] §hPeLû[ùLôiÓ YÚ¡u\]. CúR Uô§¬Vô]§hPeLs ClúTôÕm B£Vô®pAéoYUôLj Rôu LôQlTÓ¡\Õ. CÚkRúTô§Ûm £eLléo C§p ®§ ®XdLôLfùNVpTÓ¡\Õ.

FdLlTÓjÕRp (Motivation)

FdLlTÓjÕm ER®j§hPm (incentive plan)

Juû\ EÚYôdÏRu êXm NUô°dLlTPúYi¥V úRûYLs Utßm ®ÚlTeLsCYtû\d Ï±dÏm EQof£l éoYUô]EiûU Rôu FdLlTÓjÕRp GuTRôÏm.

FdLlTÓjRlTPôR ùRô¯Xô[oLû[ ®PAYoLû[d Lôh¥Ûm A§L EtTj§ùNnTYoL[ôL FdLlTÓjRpùRô¯Xô°Ls Uôß¡\ôoLs.

ùTÚmTôXô] ùRô¯p T¦Vô[oLû[FdLlTÓjÕY§p £X £WUeLû[EQo¡u\]. ùTôÕYôL CÕ ùNnYûRLôh¥Ûm ùNôpYÕ G°Õ. ùRô¯Xô[oLsGuTYoLs ùYqúYß ®ÚlTeLs,ùYßl×Ls Utßm úRûYLs EûPVR²jR² SToLs B¡\ôoLs.JqùYôÚYûWÙm ùYqúYß ùTôÚhLs/ùNVpLs YônùUô¯ YôojûRLsFdLlTÓjÕm.

FdLlTÓjÕRp Gu\ YôojûRûV Sôm×¬kÕ ùLôsúYôm. (Let us understand theterm Motivation):

FdLlTÓjÕRp (Motivation): "Motive" Gu\YôojûR«≠ÚkÕ ùT\lThÓ EÚYô]ÕRôu FdLlTÓjÕRp (motivation) Gu\ùNôpXôÏm, CÕ úRûYLs ®ÚlTmApXÕ JqùYôÚ U²Rû]Ùm CVdÏYÕGuT]Ytû\d Ï±d¡\Õ. CXdÏLû[AûPYRtÏ U²RoLû[f ùNVpTPjçiÓm ùNnØû\ BÏm.

T¦ CÚdÏm ©u ×Xj§p U²RoL°uSPjûRûV FdLlTÓjÕm Uú]ô TXmNôokR LôW¦L[ôY].

• §Úl§Vô] úYûX (Job Satisfaction)

• ùYt± ùTßRp (Achievement)

• ÏÝYôLf úNokÕ ùNnÙm ùNVp (Teamwork)

• TQj úRûY (Need for money)

U¬VôûR (Respect)

Ruàs APe¡«ÚdÏm §\ûUL°p ªLªLúUmThPûR ùY°dùLôiÓ YWf ùNnVùRô¯Xô[oLs Uj§«p JÚ EtNôLjûREÚYôdÏm ùNVûXf ùNnYÕ ¨oYôLj§uªL Ød¡VUô] ùNVpTôÓL°p Ju\ôÏm.G]úY RûXûUl ùTôßl©p Es[, RûXYoB]Yo, úYûX«p ùRô¯Xô°«uBoYUô] ùY°lTôhûPd ùLôiÓ YÚmT¦ûVf ùNnV úYiÓm. FdLlTÓjÕRpùNnØû\ B]Õ êuß ¨ûXLû[Es[Pd¡VRôÏm.

1 Juû\f ùNnV LhPôVlTÓjÕRp (Oblige)

2 JÚ FdLm A°lTRôp úRûYLs éoj§AûPRp. (An incentive in which needs have to bearoused).

3 úRûYLs éoj§ AûPRp ApXÕCXdûL AûPRp. (When needs are satisfied,the satisfaction or achievement of goals).

EtTj§ ÅRm GqYôß úUmTÓ¡\ÕApXÕ Ïû\¡\Õ? (Productivity how improvesor slow down)

ùTôÚ[ôRôW Y[of£«p EtTj§ÅRmGuTÕ JÚ BRôW A¥lTûPVôÏm.(cornerstone) SUÕ Øuú]ôoLû[ ®P SômTQm áÓRXôL Es[ TQdLôW]ôL ApXÕêu\ôm EXLj§u NWôN¬ U²Rû] ®PTQdLôW]ôL CÚd¡uú\ôm. Gù]²p SômA§L productive þBL Esú[ôm. EtTj§ ÅRmSUÕ úTôh¥ ¨ûXûUûVÙm Tô§dLdá¥VÕ. A§L EtTj§ ÅRjÕPuSôªÚkRôp EXLf NkûR«p SmUôp úUÛmSu\ôLl úTôh¥«P Ø¥Ùm. ÑÚdLUôLfùNôu]ôp EVoRW YôrdûLûVAàT®dÏm JÚ úUmThPùTôÚ[ôRôWjûRl ùTt\YÚdÏ EtTj§®RjRôp Rôu êX BRôWm. CR]ôp AkSToêu\ôm EXLjúRôÓ NmTkRlThP§pApXÕ AúR STo 50 ApXÕ èßYÚPj§tÏ Uu]o CÚkRûR ®P úUmThPEVoRW YôrdûL YôZØ¥Ùm.



76

PRODUCTIVITY

EtTj§ ÅRj§u úUmTôÓ / Ïû\Rp(Improvement/Slow down of productivity)

EtTj§ ÅR Y[of£«u A¥«p Uû\ùTôÚ[ôL CÚdÏm Utù\ôÚ LôW¦ B]ÕLiÓ©¥l×Ls Utßm ×§V] EÚYôdLpBÏm. NôRôWQUôLf ùNôpXúYiÓùU²p, ùYiûU ¨\ úXl úLôhA¦kR BiLs Utßm ùTiLs EtTj§ÅRjûR A§L¬dLf ùNnÙm JÚ Y¯ B]Õ,BWônf£ Utßm úUmTôh¥p TQm ùNXÜTiÔYÕ Rôu JhÓùUôjRUôL TôojRôp®gOô]j§p EXL ØRuûUVôL §Lr¡\Õ.G]úY CRu êXm ¿eLs ̈ û]dLXôm ×§VùRô¯p ÖhTeLû[ EÚYôdÏY§pAYoLs ÄPoLs Guß, C§Ûs[ Rk§WmGu]ùY²p, A¥lTûP ®gOô] éoYØuú]t\eLû[ GÓjÕdùLôiÓ ARû]CXôTLUô]j £\kR ØVt£VôL UôtßYÕRôu. GpXô A±dûLL°u T¥, ØRp T¥«pCÚkRÕ úTôuß CWiPôYÕ T¥«p USA

B]Õ AqY[Ü §\mTP CÚkR§pûX.B]ôp _lTô²VoLs CkR ®`Vj§pRûX¸r. CÕ ùUôjRj§p ¨fNVUôLG°ûUVô]Õ.

AiûUd LôXeL°p (in recent times) þpLôQlTÓm ©WfNû]dÏ¬V ®`VmGu]ùY²p, U.S ¨ßY]eL°Ûs[ùNX®]eLs(expenditure) Utßm ùRô¯pÖhT (technology indicator)þp JÚ N¬ÜLôQlTÓ¡\Õ. ClT¥úV Ck¨ûX ¿¥jRôpEtTj§ ÅR Y[of£«p ¿iPLôX úSôd¡púUôNUô] ®û[ÜLs HtTPd áÓm G]£Xo AfÑßjÕd¡u\]o.

1 ®û[®u AÜh×h Y[of£ B]Õ,EsÇÓ LôW¦Lû[ A§L¬lTRu êXØmUtßm EtTj§ ÅRj§u Y[of£ ùLôiÓYÚY§Ûm CÚkÕ Rôu ¡ûPd¡\Õ.©³dLp Lôl©Pp A§L A[Ü ÅRj§pùNnR ØRÄÓ LôWQUôLj Rôu, LPkR 30

BiÓLÞdÏm úUXôL _lTôu B]Õ,AùU¬dLôûY ®P ®ûWYô] A§LY[of£ AûPkRRtLô] ©WRô]dLôWQm BÏm.

2 EtTj§ ÅRm B]Õ, Lp®«p ØRÄÓ,BWônf£ Utßm úUmTôÓ, ¨oYôLÖhTeLs Utßm G°V AàTYmCYtßPu ùRôPo×ûPVÕ.

3 ùRô¯p ÖhTj§p Øuú]±V B]ôpAúR NUVm ùTôÚ[ôRôWj§pØuú]\ôR TX NØRôVeLs GiQt\ERôWQeL[ôL Es[]. ùR°YôLjùR¬V YÚYÕ Gu]ùY²p, ùRô¯pÖhTm UhÓm úTôRôÕ, EeLÞdÏAW£Vp, TiTôÓ NhPf ãZp CûYLsGpXôm AR]Ru ùNVpTôhûPl úT¦Y[od¡u\].

4 TpúYß úR£Vd ùLôsûL /úLôhTôÓLs (A variety of national policies

are likely to lead to higher productivity): A§LEtTj§ ÅRj§tÏ Øuù]ÓjÕfùNp¡\Õ Lp®, úTôdÏYWjÕ, UtßmRLYp ùRôPo× ETLhPûUl×A¥lTûP Utßm TVuTÓjÕ¡\BWônf£ Utßm ùR°YôLYûWVßdLlThP ùNôjÕ¬ûU B¡VTÏ§Ls Sm úR£V ùLôsûLLû[YûWVßdL ERÜm.



77

PRODUCTIVITYY[of£ AûPkR SôÓLÞPu Jl©ÓRp

(Comparison with developed countries)

Utù\ôÚ SôhûP ®P ARû]d Lôh¥Ûm,Jl©ÓûL«p Ïû\Yô] ùNX®p JÚ SôÓEtTj§ ùNnVXôm. Utßm A§L A[Ü SpXNkRolTeLû[ EÚYôdLXôm. CÕJl©ÓûL«p Sôm LôÔm SuûUVôÏm.

Ut\ ùTôÚhLû[ EtTj§ ùNnYûR ®PJl©ÓûL«p JÚ SôÓ AkRl ùTôÚû[ªLj §\ûUVôL BRôW êXl ùTôÚhLû[lTVuTÓj§ A§L A[®p EtTj§ ùNn¡\Õ.

EtTj§ ùNnY§p T¦Vôs Ød¡VBRôWUôL CÚd¡\ôo. úYûXVôhLs A§LfNmT[jûR G§oTôod¡\ôoLs. AYoLsA§Lf NmT[m RÚm ùRô¯tNôûX«púYûX ùNnYôoLs.

ùRô¯p ÖhTm CpXôUúXúV ¡ûPdÏmBRôWeLû[ ªLj §\ûUVôL ETúVô¡jÕEtTj§«p R²jÕYm ùLôiÓ YÚY§pCÚkÕ Yô¦Tj§p CXôTm ¡ûPd¡\Õ.®tTRtÏ ®Úm×m GpXôl ùTôÚhLû[ÙmEtTj§ ùNnYRtÏ JÚ SôÓ êXBRôWeLû[ JÕd¡ RW úYiÓm. ùRô¯pÖhTjûR TVuTÓjÕYRu êXm JÚSôPô]Õ, ARu EtTj§ûV £\l×d LY]mùNÛj§ EÚYôd¡ AkSôÓ ÖLW ®Úm×mùTôÚhLÞdLô] EtTj§ûV Yô¦TmùNnVXôm.

NôußLs (Evidence) LôhÓYÕ Gu]ùY²p,Ïû\Yô] á≠/ NmT[m B]ûY, Ïû\Yô]EtTj§ ÅRjÕPu A§L¬dÏm úTôÕNmT[m EVo¡\Õ. 2000 Bm YÚPj§pùRuùLô¬Vô®u (South Korea) úXTo EtTj§§\u B]Õ, AùU¬dLô®p CÚlTRtÏ 35%NRÅRUôL CÚkRÕ. Utßm ùRuùLô¬Vô®p

T¦VôhLs ùTt\ NWôN¬ NmT[Uô]ÕAùU¬dLô®u NWôN¬ NmT[j§p ÑUôo 38%CÚkRÕ. ùLô¬V ÙjRj§tÏ ©\ÏEXLj§úXúV ªLªL HûZ SôÓL°pJu\ôL ùRuùLô¬Vô B¡®hPÕ. UtßmAkSôh¥u T¦Vô[o EtTj§ ÅRm ªLdÏû\YôL CÚkRÕ. 1975þp AùU¬dLô®uNWôN¬f NmT[j§p 5% UhÓúU CÚkRÕ.

GeÏ JÚ ùTôÚû[ U≠Ü ®ûX«p EtTj§ùNnV Ø¥ÙúUô AeùLpXôm AlùTôÚû[EtTj§ ùNnYôoLs .

EVo EtTj§ ÅRm B]Õ, SôÓLÞdÏ LôvhAhYôuhúPwû_ (cost advantage)

ùLôÓd¡\Õ. AÕ AYoLû[j §\ûUVôLEtTj§ ùNnV AàU§d¡\Õ. AkR SôÓJl©ÓûL«p GkRj ùRô¯tNôûX«p (com-

parative advantage) ¡ûPd¡\Õ AkRjùRô¯tNôûXûV ®¬ÜTÓjRXôm AúRNUVm (labour productivity) Ùm AeÏARtúLt\ôo úTôp A§L¬dÏm.

Y[of£ AûPkR SôÓL°u EtTj§ÅRm (Productivity in developed countries).

×s° ®TWeL°u ØRuûUVô] A¥lTûPBRôWm B]Õ, (United Nations Industrial

Development Organization. (UNIDO) UtßmùRô¯tNôûX NôokR ×s°®TW RWÜ êXm(Industrial Statistic Data base).

RWlThÓs[ AhPYûQ B]Õ, ùUôjRLôW¦ EtTj§ ÅRj§p (total factor productivity

(TFP) A[Ü UhPm SôÓ UtßmùRô¯tNôûX BÏm. (by country and industry).

Ck§Vô®u TFP B]Õ, AùU¬dLô®uBoPo ®P 10 % BÏm.


Y[of£ AûPkR SôÓL°u EtTj§ ÅRjúRôÓ Jl©ÓRp (Comparitiveproductivity in developed countries)

úSôdLeLs: ClTôPj§u Cß§«p ¿eLs §\m ùT\ CÚlTûY• Y[of£ AûPkR SôÓL°u EtTj§ ÅRjûR Jl©ÓRp• Y[of£ AûPkR SôÓL°u YôrdûLj RWjûRd áßRp.


78

PRODUCTIVITY

AkR SôÓL°u YôrdûLj RWeLs,NmT[m/ á≠ (Living standards of thosecountries, wages)

(United Nations Human development index) þu T¥(United states of America) B]Õ, GlùTôÝÕúUPôl CÚT§p CÚd¡\Õ. A§L EtTj§§\u B]Õ, (GDP per capita) þûY A§L¬dLfùNn¡\Õ. YôrdûL Sm©dûL, AW£Vpv§WjRuûU, ÏÓmT YôrdûL, NU Tô≠]mUtßm T¦lTôÕLôl× CYtû\ EtTj§ÅRm úUmTÓjÕ¡\Õ.

ùNôkR ÅhÓLôWoL°u Gi¦dûLJl©ÓûL«p A§Lm, ÖLoùTôÚ°p A§LEVoYônl×, CYoLs A§L LôoLû[ûYjÕs[]o. Ut\ GkR SôÓLû[d

Lôh¥Ûm AYoL°Pm úW¥úVô UtßmùRôûXdLôh£ ToúLl©hPô (radios &

televisions per capita) A§LUôL Es[Õ.

AùU¬dLô, Bv§úW≠Vô, ù_oU², _lTôuØRXô] Y[okR SôÓL°p 64% SToLsùNôkR Åh¥p Ï¥«Úd¡u\]o. 55% SToLsÏû\kRThNm CWiÓ ùRôûXdLôh¥£ùTh¥VôYÕ ûYj§Úd¡u\]o. 51% NR®RmSToLs JÚ YôL]jûR ®P A§LYôL]jûR ûYj§Úd¡u\]o. 98% SToLsùRôûXlúT£Ùm, 77% SToLs YôμeùUμàm ûYjÕs[]o.

úUúX ùNôpXlThP SôÓL°p Y£lúTô¬uYôrdûLjRWm B]Õ EX¡úXúVEVokRRôLd LÚRlTÓ¡\Õ.

Ùû]ùPh vúPhv EPu NmTkRlThP ùUôjR LôW¦ EtTj§ ÅRm (Total FactorProductivity (TFP) relative to the United States (USA=100) (Table 1)

U²R Nd§ (Ùû]ùPh vúPhv = 100) (AhPûQ þ2) (Labor Forces (United States: 100)(Table 2)

LôW¦Ls (Factors)

SôÓ RVô¬l× G@Ï ÑWeLùRô¯p LhÓUô]m EQÜ

Bv§úW≠Vô 65 61 68 63 46(Australia)

ù_oU² 75 87 86 79 55(Germany)

_lTôu 121 98 -- 100 87(Japan)

Ck§Vô 6 6 12 10 8(India)

LôW¦Ls (Factors)

SôÓ RVô¬l× G@Ï ÑWeLùRô¯p LhÓUô]m EQÜ

Bv§úW≠Vô 102 79 123 140 77(Australia)

ù_oU² 90 114 79 98 95(Germany)

_lTôu 70 98 -- 75 66(Japan)

Ck§Vô 286 215 820 435 175(India)



79

PRODUCTIVITY

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80

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83

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84

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85

PRODUCTIVITY

Ye¡ ùNVpØû\ (Banking process)

JÚ Ye¡ B]Õ, ¨§ Nôo×CûPÂhPô[WôL (financial intermediary) UtßmTQm EÚYôdÏm JÚ AûUlTôL ARôYÕLPu YôeÏTYÚdÏl TQm LPu ùLôÓjÕ,ARu êXm ARtúLt\ôo úTôp Ye¡úTXuv Ìh¥p (balance sheet) JÚúNªlûTEÚYôdÏYRu êXm TQm EÚYôdÏmAûUlTôL Ye¡ CÚd¡\Õ. LPuùLôÓdÏm ùNVpTôÓLs (Lending activities)

B]ûY, úS¥VôLd LPuùLôÓlTRu êXmApXÕ Uû\ØLUôL (directly by loaning or

indirectly) TeÏf NkûRLs (capital markets)

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AYt±u RôdLm, LôWQUôL, Ye¡Ls TXSôÓL°p, ªL EV¬V ¨ûX«pJÝeÏTÓjRlThÓs[].

Ye¡Ls TQm YZeÏm ØLYoL[ôLf(payment agents) ùNVpTÓ¡u\]. GqYôßG²p AûY LuPd¥e ùNd¡e (by conducting

checking) ApXÕ Yô¥dûLVô[oL°uSPl×d LQdÏLs (current accounts for customers),

Ye¡«p Yô¥dûLVô[oL[ôp RWlThPLôúNôûXLÞdÏl TQm YZeÏRp (paying

cheques drawn by customers) UtßmYô¥dûLVô[oL°u LWihAùL[ihPôp ùPTô£h ùNnVlThPLôúNôûXûV (cheques) úNL¬jRp ØRXô]ùNVpTôÓLû[ ùNnÕ Ye¡Ls TQmYZeÏm ØLYoL[ôLf ùNVpTÓ¡u\].(Automated Clearing House (ACH), (Wire transfersApXÕ telegraphic transfer,EFTPOS, UtßmRô²Ve¡ TQm YZeÏm CVk§Wm(Automated

Teller Machine (ATM) Øû\L[ôp úTUih

Y¯Øû\L[ôp Ye¡Ls Yô¥dûLVô[oúTUihûP Nôj§VUôdÏ¡u\].

SPl×d LQdÏL°p (current accounts) ØRÄÓùNnVlTÓm ̈ §L°p CÚkÕ ARû] HtßdùLôsYRu êXm LôX ûYl× ¨§ (term

deposits), Htßd ùLôsYRu êXm (banknotes

and bonds) úTôu\ LPu Tj§WeLû[YZeÏYRu êXm Ye¡Ls TQjûRùTß¡u\]. SPl×d LQdÏLs ûYjÕs[Yô¥dûLVô[oLÞdÏ AhYôuv RÚYRuêXm RYûQd LPu (installment loans)

ùLôÓlTRu êXm Utßm NkûRl TeÏTj§WeL°p ØRÄÓ ùNnYRu êXm Utßm©\ LPu YZeÏm Øû\L[ôp Ye¡LsTQjûRd LP]ôLd ùLôÓd¡u\] (lending).

Ye¡LÞPu úNokÕ ùNVXôt\ JÚ R² SToApXÕ TX SToLÞPu LQdÏùRôPeLlTP úYiÓm.

JÚ LQdûL (account) ÕYeÏYRu êXmJÚYo, CkR úUàYXôp (manual)

AûUdLlThÓs[T¥, LQdûL BÞm®§Øû\Ls (rules govering the account) ùNVpAÔÏØû\, (policies) NhP §hPeLsØRXô]Yt±tÏ NmU§jRYWô¡\ôo. Ye¡LQdÏ ùRôPeÏm T¥Yj§pùNôpXlThPûY ApXÕ ARu ÑV®ÚlTl T¥ (at its discretion) Ye¡Vôp úYß®Rj§p ùNôpXlThPûYdÏm LQdÏùRôeÏm JÚYo NmU§jRYWô¡\ôo.ûLùVÝjÕ (signature) Utßm AûPVô[jûR(identity) N¬ TôojR ©u]o LQdÏLsùRôPeLlTÓm.

Ye¡ LQdÏ ùRôPeÏYRtÏ Ye¡LÞdÏ¸rLiP PôdÏùUuhv (documents) RWlTPúYiÓm.


Ye¡ ùNVpØû\, KYC T§Ü, ùWôdLlTQm ûLVôÞRp, R²STo ATôVmUtßm LôlÀÓ (Banking process, KYC Registration, Cash handling, Personal risk andInsurance)

úSôdLeLs: ClTôPj§u Cß§«p ¿eLs §\m ùT\ CÚlTûY• Ye¡ (Bank) ùNVpØû\Lû[ ®Y¬jRp• ATM þI GlT¥d ûLVôsYÕ G] ®Y¬jRp• TôÕLôlTô] Øû\«p TQm ûLVôÞm ùRô¯p ÖhTjûRl Tt±d áßRp• Ye¡«p KYC (EeLs Yô¥dûLVô[ûWl Tt±j ùR¬kÕ ùLôsÞRp) (Know your cus-

tomer) Tt± ùR¬kÕd ùLôsÞRp Gu\ôp Gu]?• R² STo ATôVm (personal risk) Utßm LôlÀÓ (insurance) GuTRu ùTôÚû[d áßRp.


86

PRODUCTIVITY


ÖLoúYôÚdLô] ØLY¬ Utßm AûPVô[f Nôu±tLô] BYQeLs (Documents foridentification and Address for Consumers)

Ïû\kRThNm CWiÓ BYQeL[ôYÕRWlTP úYiÓm.

Yô¥dûLVô[o LQdÏL°u YûLLs(Categories of consumer accounts)

R² STo LQdÏLs (Individual Accounts) :

Y¦L SPY¥dûLûV (transactions)

Ae¸L¬jÕs[ (authorizes) JÚ R² ST¬uùTV¬p CkRd LQdÏLs ùRôPeLlTÓ¡u\]. _ô«uh LQdÏ (Joint accounts)

B]Õ, N¬Vô] LQdLô[Wôp (survivorship)

UhÓm ùRôPeLlTÓm. CWiÓ ApXÕA§L Gi¦dûL«Xô] SToLs, ùTôÕYôL,ApXÕ CûQkÕ LQdÏj ùRôPeL®Úm×m úTôÕ CkRd LQdÏLsùRôPeLlTÓ¡u\]. CkRd LQdÏLsHRôYÕ JÚ STWôp ApXÕ CûQkÕGpXô STWôÛm CVdLlTPXôm.

CûQkÕ LQdÏj ùRôPe¡VYoL°pHúRàm JÚ STo C\kÕ ®P úSokRôp Á§CÚdÏm ùRôûLVô]Õ E«úWôÓ CÚdÏmUt\ SToLs ùTtßd ùLôs[Xôm.

Aû]jÕd LQdÏRôWoLÞm®iQlTj§p Utßm Uô§¬d ûLùVôlTm(Specimen signature card) AhûP«ÛmûLùVôÝj§P úYiÓm.

ÏÝ®p HúRàm ©QdÏ (dispute)

HtThPôúXô ApXÕ LQdÏRôWoL°pVôúWàm JÚ STo úUtùLôiÓ Y¦LS¥Y¥dûLûVj (transactions) ùRôPWd áPôÕG] Ußl× (object) ùR¬®jÕ Ye¡dÏdL¥Rm (letter) GÝ§]ôp, AkRd LQdûLØPdLúYô (to freeze) ApXÕ NvùTuh(suspend) TiQúYô Ye¡dÏ ØÝ A§LôWmEiÓ.

ClT¥lThP JÚ ¨Lr®u úTôÕAû]jÕd LQdÏRôWoLÞm, GkRùYôÚLÚjûRÙm Aû]YÚm ûLùVôlTªhÓYe¡dÏj ùR¬VTÓjR úYiÓm. HúRàmKYo ¥ëùPlh (overdue debt),G§WôL ApXÕLQdÏRôWo ApXÕ CûQl× LQdÏRôWoBL (joint account holders) CÚkRôp HúRàm JÚLQdÏRôWÚdÏ G§WôL _hùUuhûP§Úl§lTÓjR Ye¡dÏ ØÝ A§LôWmEs[Õ.

ATM þId ûLVôÞRp(Handling ATM)

JÚ CVk§WUVUôdLlThP TQm YZeÏmCVk§Wm (Automated Teller Machine) ApXÕRô²Ve¡ TQm YZeÏm CVk§Wm (Automatic

Teller Machine (ATM) GuTÕ JÚ LôNô[o(cashier), GÝjRo (clerk) ApXÕ Ye¡l TQm

AûPVô[f Nôuß ØLY¬f Nôuß(Proof of Identity) (Proof of address)

úYhTô[o AûPVô[ úYhTô[o AûPVô[AhûP (Voter ID) AhûP (Voter ID)

KhÓSo E¬Um KhÓSo E¬Um(Driving Licence) (Driving Licence)

TôvúTôoh TôvúTôoh(Pass port) (Pass port)

×ûLlTPjÕPu ×ûLlTPjÕPuá¥V AWNôeL á¥VAWNôeLAûPVô[ AhûP AûPVô[ AhûP(Govt ID with photo) (Govt ID with photo)

SPl× Bi¥tLô] 3 UôRªuNôWm/ ùRôûXúT£/Ï¥¿o YZeLp ©p (Current3 Months Electricity/Telephone / Water supply bill)


87

PRODUCTIVITY

YZeÏTYo G] VôÚûPV úRûYÙm Cu±JÚ ̈ § ̈ ßY]j§u Yô¥dûLVô[oLÞdÏ,¨§ Nôo Yô¦T SPY¥dûLLû[ (financial

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Value code (CVVC) ApXÕ LôohùY¬@©úLù úYpë (Card Verification Value

(CVV)úTôu\ £X TôÕLôl× RLYpLû[dùLôi¥ÚdÏm. JÚ ToN]pIùPu¥@©úLù SmTo (Personal Identification

Number (PIN) þI GuPo (enter) TiÔYRuêXm Yô¥dLûVô[o EiûUVô]Õ,ùUnVô]Õ, úTô≠«pXôRÕ GuTRû]Eß§TÓjÕ¡\ôo.

ATM þIl TVuTÓj§ Yô¥dûLVô[oLs,AYoL°u Ye¡ úNªl× ApXÕ YWÜLQdÏLû[ (deposit or credit accounts) ùYqúYßY¦L SPY¥dûLLû[ (transactions) ARôYÕTQm GÓjRp (cash withdrawals), CÚlûTfúNô§jRp (check balances) ApXÕ ¡ùW¥hùUôûTp úTôu (credit mobile phones)

úTôu\Ytû\ AàU§dLXôm. ATMþp CÚkÕGÓdLlTÓm TQUô]Õ, Tôed AùLüih¥]ôªú]hPh (denominated) TiÔYûR®P úY\ôL CÚkRôp, TQm B]Õ,A@©μVp GdvúNgf úWh¥p (official

exchange rate) Uôt\lTÓm CqYô\ôL ATM þLsùTÚmTôÛm ªL SpX CVu\ A[ÜGdvúNgf úWh (best possible exchange rate) þIùY°SôhÓl TV¦LÞdÏl (foreign travelers)

ùTÚmTôÛm ùLôÓd¡\Õ. G]úY CkRúSôdLj§tLôLl TWYXôLl TVuTÓjRlTÓ¡\Õ.

ATMs þLs B]ûY Ye¡Ls CÚdÏmY[ôLj§às ApXÕ ARu AÚLôûU«pUhÓúU ûYdLlTÓTYRôp ARtÏ úUÛm

`ôl©e ûUVeLs, ùT¬V LûPLs ®Uô]¨ûXVeLs TXNWdÏ LûPLs, ùThúWôpúLv ¨ûXVeLs, úaôhPpLs ApXÕUdLs A§LUôLd áÓm GkRùYôÚCPeL°Ûm ûYdLlTÓ¡u\]. CWiÓYûLVô] CuvPôúXùLs Es[]. BuUtßm B@l ©Wª^v (on- and off-premises)

Bu ©Wª^v (On-premises) þLs CVpTôLúYA§L ùRô¯p ÖhTm YônkRRôLÜm (), TXRWlThP ùNVpTôÓûPV CVk§WeL[ôLÜm AúR NUVm JÚ Ye¡d ¡û[«uùNVpTôÓLs Aû]jûRÙm RÚYRôLÜmAûUk§ÚdÏm Utßm CdLôWQeL[ôpCûY A§L ùNXÜûPVRôL CÚdÏm. B@l©Wª^v (Off-premises) B]ûY ¨§¨ßY]eLs Utßm ÑVUô] ®tTû]¨ßY]eL[ôp (Independent Sales Organizations

(ISOs) ùYt±LWUô] Øû\«p TVuTÓjRlTÓ¡u\]. CeÏ C§p G°V úRûYVôLlTQm UhÓúU Es[Õ. CR]ôp ùTôÕYôLCûY U≠Yô] Jtû\ ùNVpTôÓ UhÓmEûPV LÚ®VôL ºlTo £e¡s @Teù¥ûY^v BL (cheaper single function devices)

CÚdÏm.

Aú]L ATM þL°p ARu úUp JÚ ûNu (sign)

CÚdÏm, AÕ AkR ATM GkR Ye¡dÏApXÕ ¨ßY]j§tÏ ùNôkRUô]ÕGuTûR, AkRl ùTVûW Ï±l©ÓYRôLCÚdÏm. Ø¥kR A[Ü CkR ùUμuLù]dh TiQlThÓs[ ≠vh B@l (list

of ATM networks) ùShúYôodÜm Ï±l©PlTh¥ÚdÏm.

ATM-Lû[ CW«p ¨ûXVeLs UtßmùUhúWô ¨ûXVeL°Ûm LôQXôm.RtLôXj§p Ck§Vô úTôu\ SôÓLs UtßmBl¬dLô®p Es[ £X SôÓLs, (rural areas)

®Ûm AúR A[®p ATM þLû[ ̈ ßÜ¡u\].CûYLs úNôXôo TYo þBL CÚdÏm. CkRATM þLÞdÏ H.£Ùm (air conditioning)

úRûY«pûX.

TôÕLôlTôLl TQm ûLVôÞmY¯Øû\Ls (Safe cash handling procedures)

Ck§Vô®u Lôx Xô´v¥d (Cash Logistics)

¨ßY]eLÞdLô] ØuùUô¯VlThPY¯LôhÓRpLs (Proposed Standards/ Guidelines)

¸rdLiPûY Lôx Xô´v¥d LmùT²LsLûPl T¥dL úYi¥V Øu ùUô¯VlThPY¯LôhÓRpLs.


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1 Lh¥P CÚl©Pm (Premises Location) :

CkR TÏ§Vô]Õ, TQm GÓdÏmûUVeLÞdÏ (withdrawal centres)

AÚLôûU«p CÚdL úYiÓm. LôYp¨ûXVj§tÏ AÚLôûU«p CÚdLúYiÓm. ApXÕ TôÕLôlûT Eß§TÓjÕm ¨ûX«p SpX ùRôPo×ûPVTL§«p AûUV úYiÓm. Y[ôLmúTôÕUô] A[Ü EûPVRôL CÚdLúYiÓm.

2 CVtûLVôL ÑRk§WUôLûLVôÞR≠u CPm (Physicallyindependent areas) :

• TQm ûLVôÞm TÏ§ (" Cash

processing/handling zone): CkRTÏ§Vô]Õ úLx úNªl× (cash deposit),LùXd`u (collection), ©¬jRp (sorting),GiÔRp (counting) UtßmTôÕLôlTô] YôL]j§p YZeÏRp(delivery/dispatch of cash) CYt±tÏúTôÕUô] CP YN§ EûPVRôL AkRAû\ CÚdL úYiÓm.

• TQm TôÕLôlTôL ûYj§ÚdÏmT V u T Ó j R l T Ó m R ¥ l T ô ]ÑYoLÞm, Eß§ YônkR LRÜmEûPV Aû\ (" Cash Vault): TQjûRlTj§WUôL ûYlTRtLô] TôÕLôlTô]Aû\ CkRl TÏ§ B]Õ, RBI C ¡[ôvYôph Y¯LôhÓRp (RBI C class vault

norms)þ T¥ CÚdL úYiÓm.

TôÕLôl× (Security): AkR Y[ôLm B]ÕGpXô A¥lTûPl TôÕLôl× YN§Lû[dùLôi¥ÚdL úYiÓm. (¸rdLiPûYúTôp):

• ÕlTôd¡ Hk§V LôYXoL[ôp (armed

guards) LiLô¦dLlTÓm 24x7

GXdhWô²d electronic CCTV (Closed Circuit

Television) LÚ® CÚdL úYiÓm.

• TQm ùNVpTôÓLs (Cash processing)

Utßm TQm Tj§WUôLûYdLlTh¥ÚdÏm Eß§Vô] TÏ§Ls(vault areas) YWm©tÏhThP UtßmLhÓlTÓjRlThP ÖûZYô«p(restricted and controlled access), EûPVRôLCÚdL úYiÓm. Øuà¬ûUVôLCuPo Xôd¡e (interlocking) AûUl×LsUtßm úNôRû]«Óm Yô«XôL (frisking)

CÚdL úYiÓm. Yôph (Vault)

ùNVpTôÓLs GlúTôÕúU CWhûPlTôÕLôl©p (dual custody) CÚdLúYiÓm.

• ©WRô] TQm ûYdLlTh¥ÚdÏmTôÕLôlTô] R¥lTô] ÑYoLû[EûPV Eß§Vô] Aû\l TÏ§ (Main

vault area) B]Õ Aû]jÕl TôÕLôl×AmNeLû[Ùm Eß§VôL Tt±dùLôi¥ÚdL úYiÓm. GûRl úTôußG²p, ¾ G§ol× AûUl×Ls (fire fighting

systems), ×ûL LiP±Ùm AûUl×Ls(smoke detection systems), AYNW úSW Jüõ(emergency lighting), YôL]eL°u AûNÜLiLô¦dÏm LhÓlTôhÓ Aû\(control room for monitoring the movement ofvehicles), AÚLôûU«p CÚdÏm LôYp¨ûXVjÕPu aôh ûXu Lù]d`u(hotline connections) CûYùVpXômLi¥lTôL CÚdL úYiÓm.

AÛYXL CPm (Office space) : Au\ôPlT¦Lû[ ùNnYRtÏ YN§VôL, ¡û[«uAÛYXoLÞdÏ N¬Vô] T¦«Pm CÚdÏmT¥ ùNnV úYiÓm.

SLWm ØÝûUÙm TQm ûLVôsúYôoUtßm Õû\L°u ùTôßl×Ls A§Lm/YWm©pXôRÕ Utßm ùNVpØû\LÞmAqYôú\. T«t£ TQm ùTßYûRdûLVô[o WºÕ ùLôÓjRp, TQm ûYl×jùRôûL, Ye¡f úNªl×, úUX§Lô¬PmØû\lT¥j ùR¬VlTÓjÕRp UtßmYôPûLdÏ GÓjRp T«t£Ls /TZdLeLÞdLô] Y¯LôhÓRpLû[RÚ¡u\].

Ae¸L¬dLlThP SToLs UhÓúU ùNußYÚm YûL«p TQm ûLVô[lTÓm TÏ§LsUtßm TQm Tj§WlTÓj§ ûYdLlThÓs[ TÏ§ CÚdL úYiÓm. TQmúNªdL RVôoTÓjRlTÓm CPm CVtûLVôLUtßm Ae¸¬dLlThP STo UhÓúUÖûZÙm YûL«p GeÏ Ø¥ÙúUô AeÏAûUdLlTP úYiÓm.

TôÕLôdLlThP TÏ§«p ¾«]ôpTô§dLlTPôR TôÕLôl× AWÔPu á¥VLôl× ùThPL Aû\«às, ETúVôLm R®WUt\ úSWeL°p TQm Utßm AûR NôokRùTôÚhLs ûYdLlTP úYiÓm.AàU§dLlThP F¯V¬u T¦j úRûYR®W Ut\ úSWeL°p AkR TôÕLôl×



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ùThPLm éhPlThÓ ûYj§ÚdL úYiÓm.úYûX úSWeL°p áP TôÕLôl× ùThPLméhPlTPôR ¨ûX«p CÚdLd áPôÕ.

KYC T§Ü ùNnRp (KYC Registration)

KYC EeLs Yô¥dûLVô[ûWl Tt±ùR¬kÕ ùLôsÞRp (Know Your Customer):

LQdÏj ùRôPeÏm úTôÕ Ae¸LôWm ùTt\A§Lô¬ B]Yo (authorized officer) N¬Vô]AûPVô[m (proper identity) Yô¥dûLVô[¬uCÚl©Pf Nôuß BYQm (residential proof)

ØR≠VYtû\l T¬úNô§jÕ §Úl§AûPkÕ, úTôhúPô AûPVô[ AhûP(photo identifies card) Utßm ØLY¬ Nôuß(address proof) CYtû\ùVpXôm RkÕ N¬TôojR ©\úL LQdÏj ùRôPeLlTPúYiÓm GuTúR ªLÜm Ød¡VUô]ÕBÏm.

T¦Vô[o CPo Yônl× ¨ûX UtßmLôlÀÓ (Personnel risk and insurance)

£X YûL ATôVeLû[ ë¡jR±kÕ UtßmYWôUp RÓdÏm TôÕLôl× YZeÏRÛPuNmTkRlThP ùNXÜLû[ Ïû\lTRtÏLôlÀÓ RÚYûR Es[Pd¡V CPoúUXôiûU ®ÚmTlTÓ¡\Õ. CÕ ¨LZYônl×s[ ATôVm Utßm AúR NUVmARu ®û[YôLl ùTôÚ[ôRôW CZl×UhÓm ¨LZ Yônl×s[ CPûW G§oùLôsÞm.

çV BTjÕ (Pure risk) B]Õ êußYûLL[ôLl ©¬dLlTÓ¡\Õ. :

a ùNôjÕ (Property)

b T¦Vô[o Utßm ùTôÕ UdLÞdÏ úSÚmLôVm Utßm C\l× (Liability)

c T¦Vô[o(Personnel)

ùNôjÕ ATôVm (Property risk) :ùNôjÕCZlTôp ARu ®û[YôL HtTÓmUû\ØLUô] ùNXÜLû[ CÕEs[Pd¡VÕ.

NhPm NmTkRlThP YûL«p HtTÓmATôVm (Liability risk) : AÛYXL RYßL[ôpúSokRùR] T¯ ùNôpXlTÓ¡\T¦Vô[oLs Utßm ùTôÕ UdL°uLôVeLs ApXÕ C\l©u ®û[YôLHtTÓm CZlûT Es[Pd¡VÕ.

T¦Vô[o CPo (Personnel risk) : Ød¡VUô]T¦Vô[oL°u CZl×Pu NmTkRlThP

ATôVeLÞPu CÕ ùRôPo×ûPVÕ.

CPo úUXôiûU«p êuß ¨ûXLsEs[]. ATôVm AûPVô[m LôQp UtßmTÏlTônÜ ùNnRp, CPo LhÓlTôÓ UtßmCPo ¿dÏYRtLô] Y¯Øû\Ls.

JÚ Ï±l©hP ATôVjûR LôlÀÓ ùNnVJÚ Øû\ ¾oUô²jÕ ®hPôp, JÚA±YôokR LôlÀÓ ØLYo B]Yo, JÚAuPo ûWhPo (under writer) þIj úRoÜùNnY§p ERYXôm. JÚ úYû[ JÚØd¡VUô] CZl× ¨LrÜt\ôp, AkR¨ßY]m B]Õ, TQm ùLôÓdÏm YpXûUEûPVRô G] AkR LôlÀÓ ̈ \Y]j§u ̈ §¨ûXûUûV BWôV úYiÓm.

©\ YûL LôlÀÓLs (Other types of Insurance):

¸rLiPûY LôlÀh¥u úUtá±V £XYûLL°u £ß Ï±l×Ls:

úUôhPôo YôL]m (Automobile) : ùTôÕUdLÞdÏ HtTÓm LôVm (injury) ApXÕC\l× (death/ Public liability) UtßmùNôjÕL°u úNRm (property damage).

ùLô§LXu Utßm CVk§WeLs (Boiler and

Machinery) : ùLô§LXuL°u ©\YûLA¯Yôp (destruction) ApXÕ ùY¥jRp(explosion) LôWQUôL HtTÓm CZl×LÞdÏLôlÀÓ TôÕLôl× A°d¡\Õ.ùYlTlTÓjÕm Utßm ApXÕ Ï°ìhÓmAûUl×L°p HtTÓm úNRm Utßm CkRYûL«Xô] ETLWQeL°u A¯YôpHtTÓm CZl×LÞdÏ LôlÀÓ TôÕLôl×A°d¡\Õ. (Provides coverage)

¾ (Fire) :¾ NmTkRlThP ×ûL«]ôp HtTÓmúNRm ApXÕ ¾ûV AûQdLlTVuTÓjRlTÓm CWNôV]eLs UtßmRi½o CûYÙm úNokR Es[Pd¡VAû]jÕ úNRj§tÏ LôlÀÓ TôÕLôl×A°d¡\Õ.

ùTôÕYô] LôVm Utßm E«¬Zl×(General Liability) : TpúYß ¨LrÜL[ôpHÕYô] CZl×L°p CÚkÕ Ye¡ûVTôÕLôd¡\Õ. T¦Vô[o LôVj§tLô]UÚjÕY ùNXÜ ùRôûL YZeÏRp úTôu\Ï±l©hP ATôVeLÞdÏ CVpTô] ùTôÕLôVm Utßm E«¬Zl× LôlÀÓ TôÕLôl×YZeÏ¡\Õ. (Comprehensive general liability

insurance) B]Õ Ï±l©hP £XYtû\R®ojÕ GpXô CPo úSÚm Yônl×LÞdÏmTôÕLôl× A°d¡\Õ.



90

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Yô¥dûLVô[o Tt± ùR¬kÕd ùLôsÞm T¥Ym (Sample of the KYC form)

BYQm LôjRp (Record Keeping): ̧ rdLiPBYQeLs TWôU¬dLlTP úYiÓm :

• ùT¬V ®§®XdÏLû[ ®Y¬jÕ LYúWwRWlTÓm ØÝ ®TWm Tt±V RLYpBYQm.

• LôlÀhÓ ØLYo


• L¯dLlTP úYi¥V ùRôûL

• EVo EfNYWm×

• Tô≠£ LôXm

• ©¬ªVm LhP úYi¥V úR§

• ©¬ÁVm LhP úYi¥V ùRôûL


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OSH

&

ENVIRONMENT

EDUCATION

ùRô¯p ùRôPoTô] TôÕLôl× UtßmBúWôd¡Vm (Occupational Safety and Health

(OSH): ùRô¯p ùRôPoTô] TôÕLôl×Utßm BúWôd¡Vm GuTÕ T¦«pDÓTh¥ÚdÏm T¦Vô[oLs, ÏÓmTEßl©]oLs, EPu T¦ ×¬TYoLs,Yô¥dûLVô[oLs Utßm T¦«PfãZXôp Tô§lTûPV Yônl×ûPV Ut\TX¬u TôÕLôlûTl Tt±V TÏ§ BÏm.

T¦«Pl TôÕLôl× (Workspace safety) : JÚùRô¯tNôûX«u ØRXô° B]Yo,AYoL°u ùRô¯Xô°L°u TôÕLôl×,BúWôd¡Vm Utßm SXm CYt±tLô]AdLû\ûV GÓlTRtÏf NhPmY¯LôhÓTYtû\d ûLVôsYÕ AY£Vm.CRtÏf NUUôL ùRô¯Xô°LÞm,T¦Uû]«u Aû]jÕl TôÕLôl×AmNeLû[Ùm LûPl©¥dL úYi¥VÕAYoL°u RôoÁLl ùTôßlTô¡\Õ.(TPm 1)

Au\ôPlT¦Lû[f ùNnÙm úTôÕAlT¦«p ¨LZ Yônl×s[ BúWôd¡VBTjÕ Tt±Ùm, T¦«Pj§p ARû]YW®PôÕ RÓlTÕ Tt±Ùm, ØÝûUVôLA±k§ÚlTÕ Tt±VRôÏm.

SpX TôÕLôl× Utßm BúWôd¡Vm Tt±VT«t£Ls TZdLYZdLeLs B]ÕùRô¯Xô° LôVm AûPYÕ UtßmúSônYônlTÓYÕ NmTkRUô]f ùNXÜLû[Ùm, UÚjÕYf ùNXÜ Utßm ùT\Ø¥VôR TQ YWÜLs ùNXÜLs CYtû\ÙmÏû\dLYpXÕ. (TPm 2)

úYûX Yônl×j §\uLs þ OSH & Ñtßf ãZp Lp® LÚj§Vp 2.3.41

ùRô¯p ùRôPoTô] TôÕLôl× Utßm BúWôd¡Vj§tLô] A±ØLm(Introduction to Occupational Safety and Health (OSH))

úSôdLeLs: ClTôPj§u Cß§«p ¿eLs §\m ùT\ CÚlTûY• ùRô¯p ùRôPoTô] TôÕLôl× Utßm BúWôd¡Vm Tt± YûWVû\ ùNnRp• T¦×¬Ùm CPj§p TôÕLôl©u Ød¡VjÕYm Utßm BúWôd¡Vj§uØd¡VjÕYm Tt±d áßRp

• BúWôd¡Vm Utßm TôÕLôl× lúWôd¡Wôm (program) þp ØRXô°, ùRô¯t NeLm(trade union) Utßm T¦Vô[oL°u TeÏ Tt±d áßRp.

ùRô¯pNôo× BúWôd¡Vm (Occupational

health) : T¦ ùNnY§p BúWôd¡Vm GuTÕ,ùRô¯p Nôo× BúWôd¡Vm G]ÜmAûZdLlTÓ¡\Õ. CÕ JÚ R² STo

ùRô¯p Nôo× BúWôd¡Vm Tt±V ILO/WHO

Lªh¥«u (1995) ùRô¯p Nôo×BúWôd¡Vj§u êuß Ød¡VUô]úSôdLeLû[ ùY°d ùLôiÓ YÚRp:

(i) T¦Vô[oL°uBúWôd¡Vm UtßmT¦Vôtßj§\û] TWôU¬jRp UtßmúUmTÓjÕRp.

(ii) TôÕLôl× Utßm BúWôd¡VmCYt±tÏf NôRLUôLj ÕûQ ×¬ÙmT¦«Pf ÑtßfãZp úUuûU.

(iii) BúWôd¡Vm Utßm T¦«p TôÕLôl×CYtßdÏj ÕûQ ×¬Ùm §ûN«p T¦¨ßY]m Utßm T¦d LXôfNôWm


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CYt±u úUmTôÓ Utßm CqYôßùNnYRôp AÕ Tô³¥q úNôμVp¡ù[ùUh (positive social climate) Utßm£dLXt\ ùNVpTôÓLû[ AUpTÓj§ARu êXm Ak¨ßY]j§u EtTj§ÅRjûR úUmTÓjRXôm.

úYûX Yônl× Utßm T¦ ¨XYWeLsNm©WRôVUô] ApXÕ ANm©WRôVUô]ùTôÚ[ôRôWm B]Õ ©\ Ød¡VUô]LôW¦Lû[ ARôYÕ U¦ úSWm, NmT[m,T¦«Pd ùLôsûLLs úUÛm ©WNY LôX®Ól× BúWôd¡V úUmTôÓ UtßmTôÕLôl× AmNeLs ØRXô]Ytû\AWYûQd¡\Õ.

®TjÕLs, RûN ©¥l× úSônLs, ÑYôNdúLô[ôß, LôÕ úL[ôûU, NodÏúXhP¬úSônLs (circulatory diseases), U] AÝjRmùRôPoTô] ùNV≠Zl× UtßmùRôtßúSônLs Uôßm ©\Yt±tÏ Y¯YÏdÏm. T¦«Pj§p HtTÓm BTjÕ®û[®dÏm LôW¦Ls CYtû\Es[Pd¡V ùYqúYß ¾oUô²dÏmLôW¦L[ôp T¦Vô[oL°u BúWôd¡VmNmTkRlThÓs[Õ.

úYûX«p ùRô¯p ÖhTeLs Utßm ×§VYûL Øû\Ls CûYLs úYLUôL Y[oYRuêXm Aû]jÕj ùRô¯tNôûXLÞdÏmTôÕLôlTô] Utßm BúWôd¡VUô]T¦fãZûX EÚYôdÏYÕ NYôXô]ùNVXôL Es[Õ. ×§V ATôVeLs UtßmùNV≠Zl× CYtû\ ®û[®dÏm NYôpLsUtßm Yônl×Ls GiQt\ûY. TôÕLôl×Utßm BúWôd¡V SPY¥dûLLû[ûLVô[ôR úTôÕ ApXÕ A§púRôp®Ùßm úTôÕ ®TjÕLs, LôVeLs,úSônLs Utßm E«¬Zl× áP úSWXôm.

T¦«Pd LôVeLs Utßm ùRô¯p Nôo×úSônL[ôp Tô§dLlThPYoLÞdÏ RdLŸôWQm YZeLlTP úYiÓm.T¦«Pj§p CkR Uô§¬ ¨LrÜLsRÓdLlTÓm Øû\«p RÓl×Øuù]fN¬dûL ùNVpTôÓLsAY£VUô¡\Õ. ùRô¯p Nôo× TôÕLôl×Utßm BúWôd¡Vj§p SpX SûPØû\LsLûPl©¥dLlTÓYRôp ùRô¯tNôûXLsUtßm T¦ ×¬úYôo Utßm AYoLsÏÓmTeLs Utßm AYoLû[fNôok§ÚlúTôo Aû]YÚm TV]ûPYo.

T¦ AûUl©p TôÕLôl× ©WfNû]LsB]Õ, ®`l ùTôÚhLs Utßm TXUô]EPp LôVeLs úTôu\ EP]¥AfÑßjRpLs ØRXô]Yt±p CÚkÕ§ÚmT §ÚmT HtTÓm LôVeLs (repetitive

motion injuries) EVo CûWfNp A[Ü (high noise

levels) Utßm Lôt±u RWm úTôu\ G°§pLiÓQW Ø¥VôR lúWôdW£q BTjÕ(progressive dangers) YûW CÚd¡\Õ. ùTôÕYôLT¦«P ATôVeLû[ êuß ùRôÏ§L[ôLjùRôÓdLXôm:

1 CWNôV] BTjÕLs (Chemical hazards),

C§p EPp ®`jûR DojÕd ùLôs¡\Õ.

2 GoLô]ôªd BTjÕLs (Ergonomic

hazards), C§p EPp £WUm AûP¡\ÕApXÕ LôVm AûP¡\Õ ùTÚmTôÛm£X ¿¥jR LôXm YûW ùNV≠u CZl×ARu A§oùYi ApXÕ ¾®WmLôWQUôL CÕ SPd¡\Õ.

3 EPÛdÏ HtTÓm ATôVeLs (Physical

hazards), C§p T¦Vô[o ATôVLWUô]¨LrÜLÞdÏ EhTP úSWXôm. ApXÕEPpNôo ATôVeLs GkR Uô§¬ùV²pùYlTm, ApXÕ SLÚm TôLeL[ôpBTjÕLs úSWXôm.

SÅ] LÚjÕL°p LôoTúWh öYôLm(corporate management) ùRô¯tNôûX TôÕLôl×SPY¥dûLLû[ JÚ êXR]UôLúYTôolTÕ A§L¬jÕs[Õ. F]j§tLô]ŸôWQjûR Ïû\lTÕ ¿iP LôX úSôd¡pAfùNXÜLû[d Ïû\lTRôp EtTj§ÅRjûR úUmTÓjÕYRôp Xô ãhv(lawsuits) ¿§Uu\ YZdÏLû[ R®olTRôpöYôLm ¿iPLôX úSôd¡p TQjûRªfNlTÓjRXôm.

YÚØu LôjRp YkR ©u ÏQlTÓjÕYûR ®P úUXô]Õ (Prevention isbetter than cure)

GkRùYôÚ T¦«PØm GlúTôÕúUØÝûUVôL GpXôúSWØm TôÕLôlTôLCÚdL Ø¥VôÕ Utßm AúR úSWm £XT¦«PeLs Ut\ CPeLû[ ®P A§LBTjÕ ¨LZ Yônl×s[ CPeL[ôLCÚdLXôm. ùRô¯tNôûXLs ®TjÕdLô]Yônl× CpXôR CPUôL CÚdLYônl©pûX. G]úY GpXô ùRô¯tNôûXLÞúU T¦Vô[oL°u TôÕLôlûTEß§ ùNnÙm YûL«p CPo AùNvùUuh



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(risk assessment) ùNVp Øû\Lû[ ûLVôÞm§\û] Y[ojÕd ùLôs[ úYiÓm. UtßmAû]jÕ Øuù]fN¬dûLSPY¥dûLLû[Ùm úUtùLôs[ úYiÓm.CÕ JÚ ÏÝ ùUôjRUôL ùNnV úYi¥VØVt£ C§p T¦Vôtßm JqùYôÚ Eßl©]Úm úNokÕ ØVt£ GÓdL úYiÓm.¸rdLiPYtû\ Rôm ùNnYûR ØRXô°LsGlúTôÕúU Eß§ ùNnV úYiÓm.

• BúWôd¡Vm Utßm TôÕLôl×ATôVeLû[ úTôÕUô] LhÓTôh¥tÏs ûYj§ÚjRp.

• AYoL°u BúWôd¡Vm UtßmTôÕLôlûTl Tô§dÏm ®`VeLû[T¦Vô[oLÞPu LXkRôúXô£jRp.

• TôÕLôlTô] YûL«p ¨ßY]jûRûYj§ÚjRp Utßm ETLWQeLû[jRkÕ ARû]l TôWU¬jRp.

• ùTôÚhLû[ TôÕLôlTôL ûLVôsYûRUtßm ETúVô¡lTûR Eß§ ùNnVúYiÓm.

• T¦Vô[oLs AYoLs TeûL§\ûUVôLd ûLVôsYRtÏ RLYpLsA±ÜûWLs, úUtTôoûY, T«t£ A°jRpUtßm TôÕLôlûT §\ûUVôLûLVôsY§p T«t£ A°jRp úYiÓm.

• úUtùNôu] GpXô úLôhTôÓLû[ÙmYô¥dûLVôL UßT¬ºXû] ùNnYûRÙm,§Új§ AûUlTûRÙm ùNnV úYiÓm.

BúWôd¡Vm Utßm TôÕLôl×¨Lrf£Ls (Health and Safety programmes)

GpXô LôWQeLÞdÏm (TPm 3)

ØRXô°Ls, T¦Vô[oLs Utßm NeLeLs¸rLiP TÏ§Lû[ ûLVô[ ØVußBúWôd¡Vm Utßm TôÕLôl©pAoT¦l× EQoÜPu DÓTP úYi¥VÕCu±VûUVôRÕ BÏm.

• GlùTôÝùRpXôm Ø¥ÙúUô AlúTôÕAkR BRôW CPj§úXúV T¦«PATôVeLs LhÓlTÓjRlTP úYiÓm.

• TX YÚPeLÞdÏ GkRùYôÚ ùY°lTôÓdÏm B]l T§úYÓLs TWôU¬dLlTP úYiÓm.

• T¦«Pj§p ¨LZ Yônl×s[BúWôd¡Vm Utßm TôÕLôl×ATôVeLs Tt± T¦Vô[oLs Utßm

ØRXô°Ls CÚYÚdÏúU RLYpùR¬®dLlTP úYiÓm.


• T¦Vô[oLs Utßm ̈ oYôLm CWiÓúUCûQkÕ CÚdLd á¥V ùNVXôdLm¨û\kR Utßm §\ûUVô] BúWôd¡VmUtßm TôÕLôl×d ÏÝ EÚYôdLlTPúYiÓm.

• T¦Vô[oL°u BúWôd¡Vm UtßmTôÕLôl× ØVt£Ls ùRôPokÕúUtùLôs[lTÓ¡u\]Yô GuTûRdLiLô¦jRp.

BTjÕLs Utßm ARu ®û[ÜLû[dÏû\jÕ ARu êXm T¦Vô[oL°uE«ûWd LôlTôt\ §\ûUVô] T¦«PBúWôd¡Vm Utßm TôÕLôl× ¨Lrf£LsERYXôm. T¦Vô[oL°u U]lTôuûUUtßm EtTj§ CWi¥Ûm SpX®û[ÜLû[ §\u YônkR ¨Lrf£LsHtTÓjRXôm. AúR úSWj§p §\u YônkR¨Lrf£Ls ¨oYôLj§u TQ ®WVjûRdÏû\dLXôm. BúWôd¡VUô] T¦«Pm,TôÕLôlTô] úYûXf ãZp, ®TjÕ At\úYûX YôrÜ B¡VûY ùRô¯Xô[oL°uYôrûY BTjÕ Utßm úSô«u RôdLjûRÏû\jÕ LôlTôtßm. §\u YônkR¨Lrf£Ls êXm HtTÓm úSoUû\ ®û]ùRô¯Xô[¬u Uú]ô¨ûXûV EVojRÜm,ARu êXm EtTj§ A§L¬dLÜm Y¯YûLùNnÙm. Aû]YÚm CûQkÕ T¦«p,U²Ru U§lûT úUmTÓjRXôm UtßmúRNj§u ùN¯lûT úUmTÓjRXôm.

1 T¦Vô[oL°u NêL, Uú]ôÃ§Vô]Utßm EPpNôokR LXjûR GpXôjùRô¯pL°Ûm ùRô¯p NôokRBúWôd¡Vm Utßm TôÕLôlûTúUmTÓjÕ¡\Õ.

2 úUôNUô] T¦«P ¨XYWeLs B]ûYT¦Vô[¬u BúWôd¡Vm Utßm


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TôÕLôlûT Tô§dÏm YpXûUEûPVûY.

3 T¦«Pm B]Õ JÚ Lh¥Pj§uEh×\j§úXô ApXÕ Lh¥Pj§uùY°l×\j§úXô HúRàm §\kRùY°«úXô GeÏ AûUk§ÚkRôÛmBúWôd¡VUt\ Utßm TôÕLôlTt\T¦¨XYWeLû[ GeúLÙm LôQ Ø¥Ùm.

4 T¦Vô[o Y£l©P Ñtßf ãZûXÙmúUôNUô] T¦ ¨XYWeLs Tô§dLXôm.CRu ùTôÚs Gu]ùY²p,T¦Vô[oLs Utßm AYoL°uÏÓmTeL°p Es[ Eßl©]oLs,AYoLû[f NôokÕs[ Ut\ SToLsUtßm T¦«PjûRf Ñt±«ÚdÏm ÑtßfãZp G] Aû]jÕúU T¦«P ATôVm¨LZ úSokRôp BTj§p C\dL úSÚm.

5 T¦Vô[oLû[ TôÕLôdL ùTÚmTôÛmNhPm NôokR ùTôßl×L°p ØRXô°LsUú]ôTôYm CÚdÏm.

6 T¦ÙPu ùRôPo×ûPV ®TjÕLsUtßm úSônLs EXLj§u GpXôTÏ§«ÛúU ùTôÕYô]ûY UtßmAYt\ôp T¦Vô[oLs Utßm AYoÏÓmTj§]o A¥dL¥ úSW¥Vô] ApXÕUû\ØLUôL G§oUû\ ùRôPo®û[ÜLû[ Nk§dL úS¬Óm. JÚ Jtû\®TjÕ ApXÕ EPp SX Ïû\Ü B]ÕùRô¯Xô° CÚYÚdÏúU ªL A§L A[ÜùTôÚ[ôRôW SxPjûR HtTÓjRXôm.

7 §\u YônkR T¦«P BúWôd¡Vm UtßmTôÕLôl× ¨Lrf£Ls BTjÕLû[dÏû\jÕ Utßm ARu ùRôPo®û[ÜLû[Ùm Ïû\jÕ T¦Vô[oL°uE«ûW/ YôrdûLûVd LôlTôt\ERYXôm.

8 §\ûUVô] ¨Lrf£Ls/ §hPeLsB]ûY T¦Vô[oL°u Uú]ôTôYmUtßm EtTj§«p SpX ®û[ÜLû[HtTÓjÕ¡\Õ Utßm ØRXô°LÞm ªLA§L A[®p TQjûR ªfNlTÓjR/úNªdL Ø¥Ùm.



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GpXôj ùRô¯pLÞúU ØRuûUVôL AúSLùTôÚ[ôRôW Utßm ©\ TXuLû[Ød¡VUôLj RÚ¡u\], B]ôp ARtÏNUUôL A§L A[®p TWYXô] TpúYßT¦«P ATôVeLs Utßm BTjÕLú[Ae¡Úd¡u\]. CkR ATôVeLs T¦«pCÚdÏm T¦Vô[oLÞdÏ BúWôd¡VmUtßm TôÕLôl©p CûPëß A°lTRôL¾eÏ ®û[®lT]YôL Es[].

A¥lTûP ¾eÏ ®û[®lT] (Basichazards)

ØRXô°dLÞdÏl T¦Vô[oLû[, T¦«pCÚdÏm TôÕLôl× Utßm ¾eÏ®û[®lT]Yt±p CÚkÕ LôlTôtßYÕØd¡Vl ùTôßlTôL CÚd¡\Õ. T¦Vô[oLÞdÏ CÚdÏm ATôVeLû[l Tt± A±ÙmE¬ûUÙm Utßm BTjÕ ̈ fNVm G] Sm×mT¦Lû[f ùNnV UßdÏm E¬ûUÙmEs[Õ. ATôVLWUô] ùTôÚhLÞPuTôÕLôlTôL T¦ ×¬Ùm ùTôßl×mT¦Vô[oLÞdÏ CÚd¡\Õ. £X ATôVeLsG°§p AûPVô[m LiÓùLôs[lTÓTûY Utßm N¬ ùNnÕ ùLôs[HÕYô]Õ, AúR NUVm ©\ £X BTjÕLs¿iPLôX BúWôd¡Vj§tÏ Tô§l×HtTÓjR á¥VRôLÜm, E«ÚdÏ AfÑßjRpRÚYRôLÜm AlT¥lThP ãZûXEÚYôdÏYRôLÜm CÚd¡u\].

CVtûLVôLúY HtTÓm BTjÕLs(Physical hazards)

CVtûLVôLúY HtTÓm BTjÕLs B]ûY,ªLf NôRôWQUôL ùTôÕYô] BTjRôÏm.Utßm CÕ AúSL T¦«PeL°p, £XúSWeL°p LôQlTÓTûYVôL CÚd¡u\].ERôWQeL°p APeÏTûY ûXqGXdh¬dLp Lôoh (live electrical cords),

TôÕLôl× LYNm CpXôR CVk§WeLsùY°úV ¿h¥dùLôiÓ CÚdÏm SLÚmTôLeLs, ¨ûXVô] NlRm, A§oÜLs,


A¥lTûP ATôVm, úY§Vp ATôVm Utßm CVk§W ATôVeLs (Basichazard, Chemical hazard and Mechanical hazards)

úSôdLeLs: ClTôPj§u Cß§«p ¿eLs §\m ùT\ CÚlTûY• TpúYß ùRô¯p Nôo× ATôVeLû[ ®Y¬jRp• ùRô¯p Nôo× ÑLôRôWm/ çnûU LôjRp Tt±d áßRp• ùRô¯p Nôo× úSôn, úLô[ôßLs Utßm ARû]j RÓjRp Tt± ®Y¬jRp

H¦«p H± ùNuß úYûX ùNnRp, EVoúUûPLs, ApXÕ EVWj§p ¨uß úYûXùNnRp, £k§«ÚdÏm §WYeLs, ¥¬l©eBTjÕLs (tripping hazards) ØRXô]ûYCVtûLVôp HtTÓm BTjÕL°p APeÏmCûY TX ùRô¯tNôûXL°p LôQlTÓmLôVeL°u ùTôÕYô] BRôW êXm BÏm.NlRm Utßm A§oÜ, ªuNôWm, ùYlTm,Lôtú\ôhPm, Jüõ ùY°fNm, AÝjRm,L§oÅfÑ ØRXô]ûY.

• Lôtú\ôhPm (Ventilation) Lôtú\ôhPmUtßm Lôtß Su\ôL Esú[ YkÕAû\«u Lôtß ÑZt£ (air circulation) CûYT¦Vô[¬u T¦ ùNnÙm YN§ UtßmBúWôd¡Vm CYt±p A§LmúTNlTÓ¡u\]. T¦«Pj§p SpXLôtú\ôhP YN§ (good ventilation) ×§VÑjRUô] Lôtß ùY°«p CÚkÕ Esú[YÚYRôL CÚdL úYiÓm. AjRûLVLôt\ô]Õ AÑjRlTÓjRlTPôUpT¦«PjûRf Ñt± YW úYiÓm.ÏßLXô] CPeLs (confined spaces) ê¥V¨ûX«p CÚlTÕm JÚ T¦ ATôVjûRdùLôiÓ YÚ¡u\]. CqYô\ô]ÏßLXô] ê¥V Aû\dÏs Lôtß Esú[YkÕ ùNpX Ïû\Yô] §\l×Lú[CÚdÏm Utßm Su\ôL CpXôRCVtûLVô] ùY°fNm, CkR Uô§¬Vô]CPj§p JÚ ùRô¯Xô° ùRôPokÕCÚlTÕ ®ÚlTjRdLRpX.

CkR Uô§¬Vô] CPeLÞdLô]ERôWQeLs, ùRôh¥Ls (storage tanks),

μl LmTôohùUuhv (ship compartments),

L¯Ü ¿o ÏZônLs (sewers) úTôu\ûYBÏm. êfÑ §Q± EQo®ZdLd á¥V¨ûXVô]Õ ( Asphyxiation) Utù\ôÚNôj§Vd áß EûPV T¦ ATôVm(potential work hazard) £X NkRolTeL°p¨LZd á¥VûY. ÏßLXô] CPeLs


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B]ûY T¦Vô[oLÞdÏ UhÓUpX.AYoLû[ LôlTôt\ ØVt£dÏmU²RoLÞdÏm JÚ BTjûR EiÓTiÔm.

• NlRm Utßm A§oÜ (Noise and Vibration):

NlRm Utßm A§oÜ GuTûY CWiÓmLôt±u AÝjRj§p HtTÓm A§oYûXLs ApXÕ ©\ ùTôÚhL[ôpHtTÓm A§oYûXLs BÏm. CûY U²REPûXl Tô§dLd á¥VÕ. U²R²uLôÕLs EQÚm A§oÜLs (Vibrations that

are detected by the human ear) NlRm G]YûLlTÓj§ á\lTÓ¡\Õ. Sôm NlRm(noise) Gu\ ùNôpXôp HuÏ±l©Ó¡ú\ôm G²p AÕ ®ÚmTjRLôRNlRm BÏm. NlRm Utßm A§oÜ A§LA[®p HtTÓm úTôÕ ApXÕ ¿iPúSWj§tÏ ùRôPÚm úTôÕ AÕT¦Vô[oLÞdÏj ¾eÏ ®û[®dÏm.(TPm 1)

T¦L°p úXôdLp Íh¥e (local heating)

ApXÕ Ï°o®jRp (cooling) ARôYÕ GeÏYN§Vô] RhTùYlT ¨ûXTWôU¬dLlTP úYiÓm Utßm AÕTôÕLôlTô]Õ Utßm ATôVLWUô]ApXÕ Tô§lTûPVf ùNnÙm ×ûLûVRWôÕ Gu\ A[®p ùRoUp dú[ôj§e(Thermal clothing) Utßm KnÜ YN§ (rest

facilities) úRûYlTÓ¡\Õ. (ERôWQj§tÏùYlTm (hot work) Utßm Ï°o TÏ§L°pT¦ ùNnRp (cold storage areas). úTôÕUô]CP YN§ T¦ Aû\L°p CÚdÏm T¥ùNnRp Aû]jÕm ùRô¯tNôûX«uØRXô° ùNnÕ ùLôÓdL úYi¥V ùNVpBÏm. .

• ªuNôWm (Electricity) ªuNôWm TXùRô¯Xô[oLÞdÏ BTjûR A°d¡\Õ.ªuNd§ûV ùRôÓYRôp HtTÓmªuNôWm NmTkRlThP LôVeLs SôuÏYûLL[ôLl ©¬dLlTÓ¡u\].

• ªuNôWm ùNÛjRlTÓYRôp UWQm¨LrRp (fatal electrocution),

• ªu A§of£ (electric shock),

• ¾dLôVeLs (burns),

• çd¡ ÅNlTÓRp (falls)

T¦«Pj§p ùYôVo Utßm ªuNôR]lùTôÚhLs (Wires and electrical equipment)

TôÕLôl×dLô] AfÑßjRûXdùLôÓd¡u\]. T¦Vô[oLs ªuETLWQeLû[j RY\ôLd ûLVôÞmúTôÕ AYoLs BTjûRAûZd¡u\]o.(TPm 2)

• RhTùYlT ̈ ûX (Temperature (Heat Stress):

Ï±l©hP ãZ≠p Htßd ùLôs[jRdLT¦Vôtßm ùYlT¨ûX ùTÚU[ÜØVt£ ApXÕ Bt\p úRûYlTÓm


• Jüõ ùY°fNm (Illumination (lighting) : SpXJüõ RWdá¥V ùY°fNUô]Õ EtTj§dÏAY£Vm. CVtûLVô] Jüõ GeùLpXômNôj§VúUô ARtÏ Øuà¬ûU ùLôÓdLúYiÓm. LiûQ áÑm Utßm®hÓ®hÓ G¬Ùm Jüõ (Glare and flickering)

R®odLlTP úYiÓm

CWNôV] ATôVeLs (Chemical hazards):

T¦«Pj§p §P Y¥Ym, §WY ̈ ûX ApXÕYôÙ ¨ûX«p GkRùYôÚ CWNôV]jRVô¬lûT ¿eLs ÖLW úSokRôp CWNôV]ATôVeLs Es[]. ERôWQj§pEs[PeÏTûYþ ÑjRm ùNnÙm ùTôÚhLsUtßm LûWNpLs (solvents), B® (vapours)

Utßm ×ûL (fumes), LôoTu úUô]ôdû^Ó(carbon monoxide) ApXÕ ©\ YôÙdLs (gases),

ùThúWôp (gasoline) Utßm ©\ ¾l©¥dÏmùTôÚhLs (flammable materials). CWNôV]BTjÕLs ùT¬V A[®p LY]jûRDolTûY. TX CWNôV]eLs AYt±uùTôÕYô] ùTVoL°p ETúVôLlTÓjRlTPôUp ©WôiÓLs (brands) ùTVoL[ôp


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ETúVô¡dLlTÓ¡u\]. CWNôV]eLû[_öW¦dL (digested) úSokRôp, ØLW úSokRôp(inhaled) ApXÕ úSW¥VôL úRô≠pùRôhÓ®hPôp (skin contact) LôVeLsHtTÓ¡u\]. CûY U²R EP≠p®û[ÜLû[ EiÓ TiÔ¡u\].

CWNôV]m £k§«ÚkRôp (chemical spills),

ùY°Vô¡«ÚkRôp (exposure) Utßm ÖLokÕ®hPôp (inhalation) Es[Pe¡V ®TjÕLs,LôVeLs, TôoûY T± úTôRp, R¥jRp(rashes) Utßm ©\ úSônLû[ EÚYôdLXôm.AYt±p ùTÚmTôXô]ûY ªL ªL®`jRuûU YônkRûY, Li, úRôp G¬fNp,êfÑ®P Ø¥VôR ÑYôNd úLô[ôß,LôVeLs ØRXô]Ytû\ HtTÓjÕm.CWjRm, SWm×Ls, GÛm×Ls, £ß¿WLm,LpÄWp ØRXô]Yt±p CWNôV]eL°u¿iP LôX ®û[ÜL[ôL AûY úUôNUô]úSônLs/úLô[ôßdÏ Y¯ YÏdÏm. JúWTôÕLôlTô] Y¯ Gu]ùY²p AYt±uCWNôV] CVpûTl ×¬kÕ ùLôiÓAYtû\ ªLd LY]UôLd ûLVôsYÕ Rôu.

ùYlTl ùTÚg úNôoÜ/ùYlTjRôp §¼o YuRôdÏ

• NôRôWQ EPp ùYlT¨ûX - 37°C

• ùYlTl ùTÚgúNôoÜ - 38°C - 40°C

• ùYlTjRôp YuRôdÏ 41°C

ARtÏúUÛm

A±Ï± Utßm úSôndÏ±

ùYlTlùTÚg ùYlTjRôpúNôoÜ YuRôdÏ

• TPTPùY] • Ïû\kR A[Ü ®¯l×CÚjRp ¨ûX

• TXÅ]m • G¬fNp

• UVdLm • RûN«p Y≠

• ®ûWYô] Sô¥j • ®ûWYô] Sô¥j Õ¥l×Õ¥l×

• Ïû\kR WjR • EVo WjR AÝjRmAÝjRm

• ÏUhPp • ÏUhPp

• Yôk§ GÓjRp • Yôk§ GÓjRp

• U] ¨ûX þ • U] ¨ûX þ ÏZlT¨ûXCVpTô] ¨ûX

• SPjûR • G¬fNp FhÓ¡\CVpTô] ¨ûX SPjûR

• ùYlTm, Sôs, ùNk¨\úRôp

• UWQm

£¡fûN

• Tô§lTûPkR • Tô§dLlThP STûW AkRSTûW ¸úZ C[eÏ°Wô] Lôtú\ôhTÓdL ûYjÕ PUô] TÏ§dÏLôpLû[ ùLôiÓ ùNpXÜmEVojRÜm

• CVpTôL • êfÑ ®ÓRp, Sô¥jÑYô£lTûR Eß§ Õ¥l× Utßm CWjRùNnVÜm. KhPm CYtû\f

úNô§dLÜm

• RôLUôL CÚkRôp • EPp ùYlT¨ûXûVdÏ¥dLj Ri½o Ïû\lTRtLôL IvùLôÓdLÜm úTdv ùLôiÓ STûWl

úTôojRÜm

• Ck¨LrûY úUt • Ï¥dL Ri½o RWÜmTôoûYVô[¬Pm • Ød¡VUô] A±Ï±Lû[ùR¬®dLÜm LY²dLÜm

• Tô§dLlThP STûWUÚjÕYUû]dÏ ùLôiÓùNpXÜm.

• ¨LrûY úUt TôoûYVô[¬Pm ùR¬®dLÜm

CWôNV]m ®`m BÏRp

®`m: EP≠às ̧ rLiP YûL«pÖûZkRôp EPp Tô§l× ApXÕùNVpTôhÓd úLô[ôû\HtTÓjÕm JÚ ØLl× ùTôÚhLs:

• ®ÝeÏRp (Ingestion)

• ÑYô£jRp (Inhalation)

• E±gÑRp (Absorption) ApXÕ

• EhùNÛjÕRp (Injection)

EPp Ã§Vô] ATôVeLs (Biological

hazards) ( TPm 3)

U²RoLs, ®XeÏLs ApXÕ RôYWlùTôÚhLÞPu E«¬Vp ATôVeLs



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AûUl×Ls, A¥dL¥ TÞ çdÏYÕ,ùRôPof£Vô] ApXÕ úUôNUô] CVdLmCûYùVpXôm BÏm. RûN Sôo Ïû\TôÓ(Musculo Skeletal Disorders (MSDs) B]ûYRûNLs , SWm×Ls Utßm RûN SôiLû[lTô§d¡\Õ. T¦ NmTkRUô] (MSD) LôVmUtßm úSônLû[ HtTÓjÕY§p Øu]¦LôWQeLÞs Ju\ôÏm.

TX ùYqúYß ùRô¯tNôûXL°uùRô¯Xô[oLs Utßm T¦«p Esú[ôoL]m A§Lm Es[ TÞdLû[ çdÏRp (lifting

heavy items),Yû[Rp (bending), úUp¨ûXAûPÙm (reaching overhead), L]Uô] TÞûYjRsÞRp Utßm CÝjRp (pushing and pulling

heavy loads), úUôNUô] EPp ¨ûX AûUl×( body postures) L°p T¦ ùNnRp Utßm CÕUô§¬Vô] ùNVpLû[j §ÚmT §ÚmTùNnRp úTôu\ ATôV LôW¦LÞdÏRmûUCPoTÓj§ ùLôs¡\ôoLs. ùR¬kR ATôVLôW¦L[ô] CûYLs (MSD)

T¦Vô[oL°u LôVm NmTkRUô]ATôVeLû[ A§L¬d¡\Õ.

A§oÜ J≠«]ôp HtTÓm BTjÕ (Vibro

acoustic hazard): T¦fãr¨ûX«p CVk§WA§oÜLs Utßm J≠ UôÑ B¡VYt±pCÚkÕ ùRô¯Xô[oLû[ TôÕLôlTÕGuTÕ ªL Ød¡VUô]RôÏm. J≠ UôÑCVk§WeL°u A§oÜL°]ôp HtTÓmFRô Utßm ×\ FRô J≠ UôÑ LôWQUôLùRô¯Xô[oL°u EPp SXj ¾eÏLû[BnÜ ùNnÕ úRûYVô] RÏkR SPY¥dûLGÓlTRu êXm ãr¨ûXûV LhÓdÏsûYj§ÚdL Ø¥Ùm. RÏkR R² SToTôÕLôl× LYNeLs ùRô¯Xô[oLs A¦VúYiÓm.

CVk§W®Vp ATôVeLs (Mechanical

hazards) RVô¬jRp (manufacturing), ÑWeLm(mining), LhÓUô]m (construction) Utßm®YNôVm (agriculture) CûYLû[ Es[Pd¡VùRô¯tNôûXL°u TpúYß CVk§WeL°]ôp EÚYôÏm LôW¦L[ôLCVk§W®Vp ATôVeLs Es[]. T«t£Utßm AàTYm CpXôUp, T¦Vô[o CkRCVk§WeLû[ CVdÏm úTôÕ CûYLsAYoLÞdÏ BTjûRj RÚ¡u\]. GlT¥CVk§Wm ApXÕ LÚ®Ls ûLVô[úYiÓm GuTûRj ùR¬kÕ ùLôs[ôUpARû] CVdÏm úTôÕ, AûYLsAYoLÞdÏ , EûPkR GÛm×Ls (broken

CHEMICAL STRESS AGENTS

• Gases

• Vapours

• Mists

• Dusts

• Fumes

PHYSICAL STRESS AGENTS

• Electromagnetic and

ionizing radiation

• Noise

• Vibrations

• Extremes of temperature

• Extremes of pressure

BIOLOGICAL STRESS AGENTS

• insects

• Moulds

• Viruses

• Fungi

• Bacteria

YÚ¡u\]. ERôWQj§p APeÏTûYCWjRm ApXÕ ©\ EPp NôokR §WYeLsTôd¼¬Vô, Utßm ûYWv éf£dL¥, ®XeÏUtßm T\ûYL°u L¯ÜLs/ GfNeLs,Tôd¼¬Vô, ûYWv, A¬l× (fungi),R¥Uu (mold)

,CWjR GÛm× EÚd¡ úSôn (blood-borne

pathogens) ØRXô]ûY GpXôm TpúYßúSônLû[ EÚYôdÏm ØLYoLs BÏm.(TPm 4)

T¦f ãZ≠p HtTÓm ATôVeLs(Ergonomic hazards) (TPm 5)

¿eLs ùNnÙm úYûX«u AûUlTô]Õ,EeLs EPp ¨ûXÙm Utßm EeLs T¦¨XYWm CWiÓm EeLs EP≠p JÚTXªuûUûV EÚYôdLXôm. AûYLû[AûPVô[m LôiTÕ L¥]m Hù]²pEeLs BúWôd¡Vj§tÏm AûYLs ùNnÙm¾eûL EeL[ôpEP]¥VôL EQW Ø¥VôÕ.ERôWQeLs: úUôNUô] ùY°fNm,JÝeLt\ T¦«Pm Utßm SôtLô≠



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bones), ùYh¥ G±VlThP ûL ,LôpLsUtßm SÑe¡V ®WpLs (amputated limbs and

crushed fingers) úTôu\ LôVeLû[HtTÓjÕ¡u\]. TX CVk§WeLs SLÚmTôLeLs, áoûUVô] ®°m×Ls, ãPô]TWl×Ls Utßm ©\ ATôVeLû[Es[Pd¡Ùs[]. CYt\ôpT¦Vô[oLÞdÏ, AYoLs TôÕLôl×CpXôUp TVuTÓj§]ôp SÑeÏRp,LôVeLs, ùYhÓLs, ÕiPôÏRp, ÏjÕRpUtßm ©\ RÝm×Ls HtTPd áÓm.

CVk§W TWôU¬l©tLôL ê¥ §\dÏmØû\Ls (lockout-tagout procedures) UtßmYôL]eLÞdLô] ØÝYûRÙm ê¥TôÕLôdÏm Øû\Ls (roll over protection systems)

úTôu\ TpúYß AmNeLs úUt ùNôu]ATôVeLû[ Ïû\lTRtLôL CÚd¡u\].£X ̈ LrÜL°p JÚ T¦Vô[o B]Yo, LôpYÝd¡ ®Ým T¥ úSokRôp AÕÜmáoûUVô] ùTôÚs ÁÕ ®ÝkRôp AkRUô§¬Vô] LôWQeL[ôp CVk§WeLsT¦Vô[oL°u C\l× Utßm LôVeLÞdÏLôWQm B¡\Õ. CVk§WeLû[lTôÕLôlTôLd ûLVôÞm T¦Vô[oL[ôp®TjÕLs Ïû\¡u\].

®ÝRp (Falls) (TPm 6): Ød¡VUôLLhÓUô]m, ©¬jùRÓjRp, úTôdÏYWjÕ,BúWôd¡V SXm Utßm Lh¥PjûRfÑjRlTÓjÕRp Utßm TWôU¬jRp, CkRUô§¬Vô]Yt±p ®ÝRp GuTûY ùRô¯pNôo×d LôVeLs Utßm E«¬Zl×LÞdÏ ªLNôRôWQUô] LôWQeLs BÏm. YÝdÏRp,CPÚRp Utßm E«¬Zl×LÞdÏ ©WRô]LôWQeL[ôL AûU¡\Õ. YÝdÏm TWl×LsûLl©¥Vt\ Uô¥lT¥Ls YÝdÏRp,CPÚRp, Utßm ®ÝRp CûYLÞdLô]Yônl×Ls GuTÕ T¦«Pl TôÕLôl×ATôVm BÏm. EûPkR GÛm×Ls, GÛm×Ø±ÜLs, U¦dLh¥p ÑÞdÏ UtßmLÔdLô≠p ØßdÏ CûYLs GpXôm ¸úZ®Ým ®TjÕdL[ôp HtTÓm £X EPpÃ§Vô] LôVeLs BÏm.

GfN¬dûL AûPVô[ Ï±Lû[ YÝdÏmTWl×LÞdÏ AÚLôûU«p ûYlTRu êXmT¦«Pj§p ¸úZ ®Ým ¨LrÜ §\ûUVôLR®odLlTPXôm. (TPm 7) JqùYôÚUô¥lT¥«Ûm ̧ úZ ®ZôUp CÚlTRtLôL©¥jÕd ùLôsÞm Lm© CÚlTRu êXmUtßm CPßYûRj R®olTRtLôL RûW«p

¡PdÏm JVoLs LYo TiQlThÓCÚlTûR Eß§ ùNnYRu êXmT¦«Pj§p ¸úZ ®Ým ¨LrÜR®odLlTÓ¡\Õ.

CYtû\ £X YûL ùRô¯tNôûXL°pR®odL Ø¥Y§pûX, ERôWQUôLLhÓUô]lT¦ Utßm ÑWeLm, B]ôpLôXlúTôd¡p UdLs CqYûLVô]BTj§≠ÚkÕ LôjÕd ùLôs[ TôÕLôl×Øû\Ls Utßm ùNnØû\Lû[úUmTÓj§VRu êXm T¦«PeL°pBTjÕLû[ NUô°dL Ltßd ùLôiÓ®hPôoLs. £ßYoLû[ T¦«pAUojÕYÕ úUÛm BTjÕdÏ Y¯ YÏdÏm.

ªu BTjÕLs (Electrical hazards): ªuNôWRôdÏRp GuTÕ ªLd Ï±lTôL N¬Vô]ApXÕ Øû\Vô] Earthing ùNnVô§ÚjRp,TÝÕThP Lôl×û\, G°§pùY°jùRôPo×dÏ E¬V YûL«pAûUkÕs[ ªu NôR]eLs, overload circuit,

DWlTR ¨ûX, TÝÕThP LÚ®Ls,



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úUpúSôd¡f ùNpÛm overhead powerlines

Utßm TXYt±]ôp ¨LÝm ªLÜmúUôNUô] ªu BTjRôÏm.

ùYlTm/ ¿Wô®«]ôp HtTÓmBTjÕLs (Thermal hazards): CqYûL ùYlTBTjÕLs ùYlTm Utßm Ï°of£«]ôpHtTÓ¡u\]. CûY U²R EPXôpRôeLØ¥VôR ùYlT¨ûX LôWQUôLHtTPXôm. AeúL U²R EP≠u ùYlTmÏû\Ü (Ï°okR ¨ûX AÝjRm)AûPY§]ôp E«ÚdúL BTjRô] ¨ûXHtTÓm (hyper thermia). ùLô§LXuLs (boilers),ùYlT EûXLs ( furnaces), YôolTPeLs(foundry castings), ùYlTlTR²ÓRp SûPØû\( heat treatment process), B¡VûY EVo ùYlTBTj§tÏ (thermal hazards) Y¯YÏdÏm.

U] Ã§«Xô] ¾eÏLs (Psychosocial

hazards): ùNnVlTÓm úYûX Y¥YûUdLlTÓm Øû\, HtTôÓ ùNnVlThP Øû\Utßm ¨oYôLm TiQlThP Øû\ CkRY¯Øû\L°p NmTkRlThPÕ, Uú]ôÃ§«Xô] BTjÕLs BÏm. AúR úTôpT¦«u BTjÕLs ùTôÚ[ôRôW UtßmNêLm NôokRûYÙm E[®Vp Utßm EPpÃ§Vô] Tô§l×LÞdÏ Es[ôdÏ¡\Õ.T¦«]ôp HtTÓm U] AÝjRm UtßmT¦«ûP YuØû\ CûYùVpXômU]Ã§«Xô] CPo EPu CûQkÕs[].CûYLs ùRô¯p Nôo× BúWôd¡Vm UtßmTôÕLôl©tÏ ªLlùT¬V NYôXôLAûU¡u\].

T¦«P BnÜLs ATôVeLû[jRÓd¡u\] (Workplace inspections preventhazards)

Øû\Vô] T¦«P BnÜLs B]ûY,LôVeLs Utßm úSônLû[ RÓdÏmUtù\ôÚ Ød¡VUô] LôW¦VôÏm.T¦«Pj§u Aû]jÕ AmNeLû[ÙmA§Ûs[ Ïû\Lû[ LôÔm YûL«p BnÜùNnYRu êXm BnÜLs ùNôpXlThÓ N¬ùNnVlTP úYi¥V ATôVeLû[AûPVô[eLiÓ T§Ü ùNn¡\Õ.

JÚ T¦«P Bn®p ¸rdLiPûYAPeÏm (A workplace inspection should include)

• T¦Vô[oLs Utßm úUtTôoûYVô[oLs NmTkRlThPYtû\ AYoLsáßYûRd LôÕ ùLôÓjÕd úLhLúYiÓm.

• T¦Ls Utßm úYûXLû[l Tt± úUÛmSuÏ ×¬Rp.

• CÚdÏm Utßm CÚdL Yônl×s[ATôVeLû[ AûPVô[e LôQp.

• ATôVeLÞdLô] Uû\k§ÚdÏmLôWQeLû[j ¾oUô²jRp.

• ATôVeLû[d LhÓlTÓjRTYtû\ùRôPokÕ LiLô¦jÕ YÚRp. ( ÑVUôLjRuû] TôÕLôdÏm ETLWQm,ùTô±«Vp LhÓlTôÓLs, ùNVp§hPeLs, ùNVpØû\Ls)

• N¬Vô] SPY¥dûLdÏ £Tô¬Ñ ùNnRp.

ùRô¯p Nôo× ÑLôRôWm (Occupationalhygiene)

T¦×¬Ùm CPj§p T¦Vô[o EPpSXjûR TôÕLôdÏm úSôd¡p BúWôd¡VATôVeLû[d LhÓlTÓjÕRp, ùRô¯pùRôPoTô] ÑLôRôWm (TPm 8) G§oTôojÕA±Rp, U§l©ÓRp, Utßm ATôVeLû[LhÓlTÓjÕYÕ BÏm.

ùRô¯p ùRôPoTô] ÑLôRôWm B]ÕA±®Vp Utßm ùTô±«Vp CYtû\TVuTÓj§ U²RoLs T¦×¬Ùm ãZXôpHtTÓm BúWôd¡V Ïû\TôhûPj R®odLØ¥Ùm. CÕ ØRXô° UtßmùRô¯Xô°LÞdÏ BTjÕLû[l ×¬kÕùLôsYRtÏ Utßm T¦ ̈ XYWeLs UtßmT¦lT«t£Ls úUmTÓjÕYRtÏ ERÜm.(TPm 9)

ùRô¯p ùRôPoTô] úSônLs Utßm ºoÏûXÜLs Utßm ARû]j RÓjRp(Occupational disease/Disorders & its prevention)

T¦fãZp Utßm T¦ ¨XYWm LôWQUôLùRô¯p Nôo× úSônLs EÚYô¡\Õ.®TjÕLû[l úTôp ApXôUp (exposure to the



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ATôVj§u (dangers of radiation sickness) £\l×®¯l×QoÜdÏ SmûU ChÓf ùNpÛmG]úY ETLWQjûR ªLd LY]UôLlT¬úNô§lTÕ Utßm T¦Vô[o TôÕLôl×RtúTôÕ LhPôVm BdLlThÓs[Õ.

CÕ R®W £X ùRô¯tNôûXLs CÚd¡u\],A§pEúXôLj çÑLs, CWNôV] ùTôÚhLsUtßm YZdLj§tÏ Uô\ôL ùY°lTÓmùRôtß ùTôÚhLs CûYLs ùRô¯p Nôo×ATôVeLû[ ¨Lr®d¡u\]. £≠dLô,ùT¬≠Vm Tôdû^h Utßm CÚm×jRôÕCûYL[ôp ¡Wôû]h T¦Vô[oLs UtßmùRô¯Xô[oLs CYoLÞdùLpXôm ªLfNôRôWQUô] çÑ UôÑ LôWQUôL (fiber

inspired disorders) ÖûWÂWp úSônLsYÚ¡u\]. Utßm TXo pneumoconiosis

úSô«]ôp Tô§l×dÏs[ô¡u\]o. Utßmasbestos CR]ôp cancer - mesothelioma YÚ¡\Õ.×ûL Utßm CWNôV]eL[ôp HtTÓm SfÑj§WYeL[ôp EÚYôÏm, ©\ ùRô¯p Nôo×ATôVeLs BÏm. LôoTu úUô]ôdû^Ó,LôoTu ùPhWôÏú[ôûWÓ, Ïú[ô¬u,Creosote, NVû]Ó, (Dinitrobenzene), ùUoÏ¬, Lead

Phosphorus Utßm ûShWv Ïú[ôûWÓ (nitrous

chloride) CûYLs GpXôm úRôp Y¯VôLApXÕ ÑYôNm Y¯VôL, ApXÕ ùN¬Uô]m(digestive tract) êXm Eh×L úSokRôp, ªLúUôNUô] úSôûV Utßm ùTÚmTôÛmUWQjûRd ùLôiÓ YÚTûY.

ùRôtß úSôn êXeLÞm úUÛm YÚmùRô¯p Nôo× ATôVeLs JußùRôt±]ôp Tô§dLlThP ®XeÏLû[jùRôhPYoLs ( anthrax) úTôu\ E«oùLôp≠

úSô«]ôp Tô§l×dÏs[ôÏm Yônl×dÏEs[ôYôoLs. PôdPoLs, ùN®≠VoLsúTôu\ UÚjÕYUû]«p CÚdÏm SToLsLôN úSôn ( T.B tuberculosis bacillus) úTôu\úSônLÞdÏs[ôL Yônl×s[ SToLsBYo.

cause) þdÏm Utßm A±Ï± EÚYôdÏYRtÏm CûP«p £±Õ úSWm YZdLUôLdLPkÕ úTô¡\Õ. £X ̈ LrÜL°p A±Ï±LsTX YÚPeLÞdÏ LiÔdÏl ×XlTÓYÕCpûX Utßm AR]ôp T¦dÏm UtßmúSôndÏm CûP«Xô] ùRôPo×AXh£VlTÓjRlTÓ¡\Õ.


ùRô¯p ùRôPoTô] úSônL°p Ñtßf ãZpLôWQjRôp HtTÓm úSônL°p¸rdLiPûY APeÏm. ùYlTjRôp §¼oYuRôdÏ (heatstroke) EiÓ TiÔm A[®pªR ªg£V ùYlT¨ûX, çÑ LôWQUôLLôtß UôÑ (air contaminants of dust), Lôv (gas),

êfÑ ®P £WmUlTÓjÕm ×ûL (fumes) úRôpúSôn (skin), RûN ©¥l×, GÛm× ©ûQl©pY≠, Y° UiPj§p HtTÓm Uôt\eL[ôpEÚYôÏm ºo ÏûXÜ úSôn (decompression

sickness),LôûRf ùN®PôdÏm A§LlT¥Vô]J≠ (excessive noise causing hearing loss), ùY°lTÓm ALf£Yl× L§oLs ApXÕ ×\ FRôL§oLs ApXÕ úW¥úVô Bd¥qùTôÚhLs (exposure to infrared or ultraviolet

radiation or to radioactive substances). CûYL[ôpHtTÓm úSônLs TWYXô] TVuTôh¥pCÚdÏm GdvúW (X rays),úW¥Vm (radium)

Utßm AÔNd§ EtTj§dLôLl TVuTÓm(production of nuclear power) Ød¡VUô]ùTôÚhLs GpXôm L§oÅfÑ úSô«u


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®TjÕ Utßm TôÕLôl×, ®¯l×QoÜ Utßm R² STo TôÕLôl×ETLWQeL°u ETúVôLm (Accident & Safety, Awareness and use of PersonalProtective Equipment)

úSôdLeLs: ClTôPj§u Cß§«p ¿eLs §\m ùT\ CÚlTûY• TôÕLôl× ETLWQj§tLô] A¥lTûPj RjÕYjûRd áßRp• ®TjÕ R®odÏm ÖhTeLû[d áßRp• ®TjÕdLû[ LhÓlTÓjÕRp Utßm TôÕLôl× SPY¥dûLLû[ ®Y¬jRp.

TôÕLôl× ETLWQj§tLô] A¥lTûPj RjÕYeLs (Basic Principles forProtective Equipment (PPE) :

Ruû] TôÕLôdÏm ÑV TôÕLôl×ETLWQm (Personal protective equipment),

ùTôÕYôL ( "PPE") G]d Ï±l©PlTÓ¡\ÕUtßm úUôNUô] T¦«Pd LôVeLsUtßm SXdúLh¥tLô] Yônl×Lû[Ïû\lTRtÏ CkR ETLWQeLsA¦VlTÓ¡u\] (TPm 1).

CWôNV]eLs L§oÅfÑLs, CYtû\jùRôPúSoYRôp, ©³dLp, GXdh¬dLp,ùUdLô²dLp (chemical, radiological, physical,

electrical, mechanical) ApXÕ ©\ T¦«PATôVeLÞPu ùRôPo× HtTÓYRu êXmLôVeLs, Utßm SXdúLÓLs HtTPXôm. ÑVTôÕLôl× ETLWQeL°p ûLÙû\Ls(gloves) TôÕLôl×d LiQô¥ (safety glasses)

Utßm LôX¦Ls, (shoes) J≠ûVUhÓlTÓjÕTûY (earplugs or muffs), L¥]jùRôl© (hard hats) êfÑd ÏZp ÑYôNlTôÕLôl× (respirators) ApXÕ Utßm ØÝEPp BûP (vests and full body suits) CûYLsAPeÏm. (TPm 2 Utßm 3)

ÑV TôÕLôl× ETLWQj§u TVuTôÓ(Use of personal protective equipment) :Aû]jÕfÑV TôÕLôl× ETLWQeLÞm TôÕLôlTô]Y¥YûUl©p (safe design) Utßm LhÓUô]jRVô¬l©p (construction), CÚdL úYiÓm.Utßm AÕ ÑjRUôLÜm UtßmSmTLjRuûUÙPàm TWôU¬dLlTPúYiÓm. CÕ SuÏ ùTôÚkR úYiÓm.Utßm A¦YRtÏ YN§VôL CÚdLúYiÓm. ARû] T¦Vô[oLsTVuTÓjRj çiP úYiÓm. ÑVTôÕLôl× ETLWQm (personal protective

equipment) B]Õ N¬YWl ùTôÚkRô®¥pSuÏ TôÕLôlTôL ê¥«ÚlTRtÏm Utßm


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úRûY«pXôR LôVeLû[j R®odL,Aû]jÕl T¦Vô[oLÞdÏm GlT¥T¦ûV N¬YW ùNnV úYiÓùUuTûR¨û]ÜTÓjÕYúRôÓ ARtÏ¬V T«t£ÙmA°dLlTP úYiÓm. JÚ CVk§Wm N¬YWùNVpTPôR úTôÕm ApXÕ JÚ STo JÚT¦ûV GlT¥ ùNnV úYiÓúUô A§pE¬V LY]m ùNÛjRôR úTôÕm JÚ ®TjÕ¨LZ áÓm. JÚ £±V ®TjÕd áP JÚùRô¯Xô°dÏm Utßm ØRXô°dÏm ùT¬V©WfNû]Lû[ EiÓ TiQd áÓm.Aû]jÕ YûL ®TjÕLû[Ùm R®olTRtÏªL SpX T«t£ ùNnØû\ Gu]ùY²p JÚTôÕLôlTô] Utßm NkúRôÙô]T¦«PjûR úUmTÓjÕYÕm ®TjÕTt±Ùm AûRj RÓlTÕTt±Ùm LtßdùLôÓlTÕ Rôu (TPm 4)

ATôVLWUôL BTjûR G§o ùLôsYRtÏmCûP«Xô] úYßTôhûP AÕ EÚYôdÏm.ùTô±«Vp T¦L°p, úYûX SûPØû\Utßm öYôL LhÓlTôÓLs UhÓúUúRûYVô] TôÕLôlûT Eß§ ùNnVôRùTôÝÕ, öYôLm ÑV TôÕLôl×ETLWQeLû[j R]Õ T¦Vô[ÚdÏ RWúYiÓm. Utßm ARu E¬V T¦Vô[o ÑVTôÕLôl× ETLWQeLû[ ETúVô¡lTRtÏUtßm ̧ rLiPYtû\ A±kÕ ùLôsYRtÏT«t£ A°dL úYiÓm.

• PPE GlúTôÕ úRûYlTÓm? (When PPE isnecessary?)

• GkR YûL PPE úRûYlTÓm? (What kind ofPPE is necessary?)

• GlT¥ CRû] A¦YÕ, N¬ ùNnYÕUt\m LZtßYÕ? (How to properly put it on,adjust, wear and take if off).

• ETLWQj§u YWm×Ls (The limitations of theequipment)

• N¬Vô] LY²l×, TWôU¬l× TVàs[BÙs Utßm ETLWQjûR ALtßRp(Proper care, maintenance, useful life and disposalof the equipment.)

PPE TVuTÓjR úYiÓùU²p, PPE

lúWô¡Wôm (program) B]Õ, ùNVpTÓjRlTPúYiÓm. CkR lúWô¡Wôm B]Õ A§pCÚdÏm BTj§p Es[ ¾eûL Tt± úTÑRp,úRoÜ ùNnRp, TWôU¬l× Utßm (PPE) þuTVuTôÓ CYtû\Ùm LY]j§p ùLôs[úYiÓm. T¦Vô[oLÞdÏl T«t£A°jRp, Utßm lúWô¡WWm ùNpÛm§\û] Eß§ ùNnV ¨LrÜLû[dLiLô¦dL úYiÓm.

®TjÕ R®odÏm ùRô¯pÖhTeLsþ®TjÕLû[d LhÓTÓjÕRp UtßmTôÕLôl× SPY¥dûLLs (Accidentprevention techniques-control of accidents andsafety measures)

®TjÕLs §hPªPlTPôRûY, ®ÚmTjRLôR ¨LrÜ, AÕ LôVjûRúVô ApXÕSXdúLhûPúVô ®û[YôLj RWúYiÓùUuT§pûX. AÕ ùNôjÕLû[fúNRlTÓjRXôm. ApXÕ ùNVpØû\«pRPeLpLû[ HtTÓjRXôm. GpXôlT¦L°ÛúU ®TjÕLs ¨Lr¡u\]. £X®TjÕLs JÚ úYûXdÏ ùTôÕYô]RôLÜmCÚd¡u\]. T¦«p CÚdÏm úTôÕ

GkRùYôÚ úSWj§Ûm Utßm GkRùYôÚCPj§Ûm ®TjÕLs ¨LZXôm. JÚ SToTôÕLôlTt\ ùNV≠p DÓTÓm úTôÕ®TjÕLs ¨LZ A§L Yônl×s[Õ. G]úYRôu Aû]jÕ TôÕLôl× ®§Øû\Lû[ÙmUtßm Y¯Lôh¥ ùS±Øû\Lû[ÙmT¦Vôtßm úTôÕ LûPl ©¥dLúYi¥VÕ ªLÜm Ød¡VUô]RôLm. AkRlT¦ûVf ùNnYRtÏ áÓRXôL £X¨ªPeLs B]ôÛm TWYô«pûX EeLsE«ûWd LôlTÕ ªLÜm Ød¡Vm.

ªL LÓûUVô] ùNVpTôÓ T¦«Pj§púUtùLôsYÕ ATôVLWUô] ®`Vm. EeLsØÕÏ, ØZeLôpLs, ØZeûLLs CYt±tÏTô§l× HtTPôUp R®lTÕ ªLÜm Ød¡VmBÏm. T¦«P úYûXûVf ùNnÙm úTôÕTôÕLôl× ®§Øû\Lû[Ùm UtßmY¯LôhÓm ùS±Øû\Lû[Ùm LûP©¥jÕGqYôß LÓm ØVt£ GÓlTûRj



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R®odLXôm GuTûR Aû]jÕlT¦Vô[oLÞdÏm T«t£ A°dL úYiÓm.

ùTô±«Vp, T¦l T«t£ ùNnØû\LsöYôLm ApXÕ TôÕLôl× ETLWQeLsêXUôL ATôVeLû[ G§o ùLôsYÕÏû\jÕ ®TjÕLû[d LhÓlTÓjÕYÕúUtùLôs[lTÓ¡\Õ.

ùTôßl×Ls (Responsibilities)

Õû\ UhPj§p LiLô¦lTô[oLsT¦Vô[oLÞdÏ ¸rLiPYtû\A±ÜßjÕm T¥ ùNnV úYiÓm. CkR¨Lrf£«u úRûYLs AY£Vm Tt±A±YÕ, CkR ¨Lrf£«u ùNVpØû\Lû[N¬YWd LûP©¥jÕ, JÝeÏ SPY¥dûLTVuTôhûPÙm úNolTÕ CkR¨Lr®≠ÚdÕ ®XÏm úTôÕ GuTÕTt±ùVpXôm ùNôp≠ RW úYiÓm. ClT¦ûVf ùNnYRtÏ úRûYVô]ETLWQeLs, N¬VôL úYûX ùNnÙm¨ûX«p CÚlTûR Eß§ ùNnV úYiÓm.N¬YW BnÜ ùNnVlThÓ Utßm úRûYlT¥T¬úNô§dLlTh¥ÚdL úYiÓm. UtßmClT¥jRWUô] ETLWQeLs T¦Vô[oLÞdÏ ¡ûPdÏm T¥ ùNnV úYiÓmUtßm N¬YW ×X]ônÜ ùNnÕ GpXô®TjÕLs Tt±Ùm Utßm T¦ Nôo×BúWôd¡Vm ©WfNû]Ls Tt±ÙmAû]YÚdÏm ùR¬VlTÓjR úYiÓm.(TPm 5)

ATôVeLû[ AûPVô[m LiÓùLôsYÕm AYtû\d LhÓTÓjÕYÕm(Recognizing and controlling hazards)

ùTô±«Vp LhÓTôÓLs (Engineering

controls): ùRô¯Xô[oLs BTjÕLû[Ïû\lTúRô ApXÕ BTjÕLû[AR²Pj§úXúV ALt±úVô ApXÕATôVeL°≠ÚkÕ ùRô¯Xô[oLû[R²ûUlTÓj§úVô T¦Vô[oLs BTjûRNk§dLôUp ARu ùLôÓûUûVd Ïû\jÕLhÓlTÓjÕ¡\Õ. ùTô±«Vp LhÓTôÓLs®`j RuûU EûPV CWôNV]eL°pCÚkÕ ®`j RuûUûV ALt± UtßmARtÏ DPôL ®`ªpXô CWôNV]eLû[Uôtß HtTôPôL ùNn¡\Õ. Utßm T¦fùNVpØû\Lû[ Es[Pd¡Ùm ApXÕT¦f ùNVpØû\Lû[ G°ûUlTÓj§ÙmUtßm ùTôÕYô] Utßm Lôtú\ôhPAûUl×Lû[Ùm ¨ßÜ¡\Õ. T¦fùNnØû\ LhÓlTôÓLs JÚ ùNVp ùNnÕØ¥dÏm Øû\ûV Uôtß¡\Õ. £XA¥lTûP Utßm G°§p ùNVpTÓjRlTÓm T¦l T«t£ Øû\Ls B]ûY,CÚdÏm T«t£ Øû\Lû[ Uôt±ATôVeLÞdÏ ùY°d ùLôQoRûXdÏû\dÏm Øû\Lû[f N¬YWd LûP©¥dÏmT¥f ùNn¡\Õ. EtTj§ UtßmLhÓlTÓjÕm ETLWQjûR CVdÏm úTôÕ,BnÜ ùNnRp Utßm ùNVpØû\Lû[TWôU¬jRp Utßm ETLWQjûR ºWô]A¥lTûP«p TVuTÓjÕm úTôÕ SpX®hÓ TWôU¬l× ùNVpØû\Lû[ùNVpTÓjÕ¡\Õ. SpX LiLô¦lûTSpÏYúRôÓ, ×ûL«ûXl ùTôÚhLû[ùUpÛRp, ×ûLjRp, Ï¥jRp, Nôl©ÓRpCYtû\ RûP ùNnYúRôÓJÝeÏlTÓjRlThP TWl×L°pLôvùU¥dv Alû[ TiÔYÕm RûPùNnVlThÓs[Õ. úRûYùV²p, JÚÏ±l©hP TÏ§ûV AYoLÞdÏ JÕd¡dùLôÓdLXôm.

öYôLd LhÓlTôÓLs (Administrativecontrols)

öYôL LhÓTôÓLs GuT§pùRô¯Xô[oL°u ùY°dùLôQoRûXEtTj§ Utßm ùNVpTôÓLû[ ùNVp§hPªÓR≠u êXm ùY°d ùLôQoRûXdÏû\lTÕm APeÏm. (TPm 6) ERôWQUôLØRXô° B]Yo Ïû\kR Gi¦dûL«p



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ùRô¯Xô°Ls CÚdÏm úSWj§p ûaVvhGdvúTô`o ùTôPuμVp (highest exposure

potential ) þIj ùNVp§hPªP úYiÓm.GlúTôÕ §\u YônkR T¦lT«t£LsApXÕ GlúTôÕ AlT¥lThPLhÓlTôÓLs ¨ßYlTÓ¡\úRô, AlúTôÕRÏkR ÑV TôÕLôl× ETLWQeLsTVuTÓjRlTP úYiÓm. ÑV TôÕLôl×ETLWQeLÞdÏ ERôWQeL[ôY]:

úRûYlThPôp ×§Õ ùLôiÓ Uôt±dùLôs[lTP úYiÓm. ùRô¯Xô[oLsCkR ¨Lrf£«u ùNVpUû\LÞdÏLhÓThÓ SPdL úYiÓm.úUtTôoûYVôÞÚPu LXkRôúXô£dLúYiÓm. AYoLs T¦«Pj§p TôÕLôl×Utßm BúWôd¡V ̈ XYWm Tt±V ®]ôdLsGÝm úTôÕ, Utßm ®TjÕLs HúRàmHtThPôp AÕ Tt±V ®TWeLû[úUtTôoûYVô[¬Pm RLYp ùR¬®dLúYiÓm. ApXÕ T¦ NmTkRUô]LôVeLs ApXÕ SXdúLÓ HúRàmHtThPôp, ARû]Ùm úUtTôoûYVô[¬Pm á± úRûYlThPôpN¬Vô] UÚjÕY £¡fûN úRP úYiÓm.

RÏkR LY]jÕPu T¦VôtßRp UtßmLôVeLs SXdúLÓ CYtû\ R®odL SpXØ¥Ü GÓjRp Aû]jÕl TôÕLôl× UtßmBúWôd¡V ®§Øû\Lû[ AlT¥úVùNVpTÓjÕRp CYt±tÏ ùRô¯Xô[oLsØÝl ùTôßl× GÓdL úYiÓm. Aû]jÕlTôÕLôlTt\ ETLWQm Tt± T¦NmTkRUô] ®TjÕLs , LôVeLs UtßmSXdúLÓ Tt± TôÕLôlTt\ T¦ ùNVpØû\Tt± AYÚdÏ úSo úUúX CÚdÏmúUtTôoûYVô[¬Pm RLYp ùR¬®dLúYiÓm. AÕ Nôj§VªpXôR ThNj§p JÚRLYp A±dûLVô]Õ Õû\j RûXY¬PmNUo©dLlTP úYiÓm. Utßm l[ôuhBlTúW`u TôÕLôl× AÛYXo (plant

operations safety officer) ApXÕ SXd ÏÝEßl©]¬Pm ùR¬®dLlTP úYiÓm.

ûLÙû\Ls, TôÕLôl×d Li LiQô¥Ls,RûXdLYNm, TôÕLôl×d LôX¦Ls LYNEûP Utßm ÑYôNd LÚ®Ls £\lTôLfùNVpTP PPEþdLs B]ûY R²jR²VôLJqùYôÚ STÚdÏm ùTôÚjRUôL CÚdÏmT¥ úRokùRÓdLlTP úYiÓm. N¬YWùTôÚkR úYiÓm. Ï±l©hP LôXCûPùY°«p úRûYlThPôp Uôt±jRWlTP úYiÓm. LY]jÕPàm UtßmN¬YWÜm A¦kÕ ùLôs[lTP úYiÓmUtßm ºWô] LôX CûPùY°«pTWôU¬dLlTP úYiÓm. Utßm



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¾ TôÕLôl× (Fire safety)

JÚ CVpTô] CWNôV] BnYLj§p(chemistry laboratory) JÚYo Nk§dÏm ªLfNôRôWQUôL ¨LÝm TXjR ªL úUôNUô]ATôVm ¾«]ôp HtTÓm ®û[ÜLs BÏm.N¬Vô] ùNVpTôÓLs Utßm T«t£ proper

(procedure and training) CYt\ôp, ¾ ®Tj§uYônl×Ls Ïû\kRôÛm, ¿eLs AlúTôÕm¾ ®TjÕ úSokÕ ®hPôp ARû] GlT¥fNUô°lTÕ GuTRtÏ RVôo ̈ ûX«p CÚdLúYiÓm.

CVp©p, JÚ ¾ AûQlTôu B]Õ,ûL«]ôp ©¥dL HÕYô] EÚû[Vô]©W`o Tôj§Wm BÏm. (cylindrical pressure vessel)

CRàs CÚdÏm ¾ AûQdÏm ùTôÚû[ùY°úVtßm úTôÕ AÕ ¾ûV AûQdÏm.

CWiÓ Ød¡V YûL ¾ AûQlTôuLsEs[]:

• AÝjRm úRd¡ ûYdLlThPÕ (Storedpressure)

• ùTô§Ùû\ CVdLlTÓm (Cartridge-operated)

AÝjRm úRd¡ ûYdLlThP ùLôsLXj§p®ûNÙPu ùY°jRs[lTÓm RuûUEûPV (expellant) B]Õ AúR A±«àsAÕúY ¾ AûQlTôu ØLYWôL (firefighting

agent) CÚdÏm. TVuTÓjRlTÓmAûQlTôû]l ùTôßjÕ ùYqúYß EkÕùTôÚs (propellants) TVuTÓjRlTÓ¡\Õ.EXo CWôNV] AûQlTôuL°p (dry chemical

extinguishers), CVpTôL ûShW_u (nitrogen)

TVuTÓjRlTÓ¡\Õ. Ri½o Utßm ÖûWAûQlTôuL°p CVpTôLd LôtßTVuTÓjRlTÓ¡\Õ. AÝjRm úRd¡ûYdLlThP ¾ AûQlTôu ªLfNôRôWQUô] YûLûVf úNokRRôÏm.

LôoTu ûP Bdû^Ó ¾ AûQlTôu(Carbon-dioxide extinguishers) JÚ R²Vô]ùTô§Ùû\ (cartridge) þp (Lô≠Vô] ©u

UôtÈÓ ùNnVjRdLÕm JÚ LÚ®«pTVuTÓjRlTÓm JÚ ùTôÚs Es°PlThPÕUô] ê¥V ùLôsLXm RôuùTô§Ùû\ GuTÕ ) . ®ûNÙPuùY°úVt\lTÓm YôÙûY AûPjÕ ûYjÕùY°úVt\lTÓm Øu (prior to discharge) TgNoTiQlTÓm Lôh¬û_ ùLôi¥ÚlTÕRôu LôoTu ûP Bdû^Ó ¾ AûQlTôuBÏm. C§p ¾ûV AûQdÏm ùTôÚs úUp®ûNÙPu ùY°úVt\m TiQlTÓ¡\Õ.CkR YûL NôRôWQUô]Õ ApX,ùRô¯XLl TVuTôh¥p GeÏ NWôN¬ûV®P A§Lm TVuTôÓ CÚdÏúUô AeÏTVuTÓjRlTÓ¡\Õ. G°§p UßT¥Ùm¨Wl×m YN§ C§p Es[Õ. (simple and prompt

recharge). CRû] CVdÏTYo ¾AûQlTôû] ARàs Es[ AûQdÏmùTôÚû[ G°§p ùY°úVt\Üm UtßmÏû\Yô] úSWj§p ARû] UßT¥Ùm¨Wl© ®ûW®p TVuTÓjR HÕYô]RôLÜmCÚd¡\Õ. úRd¡ ûYdLlThP ®ûNÙPuá¥V YûLVôL CpXôUp CkR ¾AûQlTô²p ûShW_àdÏ T§XôLLmlW^Ó LôoTu ûP Bdû^ÓTVuTÓjRlTÓ¡\Õ. CÚkR úTô§ÛmÏû\Yô] ùYlT¨ûX (-60 rated) UôPpL°pûShW_u Lôh¬_ó TVuTÓjRlTÓ¡\Õ.

Lôh¬_ó (Cartridge) þp CVdLlTÓm ¾AûQlTôuLs EXo CWôNV]m (dry

chemical) Utßm EXo ùTô¥ Utßm Ri½oDWlTÓjRlTÓm ùTôÚs (wetting agent), ÖûW(foam), EXo CWôNV]m (dry chemical (classes ABC

and B.C.) CûYLÞPu ¡ûPd¡u\]. UtßmEXo ùTô¥ (class D) YûLLs TpúYßCPeL°p ¡ûPd¡u\].

¡[ôv A (Class A) : CÕ Õ¦, UWm, CWlTo,Lô¡Rm, TpúYß ©[ôv¥dÏ Utßm G°§p¾ Tt\d á¥V ùTôÚhLÞdÏm ùTôÚjRUô]Õ. CÕ YZdLUôL 2 ½ úLXuv (gallons)

(9.46 ≠hPo) ®ûNÙPu á¥V Ri½Wôp¨WlTlTh¥ÚdÏm.


¾«p CÚkÕ TôÕLôl× (Fire safety)

úSôdLeLs: ClTôPj§u Cß§«p ¿eLs §\m ùT\ CÚlTûY• ¾«u ùYqúYß YûLLû[d áßRp• ùYqóúYß YûL ¾ AûQlTôuLs Tt±Ùm Utßm AYt±u A¥lTûPfùNVpTôÓ Tt±Ùm áßRp.


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G°§p ®ûWkÕ ¾l©¥dÏm ùTôÚhL[ôpùNnVlThP ÅhÓf NôUôuL°p ©¥dÏm¾ûV AûQlTRtLôL Class ‘A’ ¾AûQlTôuLs Y¥YûUdLlThÓs[].CjRûLV ùTôÚhL°p Lô¡RjRôpùNnVlThP ùTôÚhLs Utßm UWjRôpùNnVlThP UWl ùTôÚhLs APeÏm.CkR YûL ‘A’ ¾ AûQlTôuL°p Ri½oCÚdÏm. EúXôLl ×h¥«p Es[ GiGqY[Ü Ri½o AÕ ùLôiÓs[ÕGuTûRd Ï±dÏm. Gi 1 G] CÚkRôp, ¾AûQlTô²p 1 úLXu (galloon) þI ®PfNtú\ A§L A[®p Ri½o áÓRXôLCÚdÏm. A Gu\ GÝjÕ NômTp GuTûRkÏ±d¡\Õ. ÅhÓ ETúVôLl ùTôÚhL[ôp©¥dÏm ¾«]ôp NômTp EÚYôÏm.

¡[ôv B (Class B) : CÕ ¡Ãv, ùThúWôp(grease, gasoline) ApXÕ GiùQûV

A¥lTûPVôLd ùLôiP ¾ûV AûQdLùTôÚjRUô]Õ Utßm YZdLUôL CÕ EXoCWNôV]jRôp ¨WlTlTh¥ÚdÏm. (6lbs

(2.72kg) þdÏd Ïû\Yô] ¾ AûQlTôuLsT¬kÕûWdLlTÓY§pûX.

ªL G°§p A§L A[®p ¾l©¥dÏm§WYeL°p CÚkÕ HtThÓs[ ¾ûVAûQdL B YûL ¾ AûQlTôuLsTVuTÓjRlTÓ¡u\]. CkR YûL§WYeL°p GkRùYôÚ NôVm YûL ApXÕGiùQn NôokR ùT«ih ùTôÚhLs (oil-

based paint products),ùT«ih §u]o (paint

thinners) Utßm ≠dLo §u]o (lacquer thinners),

GiùQn Utßm úLú^ô≠u (oils and gasoline)

APeÏm. ©²dv ¾ ©¬Ü (phoenix fire

department), át±u T¥ B Gu\ GÝjÕ JÚúTWûX(barrel) þI Ï±d¡\Õ. ùTÚmTôXô]CkR YûL CWôNV]eLs JÚ úTWp úTôu\

A : TfûN ØdúLôQm

B : £Ll× NÕWm

C : ¿X YhPm

D: UgNs RNúLôQm (ShNj§Wm)

K: LÚl×AßeúLôQm

NôRôWQ §P G¬ùTôÚs A for “ASh”

G¬Vd á¥V §WYeLs B for “Barrel”

Utßm YôÙdLs

Nd§ëPlThP ªu C for “

ETLWQm Current”

G¬Vdá¥V EúXôLeLs D for“Dynamite”

GiùQnLs Utßm K for

ùLôÝl×Ls “Kitchen”



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ùLôsLX²p K¬Pj§p CÚkÕ Utù\ôÚCPj§tÏ ùLôiÓ ùNpXlTÓm. ¾AûQlTôu úUÛs[ Gi B]Õ GjRû]NÕW A¥ûV CÕ ê¥d ùLôsÞmGuTûRd Ï±dÏm. A 3 GuTÕ 3 NÕWA¥ûVd Ï±dÏm. CÕ JÚ ùT¬V TWl×ApX. ùT¬V A[®p ©¥jR ¾ûV CkR ¾AûQlTô]ôp AûQdL Ø¥VôÕ.

¡[ôv C (Class C) : ÅhÓf NôR]eLs,LÚ®Ls Utßm ©\ ªuNôWjRôp B] ¾dÏCÕ ùTôÚjRUô]Õ. CÕ aôúXôu (halon)

ApXÕ LôoTu ûP Bdû^Ó (CO2) þûYd

ùLôi¥ÚdLXôm. aôúXôu ®ûXA§LUô]Õ Utßm KúNôu TPXjûRdÏu\ ùNnVXôm. Utßm CRu TVuTôÓYWm×dÏhThPÕ.

¡[ôv C (Class C ): ªuNôW êXj§p CÚkÕ×\lThP ¾ûV AûQlTRtÏ ¡[ôv C ¾AûQlTôuLs TVuTÓjRlTÓ¡u\].CkRj ¾dLô] êXm B]Õ, ÅhÓfNôR]eL[ôLúYô ApXÕ ªu]p BLúYôApXÕ EeLs ªuNôW AûUlTôLúYôCÚdLXôm. CkRj ¾ AûQlTôu B]Õ¾ûV AûQlTRtÏ LôoTu ûP Bdû^ÓþIl TVuTÓjÕ¡\Õ. LôoTu ûP Bdû^ÓB]Õ A¥lTûPV«p ¾ûV Ñt±Ùs[Lôt±p CÚkÕ Bd³_û] ALtß¡\Õ.LôoTu ûP Bdû^Ó B]Õ £X ©¬Ü B

(Type extinguishers) ¾ AûQlTôuL°ÛmTVuTÓjRlTÓ¡\Õ.

¡[ôv D (Class D) : ¾ ©¥dLd á¥VùUdÉμVm úTôu\ Ri½o þ G§oUû\EúXôLeL°p (water-reactive metals) CÕTVuTÓjRlTÓ¡\Õ Utßm CkRUô§¬Vô] EúXôLeLû[l TVuTÓjÕmùRô¯tNôûXL°p CûY ûYdLlTh¥ÚdÏm. CûY ùTô¥ Y¥®p CÚdÏmUtßm CûY AkR EúXôLl ùTôÚû[ ê¥¾ûV AûQdÏm.

¡[ôv D (Class D) : G¬V Yônl×ûPVEúXôLj§p Tt±Ùs[ ¾ûV AûQlTRtÏ¡[ôv D ¾ AûQlTôuLs (Class D extin

guishers) TVuTÓjRlTÓ¡u\]. CkR YûLEúXôLeLs RVô¬l×j ùRô¯tNôûXL°pUhÓúU LôQlTÓm. CkRj ¾ AûQlTôuJÚ EXo ùTô¥ûV TVuTÓj§ ¾ûVAûQd¡\Õ. ¿eLs ûPh¥²Vm (titanium),

úNô¥Vm (sodium) ApXÕ ùUdÉμVm(magnesium) B¡VYtßPu T¦×¬VôR úTôÕEeLÞdÏ CkR YûL ¾ AûQlTôuLsúRûYlTPôÕ.

¡[ôv K (Class K) : CÕ JÚ £\l×úSôdLj§tLô] §WY CWNôV] ØLYûWd(wet chemical agent) ùLôi¥ÚdÏm. CûYNûUVp Aû\L°p Tt±V ¾ûV AûQdLTVuTÓm. Utßm RôYW GiùQnL[ôp(vegetable oils), ®XeÏdùLôÝl×L[ôp (animal

fats), Utßm NûUVp NôR]eL[ôp ×\lThP©\ ùLôÝl×L[ôp ×\lThP ¾ûVAûQdL CÕ TVuTÓjRlTÓ¡\Õ.

¡[ôv K (Class K) : AúSL U²RoLs ©¬Ü K¾ AûQlTôu Tt± úLs®lTh¥ÚdLYônl©pûX.(Type K fire extinguisher) CûYùT¬V NûUVû\L°p UhÓúU LôQdá¥VÕ. TX EQYLeLs GiùQ«pùTô±dÏm EQÜdLôL ØÝYÕm NûUVpGiùQ«Xô] ùT¬V ¼l ùTô±dÏmTôj§WeLû[ TVuTÓjÕ¡u\]. (large deep

fryers). CVpTô] B YûL AûQlTôuLs(Type B extinguisher) CkR A[®Xô] ¡¬v ¾ûVAûQdL úTôÕUô]RôL CÚdLôÕ.

¾ÙPu úTôWôÓm Øû\Ls (Fire fightingmethods)

Th¥² úTôÓRp/ þ G¬ùTôÚû[êÓRp ¿dÏRpStarvation/Blanketing - Elimination of fuel

G¬Ùm Juû\ ê¥ þ Bd³_û]dAûQjRp Ïû\jRpSmothering - Limitation of oxygen

Ï°o®jRp þ ùYlT¨ûXûVALtßRp

Cooling - Removal of temperature



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JqùYôÚ R²jR² T¦«PØm ApXÕT¦Uû]Ùm, LôVeLÞdLô] ApXÕAYNW ¨ûXdLô] ØRÛR® UÚkÕLsØÝYÕm APe¡V ØRÛR® ùTh¥ûVûYj§ÚdL úYiÓm. úTôÕUô] A[ÜÖLÚm ùTôÚhLs Utßm ETLWQeLsCÚl× ûYdLlThÓs[Rô G] ºWô]CûPùY°«p ØRÛR®l ùTh¥Ls BnÜúUtùLôs[lTP úYiÓm. GpXô ØRÛR®ùTh¥LÞm AiûU Y¯LôhÓRp T¥TWôU¬dLlTP úYiÓm.

RtLô≠Uô] T¦«PeL°p ØRÛR®lùTh¥Ls ARàs CÚdL úYi¥VùTôÚhLs úLe Tôdv (gang boxes) þp ,

YôL]eL°p (vehicles) ApXÕ CúRUô§¬Vô] ©\ T¦Vô[oLÞdÏm A±kRCPUôLÜm ûYdLlThÓ Aq®PUô]ÕGpXôl T¦Vô[oLÞdÏm A±kRCPUôLÜm AûUdLlThÓ TWôU¬dLlTPúYiÓm.


ØRÛR® TWôU¬l× Utßm LôVUûPkR STûW K¬Pj§≠ÚkÕ úY±PmùLôiÓ ùNpÛRp (First Aid Care and Transportation of Injured Person)

úSôdLeLs: ClTôPj§u Cß§«p ¿eLs §\m ùT\ CÚlTûY• T¦«PeL°p LôVm AûPkRYoLû[Ùm Utßm úSônYônThPYoLû[ÙmGlT¥d LY²jÕd ùLôs[ úYiÓm Guß ®Y¬jRp

• EPpSXm Tô§dLlThP STÚdÏ GlT¥ ØRÛR® A°lTÕ Utßm AYoLû[K¬Pj§p CÚkÕ úY±Pm GlT¥d ùLôiÓ ùNpYÕ GuTÕ Tt± ®Y¬jRp

• ØRÛR®«p ABC þI Tt±d áßRp• JÚ AYNW ¨ûXûV GlT¥ RLYp RÚYÕ GuTûRdáßRp.

ùTôÕYô] ØRÛR® A°dLlTÓYûRÙmRôi¥V UÚjÕYj úRûY úRûYlTÓmLôVeLs T¦Vô[ÚdÏ HtTÓm ̈ LrÜL°p,UÚjÕY £¡fûN B]Õ Aq®Pj§uBúWôd¡V Utßm UÚjÕY ER® lúWô¡Wôm(health and medical treatment program) EPu úNokÕARtúLtT RWlTP úYiÓm. E«ÚdÏAfÑßjRp HtTÓm GkRùYôÚ úSWj§Ûm,T¦Vô[oLÞdÏ CÚlT§p ªL ®ûWYô]Y¯Øû\L[ôp AÚLôûU«p Es[ AYNWER® úNûYVLjûR EP]¥VôL ¡ûPdÏmT¥ ùNnV úYiÓm.

UÚjÕY £¡fûN ùTßm ApXÕ ¾®WdLiLô¦l× T¬úNôRû]dÏs[ôÏmT¦Vô[oLÞdÏ T¬úNôRû] ùNnÙmUÚjÕYWôp T¬kÕûWdLlThP GÝjÕéoYUô] R]Õ LÚjÕL°u SLp RWlTPúYiÓm. ùRô¯Xô[oL°u UÚjÕYT§úYÓLs ªLÜm CWL£VUôL ûYdLlTPúYiÓm. ùTôÕYôL UÚjÕY T§úYÓLsT¬úNô§dÏm UÚjÕYo ùTôßl©pØRÛR® ûUVj§p TôÕLôlTôLûYdLlTP úYiÓm.

AYNW LôXeL°p/ ùSÚdL¥ úSWeL°pARôYÕ ¸rLiPûY úTôu\ ¾®WÏt\Yô°Ls ApXÕ ¾®WYô§Ls ApXÕùTôÕ UdLs úTôWôhPeLs, ATôVLWUô]ùTôÚhLs £kÕYRôp (ERôWQUôLþCWNôV]m, E«¬Vp, L§oÅfÑùY°TôÓL[ôp) LÓûUVô] ºúRôxQ¨ûX CkR Uô§¬VôL ARôYÕ ×Vp,ã\ôY°, T²fã\ôY° BRXô] ApXÕTVuTÓjRlTÓm úNûY CZlTôp ARôYÕªuNôWm, Ri½o, ùYlTm ØRXô]ûYúTôu\Yt\ôp úSÚm ¾eÏL°p CÚkÕT¦Vô[oLs ReLs E«ûWl TôÕLôjÕd

ØRÛR®«u úSôdLm

• BÙû[ ¿h¥ÚjRp ùNnV(To sustain life)

• NeLPlTÓYûRj RÓdL(To prevent suffering)

• CWiPôm ThN £dLpLs YWôUpRÓdL (To prevent secondarycomplications)

• ®ûWYôL ÏQUûPRûXúUmTÓjR (To promote speedy recovery)

• úUtùLôiÓ UÚjÕY £¡fûNùNnVj RVôoTÓjR (To prepare forfurther medical treatment).


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ùLôs[ úYiÓm. AkRd Lh¥Pj§às¨û\k§ÚlúTôûW LôdL úYiÓm UtßmØ¥kRôp AkR Y[ôLj§u ùTôÚhLs /ùNôjÕLû[Ùm LôlTôt\ úYiÓm.T¦Vô[oLs RÏkR ØLYûW AÔLúYiÓm. ªLÜm úUôNUôL LôVm AûPkRApXÕ úSônYônlThP STûWØRuûUVôL AYWÕ E«ûWd LôlTôt\ úUtùLôiÓ ºoúLÓ YWôUp RÓdL,Tô§l×dÏs[ô]YûW SpX YN§Lû[fùNnÕ ùLôÓdL, Ø¥YôL CÚdÏmùTôÚhLs/YN§ Yônl×L[ôp AYoLû[UÚjÕUû]dÏm ùLôiÓ úNodLdùLôÓdLlTÓm EP]¥Vô] LY²l× UtßmBRWÜ Rôu ØRÛR® G] YûWVû\ùNnVlTÓ¡\Õ. ûLdùLhÓm çWj§pCÚdÏm Aû]jÕ BRWÜLû[ÙmETúVô¡jÕf ùNnVlTÓm EP]¥Vô]E«o LôdÏm ùNVpØû\Ls CÕ.

C[ûUVô] YVÕûPV TÚYeL°úXúVTs°L°p, Lpí¬L°p UtßmùRô¯tNôûX«p ×§RôL ÖûZÙmTÚYj§úXúV CÕ Tt±V A±Ü Utßm§\ûUûV FhÓYÕ ªL Ød¡VjÕYmYônkRRôL LÚRlTÓ¡\Õ. £ß YV§úXúVCkRl TZdLYZdLeLû[d LtßdùLôÓlTRôp AÕ, U²RoL°ûPúV SpXBúWôd¡Vm NôokR TZdLYZdLeLsY[oYRtÏ ERÜ¡\Õ.

N¬Vô] T«t£ Utßm A±ÜPu JÚ R²STo úUtùLôsÞm G°V Utßm A¥lTûPE«o LôdÏm ÖhTeLû[ Es[Pd¡VØRÛR® ùNVpØû\Ls.

ØRÛR®«u ØRuûU úSôdLeLs êußØd¡VUô] LÚjÕL[ôp ÑÚdLUôLdá\lTÓ¡\Õ.

• E«ûWd LôdÏm (Preserve life) : úSôVô°ÑYô£jÕd ùLôi¥ÚkRôp, ØRÛR®A°lTYo, úSôVô°ûV ùWdLY¬ùTô£`u (recovery position) þp NôRôWQUôLûYjÕ úSôVô° TdLYôh¥pNônk§ÚdÏm ¨ûX«p ûYjÕ, AqYôßùNnYRôp pharynx þp CÚkÕ (êdÏdÏmYôndÏm ©u×\j§p Es[Õm AûYCWi¥u ùNpÛm Y¯Lû[ EQÜdÏZôÙPu CûQlTÕUô] ùUu TÏ§úUp ùRôiûP). SôdûL TôÕLôdÏmØVt£ ®û[ûYj RWm ¨ûX«p ûYdLúYiÓm. CqYôß N¬YôL TÓdLûYlTÕ/ NônkÕ CÚdL ûYlTÕ,Y«t±p CÚdÏm ùTôÚhLû[ Yôk§GÓdL ûYjÕ, ̈ û]®pXôR úSôVô°Ls(unconscious patients), C\dÏm LôW¦Lû[ÙmRÓd¡\Õ. Lôtßl ×Ïm Y¯ (airway) B]Õ,ùY°l ùTôÚhLs úUp ùRôiûP«úXô(pharynx) ApXÕ ÏWp Yû[«úXô (larynx),

AûPjÕd ùLôs[Xôm. CÕ ùTôÕYôLúNôd¡e (choking), G]d á\lTÓm.ØRÛR® ùLôÓlTYo ØÕ¡p CúXNôLjRhÓYûRÙm, Y«tû\ CúXNôLAØd¡Ùm CWiÓ ùNVpLû[Ùm Lôtß×Ïm Y¯ §\kÕ ®hPôp, úSôVô°ÑYô£d¡\ôWô (breathing) G] ØRÛR®ùLôÓlTYo U§l©P úYiÓm.

• úUtùLôiÓ ATôVm YWôÕ RÓjRp(Prevent further harm) : úUôNUôLôUp¨ûXûUûV RÓjÕd LôjRp ApXÕLôVm úUtùLôiÓ ATôV ¨ûXûVAûPVôÕ RÓjRp Gußm CRû]AûZdLXôm. CÕ BTjÕdLô]LôWQUô] CPj§≠ÚkÕ úSônYônlThPYûW ALtßRp úTôu\ ùY°l×\LôW¦LÞPu Utßm ¨ûXûUúUôNUôLôUp RÓdL ØRÛR®A°lTRôp Gu\ CWiÓ LôW¦Lû[ÙmLYo TiÔ¡\Õ. ØRÛR® GuTÕ JÚCWjRd L£Ü ATôV¨ûXdÏd ùLôiÓùNpXôUp RÓdL AkR CWjRfL£ûY


úSônYônThPYûW ApXÕLôVUûPkRYûW U§lÀÓ ùNnRp

(ASSESSING THE SICK OR INJURED)

BWmT ×s° ®YW LQdùLÓl×(PRIMARY SURVEY)

• E«ÚdÏ EP]¥ AfÑßjRpùLôÓdÏm AYúW £¡fûNl ©¬®pBWmT ®ûWÜ U§lÀÓ úUtùLôs[p.

úPg_o(DANGER)

ùWvTôuv(RESPONSE)

LôtßTôûR(AIRWAY)

ÑYô£jRp(BREATHING)

CWjR KhPm (CIRCULATION)

DR ABC


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¨ßjÕYRtÏ AÝjRm ùLôÓjRpúTôu\ûY BÏm. RûX, úRôs, UtßmLÝjÕ Rôe¡V ¨ûX«p NlúTôohTiQlThP ¨ûX«p Tô§ AUokR¨ûX«p Tô§lTûPkRYo CÚdLúYiÓm. (TPm 1)

• ÁiÓ YÚRûX úUmTÓjÕRp (Promote

recovery) : úSônLs ApXÕLôVeL°≠ÚkÕ ÁiÓ SXm ùTßRpùNVpØû\Lû[ ÕYdL ØVt£lTÕmØRÛR®«p Es[PeÏm Utßm JÚ©[ôvPûW (plaster) JÚ £±V LôVj§pCÓYÕ úTôu\ ¨LrÜ úTôuß JÚ£¡fûNûV ØÝûUVôn ùNnÕØ¥lTÕm £X ¨LrÜL°p Es[PeÏm.

T«t£ (Training) : JÚ JhÓm TôuúPû_(adhesive bandage) TVuTÓjÕYûRA±k§ÚjRp ApXÕ JÚ CWjRd L£ûYúSW¥ AÝjRm ùLôÓjÕ ¨ßjÕYûRA±k§ÚjRp úTôu\ A¥lTûPVô]ùNVpØû\Ls GpXôm ùTÚmTôÛmYôr®u AàTYeLs êXUôLd ûLYWlùTß¡u\](acquired) CÚkR úTô§Ûm, §\uªÏ E«o LôdÏm ØRÛR®ùNVpTôÓLÞdÏ A±ÜûW Utßm ùNnØû\T«t£ úRûYlTÓ¡\Õ. CÕ Ød¡VUôLGu\ô¡\Õ GeùL²p CRVm NôokRÖûWÂWp ùRôPoTô] ×jÕ«o ùLôÓjR≠p(Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR), CÕ úTôu\UWQm NmT®dÏm úSônLs UtßmLôVeL°≠ÚkÕ JÚYûW LôlTtßYÕùRôPoTô] úTôu\ ùNVpØû\L°p AkRUô§¬Vô] ØRÛR® ùLôÓdÏm úTôÕARû] A°lTYo Utßm úSôVô°CÚYÚdÏúU úUtùLôiÓ Tô§l× HtTÓmBTjÕdLô] Yônl× Es[Õ. Utßm CÕúTôu\ T«t£Ls GpXôm Ut\ GkRT«t£ûV úTôuß CÕÜm TVàs[Ju\ôÏm. TX SôÓL°p AYNW LôXBm×Xuv (emergency ambulance)

Aàl×TYoLs Bm×Xuv ùNuß ùLôiÓ

CÚdÏm úTôÕ úTôu Y¯VôL A¥lTûPØRÛR® A±ÜûWLû[ á±d ùLôiÓCÚlTôoLs.

CVpTôL JÚ Nôu±Rr ùT\ YûL ùNnÙmJÚ TôPj§hPjûRT¥lTRu êXmùTôÕYôL ùNnØû\ T«t£ CRtÏA°dLlTÓ¡\Õ. ùNVpØû\L°p UtßmlúWôhúPôLôpL°p (protocols), HtTÓmºWô] Uôt\eLs LôWQUôL, ªLAiûU«Xô] SPl× UÚjÕY A±®uA¥lTûP«p, Utßm §\ûUûVl TWôU¬dLJÚ Ï±l©hP LôX CûPùY°L°pA±ûYl ×Õl©jÕd ùLôsÞmTôPj§hPeL°p T«pYÕm ApXÕ UßNôuß ùTßYÕm ùTÚmTôÛmAY£VUô¡\Õ. ùNg£ÛûYf NeLm (red

cross) Utßm ùNuh. _ôu Bm×Xuv (St.

John ambulance) úTôu\ NêL ¨ßY]eLsYô«XôLl ùTÚmTôÛm ØRÛR®l T«t£¡ûPd¡\Õ.

ØRÛR®«p ABC (ABC of First-aid) : ABC

B]Õ, Lôtßl TôûR (Air way), ÑYô£jRp(breathing) Utßm CWjR KhPm (Circulation)

GuT]Ytû\d Ï±dÏm.

Lôtßl TôûR (Airway) : Lôtß Eh×ÏmTôûR RûP«pXôUp Es[Rô GuTûREß§ ùNnYRtÏ LY]jûR êfÑd LôtßEh×Ïm TôûR«p ûYdL úYiÓm. HúRàmRûP (Obstruction (choking) CÚlTÕ, E«ÚdÏHtTÓm AfÑßjÕm AYNW ¨ûX BÏm.(TPm 2)

ÑYô£jRp (Breathing) : ÑYô£jRp ¨uß®hPôp, (Breathing if stops),

Tô§l×dÏs[ô]Yo ®ûW®p C\dLúS¬PXôm. G]úY ÑYô£dL ERÜYÕØd¡VUô] AÓjR ùNVpT¥ BÏm.ØRÛR®«p TX Øû\Ls ûLVô[lTÓ¡u\].



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RYß Rôu ®û[ÜL[ôn CÚdÏm. SômGu] ùNn¡ú\ôm GuTûR A±k§ÚkRôp,Sôm AkRf ãZûX NUô°dL RVôWôLCpXô®¥àm G°RôL SmUôp ERY Ø¥Ùm.EQof£ éoYUô] AÔÏØû\ UtßmùNVpTôÓ GlúTôÕúU RY\ô] ùNVÛdÏ®j§Óm Utßm JÚYûW RY\ô]ùNVpLû[ ùNnV Y¯ SPjÕm. ®ûWYô]Utßm Ru]m©dûLÙPu á¥VAÔÏØû\ LôVj§u ®û[ûYdÏû\dLXôm.

AYNW LôX UÚjÕY ER®ûVAûZdLXôm (Call medical emergencies):

ãr¨ûX Yt×ßj§]ôp ®ûWYôL UÚjÕYER®ûV AûZdLXôm. N¬Vô] AÔÏØû\E«ûWd LôlTôt\Xôm.

ãZp Ød¡V TeÏ Y¡d¡\Õ (Surroundings

play vital role) : ùYqúYß ãZÛdÏ ùYqúYßAÔÏØû\ úRûYlTÓ¡\Õ. G]úYØRÛR® A°lTYo Ñtßl ×\jûR SuÏEQW úYiÓm. úYß Uô§¬VôLf ùNôpXúYiÓùU²p, AYoLs TôÕLôlTôLÜmATôVm HÕªpXôUÛm CÚlTûR Eß§ùNnÕ ùLôs[ úYiÓm. Hù]²p,ØRÛR® A°lTYÚdúL LôVm HtThÓ®hPôp AeÏ HÕm ERY Ø¥VôÕ.

úUôNm AûPVf ùNnVô¾oLs (Do not

harm) : ªLl ùTÚmTôÛm Tô§l×dÏEs[ô]Yo ¨û]®pXôUp (unconscious)

CÚdÏm úTôÕ Ri½o ùLôÓlTÕ, Eû\kRCWjRjûR ÕûPjRp (wiping clotted blood (which

acts as plug to reduce bleeding), Ø±ÜLû[f N¬ùNnRp (correcting fractures), LôVUûPkRTôLeLû[ RY\ôLd ûLVôÞRp (mishandling

injured parts etc) ØRXô]ûYLû[ EtNôLªÏ§Vôp ØÕÛR®VôLf ùNnÙm úTôÕAûY úUÛm £dLûX EÚYôdÏm.úSôVô°Ls RY\ô] ØRÛR® Øû\L[ôpùTÚmTôXô] ̈ LrÜL°p C\dL úS¬Ó¡\Õ.AlT¥ RY\ôL HÕm ùNnVlTP®¥pAYoLs G°§p ©ûZj§ÚdLd áÓm.

úRûY HtTPôR ThNj§p LôVUûPkRSTûW SLojR ØVt£dLô¾oLs. AkSToGe¡Úd¡\ôúWô AeúLúV AlT¥úV TÓdLûYlTÕ SpXÕ, Hù]²p úSôVô° B]Yo,ØÕÏ, RûX ApXÕ LÝj§p LôVmEûPVYWôL CÚkRôp AYûW SLojÕYÕAYûW úUÛm £WUj§tÏ Es[ôdÏm.

CWjR KhPm (Circulation) : U²Rû]E«úWôÓ CÚdL ûYdL CWjR KhPmØd¡Vm (Blood circulation is vital) BÏm. ØRÛR®A°lTYoLs úSW¥VôL UôoûT AÝjÕmCPR Øû\Lû[l TVuTÓjR ClúTôÕT«t£ ùTtßs[]o. (TPeLs 3 Utßm 4)

ØRÛR® A°dÏm úTôÕ, JÚYo £X®§Øû\Lû[ LûPl©¥lTÕ AY£VmB¡\Õ. úSônYônThPYoLÞdÏ UtßmLôVm AûPkRYoLÞdÏ ØRÛR® A°dÏmØVt£«p DÓThÓ ARû]f ùNnÙmYûL«p UôQYoLÞdÏ TôPm SPj§Utßm T«t£ A°lT§p £X A¥lTûPJÝeÏùS±Ls Es[]. (TPm 5)

§¡p/ LXYW EQof£ AûPVô§ÚjRp(Not to get panic) : §¡p/LXYWm AûPRpGuTÕ ¨ûXûUûV úUÛm úUôNmAûPVf ùNnÙm JÚ EQof£ BÏm.U²RoLs LXYW EQof£ûV AûPYRôpAYoLs RYß ×¬¡u\]o. §¡p/ LXYWmAYoLû[ úVô£dL ®PôUp ùNnÕRYßLû[ EÚYôdÏ¡\Õ. ØRÛR®A°lTYo AûU§VôL CÚkÕ úNL¬l×AÔÏØû\ EûPVYWôL CÚlTÕAY£Vm. ØRÛR® A°lTYúW TVkÕùLôiÓm, LXYWjÕPàm CÚkRôp ùT¬V



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CRu ùTôÚs ¿eLs GÕÜúU ùNnVdáPôÕ GuTRpX. ØRÛR® A°lTYoLsAYoLs ùTt\ T«t£«]ôp N¬VôLjRôuùNn¡ú\ôm Gu\ Sm©dûL«p N¬Vô] SuÏA±kRRûR UhÓúU ùNnYÕTôÕLôlTô]Õ N¬VôLd ûLVôsYûRØRÛR® A°lTYo ùR°YôLùR¬k§Wô®¥p, AYo AmØVt£«pDÓTPôUp CÚlTúR SXm TVdÏm. ùTÚmA§of£dÏ Es[ô] JÚ STûW Ød¡VUôL¨û]®ZkR JÚYûW úY±Pm SLojÕYÕGuTÕ ªLd LY]UôL U§lÀhtÏl©u]úW ùNnVlTP úYi¥V Ju\ôÏm.(Lj§, B¦ úTôu\ ùTôÚhLs ) EP≠às

×Ïk§ÚkRôp ARû] LôVj§p CÚkÕNPôùW] ALtßYÕ úUÛm BTjûR®û[®dÏm. (ERôWQUôL CWjRd L£ÜA§L¬dLXôm ) GlúTôÕúU ER®ûVAûZlTÕ SpXûR ®û[®dÏm.

AfNm ùR°®jRp (Reassurance) :

BRWYôLl úTÑYRu êXm Tô§l×dÏEs[ô]YûWj ûR¬VlTÓj§ AYWÕAfNjûRj úTôdLÜm.

CWjRd L£ûY ̈ ßjÕRp (Stop the bleeding):

Tô§dLlThPYo CWjRd L£®tÏEhThPôùW²p, LôVmThPTÏ§dÏ úUpJÚ AÝjRm ùLôÓjÕ, CWjRd L£ûY¨ßjR ØVt£dLÜm.



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ùTôu]ô] úSWm (Golden Hours) : RûX«pTXjR LôVm, TX EhÏûXÜ ¨ûX (multiple

trauma), UôWûPl× (heart attack), TdLYôRm(strokes) ØRXô] CÕ úTôu\, JÚYûWØt±Ûm A¯d¡\ UÚjÕY ©WfNû]LÞdÏ£¡fûN A°dL Ck§V UÚjÕYUû]L°pªL SpX ùRô¯p ÖhTeLs Es[]. B]ôpúSôVô°Ls ùTÚmTôÛm Ï±jRúSWj§tÏs EVokR £¡fûN ùTßmCPj§tÏ ùNuß úNoY§pûX. A§pAYoLs RôURUôLf ùNVpTÓ¡\ôoLs E«oT±dÏm ATôVj§p CÚkÕ ÁiÓ YW 30

¨ªPm B]Õ, ùTôu]ô] LôX LhPm/úSWm (golden period) Guß Ï±l©PlTÓ¡\Õ.CkR úSWj§tÏs úSôVô° UÚjÕYUû]ûV ùNuß úNokÕ ®hPôp AYoLsATôV LhPjûRj Rôi¥ ®P Ø¥Ùm.E«ûWd LôdÏm T¥ ØRÛR® LY²l×LsG°§p §\mTPd ¡ûPd¡u\]. CqYôßRWlTÓm ØRÛR® B]Õ, TôÕLôlTôdûLVôiÓ Utßm TôÕLôlTôLl TV¦jÕ,AÚLôûU«p Es[ AYNWLôX Aû\dÏ®ûW®p ùNuß úNW ERÜm. Ïû\Yô]úSWj§p Aq®Pm ùNuß úNW A§L[ÜYônl©p SpX RWUô] UÚjÕY £¡fûN¡ûPdL Yônl×s[Õ. (TPm 6)

A°lTRtÏ Øu]RôL, AYWÕ ûLLû[dLÝ® EXoYôL ûYj§ÚlTÕ ªL Ød¡VmApXÕ ûLÙû\Ls A¦YÕ ªLØd¡VUôÏm.

LôVm ThP TÏ§ûV ÑjRm ùNnÕUÚk§hÓ êÓRp (Cleaning and Dressing)

(TPm 7) :

úTuhúPw úTôÓm Øu× GlúTôÕúULôVjûR ØÝûUVôL, SuÏ ÑjRm ùNnVúYiÓm. ÑjRUô] Ri½o ùLôiÓ,LôVjûR AúXNôLd LÝYÜm. ùYhÓLsApXÕ §\kR ùY° LôVeL°u úUpúXôdLp UÚkÕLû[l TVuTÓjRôUpCÚlTÕ SXm TVdÏm. CûYLs ERÜYûR®P A§L G¬fNíhÓm A¬lûTj §ÑjùRôÏ§dÏj RÚm. G°ûUVô] EXo ÑjRmApXÕ Ri½Wôp ÑjRm ùNnRp Utßm£XYûL úTuhúPw SXm TVdÏm.

ER® YÚm YûW Tô§dLlThPYoEPú]úV CÚdLXôm (Stay with the victim

until help arrives) : ER® ¡ûPdÏm YûWTô§dLlThPYo EPú]úV AûU§VôLCÚdLÜm.

EQoÜ CZkR ¨ûX (Unconsciousness)

Lôtß EhùNpÛm Y¯ûV AûPlTÕúTôp SôdÏ ©u×\UôL ®ÝkR ¨ûX«pCÚkRôúXô ApXÕ Tô§dLlThPYoØÕ¡u úUp TÓj§ÚkRôúXô EQoÜCZlTô]Õ (Loss of consciousness) E«ÚdÏAfÑßjRûX EÚYôdÏm. EQo®Zl©tLô]LôWQjûR úRÓm ØuTôL, AkSToÑYô£d¡\ôWô GuTûR Eß§ TÓj§ùLôs[Üm. LôVeLs AàU§jRôpTô§dLlThP STûW (TPm 8þp) Lôh¥V T¥LÝjÕ GdvùPuhPh (extended) BLCÚdÏmT¥ ÁiÓ YÚm ¨ûX«p CÚdLûYdLÜm. UVdL ¨ûX«p CÚdÏm STÚdÏYôn Y¯VôL GÕÜm JÚ úTôÕmùLôÓdLô¾oLs.

ÑLôRôWjûR TWôU¬jRp (Maintain the

hygiene) : úSôn ùRôtû\ R®odÏm ùTôÚhÓ,ØRÛR® A°lTYo GkRùYôÚ ØRÛR®Ùm



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• ¿o CZl× (Dehydration (Diarrohoea & vomiting)

• ¿¬¯Ü/ NdLûW úSôn (Diabetes (Low or highsugar)

• CWjR AÝjRm (ªLd Ïû\Ü ApXÕ ªLA§Lm) (Blood pressure (Very low or vey high)

• ªûLVô]/ ªR ªg£V UÕ Tô]mAÚk§«ÚjRp ApXÕ UÚkRLs EhùLôi¥ÚjRp. (Over dose of alcohol, drugs)

• ®`m LôWQUôL (YôÙ/ éf£dùLôp≠Ls, éf£, Tôm×, SônØR≠VYt\ôp L¥dLlTh¥ÚkRôp )(Poisoning (Gas, pesticides, bites)

• LôdLôn Y≠l× (CÝl× úSôn) (EpilepticFits (Fits)

• ªûL EQof£d úLô[ôß (Hysteria(Emotional, Psychological)

JÚ STo EQo®ZkÕ ®hPôp ARu ©u]o¸rLiP A±Ï±Ls úRôu\Xôm. (TPm 9)

• ÏZlTm (Confusion)

• AûWjçdL ¨ûX (Drowsiness)

• RûX Y≠ (Headache)

• úTN Ø¥VôR ¨ûX AYu /AYs EPtTôLeLû[ AûNdL Ø¥VôR ̈ ûX (Inabilityto speak or move parts of his or her body) (see strokesymptoms)

• CúXNô] RûXfÑtß (Light headedness)

• UXdÏPp ApXÕ £ß¿olûT LhÓlTôÓCZjRp, £ß¿Úm, UXØm LhPtßùY°úVßRp (Loss of bowel or bladder control)(incontinence)

• ®ûWYô] CRVj Õ¥l×, ºWt\ Øû\«pCRVj Õ¥l× (Rapid heartbeat) (Palpitations)

• U§ UVdL ̈ ûX/ ¡hPjRhP EQo®ZkR¨ûX (Stupor)

EQo®ZkR ̈ ûXVô]Õ, BrkR UVdL ̈ ûXGußm (coma), Guß A±VlTÓ¡\Õ. JÚSTo ØÝûUÙm EQo®ZkR ¨ûX«pCÚkRôp GkRùYôÚ AûZl©tÏm T§p®û] TiQôÕ CÚkRôp, ×\çiPÛdÏm GkRùYôÚ T§p ®û]ÙmTiQôÕ CÚkRôp, AÕ TXUô] E«ÚdÏAfÑßjRp ®û[®dÏm ¨ûXVôÏm.B]ôp A¥lTûP CRVj Õ¥l× ,ÑYô£jRp, CWjR KhPm Su\ôL CÚdLXômApXÕ AYûWd LôlTôt\ØVt£dLô®hPôp AÕÜm Ïû\Vd áÓm.Utßm C\l×dÏm ChÓf ùNpÛm.

NôRôWQ êû[f ùNVpTôh¥p HtTÓmRPeLpLs LôWQUôL CkR ¨ûXHtTÓ¡\Õ. CRu LôWQeLs GiQt\ûY.

• A§of£ (`ôd) (CRVm NmTkRUô]ûY,SWm× NmTkRUô]ûY ) (Cardiogenic,Neurogenic)

• RûXdLôVm (êû[«p LôVm, LmlW`u)(Head injury (Concussion, Compression)

• êfÑj §Q\p (Lôtß Eh ùNpÛmTôûR«p RûP (Asphyxia (Obstruction to airpassage)

• EPp ùYlT ¨ûX«p A¾R ¨ûX(Extremes of Body temperature (Heat, Cold)

• UôWûPl× (Cardiac Arrest (Heart attack)

• TdLYôRm (Stroke (Cerbro-vasular accident)

• CWjR CZl× (Blood loss (Haemorrhage)



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ØRÛR® (First aid)

• AYNW GiûQ (emergency number) þIAûZdLÜm.

• Tô§dLlThP ST¬u Lôtßl TôûR,ÑYôNl TôûR, Utßm Sô¥jÕ¥lûT(airway, breathing and pulse) A¥dL¥úNô§dLÜm. ùNVtûL ÑYôNm UtßmCPRþIj úRûYlThPôp ùRôPeLÜm.

• AkR STo ÑYô£jÕd ùLôiÓm UpXôkÕTÓjÕd ùLôiÓm CÚkRôp ØÕùLÛm×A¥lThPÜPu (after ruling out spinal injury),

LY]Uô] APSR STûW TdLYôh¥p,CPÕ TdLUôL §Úl×YRtÏ Øu]¬ûUùLôÓjÕ §ÚlTÜm. CÓl× UtßmØZeLôÛm ùNeúLôQUôL CÚdLm T¥úUt×\d LôûX Yû[dLÜm. (Bend the top

leg so both hip and knee are at right angles). LôtßY¯lTôûR §\kRYôß CÚlTRtLôLRûXûV ©uú]ôd¡ ùUÕYôL §ÚlTÜm.ÑYôNm ApXÕ Sô¥j Õ¥l×GkúSWj§Ûm ¨tTRôLj úRôu±]ôpAkSTûW ØÕÏ ̧ úZ CÚdÏm T¥ §Úl©TÓdL ûYjÕ CPR þIj ÕYdLÜm.

• RiÓ YPj§p LôVm (spinal injury)

HtTh¥ÚkRôp , Tô§lTûPkRY¬u¨ûXûUûVd LY]UôL U§l©PúYiÓm. Tô§lTûPkR STo Yôk§ (vomits)

GÓjRôp, ØÝ EPûXÙm JÚ ×\UôLlTdLYôh¥p §ÚlTÜm. ¿eLs EÚhÓmúTôÕ LÝjÕ, Utßm ØÕûLj Rôe¡RûX Utßm EPp CWiÓm JúW¨ûX«p CÚdL ûYdLÜm.

• UÚjÕY ER® ¡ûPdÏm YûW AkSToEPûX ãPôL ûYj§ÚdLÜm.

• JÚ STo UVdLm AûPYûRd LiPôpAYo ¸úZ ®ZôUp RÓdLÜm. AkSTûWjRûW ÁÕ TÓdL ûYjÕ Lô≠u UhPjûRúUúX EVoj§ Rôe¡l ©¥dLÜm.

• UVdLUô]Õ Ïû\kR NodLûW A[ÜCWjRj§p HtThPRu ®û[YôL YÚYÕúTôp CÚkRôp AkSTÚdÏ C²lTôLHúRàm Nôl©ÓYRtÏ ApXÕÏ¥lTRtÏ ùLôÓdLÜm. (TPm 10)

ùNnVd áPôRûY (Do Not)

• UVdLj§p CÚdÏm STÚdÏ EiQúYôApXÕ AÚkRúYô GûRÙmùLôÓdLô¾oLs.

• AkSTûW R²VôL ®hÓ ®hÓ GeÏmùNpXô¾oLs.

• EQo®pXôUp UVdLj§p CÚdÏmST¬u RûXdÏ A¥«p RûXVûQûYdLô¾oLs.

• AkSTÚdÏ ×jÕQof£ A°lTRtLôLUVe¡V ¨ûX«p CÚdÏm AkST¬uØLjûRj RhÓYÕ áPôÕ, ApXÕRi½o ùR°dLÜm áPôÕ.

ØRÛR®l ùTh¥ (First-aid box)

£±V, SÓjRW Utßm ùT¬V LôVjûRUÚk§hÓ LhÓRp (úTuúPw) (Small,

medium and large dressings) : LôVjûR Ñt±LhPlTÓm ¿[Uô], ªÚÕYô] Õ¦ÙPuá¥V, ØÝj çnûUVô] Utßm úSônÖuUeL°p CÚkÕ Øt±Ûm ®ÓThP,ùRôtß ¿d¡j Õl×WYôdLlThP Eû\(sterile pads) B]Õ, TXUô] CWjRl úTôdûLLhÓTÓjR Utßm £±V LôVeLû[êÓYRtÏ TVuTÓjRlTPXôm. ØdúLôQúTuúPw CûYLs JÚ ªÏ§Vô] TpúYßYûL TVuTôÓLû[ EûPV ETLWQ Àv(versatile piece) BÏm. JÚ Eû\«às U¥jÕûYdLlThÓ CûYLs úLôph LmWv (cold

compress) þBL ApXÕ JÚ Y≠ ªÏ§Vô]CPjûRf Ñt± êPlTÓm Eû\VôLTVuTÓjRlTÓ¡u\]. CûYLs¾dLôVeLû[ êÓYRtÏ ApXÕ ùT¬V¸\pLû[ êÓYRtÏ Utßm EûPkRGÛm×Lû[ Rôe¡ TVuTÓ¡u\].

JhÓm Uû\l×d LhÓ (Adhesive bandage)

(£±V LôVeLÞdÏ) (for small wounds),

JhPôR ùRôtß ¿d¡ Õl×WYôdLlThPEPt TÏ§ûV ÑjRUôL ûYdLÜm,TôÕLôdLÜm ARû]f Ñt± úTôPlTÓmUû\l×d LhÓ (TpúYß A[ÜL°p)(Non-adhesive sterile dressings (various sizes),JhÓm CûZ SôPô (safety tape), Uû\l×dLhÓ Utßm ûalúTôAXo´²d CûZSôPô (adhesive tape and hypoallergenic tape).

EPt TÏ§ûV ÑjRUôL ûYdLÜmTôÕLôdLÜm ARû] Ñt± úTôPlTÓmUû\l×dLhÓ B]Õ, A[ÜdúLtTÕiPôdLlThÓ Utßm ¸\pLû[



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êÓYRtÏm, ¾dLôVeLs Utßm £±VLôVeLû[ êÓYRtÏm TVuTÓjRlTÓ¡\Õ.

UÚjÕYWôp TVuTÓjRlTÓmùUuûUVô] Õ¦ (Gauze swabs):

LôVeLû[ ÑjRlTÓjRj Ri½ÚPuúNojÕ ETúVô¡dLlTÓYÕ.

Y≠dÏ TV]ôÏm úTuúPw, LmTW`uúTuúPw, hël[o úTuúPw (Acebandages, compression bandages, tubularbandage): ÑÞdÏLs Utßm Y≠LsCYt±≠ÚkÕ RôeÏYRtÏ TVuTÓjRlTÓ¡\Õ.

JÚ Øû\ UhÓm TVuTÓjRlTÓmûLÙû\Ls (Disposable gloves) : EPp§WYeLû[ ûLVô[ TVuTÓjÕYRtLôL.

áoûUVt\ Øû]ÙûPV Lj§¬dúLôp(Blunt-ended scissors) : Tt±Ód¡ (tweezers)

TVQ YN§ (Transport safety) : ªLlTôÕLôlTô] Øû\L°p Juû\lTVuTÓjÕRp.

CRVm ùSgÑ ùRôPoTô] ÖûWÂWpùRôPoTô] ×jÕ«o ùLôÓjRp CPR

(Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation): CPR B]ÕS≠Ü\ôÕ ¿¥jÕ CÚdLf ùNnVXôm. JÚYoCPR T«t£ ùTt±ÚkRôp Utßm JÚ SToêfÑj §Q\Xôp NeLPlThPôp,ÑYô£lT§p £WUjûR EQokRôpEP]¥VôL CPR þI ùRôPeLÜm. CÚkRúTô§Ûm CPR þp T«t£ ùTt±ÚdLôR úTôÕAkSTo ARû] ØVt£dL áPôÕ. Hù]²pT«t£ ùT\ôR STo ØVÛm úTôÕAfùNVXô]Õ úUtùLôiÓ LôVjûRA§L¬jÕ ®PXôm. B]ôp ùTÚmTôXô]UdLs CRû] RY\ôLúY ùNn¡\ôoLs.áhP ùS¬Np ªÏkR CPj§p CRû]fùNnYÕ L¥]Uô] ùNVXôÏm. úUÛm TX©WfNû]Ls SUdÏ A±ÜßjÕYÕGu]ùY²p, Tô§dLlThP STÚdÏ,TdLj§p ¨uß úY¥dûL TôodÏm SToêfÑ YZeÏYRôp E«o ©ûZdÏm SuûUSPkÕ ®Pl úTôY§pûX. CWiPôYRôLN¬Vô] NôUôoj§VUô] ùNVXôh£ûVjRY\ô] CPeL°p ûLVôsYÕm ªLdL¥]Uô] ùNVp BÏm. B]ôp EVo §\uYônkR ØRÛR® A°lTWôp CPR

LY]UôLf ùNnVlThPôp AÕ Ød¡VEPp Eßl×Lû[ éjÕQof£ ùTßYRtÏ

TôXUôLf ùNVpThÓ UÚjÕYd ÏÝ YÚmYûW TôÕLôjÕ ¨tÏm.

C\kRûR A±®jRp (Declaring death) :

®TjÕ SPkR CPj§p ûYjÕTô§dLlThP ST¬u UWQjûR A±®lTÕN¬VpX. RÏ§ YônkR UÚjÕYoLs ARû]fùNnV úYiÓm. AkR A±®lûT ùY°«PúYiÓm.

AYNW ̈ ûXûV GlT¥ Ut\YÚdÏ RLYpùR¬®lTÕ ? (How to report an emergency?)

JÚ AYNW ¨ûXûV RLYp ùR¬®lTÕTôolTRtÏ G°ûUVôLj úRôu±]ôÛmEiûU«p AÕ G°RpX. ®TjÕ SPkRCPj§p JÚ YûLVô] A§of£Uú]ôTôYm ̈ Lr¡\Õ. Ñt± ̈ uß úY¥dûLTôodÏm áhPm ER®VôL CÚlT§pûX.úWôhúPôW LôVeL°p CÕ NôRôWQUôLSPdLd á¥V ùNVXôÏm. LPkÕ ùNpÛmSToLs Tô§dLlThPYÚdÏ ERYôUpLPkÕ ùNpYûRl TôodL Ø¥Ùm. G]úYØRÛR® úUXôiûU GuTÕ LôVUûPkRSTÚdÏ ¡ûPlTÕ ùTÚmTôÛm ªLdL¥]Uô] ùNVXô¡\Õ. áhPjûRdLhÓTÓjÕYÕ ÁhùPÓdÏm ÏÝ®tÏRLYp T¬Uôt\m, Bm×Xuû^ AûUjRp,ØRXô] ùNVpLû[ JÚ úNWf ùNnYúRôÓØRÛR® A°lTYoLÞdÏ TX RWlThPùNVp§hPeLû[ ûLVôsYÕAY£VUô¡\Õ. ùUôûTp úTôu CkRUô§¬Vô] ùSÚdL¥ úSWeL°p A§LA[®p ERÜ¡\Õ. ©WfNû]Lû[AÔÏYRtÏ £X Y¯Øû\Ls ¸úZRWlThÓs[].

ãr¨ûX«u AYNWjûR U§l©PÜm. ¿eLsJÚ AYNW ¨ûXûV RLYp ùR¬®dÏmØu]RôL AkRf ãr¨ûX EiûU«úXúVùSWdL¥ ̈ ûXRô]ô GuTûR Eß§ ùNnÕdùLôs[Üm. JÚ ãZp E«ÚdÏ AfÑßjRpRÚYRôLúYô ApXÕ ªLÜm A¯ÜRWdá¥V ãZXôLúYô ¿eLs Sm©]ôp,AYNW LôXfúNûYûV AûZdLÜm.

• JÚ Ït\f ùNVp Ød¡VUôL RtúTôÕAÕ ¨LrkÕ ùLôiÓ CÚkRôp AkRÏt\f ùNVp ùNnÙm STûW Tt±VEPtáß ®TWeLû[ ®Y¬dLÜm.

• ¾lTt±V ®TWjûRj ùR¬®lTRôLCÚkRôp, GlT¥ ¾ ©¥jRÕ GuTûRÙmGeÏ ¾ ©¥jR CPm Es[Õ



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GuTRû]Ùm ®Y¬dLÜm. VôúWàmLôVlTh¥ÚkRôúXô ApXÕ LôQôUpúTô«ÚkRôúXô ARû]Ùm ®ÓTPôÕÏ±l©PÜm.

• E«ÚdÏ AfÑßjRp HtTÓj§Ùs[AYNW ¨ûXûVj RLYp ùR¬®lTRôLCÚkRôp, GlT¥ AfNmTYm ¨LrkRÕGuTÕ Tt±Ùm GkR Uô§¬Vô]ùNnûLLû[ AkSTo ùY°lTÓjÕ¡\ôoGuTRû]Ùm ®Y¬dLÜm.

• JÚ Lôo ®TjÕ ̈ LrkR CPm, LôVeL°uTXUô] CVp×, YôL] ®TWm UtßmT§Ü ùRôPo×ûPV UdLs Gi¦dûLCYtû\j ùR¬®dLÜm.

AYNW LôXf úNûYûV AûUjRp (Call

emergency services) : AYNW LôX úNûYGiLs UôßTÓ¡\Õ. úTôÄv Utßm ¾dÏ100, Bm×Xuv AûZdL 108.

¿eLs CÚdÏm CPjûRj ùR¬®jRp(Report your location) : AYNW ER®dÏAàl×TYo ØR≠p, úLhTÕ ¿eLs GeÏCÚd¡ÈoLs AeÏ GlT¥ YW úYiÓmGuTÕ Rôu. ¿eLs Aq®PjûRjùR°YôLd á±]ôp Rôu AYoL[ôp AeÏ®ûW®p YWØ¥Ùm. ªLf N¬Vô]j ùRÚlùTVo ØLY¬ûVd á\Üm. ¨eLs Eß§TPA±k§Wô®hPôp, úRôWVUô]j RLYûXjùR¬®dLXôm.

EeLs ùRôûXúT£ GiûQ ER®Aàl×YÚdÏd ùLôÓjRp (Give the

dispatcher your phone number) : CkR ®TWØmAàl×YÚdÏ AY£Vm úRûYlTÓm RLYpBÏm. EeLû[j §ÚmT AûZdL ERÜm.

AYNW ¨ûX«u CVpûT ®Y¬jRp(Describe the nature of the emergency):

AûU§Vô] ùR°Yô] ÏWXôp, ¿eLs ER®A]l×Y¬Pm Hu AûZd¡ÈoLs GuTûRdáßeLs ªLÜm Ød¡VUô] RLYpLû[ØR≠p á± ®PÜm. ©u]o AYo úLhÏmùRôPo×ûPV úLs®LÞdÏ GqY[ÜSu\ôL T§p á\ Ø¥ÙúUô AqY[ÜSu\ôL áßeLs.

ùRôûXúT£«û] RLYp ¡ûPdÏmYûW ûYdLd áPôÕ (Do not hang up the

phone) EeLû[ ûYdÏm T¥ á\ôR YûW¿eL[ôL úTôû] Lh ùNnÕ ®Pô¾oLs.©u]o EeLÞdÏ RWlThP A±ÜûWL°uT¥ ùNVpTPÜm.

GlT¥ ØRÛR® ùNnYÕ? (How to do basicfirst aid?)

LôQm AûPkÕs[ STo êfÑj §Q\p,UôWûPl×, AXo_õ«u ®û[ÜLs UÚkÕUôj§ûWLs CYt\ôp HtThP EPpÃ§Vô] Tô§l× Utßm ©\ UÚjÕYùSÚdL¥L[ôp Tô§dLlThÓs[ ST¬uúRûYLû[ U§l©Óm BWmT LhPfùNVpØû\Lû[ A¥lTûP ØRÛR® GußÏ±l©Ó¡\ôoLs A¥lTûP ØRÛR®B]Õ JÚ ST¬u EPp¨ûXûV UtßmN¬Vô] YûL £¡dûN Øû\ûV ®ûWYôLj¾oUô²dL AàU§d¡\Õ.

ØRÛR® A°lTYoLÞdLô] Y¯LôhÓRpLs (Important guideline for first-aiders)

ãr¨ûXûV U§l©ÓRp (Evaluate the

situation) (ØRÛR® A°lTYûW BTj§p£dL ûYdÏm ùTôÚhLs?) (Are there things

that might put the first-aider at risk)? ¾ ®`m, ×ûL,YôÙdLs, JÚ ¨ûX«pXôR LhPPm,ªuNôWm TônkÕ ùLôi¥ÚdÏmªuLm©Ls, ApXÕ ©\ ATôVLWUô]Lôh£Ls, úTôu\ ®TjÕLû[f Nk§dÏmúTôÕ, AYt\ôp UWQm HtTPYônl×s[Rôp ®ûWÜl TônfNXôpAfãZ≠p ®ÝkÕ ®PôUp ªLd LY]UôLCÚdL úYiÓm.

(A-B-CþI ̈ û]®p ûYdLÜm) (Remember A-

B-Cs) : ØRÛR® A°lTYoLs Ød¡VUôLdLY²dL úYi¥V êuß EfNLhP®`VeLû[ ABC L°u ØRÛR® G]dÏ±l©Ó¡ú\ôm.

• Lôtß ×Ïm Y¯ þAkR STÚdÏ RûPVt\Lôtß Y¯ ¡ûPjÕs[Rô/ùLôi¥Úd¡\ôWô?

• ÑYôNmþ AkSTo ÑYô£d¡\ôWô?

• CWjR JhPmþ ©WRô] Sô¥jÕ¥l×CPeLû[ U¦dLhÓ, LÝjÕd ÏÚ§,Sô[m, (Wrist, carotid artery, groin) AûW þLôpEPpLÞPu ùTôÚkÕm (EPm©u ØuTÏ§) CYt±p AkSTÚdÏ Sô¥jÕ¥l×(CRVjRôp EPp ØÝYÕm ÏÚ§ùNÛjRlTÓm úTôÕ EiPôÏmùRôPokR Õ¥l×, CRVj Õ¥l×) Es[RôG]l TôodLÜm.

Tô§lTûPkR STûW Al×\lTÓjÕYûRj R®odLÜm (Avoid moving the

victim) : EP]¥VôL Tô§lTûPkRYûW



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úYù\eÏm ùLôiÓ ùNpÛm A[®tÏEP]¥ BTj§p Tô§lTûPkR STo CpXôRThNj§p AYûW GeÏm SLojÕYûRjR®odLÜm. Ød¡VUôL ØÕÏ RiÓYPdLôVm AûPkR ¨LrÜL°pTô§lTûPkR STûW SLojÕYÕ LôVjûRúUÛm úUôNUôdÏm.

AYNW ¨ûX úNûYLû[ AûZjRp (Call

emergency services) : ER®dÏ AûZdLÜmApXÕ GqY[Ü ®ûWYôL Ø¥ÙúUôAqY[Ü ®ûW®p ER® ¡ûPlTRtÏ úYßVô¬PUôYÕ ùNôp≠ ER®ûV AûZdLfùNôpXXôm. ®TjÕ CPj§p R²VôLCÚkRôp ER®ûV AûZdÏm Øu×ÑYôNjûR EÚYôdLÜm. UtßmTô§lTûPkRYûW R²VôLd LY²dLôUp®hÓ ®Pd áPôÕ.

BdL éoYUô] Øû\«p G§o®û]Btß¡\ôWô GuTûRj ¾oUô²jRp(Determine responsiveness) : JÚ SToEQo®ZkR ¨ûX«p CÚkRôp, AYûWEÛd¡ Utßm AYÚPu úT£ ®¯dLfùNnVÜm.

AlúTôÕm T§p ®û] ×¬VôUpAkSTo CÚkRôp, LY]UôL AYûWEÚh¥ ÁhÏm ¨ûX«p Lôtßl ×ÏmY¯ûV §\dLÜm. (If the person remainsunresponsive, carefully roll them onto the side(recovery position) and open his airway).

• RûXÙm LÝjÕm CûVYôL CÚdÏm T¥ùNnVÜm.

• AYûW ØÕ¡u úUp TÓj§ÚdÏm T¥AYWÕ RûXûV ©¥jRT¥úV LY]UôLEÚhPÜm.

• Sô¥ûV çd¡ Lôtß ×Ïm Y¯ûV§\dLÜm.

TôojÕ, úLhÓ, ÑYô£jRÛdLô]A±Ï±Lû[ EQÚeLs (Look, listen and feel

for signs of breathing) : Tô§dLlThPY¬uùSgÑ, EVokÕ Utßm RôrYûR TôÚeLs,ÑYô£jRÛdLô] NlRjûRd úLÞeLs.

AkR STo ÑYô£dLô®¥p, ¸úZRWlThÓs[Ytû\l TôodLÜm.

• AkR Tô§dLlThP STo ÑYô£d¡\ôoB]ôp EQo®ZkR ¨ûX«p CÚd¡\ôoGu\ôp TdLYôh¥p AYûW EÚh¥RûX Utßm LÝjÕ CWiÓm EPÛPuJu\ô¡ CÚdÏm T¥f ùNnVÜm. CÕ

Yôn ¥ûWu (drain) BL CÚdL ER®ùNnÕ, SôdÏ ApXÕ Yôk§, Lôtßl×ÏmY¯ûV AûPlTûRj RÓdÏm.

Tô§dLlThPY¬u CWjR KhPjûRúNô§jRp (Check the victim's circulation) :

Tô§dLlThPY¬u LXûWl TôodLÜm.Utßm AY¬u Sô¥jÕ¥lûT úNô§dLÜm.(RûXdÏ CWjRjûR ùLôiÓ ùNpÛmLÝjÕl TÏ§«Ûs[ CÚ ùT¬VÏZônL°p Juß/ LÝjÕd ÏÚ§ Sô[m)

C§p úNô§lTÕ SpX úRoÜ BÏm. CÕLÝj§u CÚ×\Øm Tô§lTûPkRYoSô¥jÕ¥lûT ùLôi¥Wô®hPôp CPRþIjÕYdLÜm.

CWjRd L£ûY £¡fûN A°jÕf N¬ùNnRp, A§of£ Utßm ©\ ©WfNû]Ls(Treat bleeding, shock and other problems asneeded): Tô§dLlThPYûW ÑYô£dL ûYjÕAYÚdÏ Sô¥jÕ¥l× CÚdÏm úTôÕ,ùLôÓdLlTP úYi¥V AÓjR Øuà¥WûUCWjRd L£Ü HúRàm CÚkRôp AûR¨ßjRYÕ Rôu, Ï±lTôL úTW§of£VôpEhÏûXÜ HtTh¥ÚdÏm ¨Lr®pA§of£ûVl úTôdÏYÕ Øuà¬ûURWlTP úYi¥V Ju\ôpTô§dLlThPYûW GlT¥d ûLVôsYÕGuTÕ Tt±V £X Y¯Øû\Ls TPm 11, 12,13, Utßm 14 þp Ï±l©PlThÓs[].

• CWjRd L£ûY ̈ ßjRÜm (Stop bleeding):

JÚ úTW§of£dÏ EhTh¥ÚdÏm JÚSTûWd LôlTôt\ CWjRd L£ûYdLhÓlTÓjÕYÕ JÚ Ød¡VUô] ùNVpBÏm. CWjRd L£ûY LhÓlTÓjR úYßGkR Øû\ûVÙm ØVt£dÏm Øu]oLôVj§u úUp úSW¥ AÝjRmùLôÓdLÜm.

• A§of£dÏf £¡fûN A°jRp (Treat

shock) : A§of£ CWjRl úTôdLôp EP≠pCWjR CZl× LôWQUôLl ùTÚmTôÛmEPp Ã§VôL Utßm £X NUVeL°pUú]ôþÃ§Vô] úTW§of£ ARu ©u¨LrYôL HtTÓ¡\Õ. A§of£dÏs[ô]STo ùTÚmTôÛm Iv Ï°Wô]úRôpLû[ ùLôi¥ÚlTÕPuTWTWl×Pu LôQlTÓYôo ApXÕUôßThP U] ̈ ûXûVd ùLôi¥ÚlTôoUtßm AY¬u ØLm Utßm ERÓL°uúRôp ¨\m ùYÞjÕd LôQlTÓm.£¡fûN A°dLTPôR `ôd UWQjûR®û[®dLXôm. JÚ TXjR LôQj§]ôp



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Tô§dLlThPYo ApXÕ E«ÚdÏHtTh¥ÚdÏm AfÑßjRp ¨ûX,úTW§of£dÏ Y¯ YÏdÏm ATôVjûRdùLôiÓ YÚm.

• êfNûPlTôp Tô§l×dÏs[ô] STo(Choking victim) : êfNûPl× B]ÕUWQjûR EÚYôdLXôm ApXÕ ¨WkRWêû[f úNRjûR HtTÓjRXôm.

• ¾l×iÔdÏ £¡fûN A°jRp (Treat a

burn) : Ï°okR ¿Wôp êrLf ùNnÕ ApXÕÏ°okR ¿ûW Ft± ØRp UtßmCWiPôm ©¬Ü ¾dLôVeLÞdÏ £¡fûNA°dLXôm. ¡Ãm ,ùYiùQn, ApXÕ©\ B«uùUuh ETúVô¡dLô¾oLsUtßm ¾«]ôp HtThP ¾dùLôlT[jûR®ûWkÕ úRndLô¾oLs êu\ôm ©¬Ü¾dLôVeLû[ DWjÕ¦Vôp Ñt\Xôm.¾dLôVeL°≠ÚkÕ BûPLs UtßmSûLLû[ ALt\Üm, B]ôp¾dLôVjúRôÓ Jh¥ CÚdÏm ¾lThÓLÚ¡V BûPûV ALt\ ØVt£dLô¾oLs.

• RûX«p A¥lThÓ HtThP êû[dLôVjÕdÏf £¡fûN (Treat a concussion) :

Tô§dLlThPYo RûX«p LôVmTh¥ÚkRôp, êû[dLôVj§tLô]A±Ï±LÞdLôLl TôodLÜm. ùTôÕYô]A±Ï±L[ôY]þ LôVjûR ùRôPokÕUVdLm/ EQo®Zl×, OôTL Nd§JÚe¡ûQlTôp Ïû\TôÓ, Jtû\RûXY≠, Yôk§ YÚYÕ úTôu\ ÏUhPpEQof£ Utßm ùTÚm úNôo®tLô]EQoÜ.

• ØÕÏ RiÓ YPm LôQjRôpTô§dLlThPYÚdÏ £¡fûN (Treat a

spinal injury victim) : ØÕÏ RiÓ YPj§pLôVm HtTh¥ÚdÏúUô Gu\ NkúRLmYkRôp, AÕ £dLXô]Õ, Tô§lTûPkRSTo EP]¥ ATôVj§p CpXôR YûW,AY¬u RûX, LÝjÕ ApXÕ ØÕûLAûNdLúYô/ SLojRúYô áPôÕ.



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OSH þdLô] A¥lTûP Øuú]tTôÓLs, TôÕLôl× Utßm BúWôd¡Vm(Idea of basic provisions for OSH, Safety and Health)

úSôdLm: ClTôPj§u Cß§«p ¿eLs §\m ùT\ CÚlTûY• Ck§Vf NhPeL°u ¸r TôÕLôl×, BúWôd¡Vm, CYt±u A¥lTûPØuú]tTôÓLû[ áßRp.

50 BiÓLÞdÏm úUXôL, Ck§Vô®uùRô¯p ùRôPoTô] BúWôd¡Vm UtßmTôÕLôl×dLô] NhPm Es[Õ. JqùYôÚT¦Vô[ÚdÏm TôÕLôlTô] UtßmBúWôd¡VUô] T¦f ãZp A¥lTûPE¬ûUVôÏm. Boh¥dLp 24þ u ̧ r ùRô¯pùRôPoTô] TôÕLôl× UtßmBúWôd¡Vj§tLô] NhPm NmTkRUô]/AW£VXûUl©p Øuú]tTôÓLs.

GkRùYôÚ ùRô¯tNôûXL°Ûm ApXÕÑWeLj§Ûm ApXÕ ©\ ATôVLWUô]jùRô¯pL°p DÓTÓY§Ûm 14 YVÕdÏd ̧ rEs[ ÏZkûRLû[l T¦«p AUojRdáPôÕ.

Boh¥dLp 39 (e & f) (Article 39 (e & f) - Uô¨XmB]Õ Ï±lTôL ARu ùLôsûLûV ¸úZRWlThÓs[Ytû\l TôÕLôlT§p ùNÛjRúYiÓm.

e T¦Vô[oLs BiLs UtßmùTiL°u BúWôd¡Vm Utßm TXmUtßm AàTY Ø§of£Vt\ C[m YVÕdÏZkûRLs GpXôm RY\ôLl TVuTÓjRdáPôÕ Utßm TXj§tÏ ùTôÚkRôR®ÓØû\L°p úYûX ùNnVÏ¥UdLû[l ùTôÚ[ôRôW úRûYûVLôWQUôL ûYjÕ ªWhPd áPôÕ.

f BúWôd¡VUô] Øû\Lû[ Y[ojÕdùLôsÞm YN§Ls Utßm NkRolTeLsÏZkûRLÞdÏd ùLôÓjRp UtßmÑRk§Wm A°jRp Utßm U¬VôûRA°jRp Utßm ÏZkûRl TÚYm UtßmC[ûUl TÚYjûR úSoûUVt\ Øû\«pSPjRlTÓY§p CÚkÕ TôÕLôjRpUtßm JÝdL ùS± Utßm ùTôÚs Nôo×ûL®ÓR≠p CÚkÕ TôÕLôjRpúUtùNôu] CYtû\ùVpXômTôÕLôlTÕ Uô¨Xj§u ùLôsûLVôLCÚdL úYiÓm. G] Boh¥dLp39 (e & f)

(Article 39 (e & f) áß¡\Õ.

Boh¥dLp 42 (Article 42) - T¦«púSoûUVô] Utßm U²R²u ¨ûXûULsUtßm ©WNY LôXj ÕVo ¿dLm CYtû\lTôÕLôlTRtLô] Øuú]tTôÓLû[Uô¨Xm GÓdL úYiÓm.

úR£Vd ùLôsûL (National policy)

Ck§V AW£Vp AûUl×f NhPj§pTôÕLôl× Utßm EPp SXm ªL Ød¡VUô]¨ûXûV Y¡d¡\Õ. CÕ ùRô¯tNôûXL°pÑWeLj§p Utßm ATôVLWUô]ùRô¯pL°p 14 YVÕdÏ Ïû\Yô]ÏZkûRLû[ T¦«p AUojR RûP®§d¡\Õ. Aû]jÕ T¦Vô[oL°uBúWôd¡Vm Utßm TXjûR TôÕLôlTRtÏùLôsûL úLôhTôÓ ØVp¡\Õ. CÕT¦Vô[oL°u YVÕ Utßm TXj§tÏùTôÚjRªpXôR ùRô¯pL°p T¦AUoYûRj RÓd¡\Õ. T¦«p úSoûUUtßm U²R ¨ûXLû[ TôÕLôlTRtÏUô¨Xm Øuú]tTôÓLû[f ùNnYRtÏAW£VXûUl×f NhPm ªLl ùT¬V lúWmùYôodûL (framework) Øuú]tTôPôLYZeÏ¡\Õ. CRu ¸r ùLôsûLLs Utßm¨Lrf£Ls ùRô¯pNôo× BúWôd¡VmUtßm TôÕLôl×dLô]ûY EÚYôdLlTPXôm.

úR£Vf NhPeL°u ùRôÏ§ (NationalLegislation)

TôÕLôl©tLô] Ød¡V A¥lTûPûVfNhPeLs YZeÏ¡u\]. AojRmEs[RôLÜm §\u YônkRRôLÜm NhPmCÚlTRtÏ AÕ A±®Vp A±ÜúUmTÓYRôL Ï±l©hP LôXCûPùY°«p UßT¬ºXû] ùNnVlTPúYiÓm. Utßm AlúPhPh (updated) BLCÚdL úYiÓm.


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ùRô¯p Nôo× TôÕLôl×, BúWôd¡VmUtßm SXm Tt±V ªL Ød¡VUô]NhPeL[ôY]:

• ùRô¯tNôûX NhPm 1948. AùUuPh1954, 1970, 1976, 1987. (The Factories Act 1948.amended 1954, 1970, 1976, 1987).

• ÑWeLj ùRô¯p NhPm 1952 (The Mines Act,1952).

• LlTp Õû\ ùRô¯Xô[oLs (TôÕLôl×BúWôd¡Vm Utßm SXm) NhPm 1986(The dock workers (safety, health and welfare) Act,1986).

• TiûQj ùRô¯Xô[o NhPm 1951 (Theplantation labour Act, 1951).

• Gdvl©ú[ô³q NhPm 1984 (TheExplosives Act, 1984).

• ùThúWô≠Vf NhPm 1934 (The Petroleum Act,1934).

• CuvùNdh¥û^Ó NhPm 1968 (TheInsecticide Act, 1968).

• Ck§V TônXov NhPm 1923 (The IndianBoilers Act, 1923).

• Ck§V ªuNôWf NhPm 1910 (The IndianElectricity Act, 1910).

• ATôVLWUô] CVk§WeLs (JÝeÏØû\)

NhPm 1983 (The Dangerous Machines(Regulations) Act, 1983.

• Ck§V AÔNd§ NhPm 1962 (The IndianAtomic Energy Act, 1962).

• L§oÅfÑd Lôl×f NhPm 1971 (TheRadiological Protection Rules, 1971).

• ATôVLWUô] CWôNV] ùTôÚsRVô¬l×, úRd¡ ûYjRp Utßm C\dÏU§ùNnYRtLô] NhPm 1989 (The Manufacture,Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemicals Rules,1989).



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Ñtßf ãZp NmTkRUô] ©WfNû]Ls Tt±V®¯l×QoÜPu EXL NØRôVmCÚlTRtLô] ùNVpØû\ Ñtßf ãZpBÏm. CkR Uô§¬Vô] Lp®Vôp©WfNû]Lû[ Sôm ×¬kÕ ùLôs[ Ø¥ÙmUtßm ARu ¾oÜLû[ A±kÕ ùLôs[Ø¥YúRôÓ YÚeLôX ©WfNû]L°p CÚkÕTôÕLôjÕd ùLôs[ Ø¥Ùm.

Ñtßf ãZp Lp®ûV (Environmental Education

(EE) êuß ©WRô] ùTôÚsLs EPuCûQdL Ø¥Ùm.

• Ñtßf ãZp Tt±V Lp® (A±Ü) (Educationabout the environment (Knowledge).

• Ñtßf ãZÛdLô] Lp® (U§l×Ls,Uú]ôTôYm Utßm úSoUû\fùNVpTôÓLs) (Education for the environment(Values, attitudes & positive actions).

• Ñtßf ãZp Y¯VôLd Lp® (Educationthrough the environment (A resource).

Ñtßf ãZ≠u AojRm Utßm ®[dLm(Meaning and definition of environment)

ùTôÕYôL, Ñtßf ãZp (environment) Gu\YôojûR SmûU Ñt±Ùs[ CPm Tt±VÕRôu GuTûRd Ï±d¡\Õ. C§p éª, Ui,Ri½o Utßm ARu úUp AûUkÕs[Y° UiPXm (atmosphere) Aû]jÕmAPeÏm. E«o YôÝm Utßm YôZØ¥VôRAûUl× GpXôYtû\Ùm Es[PdÏmØd¡V AûUl× ÑtßfãZp BÏm. G]úYAû]jÕ Lt\±kRYoLs Ut\m YpÛSoApXôRYoLs Aû]YÚúU CRuAojRjûR A±YÕ AY£Vm.

Environment Gu\ YôojûRVô]Õ - 'environ'

Utßm 'ment' Gu\ CÚ YôojûRL[ôpEÚYô]RôÏm. CRu ùTôÚs Gu]ùY²p,'to surround' ApXÕ 'to enwrap', GuTRôÏm. CûYRÚm ùTôÚs SmûUf Ñt±Ùs[ ÑtßfãZp Tt±VRô] EQoÜ/ A±Ü GuTRôÏm.

Environment GuTRu ALWô§ AojRmGu]ùY²p, E«Ús[ Utßm E«Wt\ùTôÚhLs CÚdÏm Ï±l©hP Ñtßl×\m.

EXL[ô®V LûXd L[g£Vj§p (universal

encyclopedia), ÑtßfãZp GuTÕÖiÔ«oL°u Utßm AYt±u C]j§uYôrÜ Utßm C\l©p RôdLjûRHtTÓjÕm CkR Aû]jÕ ̈ ûXL°u JhÓùUôjRm Guß YûWVû\ ùNnVlThÓs[Õ. JqùYôÚ YÚPØm _øu 5múR§ (5th June) EXLf ÑtßfãZp §]m (world

environment day) ùLôiPôPl TÓ¡\Õ.

£X ùTÚûU YônkR Lp®Vô[oLsÑtßfãZûX ¸rdLiPYôß YûWVû\ùNnÕs[]o:-

C.ù_. úWôv (E.J.Ross), þu átßT¥ÑtßfãZp GuTÕ Smªp RôdLjûRHtTÓjÕm ùY° ®ûN BÏm. ("Environment isan external force which influences us")

PôdPo. ¥.Gf. úP®v (Dr. D.H. Davis), þuátßT¥ U²Ru NmTkRlThPYt±pÑtßfãZp GuTÕ AR]ôp ùRôPokÕRôdLjÕdÏs[ôÏm ¨Xj§p U²Rû]fÑt±l TPok§ÚdÏm Aû]jÕCVtûLVô]Õ GuTRôÏm. ("In relation to manenvironment means all those physical forms spread all


ÑtßfãZp Tt±V A±ØLm (Introduction to Environment)

úSôdLeLs: ClTôPj§u Cß§«p ¿eLs §\m ùT\ CÚlTûY• Ñtßf ãr¨ûX«u (environment) AojRm Utßm ®[dLjûRd áßRp• Ñtßf ãZ≠u ùTôÚsLû[ Th¥≠ÓRp Utßm ®[dÏRp• Y°UiPXm (atmosphere) Utßm ARu LXûYLs (composition) þI ®[dÏRp• NØRôVm (society) Utßm Ñtßf ãZ≠u, AYt±tÏ CûP«Xô] ùRôPoûT®[dÏRp

• A¯Ü (destruction) Utßm CVtûLl úT¬Po (natural disasters) CYt±tÏl ùTôßlTô]LôW¦Lû[d áßRp

• ÑtßfãZûXl Tt±V N¬Vô] AÔÏØû\ûVd Lt\p Utßm Eh×\ ãZûXTWôU¬jRp.


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around man on land by which he is influencedcontinuously.)

úLô®hv (Kovits), þu átß T¥ éª«uTWl©u ÁÕs[ ÖiÔ«o Y[of£ÑZt£ûV RôdLjÕ Es[ôdÏm Aû]jÕùY°l×\ ¨ûXûUL°p JhÓ ùUôjRùRôÏl× Ñtßf ãZp G]lTÓm.

("Environment is the sum of all those external conditionswhich influences the development cycle of the organismson the surface of the earth).

ÑtßfãZ≠u LôW¦Ls (Components ofEnvironment)

¸úZ RWlThÓs[ AhPYûQ«u T¥ÑtßfãZ≠u LôW¦Lû[l ©¬dLXôm.

ÑtßfãZ≠u AeLm (Components of Environment)

CVtûLVô] ÑtßfãZp U²R]ôp EÚYôdLlThP(Natural Environment) ÑtßfãZp (Man-made Environment)

E«Wt\ E«Ús[(Abiotic) (Biotic)

ùNVtûL CVtûL ¿odúLô[m RVô¬lTô[o ÖLoúYôo AÝ¡VùTôÚhLs LôW¦Ls ùTôÚhLs

(Inorganic) (Physical (Hydrosphere) (Producers) (Consumers) (Decomposers)

E«Ús[ Tôû\ Y°ùTôÚhLs úLô[m UiPXm

(Organic (Lithosphere) (atmosphere)substances)

¨Xm, Ri½o, Lôtß, Ui ØRXô]ûYGpXôm Ød¡VUô] ApXÕ E«Wt\ùTôÚhLs BÏm. U²Ru, ®XeÏ, RôYWmUtßm ©\ ÖiÔ«oLs GpXôm E«Ús[ùTôÚhLs BÏm.

CVtûLf ÑtßfãZp (Natural Environment)

U²R²u RûXÂÓ CpXôUp EÚYô¡CÚdÏm ÑtßfãZp B]Õ CVpTô]/CVtûLVô] ÑtßfãZp BÏm.

èß úLô¥ BiÓLÞdÏ Øu]ôp éª«uÑtßfãZp B]Õ, GkR YûL YôrdûLdÏmHt\RpXôR Ñtßf ãZûXd ùLôi¥ÚkRÕ.©u]o CWNôV] YôÙj §Ws ªL A§LãPô] ùYlT¨ûXÙPu CÚkRÕ, CkRùYlT¨ûX«p E«oLs CÚdL/ YôZØ¥VôÕ. TjÕ CXhNm BiÓLÞdÏ©u]ôp CkR CWNôV]eL°u ®û]Utßm G§o®û] ùRôPo ùNVpTôÓLs

LôWQUôL ÑtßfãZ≠p ùTôÚjRUô]¨ûX HtThPÕ.

TX AeLeLs Ju\ôL JÚe¡ûQkÕ,CVpTô]/ CVtûLf ãZp EÚYô¡ AÕYôr®u RuûUdÏ ER®VÕ. CVtûLVô]ÑtßfãZ≠u AeLeLs CWiÓ©¬ÜL[ôLl ©¬dLlThÓs[Õ.

1 E«Wt\ AeLeLs (Abiotic components)

2 E«Ús[ AeLeLs (Biotic components)

1 E«Wt\ AeLeLs (Abiotic components)

CkR AeLeLs E«o YôrY§pûX B]ôpE«oYôÝm ©\ E«¬]eLÞdÏ BRWYôLCÚdÏm. CkR AeLeLs NU¨ûXVt\RôLCÚdÏm úTôÕ, E«oYôÝmE«¬]eLÞdÏj RôdLjûR HtTÓjÕ¡u\]. ClT¥lThP £X YûL E«¬]eLs¸úZ RWlThÓs[]:



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i E«Wt\ ùTôÚhLs (Inorganic substances):

ã¬V JüõVôp ARu ER®ÙPuRôYWeL[ôp GÓdLlThÓ EQYôLUôt\lThPûY. CRu ERôWQeL[ô]AlT¥lThP E«Wt\ ùTôÚhL[ôY]:ûShW_u (nitrogen), Lôp£Vm (calcium),

@TôvTWv (phosphorus), ûahW_u(hydrogen), LôoTu ûP Bdû^Ó (carbon di-

oxide) Utßm Bd³_u (oxygen) úTôu\ûY.

ii E«Ús[ ùTôÚhLs (Organic substances):

EQÜ êXeL°p CÚkÕ E«Wt\ùTôÚhLs Y¥®p GÓdLlThPùTôÚhLs Utßm AÝ¡V ùTôÚhLs£ûRÜdÏ ©\Ï ÁiÓm Ñtßl×\ãZÛdÏ §Úl© AàlTlTÓmùTôÚhLs. ERôWQm: LôoúTôûahúWhv, ×úWôh¼uLs,ùLôÝl×Ls ØRXô]ûY.

iii CVt ùTôÚs LôW¦Ls (Physical factors):

CkRd LôW¦Ls YôÝm E«¬]eL°uúUp úSW¥j RôdLm EûPVûY, CûYLsºúRôxQ ¨XYWeLs CÕ úTôu\RhTùYlT¨ûX, UûZlùTô¯Ü, Lôtß,DWlTRm, Ui Utßm JüõNd§ CûYLsGpXôm EQÜ RVô¬lTRtLôLjRôYWeLû[ TVuTÓjRlTÓTûY BÏm.

iv Tôû\ úLô[m (Lithosphere) : éª«u úUpTWl×l TÓûL/ AÓdÏ ARôYÕ UiApXÕ ¨Xm.

v ¿oúLô[m (Hydrosphere) : LPp, BßLs,Ï[eLs Utßm H¬Ls CÚdÏm éª«uTôLm.

vi Y° UiPXm (Atmosphere) : TpúYßATôVLWUô] ®iùY°d L§oÅf£pCÚkÕ E«o YôÝm E«¬]eLû[lTôÕLôdÏm TpúYß YôÙdL[ôpãZlTh¥ÚdÏm éª«u TÏ§ CÕYôÏm.

2 Ñtßl×\ ãZ≠u E«Ús[ AeLeLs(Biotic components of environment)

E«o YôrYRtÏ HÕYô] TÏ§ E«oúLô[mG]lTÓm. CkR E«o úLô[j§p Es[Aû]jÕ E«¬]eLÞm Juû\ JußNôok§Úd¡u\] Utßm ¸rdLiPNêLjûR EÚYôd¡ E«o úLô[j§p CkRE«¬]eLs CÚd¡u\].

i RVô¬lTô[oLs (Producers) : éª«uTWl©u úUp Es[ TÑûUj RôYWeLs

JÚ Øû\ EQûYj RVôo ùNn¡u\].ã¬V Jüõ, Ri½o, LôoTu ûPBdû^ÓUtßm TfûNVjRôp JüõfúNodûLSûPùTtß EQÜlùTôÚs ©\E«¬]eLÞm TVuTÓjÕm YûL«pEtTj§ B¡\Õ. ERôWQm: NodLûW,LôoúTôûahúWÓ ØRXô]ûY.

ii ÖLoúYôo (Consumer) : CkR E«¬]eLsúSW¥VôL ApXÕ Uû\ØLUôLEQÜdLôLl TÑûUj RôYWeLû[Nôok§Úd¡u\]. ERôWQm: Aû]jÕ®XeÏLs Utßm U²Ru.

iii AÝÏm ùTôÚhLs (Decomposers) :

®XeÏLs Utßm RôYWeL°u C\kRE«o ùTôÚ°u Lôml[dvLômlùTüÜuhv (complex compounds) UdLûYdL ùNnÙm ÖiÔ«oL°u £dLXô]úNoUeLs CûYL[ôÏm. Utßm CûYCkR ùTôÚhLû[ Uß ÑZt£ûVf ùNnÕÁiÓm ÑtßfãZÛdúL Aàl×¡\Õ.ERôWQm Tôd¼¬Vô Utßm égûNdLô[ôu (fungi).

ÑtßfãZp Tt±V GiQlúTôdÏ(Attitude towards environment): ÑtßfãZpTt±V GiQlúTôdÏ SpX £XSm©dûLLs, BoYeLs ApXÕÑtßfãZûX Tt±V RôdLj§tLô]NhPeLs ApXÕ ÑtßfãZp ØuSPY¥dûLLs B¡VYtû\l Tt± ×¬kÕùLôs[ ERÜ¡\Õ. Ts°dLp®¨ûX«úXúV ÑtßfãZp TôÕLôlûT Tt±VRLYpLs, ãr¨ûXLs Utßm CÚl× Y[m(resources) B¡VYtû\ A±kÕ ùLôsÞRp,ÑtßfãZûX LôlT§p º¬V TeùLÓjRpUtßm ARu êXm YÚeLôX NkR§«]ÚdÏCfãZûX AlT¥úV LôjÕ ùLôÓjÕfùNpÛRp B¡VYt±tLô] úSoUû\LÚjÕdLÞdÏ Y¯ YÏdÏm.

§\²u Ï±dúLôsLs êXm ÑtßfãZp©WfNû]Lû[ LiP±Rp Utßm ¾ojRpUtßm GpXô ¨ûXL°Ûm TeùLÓjÕARuêXm ÑtßfãZp ©WfNû]dÏ ¾oÜLôÔRp BÏm.

Es×\ ãr¨ûXûV TWôU¬jRp GuTÕ,BúWôd¡Vm Utßm TôÕLôlTô]ÅhÓfãZÛdÏ Y¯YÏdÏm Ød¡VLôW¦VôÏm. JÚ Åh¥u ãr¨ûXûVçnûUVôL ûYj§ÚdLô®hPôp ARu



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êXm ÑLôRôWUt\ ãZp, Lôtß UôÑ©WfNû]Ls, úSôûVl TWl×m ¡ÚªLs,éf£Ls êXm TWÜYRtÏ Y¯ YÏdÏm.úUÛm ãr¨ûX úLÓL[ôp ®` YôÙdLsEtTj§VôYÕ TWôU¬l©p A§L úYûXùLôÓdÏm. TôÕLôlTô] BúWôd¡VUô]ÅhÓfãZÛdÏ RûWûV Yôdám ¡°]WôpAqYlùTôÝÕ ÑjRm ùNnRp, ùY°l×\m,Es×\m Es[ ÑYo, Nu]pLs B¡VYtû\çnûUVôL ûYj§ÚjRp, HUAC GußùNôpXd á¥V ãPôdÏm UtßmÏ°o®dÏm NôR]eLû[ SuÏ TWôU¬jRpêXm LhÓdÏs ûYj§ÚdL Ø¥Ùm.

U²R]ôp EÚYô] ÑtßfãZp (Man-madeenvironment)

CkR éªlTWl©p Es[ TûPl©úXúVªLÜm £\kRRôL LÚRlTÓm U²Ru, Ru ÑVúRûY Utßm Y[of£dLôL £±Õ £±RôLãr¨ûXûV Uôt± AûUjRRu LôWQUôLAà§]Øm ×§V ×§V ®û[ÜLû[Nk§jÕd ùLôi¥Úd¡\ôu. C§pY[of£VûPVôR SôÓL°p HtThÓs[Y[of£Ls AkRkR SôÓLû[ úUÛmúUôNUô] ãr¨ûXdÏ ChÓf ùNp¡u\].

¡WôUl×\eL°u ¨ûX ªLÜm úUôNmHù]²p AeÏ Ï±lTôL U²Rd L¯ÜLû[dùLôiÓ ùNpÛm L¯Ü ¿o ùRôh¥ UtßmÏZôn, Ï±lTôL U²Rd L¯Ü NmTkRlThPNôdLûPd L¯Ü ¿dLm AûUl× ¡ûPVôÕ.®YNôVl ùTôÚhLû[ EtTj§ ùNnYûRA§L¬lTRtLô] úTôh¥ ¡WôUUdL°ûPúV CÚlTÕ YZdLm UtßmA§Lm ETúVôLlTÓjÕY§p ùLôiÓùNpYRôp AÕ ÑtßfãZûX Tô§lTÕPu,CVtûL ùTôÚhL°u úNoUô]eLû[Uôtß¡\Õ.

Y° UiPXm (Atmosphere)

éª B]Õ, CVdLjûR ®û[®dÏm JÚúLôs BÏm. (The earth is a dynamic planet). C§p¨ûXVôLj ùRôPokÕ Uôt\eLs Utßméª«u Esú[Ùm ùY°úVÙm ¨LrkÕùLôi¥Úd¡\Õ.

ùYeLôVjûRl úTôuß éªVô]Õ, JúWûUVjûR ùLôiP TX AÓdÏLû[ùLôiÓ JußdÏs Ju\ôL EÚYôdLlThPÕ. (TPm 1)

éª«u úUp AÓdÏ B]Õ ×® KÓ ('crust')

Gu\ûZdLlTÓ¡\Õ. GpXôYt±Ûm CÕªLªL ùUp≠V AÓdÏ BÏm Utßm CÕLôu¥]uPp Uô^v (continental masses) úUpÑUôo 35km þEm, 5km UhÓm KúNôu@lú[ôov (ocean floors) úUÛmLôuv¥ëhPuv (constituents) B]Õ,'£≠dLô Utßm AÛª²Vô' ('silica and

alumina',) CÕ 'sial' Gu\ûZdLlTÓ¡\Õ.LP≠p úUp KÓ B]Õ, Ød¡VUôL £≠dLôUtßm ùUdÉμVm CYtû\dùLôi¥ÚdÏm. CRû] 'sima' GußAûZlTo.

×® Kh¥tÏ ¸r úUuPp (mantle) ×ª«uúUtTÏ§dÏm Es ûUVlTÏ§dÏmCûPlThP TÏ§ BÏm. CÕ ×®Kh¥u¸r 2900km BZm YûW ¿i¥ÚdÏm.

EhTdL AÓdÏ B]Õ úLôo (core) BÏm.CÕ ÑUôo 350km BWØPu CÚdÏm. CÕ¨dLp Utßm CÚm× (nickel and iron)

úNok§ÚdÏm Utßm CÕ 'nife' Gu\ûZdLlTÓ¡\Õ. CkR Uj§V úLôWô]Õ (central core)

ªL A§L ùYlT¨ûX Utßm AÝjRjûRdùLôi¥ÚdÏm.

éªVô]Õ Y° UiPXm (atmosphere)

Gu\ûZdLlTÓm. Lôt±u JÚ ùT¬VúTôoûYVôp ãZlTh¥ÚdÏm éª«p E«oYôÝm GpXô E«¬]eLÞm AûY E«oYôrYRtLôL Y° UiPXjûRSm©«Úd¡u\]. ÑYô£lTRtLô] Lôtû\CÕ RÚ¡\Õ Utßm ã¬Vd L§o Åf£uATôVLWUô] ®û[ÜL°p CÚkÕ HÕmùLÓRp úSWôUp SmûU Lôd¡\Õ. Lôt±u¨û\ Rôu éª«u RhTùYlT¨ûXûVYôrYRtÏ Ht\RôL BdÏ¡\Õ.

Y° UiPXm Utßm ARu úNoUô]m(Atmosphere & its composition)

×® DWl× ®ûN LôWQUôL éª«u úUúXRe¡«Úd¡\ YôÙdL°u ùUp≠V AÓdÏRôu Y° UiPXm BÏm. Lôtß ¨\Ut\Õ,YôNû]Vt\Õ Utßm ÑûYVt\Õ.

Fig 1



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Lôt\ô]Õ EiûU«p TX YôÙdL°uLXûY BÏm. ûShW_u Utßm Bd³_uCWiÓm YôÙ UiPXj§u CWiÓ ùT¬VYôÙdLs BÏm. LôoTu ûP Bdû^Ó,Í≠Vm, KúNôu, BoLôu, UtßmûahW_u CûYùVpXôm Ïû\Yô]A[®p LôQlTÓ¡u\]. CkR YôÙdLû[R®ojÕ CûYLs úTôL, £±V çÑm Lôt±pEs[]. Y°UiPXj§p Es[ YôÙdL°uNRÅRm (TPm 2)p LôhPlThÓs[ ûT®[dLlTPj§p (Pie chart) LôhPlThÓs[Õ.

CkR NUu (balance) B]Õ G¬ ùTôÚhLsG¬YRôp TôrTÓ¡\Õ. CûYLs, JqùYôÚYÚPØm ©p≠Vuv Puv LôoTu ûPBdû^Ó (billions of tons of carbon dioxide) þI YôÙUiPXj§tÏs A§L¬d¡\Õ. CkRA§LlT¥Vô] L] A[Ü LôoTu ûPBdû^Ó B]Õ, éª«u ºúRôxQ¨ûXûVl Tô§d¡\Õ.

Y° UiPX YôÙdLs (Atmospheric gases)

TpúYß YôÙdL°u A[ÜLs

Lôt±p ûShW_u B]Õ, ªLÜm A§LA[Ü Es[ YôÙ BÏm. RôYWeLsYôrYRtÏ ûShW_u úRûYlTÓ¡\Õ.B]ôp AûY ûShW_û]d Lôt±p CÚkÕúSW¥VôL GÓjÕd ùLôs[ CVXôÕ.Ui¦p CÚdÏm Tôd¼¬Vô, UtßmRôYWeL°u úYoLs Lôt±≠ÚkÕûShW_û] GÓjÕd ùLôiÓ ARû]jRôYWeLs TVuTÓjÕm ®Rj§pEÚUôtß¡u\].

Bd³_u (Oxygen (O2) GuTÕ Lôt±p,

CWiPôYÕ A§L A[Ü Es[ YôÙYôÏm.U²RoLs Utßm ®XeÏLs ÑYô£lTRtLôLLôt±≠ÚkÕ Bd³_û] GÓjÕdùLôs¡\Õ.

TfûN RôYWeLs B]ûY, Jüõf úNodûL(photosynthesis) þu úTôÕ Bd³_û] EtTj§ùNn¡\Õ. G]úY Lôt±Ûs[ Bd³_uCÚl× ¨ûXVôL Es[Õ.

U²RoLs Utßm ®XeÏLs LôoTu ûPBdû^Ó (Carbon dioxide (CO

2) þI ùY°

®Ó¡u\]. U²RoLs Utßm ®XeÏL[ôpùY°«PlTÓm LôoTu ûPBdû^Ó þuA[Yô]Õ RôYWeL[ôp TVuTÓjRlTÓmA[ÜdÏf NUUôL CÚdÏm CR]ôp NU¨ûXEÚYô¡\Õ.

Y¬ûN YôÙdL°u ùTVo NR®RmGi

1 ûShW_u (Nitrogen) 78.03%

2 Bd³_u (Oxygen) 20.99%

3 BoLôu (Argon) 0.94%

4 LôoTu ûPBdû^Ó 0.03%(Carbon dioxide)

5 ûahW_u 0.01%(Hydrogen)

6 Í≠Vm (Helium) 0.0005%

7 ¨Vôu (Neon) 0.0018%

8 d¬lPp (Cryptal) 0.0001%

9 @£úVôu (Zeon) 0.000009%

10 KúNôu (Ozone) 0.000001%

Fig 2

Y° UiPXj§u LhPûUl× (Structureof the atmosphere)

Y° UiPXm B]Õ, éª«u TWl©pCÚkÕ, IkÕ AÓdÏL[ôp ©¬dLlThÓs[Õ. (TPm 3)

Fig 3



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• éªdÏ úUp Ï±l©hP EVWeLÞdÏCûPlThP Y° UiPX AÓdÏ(0 - 18kms) (Troposphere (0 - 18kms) : CkRAÓdÏ Y° UiPXj§u ªLÜmØd¡VUô] AÓdÏ BÏm. Lôtß ÑYôNmCeÏ Es[Õ. UûZl ùTô¯Ü, êÓT²,Utßm T² UûZ ApXÕ BXeLh¥UûZ (hailstorm) úTôu\ ºúRôxQ ̈ ûXLsCkR AÓd¡p ¨Lr¡\Õ.

• AÓdÏ Y° UiPXm (Stratosphere (18 -

50kms): (éªdÏ úUp 18 ¡.Á þp CÚkÕ50 ¡.Á YûW«Xô] EVWeLÞdÏCûPlThP Y° UiPX AÓdÏ):Troposphere þdÏ úUúX stratosphere CÚd¡\Õ.CÕ úULeLs CpXôUp (free from clouds)

BL Es[Õ. Utßm ®Uô]eLsT\lTRtÏ ªLÜm Ht\ TÏ§VôL®[eÏ¡\Õ. CÕ KúNôu YôÙ AÓdûLdùLôiÓs[Õ. Utßm ã¬Vd L§oÅf£uúUôNUô]/ ATôVLWUô]®û[ÜL°≠ÚkÕ TôÕLôd¡\Õ.

• CûP¨ûX UiPXm (50 - 85kms)

(Mesosphere (50 - 85kms) : (éª«uúUtTWl×dÏ úUp AÓdÏ Y°UiPXj§tÏ úUXôLÜm, ùYlTUiPXj§tÏd ¸ZôLÜm ImTÕ¡úXôÁhPÚdÏm 85 ¡úXôÁhPÚdÏm CûPlThP TÏ§): CÕstratosphere þu êu\ôYÕ AÓdÏ BÏm.CRu ùYlT¨ûX -95°C þI ®P Ïû\Ùm.

• ùYlT UiPXm (85 - 500kms)

(Thermosphere (85 - 500kms) : (CûP¨ûXUiPXj§tÏ úUÛs[ YôÙUiPXm) CkR AÓd¡p ùYlT¨ûXEVWm áP áP ªL úYLUôLA§L¬d¡\Õ. CkR AÓd¡u JÚ TÏ§B]Õ Ionosphere BÏm. (éª«uúUtTWl×dÏ úUp H\jRôZ 80 ¡úXôÁhPÚdÏm 1000 ¡úXô ÁhPÚdÏmCûPlThP EVWj§p Es[Õm J≠

A§o®VdL AûXLû[ ÁiÓm éªdÏAiûU«p YÚUôß ùNÛjÕYÕUô]éª«u Y° UiPX AÓdÏ CÕYôÏm.CÕ úW¥úVô ¥Wôuvª`u (radio

transmission) þdÏ ERÜ¡\Õ.

• GdvúNôv©Vo (Exosphere(500 - 1600kms):

Y° UiPXj§u úUXÓdÏ B]ÕGdvúNôv©Vo (exosphere) GußAûZdLlTÓ¡\Õ. CÕ ªL ùUp≠V

Lôtß BÏm. ùYlT¨ûX B]Õ, úSW¥ã¬V Nd§«u LôWQUôL ªL A§LUôLCÚdÏm. Í≠Vm Utßm ûahW_uúTôu\ CúXNô] YôÙdLs Ce¡ÚkÕ®iùY°«às ªRd¡\Õ.

NØRôVj§tÏm ÑtßfãZÛdÏmCûP«Xô] ùRôPo× (Relationship betweenthe society and environment)

TZeLôXj§p Ød¡Vj úRûYVôL ùRô¯pÖhT Y[of£ CÚkRÕ. B]ôp ARu ©\ÏAÕ AY]Õ TZdLUôL Uô± ®hPÕ.Hù]²p ùRô¯p ÖhTjRôp ùT\lThPYN§Ls BWmT LôXjûR ®P ¾®W SÅ]ùRô¯pÖhTm (ultra modern technology) þBpÑtßfãZûX A§LUôLl Tô§lTûPVfùNnRÕ.

CVtûL B]Õ U²R²u Ñtßf ãZpNôokR RYßLû[ JÚ ùNpl ùWÏúXhP¬(self regulatory) ùNVpØû\Vôp LhÓlTÓj§ÑtßfãZûX NUu ùNn¡\Õ.

B]ôp ùRôPo Uôt\eLs AlT¥lThPJÚ ®¡RjûR AûPkRÕ. AÕ Gu]ùY²p,AR]ôp ùNpl ùWÏúXhP¬ ùLlTô£h¥«p (self regularly capacity) áPCVtûLVôp ÑtßfãZûX NUu ùNnVØ¥V®pûX. CR]ôp ÑtßfãZp ©WfNû]ùNVÛdÏ YkRÕ.

TZeLôXj§p, U²Ru, TZeLs UtßmúYoLs Y¥®p AY]Õ EQûYfúNL¬jRôp Utßm ÏûLL°p Y£jR YkRôu.CfùNVXôp ÑtßfãZÛdÏ GkRdùLÓlTXàm úSW®pûX Hù]²p AY]ÕúRûYLs JÚ YWm©tÏs CÚkRÕ. U²RuLpûX EW£ ¾ûV EÚYôdL Ltßd ùLôiPúTôÕ, ùRô¯p ÖhT Õû\«p ØRpLiÓ©¥l× Ae¸L¬dLlThP EQÜNûUlTRtLôL U²Ru, UWjûRùYhÓYRtÏd LÚ®Ls ùNnVjùRôPe¡]ôu. CÕ, ùRô¯p ÖhTØuú]t\j§p CWiPôm ¨ûXûVGh¥VÕ Utßm C§p AY]ÕúRûYdúLtT AY]Õ ×j§Nô≠jR]jûRETúVô¡dLj ùRôPe¡]ôu.

EQÜL°u úRûYLû[l éoj§ ùNnÙmùTôÚhÓ U²Ru AYàûPV EPpSXj§tÏ SpXRô] RôYWeLû[ EÚYôdLjùRôPe¡]ôu. AYàdÏ ETúVôLUô]RôLEs[ RôYWeLs, TZeLs, CûXLs, RiÓ



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Utßm úYoLû[ AYu AûPVô[e LiÓùLôiPôu. K¬Pj§p CÚdÏm BRôWY[eL°u ¡ûPdLd á¥V ̈ ûXVôp UdLsùRôûL A§L¬jRÕ. G]úY UdLs K¬Pj§pCÚkÕ Utú\ôo CPj§tÏ Ï¥ ùTVWjùRôPe¡]ôoLs. AYoLs ®YNôV¨XeL[ôL UôtßYRtLôL LôhûP ùYh¥A¯jR]o. CkRd LôX LhPj§p CÚkÕU²Ru Utßm Ñtßf ãZp E\®p ùRôPoUôt\eLÞdLô] ùNVpØû\ ùRôPe¡VÕ.

U²Ru AY²u ùTôÚ[RôW úRûYLû[léoj§ ùNnV A±®Vp Utßm ùRô¯pÖhTjûRl ùT¬V A[®p úUmTÓj§]ôu.UdLs ùRôûL A§L¬l×dÏ Ht\ Uô§¬BRôW Y[eLs ¡ûPlTRtLôL A§ SÅ]ùRô¯p ÖhTeLs EÚYôdLlThP].AY]Õ BoYm, ùTÚ ®ÚlTm CYt±u§Úl§dLôL, AYu ‘CVtûLûV ùYpYÕ’

('victory over nature') Gu\ ¨ûXûV ùTßm§ûN«p SLWj ùRôPe¡]ôu. YôrdûLUtßm EXLm Tt±V R]Õ LÚj§Ûm Uôt\m¨LrkRÕ. AYu JÚ ‘ùRô¯p ÖhTU²Ru’ BL ('technology man') Uô±]ôu.CVtûLûV B[ úYiÓm Gu\AÝjRUô] ®ÚlTm ùLôiPR]ôp AYuCVtûL Y[eLû[ ªR ªg£V YûL«p,ªûLVôL ETúVô¡dL BWm©jRôu.

ùTôÚ[ôRôW Utßm ùRô¯p Y[of£dLôLd¸rLiP CVtûL Uôt\eLs:

• ×§V ®YNôV ùNVpTôÓLs A§Lj Rô²V®û[fNÛdLôL úUtùLôs[lThP].LXl©]j RôYW ®ûRLû[ ETúVô¡lTÕUtßm úUmThP Øû\ ¿oTôN]mûLVô[lThPÕ.

• ®YNôVj§p CVk§WeLû[ TVuTÓjÕYÕ CûY A§L¬jR].

• BßL°u úUp AûQdLhÓLsLhPlThP]. úRd¡ ûYdLlTh¥ÚdÏmRi½ûW YZeÏYRtLôLÜm, ¿o TôN]YN§dLôLÜm LôpYônLs (cannels)

úRôiPlThP].

• NôûXLs Utßm TôXeLs LhPlThP].

• ¨XjR¥«u Es ¨Xm LhÓRp UtßmAÔNd§ ¨Lrf£«u ¸r YôÙ UiPXùY¥lùTô≠ /ªûLVô] YÛÜPu§¼ùWuß HtTÓm Bt\≠u ùY°lTôÓ/ùY¥l× ¨LrjRlThPÕ.

U²R]ôp EÚYôdLlThP ÑtßfãZp©WfNû]Ls Environment problems created byman)

U²Ru CVtûLÙPu ©WfNû]Lû[EÚYôd¡]ôu. Utßm ÑtßfãZpATôVLWUôL Uô±VÕ. AYtßs £X:

1 KúNôu AÓdÏ UiPXm A[ÜÏußRp (Depletion of ozone layer)

Aú]L YôÙdLs YôÙ UiPXj§p Es[].AÓdÏ Y° UiPXm (stratosphere) þu úUpTÏ§«p ÑUôo 25¡úXô. ÁhPo (25km)

L]ØûPV AÓdLôL KúNôu YôÙ (ozone

gas) CÚd¡\Õ. CÕ KúNôú]ôv©Vo(ozonosphere) Guß AûZdLlTÓ¡\Õ. CÕYôÝm E«¬]eLÞdÏ JÚ TôÕLôl×LYNUôL (safety shield) ùNVpTÓ¡\Õ.Bd³_u YôÙYô]Õ KúNôu YôÙYôLUôt\lThÓ AÕ YôÙ UiPXj§p JÚL]Uô] AÓdLôL (thick layer) BLEÚUôß¡\Õ. KúNôu AÓdÏ (Ozone layer)

ã¬VdL§oLû[ EsYôe¡ éª«p CÚdÏm@lú[ôWôûY (flora) TôÕLôd¡\Õ.

®gOô²Ls KúNôuYôÙ A[ÜÏußYRtLô] (depletion of ozone gas)

LôWQeLû[d ¸rLiPYôß LiÓ©¥jÕEs[]o.

• U²R]ôp EÚYôdLlThP @dú[ôúWô þ@lú[ôúWô þ LôoTu (Man made Chloro - Fluro- Carbon (CFC)

• YôÙ UiPXj§p ûSh¬d Bdû^Ó ªLA§L A[®p CÚjRp. (Excess of nitric oxide(NO) in the atmosphere)

• AÔûUVeL°p CÚkÕ L§oÅfÑ(Radiations from the nuclear centres).

• AÔÏiÓLû[ ùY¥lTRu êXmEÚYôÏm YôÙdLs (Gases released byexplosion of atomic bombs).

• G¬UûX ùY¥jÕ ¾ EÚ¡V Tôû\d ÏZm××ûL ØR≠VYtû\ ùY°j RsÞm úTôÕùY°VôÏm AÕ ùRôPoTô] Ïú[ô¬uYôÙ. (Chlorine gas related in volcano eruptions)

• ÕÚYf ÑZtLôtß (Polar cyclones).

CFC Gu\ôp Gu]? (What is CFC?)

@dú[ôúWôþ @lú[ôúWô þ LôoTu (Chloro Fluro

Carbons (CFC) B]Õ U²R]ôp, EÚYôdLlThP JÚ ùLªdLp LômTÜih (chemical



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compound) ÏÓmTjûR AûUd¡\Õ. CÕ1930þL°p LiP±VlThPÕ. CûYLs®`jRuûU At\Õ. Utßm ûLVôsYRtÏBTj§pXôRÕ. CFC B]Õ ªLÜm¨ûXVô]Õ Utßm ¾l©¥dLôRÕ. CkR¨ûXjRuûU YôÙ UiPXj§p ¿iPBÙh LôXjûR ùLôÓjÕ Y°UiPXj§tÏ (stratosphere) AÕ ùNpXAàU§d¡\Õ. stratosphere þp ÁRØs[êXdáßLs (molecule) þp CÚkÕ Ïú[ô¬û],×\ FRô L§oLs (ultra violet rays) ®Ó®d¡\Õ.JÚ Jtû\ Ïú[ô¬u AÔ B]Õ (chlorine

atom) KúNô²u B«WdLQdLô] AÔdLû[A¯dL YpXÕ.

40km ®hPØûPV (diameter), JÚ Õû[B]Õ ùRu ÕÚYj§u úUp KúNôuAÓd¡p CÚlTRôL ®gOô²LsLiP±kÕs[]o. ÕÚYfÑZt Lôtß (polar

cyclones) þBp KúNôu AÓdÏTô§lTûP¡\Õ.

2 TÑûU Ï¥p ®û[Ü (Green house effect)

YôuùY°«≠ÚkÕ (space) ùT\lTÓm L§oÅfÑLs LôWQUôL, éªdÏm, éª«-ÚkÕ§ÚmT G§oUû\VôL YôuùY°dÏ©W§T≠dÏm L§o ÅfÑLs LôWQUôLéªlTWl©p §]kúRôßm JÚ ®RUô]NU¨ûXVt\j RuûU SPkÕ ùLôiúPCÚd¡\Õ.

ã¬V Jüõ«≠ÚkÕ ùY°lTÓm L§oÅfÑéª«u Y° UiPXjûR ùY°lTôPô]ùY°fNeLs, UV,IR Utßm Ut\ YûLL§oÅfNLs (U²R²u LiÔdÏjùR¬VôR ×\ FRô L§oLs) êXm Rôd¡dùLôiúP«Úd¡u\].

Y° UiPXj§p LôoTu ûP Bdû^ÓNRÅRm A§L¬lTR]ôp CÕ ̈ Lr¡\Õ. CÕã¬V L§ûW Utßm ã¬V Nd§ûVE±gÑ¡\Õ. CRu LôWQUôL éª«uùYlT¨ûX A§L¬jÕ, CVtûL«u NU¨ûXTô§lTûP¡\Õ. SUÕ YôL]eLs UtßmùRô¯tNôûXLs ùRôPokÕ LôoTu ûPBdû^Ó þu A[ûY YôÙ UiPXj§pA§L¬jÕd ùLôiúP ùNp¡\Õ.

Ñtßf ãZp ©WfNû]LÞdLô] ¾oÜLs(Solution to environment problems)

“Ñtßf ãZp Lp®” ("Environment education")

êXm UhÓúU ÑtßfãZp UôÑTÓYûR(environment pollution) RÓdL Ø¥Ùm. Lp®

UôodLm Y¯VôL UhÓúU U²R²uLÚj§Vp (ideology) Utßm AYuUú]ôTôYjûR Uôt\ Ø¥Ùm. ã¬V Nd§,Lôtß Nd§, NôQY°Um (solar energy, wind

energy, biogas) úTôu\ Nd§«u ×§V BRôWY[eLs FdÏ®dLlTP úYiÓm.YôL]eL°p TúVô ¼Np (biodiesel) TVuTÓjÕYûR FdÏ®dL úYiÓm. CkRUô§¬Vô] ùRô¯p ÖhTeLsEÚYôdLlTP úYiÓm. CRu êXmCVtûL Y[eLs Utßm BRôW êXeLsÏû\Yô] A[®p TVuTÓjRl ThÓ éªÑjRUôL CÚdÏm.

R]Õ Ut\m ÏÓmTjRô¬u ÑtßfãZpùTôßl×Ls (Personal and family responsibilityabout the environment)

U²Ràm AYu ÏÓmTØm C§p Ød¡VTeÏ Bt\Xôm. AYoL°u ùTôßl×Ls¸úZ Th¥V≠PlTÓ¡u\].

• UdLs ùRôûL A§L¬lûT RÓlTRtÏ®¯l×QoûY Ltßd ùLôÓdLÜm.

• úRûY«pXôUp Ri½o ÅQôYûRRÓdLÜm.

• UWjûR G¬ ùTôÚ[ôL TVuTÓjRYRtÏT§XôL TúVôúLv (Bio gas) Utßm úNôXôoÏdLo (solar cooker) þI ETúVô¡dLúYiÓm.

• UWjûR ùYhÓYÕ R®odL TP úYiÓm.Utßm SPlThP UWeLs TôÕLôdLlTPúYiÓm. ùTôÕ CPeL°p UWmY[ojRp SUÕ Ï±dúLô[ôL CÚdLúYiÓm.

• éf£d ùLôp≠ UÚkÕLs UtßmCWNôV] EWeLs Ïû\Yô] A[®úXúVETúVô¡dLlTP úYiÓm.

• J≠ UôÑTÓYûRj R®odL ùRôûXLôh£ùTh¥ (T.V) Utßm úW¥úVô (radio) þ®uNlRm Ïû\Yô] A[®p ûYdLlTPúYiÓm.

• YôL]eL°p ùThúWôp TVuTôÓLhÓlTÓjRlTP úYiÓm.

• ®ZôdL°p ªu ®[dÏ T§XôL®[dÏLs Utßm ùUÝÏYoj§LsTVuTÓjRlTP úYiÓm. RtLôXeL°p,@©XùUuh Tp× (filament lamps) þLû[TVuTÓjÕYRtÏ T§XôL CFL

LômùTdúLh Utßm @l[ôúWôNuh



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úXml (Compact & Florescent Lamp)

TVuTÓjRXôm.

• ÅhÓd ÏlûTLû[, GpXôl TdLeL°ÛmÅ£ G±Vd áPôÕ. AkR úSôdL§tÏÏlûTd áûPLû[ ETúVô¡dLXôm.

• Tô≠¾u ûTLÞdÏ T§XôL Õ¦lûTLû[ ETúVô¡dLÜm.

CVtûL úT¬Po (Natural Disasters)

¨X SÓdLm/ éLmTm (Earth Quakes) :

Tôû\dúLô[eL°u AÓdÏLs (lithosphere

plates) SLoÜ B]Õ éª«u TWl©u úUpUôt\eLû[ EÚYôdÏ¡\Õ. Tôû\úLô[eL°u AÓdÏLs SLÚm úTôÕ éªTWl× A§o¡\Õ. (vibrates) CkR A§oÜLsB]ûY ¨XSÓdLm Guß AûZdLlTÓ¡\Õ. CÕ Lh¥eLs Utßm ÑtßfãZûX A§] A[®p úNRlTÓjÕ¡\Õ.

¨X SÓdLm GuTÕ ‘³vúUô¡Wô@l ’

('seismograph') Gu\ ùUμ]ôpA[dLlTÓ¡\Õ. ¨X SÓdLj§u A[ÜB]Õ, ‘¬dPo vúLp’ ('Richter scale') þApA[dLlTÓ¡\Õ.

ùY°úV YÚm éª«u úUp TÏ§«uL¥]Uô] úUp TÓûL«u §\l×/ Y¯CÕYôÏm. CÕ éª«u TWl©p úUp ªLlùT¬V A¯ûY EÚYôdÏm. JÚ G¬UûXB]Õ JÚ ¿iP Ïß¡V Ï¯VôL éª«uúUp Kh¥p CÚlTRôÏm. Utßm CRuY¯VôL EÚ¡V ÏZm× Utßm NômTp Ut\mYôÙl ùTôÚhLs §¼ùW] EªZlTÓm.(erupt) G¬UûX ùNVpTôÓL°p TVuTÓjRlTÓm JÚ ETLWQm NônÜ (Tilt meter)

GuTRôÏm.

ùYs[m (Floods) : BßLs AYt±uùLôs§\àdÏ Ht\Yôß UhÓúU Ri½ûWùLôiÓ ùNpX Ø¥Ùm. §¼ùW] ùTnÙmùT¬V UûZ LôWQUôL Utßm T²dLh¥LsEÚÏYÕ LôWQUôL Bt±p KÓm Ri½oUhPm §¼ùW] EVÚm. CkRj Ri½oBt±u LûWLû[ EûPjÕd ùLôiÓÑt±Ùs[ TÏ§L°p TW® TôÙm. CÕùYs[m Gu\ûZdLlTÓ¡\Õ.

NôûXLs, ÅÓLs, Y¦L Y[ôLeLsLhPlTÓYRu êXm Ri½o TônYRtLô]TWl× Utßm éªVôp E±gNlTÓYÕªÏ§VôLd Ïû\kÕ ®hPÕ. ùYs[jûRRÓlTRtLôL AûQLs (dams) LhPlTÓ¡u\].

¨Xf N¬Ü (Landslides) : ×® Dol×®ûNLôWQUôL, UûXL°p CÚkÕ ¸r úSôd¡Tôû\Ls Utßm Ui N¬Ü ¨LÝmùNVpØû\ ¨XfN¬Ü (landslide) GußAûZdLlTÓ¡\Õ. §¼ùW] Tôû\Ls Ut\mUi N¬Rp BTjRô]Õ/ ATôVLWUô]Õ.¨XfN¬ûY LhÓlTÓjRYÕ L¥]m B]ôpTWl©u Utßm ¨XjR¥ ¿ÚdÏ RÏkRY¥Lôp AûUlTÕ êXm UtßmA¬Uô]jûR Ïû\lTRu êXm ̈ XfN¬®uÅRjûR Ïû\dLXôm.

ã\ôY°d Lôtß (Cyclones) : G¬UûXUiPXj§u (torrid zone) LPtLûWl TÏ§L°pã\ôY° Lôtß ÅÑYÕ NôRôWQ ¨LrÜBÏm. EVo ùYlT¨ûX (high temperature)

Utßm DWlTRm (humidity) LôWQUôL G¬UûXUiPXj§p (Torrid zone) ã\ôY°d LôtßEtTj§Vô¡\Õ. AhXôi¥d ùTÚeLPp(Atlantic Ocean) TÏ§«p CûY ‘×Vp ’

('hurricanes') L¬ÀVu Utßm YP¡ZdÏ T£©dùTÚeLPp (Caribbean and northern eastern Pacific

Ocean) TÏ§«p CûY ‘LÓm ×Vp’ ( 'Typhcon')

2.0 ¬dPo Utßm Jußm ùNnVôRARtÏ Ïû\Yô] ApXÕ Ïû\Yô]¨X SÓdLm RôdLm(An earth quake of 2.0richly or less little effect)

5.0 ¬dPo A[Ü ùTôÚhL°p CÚkÕ¨X SÓdLm ¨fNVUô] úNRmAn earth quake of 5.0 Course damage from thingsfalling

6.0 ¬dPo A[Ü ªLl TXm YônkRÕþdÏm A§LUô]¨X SÓdLmAn earth quake morethan 6.0 very strong.

¨XSÓdLjûR G§ojÕ ̈ tÏm Lh¥PeLû[LhÓYRu êXm ¨XSÓdLjRôp HtTÓmA¯Ü ®û[ÜLû[ Ïû\dLXôm. Utßm ªLØd¡VUô] TÏ§L°p (sensitive area) Lh¥PmLhÓm ùNVp§hPjûR úUtùLôs[ô§ÚjRXôp ̈ X SÓdLj§u A¯Ü ®û[ûYdÏû\dLXôm.

G¬UûX (Volcano) : EÚ¡V ÏZm× úTôu\ùTôÚhLs EªZlThÓ Utßm §¼ùW]



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Gu\ûZdLlTÓ¡\Õ. Utßm Ck§Vô®pCRû] “UûXl©WúRNm ApXÕ ùYlTUiPXm” ("hilly willies or tropical cyclones”)

Gu\ûZdLlTÓ¡\Õ.

×Vp (Storms) :éúLô[ TWl©p (geographical

area) YôÙ UiPX AÝjRjRôp ×VpLsEÚYô¡u\]. TXjR ×Vp Lôtß B]ÕÏ¥«Úl×l TÏ§L°Ûm Utßm ®YNôVYVpùY°L°Ûm TXjR úNRjûRHtTÓjÕ¡\Õ.

Ñ]ôª (Tsunami) : ‘Ñ]ôª’ ('Tsunami') GuTÕ_lTô²V YôojûR CRu ùTôÚs‘Õû\ØLm AûXLs ’ ('harbour waves')

GuTRôÏm. Ri½o Y¬ûNûV ùNeÏjRôLSLojÕm TXjR Uôt\jRôp Ri½o TÚlùTôÚ°p HtTÓm AûXL°u ùRôPoY¬ûN B]Õ, Ñ]ôª BÏm. LPp RûW§¼ùW] úUôRÛdÏs[ô¡ úU≠ÚdÏmRi½ûW ùNeÏjRôL SLojÕYRôp Ñ]ôªHtTÓ¡\Õ. éª«u ×® KÓ (crustal)

EÚUôt\jÕPu (deformation) NmTkRl

ThPûY ùPdPô²d ̈ X SÓdLm (Tectonic

earthquake) BÏm.

CkR ¨X SÓdLeLs LPÛdL¥«p HtTÓmúTôÕ EÚUôt\m AûPkR TÏ§«uúUÛs[ Ri½o ARu NU ¨ûX«pCÚkÕ (equilibrium position) CPm ùTVo¡\Õ.LPp RûW«u AÓdÏ (layer of sea floor) B]Õ,EVojRlTÓm úTôÕ ApXÕ RôrjRlTÓmúTôÕ Ñ]ôª EÚYô¡\Õ.

9.0 A[Ü (magnititude) EûPV TXjR Ñ]ôªB]Õ, 26þkúR§ ¥NmTo UôRm 2004 (26th

December 2004) CkúRôú]μVô (Indonesia),

ùRtÏ RônXôkÕ (Southern Thailand), Ck§Vô(India) AkRUôu Utßm ¨dúLôTôo ¾ÜLs(Andaman and Nicobar Islands), RªrSôh¥u¡ZdÏ LPtLûW NôûX (ECR(East Coast Road)

cXeLô (Srilanka), Bk§Wô (Andhra), úLW[ô(Kerala) Utßm ×ÕfúN¬ ApXÕ Tôi¥fúN¬(Pondichery) Rôd¡ 1,50,000 U²RoLû[dùLôuß Ï®jRúRôÓ ©\ úNReLû[ÙmHtTÓj§VÕ.



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ÑtßfãZp AûU®u RjÕYm (Conceptof Eco-System)

1935 Bm Bi¥p A.G. Tansley GuTYoÑtßfãZp AûU®u RjÕYjûR JÚ@©£dLp ³vPm (physical system) GußmA§p E«Ús[ (biotic) Utßm E«Wt\(abiotic) ùTôÚhLs Es[Pe¡ CÚlTÕBLÜm Utßm AYt±t¡ûP«Xô] NU¨ûX GlúTôRôYÕ ¨ûXVôÏRp (rather

constant) G]Üm á±]ôo. 'Eco’ Gu\ YôojûRÑtßfãZûXd Ï±d¡\Õ. Utßm 'system’

GuTÕ Juû\ Juß NôokÕ CÚlTRuEh×\ ùNVpØû\ Utßm £dLXô]ùNVpØû\ (internal process and a complex process)

GuTûRd Ï±d¡\Õ.

RôYWeLs Utßm ®XeÏL°u ùNV≠pEs[ E«Wt\ ùTôÚhL°u (active

abiotic)úNodûLVô]Õ JußPu Juß ×¬Ùm®û]L°u Yô«XôL ¨Lr¡\Õ. CkR®û]L[ôp Øuú]t\eLs, Uôt\eLsUtßm úUmTôÓ CûYLs ÑtßfãZ≠pùRôPokÕ ¨Lr¡\Õ.

ÑtßfãZp AûUÜ GuTÕ JÚ Ï±l©hPTÏ§«p E«o YôÝm E«¬]eL°uNêLj§tÏm Utßm ARu Sôu ≠®eGu®VôouùUuh (non-living environment) þdÏmCûP«Xô] JußdùLôuß ×¬Ùm®û]Lû[ Es[Pd¡V AûUlTôÏm.

ÑtßfãZp AûU®u ùTôÚhLs /AeLeLs (Components of Eco-system)

CûYLs ùTôÕYôL E«Wt\ UtßmE«Ús[ AeLeL[ôL ùRôÏ§lTÓjRlThÓs[].

1 E«o YôZôR ùTôÚhLs (Abiotic

(Nonliving) components): E«o YôZôR

ùTôÚhLû[ ¸rdLiP êuß©¬ÜL[ôL ©¬dLXôm:-

i TÚlùTôÚhLs NôokR LôW¦Ls(Physical factors) : ã¬VJ°,RhTùYlT¨ûX, UûZlùTô¯Ü,DWlTRm Utßm AÝjRm CûYLsÑtßfãZ≠u AûU®u E«¬]eL°uS≠Ü\ôR Y[of£ûV ¿¥j§ÚdLfùNnYúRôÓ LhÓlTÓjÕ¡\Õ.

ii E«Wt\ ùTôÚhLs (Inorganic

substances) : LôoTu ûPBdû^Ó,(Carbon dioxide) ûShW_u, (nitrogen)

Bd³_u (oxygen), TôvTWv(phosphorus), LkRLm (sulphur), Ri½o(water), Tôû\Ls (rock), Ui (soil) Utßm©\ L²UeLs.

iii BoLô²d ùTôÚhLs (Organic

compounds) : LôoúTôûahúWhv(Carbohydrates), ×úWôh¼uLs (proteins),

ùLôÝl×Ls (lipids) Utßm Ud¡VRôYWl ùTôÚhLs (humus) CûYLsE«o YôÝm AûUl×L°u LhÓUô]ùTôÚhLs Bàm Utßm G]úY,CR]ôp CÕ E«Wt\ Utßm E«Ús[ùTôÚhLÞdÏ CûP«p JÚ TôXjûRHtTÓjÕ¡\Õ.

2 E«o YôÝm ùTôÚhLs (Biotic (Living)components)

i RVô¬lTô[oLs (Producers) : ùNVpUû\ êXm ÑtßfãZp AûUÜØÝûUVôdÏUôL TÑûUj RôYWeLsEQûY RVô¬d¡u\]. TfûNjRôYWeLs GpXôm BhúPôhWôlv(autotrophs), (LôoTu ûP Bdû^ÓúTôu\ JúW êXdáßûPV úY§«VtùTôÚsLû[l TVuTÓj§ R]dÏ


ÑtßfãZp AûUÜ Utßm NU¨ûXjRuûUûV HtTÓjÕm LôW¦Ls(Eco-system & factors causing imbalance)

úSôdLeLs: ClTôPj§u Cß§«p ¿eLs §\m ùT\ CÚlTûY• ÑtßfãZp AûU®u RjÕYjûRd áßRp• ÑtßfãZp AûU®u TÏ§Lû[d áßRp• ÑtßfãZp ºoúLh¥tÏ LôWQUô] LôW¦Lû[d áßRp• ÑtßfãZp ATôVeLs, A¯ÜLs Utßm ARu YûLLû[/ AYt±u ùTôÚû[dáßRp.


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úYi¥V EQÜl ùTôÚû[ Bd¡dùLôs[YpX E«o ùTôÚs )

Gu\ûZdLlTÓm) Hù]²p CûYLsRi½o Utßm Ui¦p CÚkÕNjÕLû[ GÓjÕd ùLôs¡\Õ.

ii ÖLoúYôoLs (Consumers) : CûYLsúYßThP E«¬]eLs (heterotrophs)

Guß AûZdLlTÓ¡u\]. UtßmCûYLs BhúPôhWôlv (autotrophs)

þBp JüõfúNodûL êXm ¡ûPdLlùTt\ EQûY EiTRtÏ GÓjÕdùLôsÞm. EQÜ Øuà¬ûUA¥lTûP«p CûYLs êuß ùTôÕ©¬ÜL[ôLl ©¬dLlTÓ¡u\].

• RôYWÙi¦Ls GuTûY RôYWeLû[UhÓm Eh ùLôsTûY (ERôWQeLs.TÑ, Uôu, ØVp ØR≠VûY) (Herbivores(e.g. cow, deer and rabbit etc.) feed directly onplants)

• ®XeÏi¦Ls GuTûY ©\®XeÏLû[ EhùLôsÞm ®XeÏLs(ERôWQm £eLm, éû], Sôn ØR≠V])(Carnivores are animals which eat other animals(eg. lion, cat, dog etc.)

• Aû]jÕi¦ GuTûY ®XeÏLû[Ùm Utßm RôYWeLû[ÙmEhùLôsTûY (ERôWQm U²Ru, LW¥Utßm LôLm) (Omnivores feed upon bothplants and animals e.g. human, bears and crows)

iii AÝ¡V ùTôÚhLs (Decomposers)

CûYLs T¥lT¥VôL S≠YûPVfùNnÙm E«¬]eLs (saprotrophs)

Gu\ûZdLlTÓ¡u\]. CûYLsùTÚmTôÛm Tôd¼¬Vô Utßm @leûL(bacteria and fungi) BL CÚkÕ, C\kR AÝ¡VùTôÚs Utßm C\kR E«¬]eLs C\kRRôYWeLs CYtû\ AÝÏm ùTôÚsL°uúUp EPm©u ùY°úV ùSô§dLf ùNnÕEi¡u\]. FhPNjûR UßÑZt£ùNnY§p CûY ªL Ød¡Vl TeÏY¡d¡u\]. CûYLs úUÛm JußTVuTÓjRlThP ©u Gg£V L¯Ü(detrivores ApXÕ detritus feeders) GußmAûZdLlTÓ¡u\].

EQÜf Ne¡≠ (Food Chain)

ùRôPo E«¬]eLs Y¯VôL RôYWeL°pCÚkÕ EQÜ Nd§ Uô\Rp ùTßYÕEQÜf Ne¡≠ (food chain) Guß

Ï±l©PlTÓ¡\Õ. (TPm 1) EQÜfNe¡≠«p JÚ E«¬]m Tô§dLlThPôúXôApXÕ UWTtß A¯kRôúXô ARuùRôPof£VôL Es[ Ut\ E«¬]eLÞmTô§lTûPÙm.

EQÜ £Xk§ YûX (Food Web)

ÑtßfãZp AûU®p TpúYßEQÜfNe¡≠«u Ju±p Ju\ôn©ûQdLlThP EÚ Y¥Ym B]Õ EQÜ£Xk§ YûX (food web) Gu\ûZdLlTÓ¡\Õ.

EQÜ £Xk§ YûX«p TX EQÜ Ne¡≠LsJu±p Ju\ôn ©ûQdLlThÓs[Õ. C§p,E«¬]eL°p ùYqúYß YûLLsùYqúYß hWôl©dLp ùXYp (tropical

levels)þp CûQdLlThÓs[]. CYt±p JÚYûL Tô§dLlThPôp AÕ ©\ hWôl©dLpúXYûX AqY[YôL Tô§lT§pûX,Hù]²p C§p JqùYôÚ hWôl©dLpúXYÛm GiQt\ YûL«p CÚd¡u\].(TPm 2)

ÑtßfãZp ºoúLÓLs (Environmentaldegradation)

ÑtßfãZp ºoúLh¥u ùTôÚsGu]ùY²p, U²R NØRôVj§Ûm JhÓùUôjR E«¬] NêLj§Ûm úUôNUô]®û[ûY EiÓ TiÔm U²R²uùNVpL[ôp ÑtßfãZ≠u RWm N¬YûPYÕGuTRôÏm.

Fig 1

Food chain in forest Food chain in grassland

Fig 2



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ÑtßfãZ≠p Lôt±u ºoúLÓdLô] LôWQm,UôÑLs, CVtûL ATôVeLs UtßmúT¬PoLs BÏm. CVtûLùNVpTôÓLsB]ûY ̈ ûXûUûV úUôNUûPVf ùNnÙm.Utßm úT¬PûW EÚYôdLXôm. ARôYÕ ̈ XSÓdLm, ùYs[m, ØRXô]ûY UtßmU²R²u ùNVpTôÓL[ôÛm úT¬PoEÚYôLXôm. AûQûV EûPjRp, AÔÏiÓLû[ ùY¥jRp ØRXô]ûY.

U²R²u ¸úZ ùNôpXlThP ùNVpL[ôpùUÕYôL ºoúLÓ ¨Lr¡\Õ. UdLs ùRôûLùTÚdLm, SLW UVUôRp, ùRô¯tNôûXùTÚdLm, úTôdÏYWjÕf NôR]eL°uY[of£, CVk§W ùRô¯tNôûXLû[EÚYôdÏRp, CûYLs GpXôm £±Õ£±RôL Utßm ùRôPof£VôLÜmÑtßfãZûXl Tô§d¡u\].

ÑtßfãZp ºoúLÓ B]Õ ÑtßãZ≠V≠p(environment degradation) JÚ úSW¥ ®û[ûYHtTÓjÕ¡\Õ. CjRûLV RôdLjRôpÑtßfãZ≠V≠u NUu (balance of the ecology)

Tô§lTûP¡\Õ. Hù]²p CÕ ÑtßfãZpAûUl©u RWjûRf N¬YûPVf ùNn¡\Õ.

ÑtßfãZ≠V≠u NU]t\ RuûU B]ÕÑtßfãZ≠u ºoúLh¥tLô] A±Ï± BÏm.

ÑtßfãZp ºoúLhûP HtTÓjÕTûY(Causes of environmental degradation)

ÑtßãZûX ºoùLP ùNnÙm A¥lTûPdLôW¦Ls ¸rLiPYôß.

i CVtûL ùNVpTôÓLs (Natural process) :

CúXNô] A§o®VdLm (Tremors), ¨XSÓdLm (earthquake), ×Vp (storms), ùYs[m(floods), LôhÓj ¾ (forest fire), Ï°o LôtßÅfÑ Utßm AûPUûZ (draught and

excessive rains) ØRXô]ûY. CYt±u ÁÕU²R²u GkRd LhÓlTôÓm ¡ûPVôÕ.Hù]²p CfùNVpLs §¼ùW] ¨LrkÕ®Ó¡\Õ.

ii U²R²u ùNVpTôÓLs (Human activities):

CkRf ùNVpTôÓLû[ LhÓTÓjRXôm.CfùNVpLs JÚ ùUÕYô] UtßmùRôPof£Vô] ®û[ÜLû[ ¸rdLiPLôW¦L[ôp HtTÓjÕ¡\Õ.

• SÅ] ùRô¯p ÖhT Y[of£/ úUmTôÓ.

• UdLs ùRôûLl ùTÚdLm.

• CVtûL BRôW Y[eLû[ A§LUôLETúVô¡lTRôp A§L AÝjRm.

• ùRô¯tNôûX Y[of£ UtßmùRô¯XLeLû[ §\jRp/ EÚYôdÏRp.

• SLWUôdÏRXôp ÅhÓl ©WfNû]LsUtßm UôÑTÓRp ©WfNû]Ls.

• U²R]ôp ùTôÚ[ôRôW ùNVpTôÓL°pªÏ§Vô] ªg£V Y[of£.

• ®YNôVj§p CWNôV] EWeLs Utßméf£ùLôp≠L°u TVuTôÓ.

ÑtßfãZ≠u ATôVeLs UtßmúT¬Po (Environmental hazards and disaster)

£X YWm×dÏs ApXÕ LôXm GpûXûVjRôi¥ ùTôßjÕd ùLôsÞm A[ûY ®PA§LUôL U²R²u ùNVpTôÓLs ApXÕCVtûLf ùNVpØû\L[ôp EÚYôÏm.YWm× Á±V ¨LrÜLs B]ûY, ÑtßfãZpATôVm (Environmental Hazard) GußÏ±l©PlTÓ¡\Õ. CûY N¬ ùNnYÕL¥]UôLÜm CRu ®û[YôLf ùNôjÕLsCZl× B]Õ E«¬Zl× HtTPXôm.ÑtßfãZp úT¬P¬u ATôV¨ûXûV U²RNØRôVj§p E«¬Zl× Utßm ùNôjÕdLsCZlTôp U§l©PXôm. ÑtßfãZ≠uRWj§u Ïû\TôÓ ApXÕ ARu A¯ÜdÏChÓf ùNu\ LôW¦Ls ATôVeLsApXÕ úTW¯Ü Gu\ûZdLlTÓ¡u\].

U²R Yôr®p CVtùTôÚs ùNnØû\L°uLôWQUôL ATôVeLs Utßm úT¬PoLs§¼ùW] HtTÓ¡u\].

LôWQ LôW¦L°u A¥lTûP«p CûYLsCWiÓ ÕûQj ùRôÏ§L[ôL©¬dLlTÓ¡u\].

1 CVtûL ATôVm (Natural hazards)

2 U²R]ôp EÚYôÏm ATôVm (Man inducedhazards).



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ÑtßfãZp ATôVeLs Utßm úT¬P¬u YûLLs (Types of environmental Hazards andDisaster)

ÑtßfãZp ATôVeLs Utßm úT¬Po(Environmental Hazards and Disaster)

CVtûL ATôVeLs Utßm úTW¯Ü U²R]ôp EÚYôdLlThP ATôVmUtßm úTW¯Ü

(Natural Hazards and disaster) (Man-made Hazards and disasters)

¨XgNôokR Y°UiPXATôVm Utßm ATôVm UtßmúTW¯Ü úTW¯Ü(Terrestrial Hazards (Atmospheric Hazard

and Disasters) and Disasters) EPpÃ§VôL CWNôV] NêLHtTÓm ATôVm ATôVmATôVm(Physical (Chemical (Socialhazards) hazards) hazards)

G¬UûX CúXNô] ¨Xf A§oÜ N¬Ü CVdLm

(Valcono Tremors Land Slides)

ANôRWQ T¥lT¥VôL ¨LrÜLs ùTÚÏ¡\ (ã\ôY° Y°UiPX Lôtß, ATôVeLs ªu]p, C¥ (ùYs[m, ¾l©¥jRp Ï°oLôXm Utßm

ùYlT AûX)

Abnormal Cumulative events (cyclone atmospheric lightening, fires) hazard (floods dry

cold and hot wave)

U²R²u CVtûLf ùNVpTôÓL[ôp ùNVpTôÓL[ôp

By activity of By the natural man processes and forces



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I CVtûL ATôVm (Natural hazards) : CkRATôVeLs, CVtûLd LôW¦L[ôpHtTÓ¡u\]. CûYLs êuß ùRôÏ§L[ôLl ©¬dLlTÓ¡u\];

• ¨Xj§p HtTÓm ATôVeLs (Terrestrial

hazards) : CÕ éª«u TWl©p ¨Lr¡\Õ.(ARôYÕ) ¨X A§oÜ, éLmTm, G¬UûXUtßm LôhÓj¾) ØRXô]ûY.

• Y°UiPX ATôVeLs (Atmospheric

hazards) : ÑtßfãZ≠p NUu ̈ ûX CpXôRLôWQjRôp ¨LrYÕ. (ARôYÕ )

ªÏ§Vô] UûZ, ×Vp, Lôtß, ùYlTUiPXl ×Vp ØRXô]ûY.

• T¥lT¥VôL ùTÚÏ¡\ Y°UiPXATôVeLs (Cumulative atmospheric

hazards): U²Rf ùNVpTôÓLs EP]¥jRôdLjûR HtTÓjÕ¡u\]. GkRUô§¬ùV²p, LôhÓj¾, A¯¡u\UûXLs, ùRô¯tNôûXL°p CÚkÕ ®`YôÙdLû[ ùY°úVtßRp, AÔÏiÓùY¥jRp ØRXô]ûY. AûQ EûPRpLôWQUôL Bt±p ùYs[ùTÚdÏHtThÓ E«oúNRm, ùNôjÕ SôNm,T«oúNRm Utßm ÅÓLs A¯Rp¨Lr¡u\].

II U²R]ôp çiPlThP ATôVeLsUtßm úT¬¯ÜLs (Man induced hazardsand disasters)

U²R²u ùNVpTôÓL[ôÛm ÑtßfãZpºoúLÓ HtTÓ¡\Õ. U²R]ôp ùNnVlThP

ATôVeLs Ut\m úNReLs DÓ ùNnVCVXôRûY BÏm. U²R]ôp EÚYô]ATôVeLs Utßm úTW¯ÜLs AYoL[ÕCVpTô] ÏQeL[ôp §¼ùW]¨LrkRRRôLúYô AYoL[Õ úYiÓùUuú\êuß ©¬ÜL[ôL ©¬dLlTÓ¡u\].

• CVtùTôÚs ATôVeLs (Physical

hazards) : CúXNô] A§o®VdLm,¨XfN¬Ü, Ui A¬l×.

• CWNôV] ATôVeLs (Chemical hazards):

ùRô¯tNôûXL°u ùRôh¥«p CÚkÕ®`jRuûU EûPV YôÙdLû[®Ó®jRp, ùRô¯tNôûXL°pEÚYôdLlThP YôÙdLs, YôL]eL[ôpLôtß UôÑTôÓ AÔ T¬úNôRû], LP≠pGiùQn, LlTp êrÏRp ApXÕAYt\ôp ¾lTt± ùLôsÞRp. CûYLsGpXôm CWNôV] ATôVeLÞs £X.

• NêL ATôVeLs (Social hazards) : UdLsùRôûL A§L¬l×, ApXÕ UdLsùRôûLj §¼o ùTÚdLm, URm NôokRU§l©p N¬ÜLs HtTPRp, TQj§tÏØd¡Vm ùLôÓjRp, úTô¬u úTôÕ AÔNd§ûVl TVuTÓjÕRp CûYùVpXômNêL ATôVeLs.



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ÑtßfãZp UôÑTôhPôp,, ÑtßfãZ≠uRWm Ïû\¡\Õ. U²R²u ùRô¯tNôûXUtßm ùRô¯p ÖhT Y[of£Vôp,CWNôV]m Utßm AÔNd§, ®`j RuûUEûPV YôÙdLs Utßm ùRô¯tNôûX«pT¦ ×¬úYôo Ñtßf ãZûX UôÑTPfùNnÕ ®hPôoLs ARu LôWQUôL,ÑtßfãZÛdÏl Tô§l× HtThPÕ.

UôÑd úLÓ (Pollution)

CVtùTôÚs, CWôNV]m Utßm TúVô¥dùTôÚhLs (physical, chemical and biotic) Lôtß,Ri½o, Utßm Ui CûYL°u RWj§pHtTÓm ®ÚmTjRLôR Uôt\m UôÑdúLÓ(pollution) Gu\ûZdLlTÓ¡\Õ. CkR Uôt\mB]Õ, E«o YôÝm ùTôÚhL°uBúWôd¡Vm Utßm YôrdûLdÏ BTjûR®û[®lTRôÏm. RôYWeLÞm, ®XeÏLÞmE«o YôrYRtÏ¬V éª Utßm Y° UiPXTÏ§«u £X AmNeL°u úSW¥Vô]ApXÕ Uû\ØLUô] Øû\«p, UôÑ JÚUôt\jûRd ùLôiÓ YÚ¡\Õ. CûY JÚúUôNUô] ®û[ûY E«¬]eL°Ûm UtßmU²R²PØm ®hÓf ùNp¡\Õ.

Ød¡VUôL CWiÓ YûLVô] UôÑdLsEs[].

1 EPp Ã§VôL HtTÓm UôÑdLs (Physicalpollution)

U²R²u ùNVpTôÓL[ôp EÚYô],ÑtßfãZ≠u EPp Ã§Vô] ùTôÚhL°uN¬Ü B]Õ EPp Ã§VôL HtTÓmUôÑdLs (physical pollution)

Gu\ûZdLlTÓ¡\Õ. CûYLs êußET©¬ÜL[ôLl ©¬dLlTPXôm.

- U²Ru, ®XeÏLs UtßmRôYWeLÞdÏ, Fß®û[®dÏmYûL«p, YôÙ UiPXj§àsùNÛjRlThP YôÙdLs çÑlùTôÚhLs, ×ûL, Utßm ÕoSôt\mCYt\ôp Lôtß UôÑ HtTÓ¡\Õ.

- U²Ru Utßm CVtûL Gu\CWi¥u ùNVpTôÓL[ôÛm, ARu®û[YôL, LôtßUôÑ HtTPXôm.LôhÓj¾ G¬UûX ÏZm× LdLlTÓRpLôtß A¬Uô]m, ULWkR £R\p,BoLô²d ùTôÚhL°u B®VôRpUtßm CVtûL ¨LrÜLs Lôtû\UôÑTP ùNnÙm.

U²R²u ùNVpTôÓL[ôp LôtßUôÑTÓY§p ¸rdLiPûY APeÏm(Human activities that result in air pollution include):

• ùRô¯tNôûXL°≠ÚkÕ UtßmRVô¬l×f ùNVpL[ôp ùY° YÚTûY(Emissions from industries and manufacturingactivities) : RVô¬l× ¨ûXVeL°u ×ûLúTôd¡ Y¯VôL ùY°úVßm HWô[Uô]×ûL ÏlûT á[eLû[ G¬lTRtLô]ùLôsLXm ùRô¯tNôûXLs Utßm Nd§¨ûXVeLs A§L A[®p EªÝm LôoTuúUô]ôdû^Ó, BoLô²d ùTôÚhLs,Utßm CWôNV]eLs Lôt±àsùNp¡u\]. ùThúWô≠Vm Ñj§L¬l×¨ûXVeLÞm, Lôt±às HWô[Uô]ûahúWôLôoTuLû[ ®Ó®d¡u\].


UôÑ Utßm Lôtß, ¿o ¨ûXLs ØR≠VYtû\ UôÑTÓjÕm ùTôÚhLs(Pollution and pollutants)

úSôdLeLs: ClTôPj§u Cß§«p ¿eLs §\m ùT\ CÚlTûY• UôÑ GuTRu ùTôÚû[ YûWVû\ ùNnRp• TpúYß YûL ÑtßfãZp UôÑTôhûP Th¥V≠ÓRp• Lôtß, ¿o¨ûXLs ØR≠VYtû\ UôÑTÓjÕm ùTôÚs GuTRu AojRjûRYûWVû\ ùNnRp

• ATôVLWUô] L¯Ü úUXôiûU«u TpúYß YûLLû[d áßRp• JÚ Lh¥Pj§u Es CÚdÏm ÑtßfãZp UôÑ®tLô] LôWQUôL CÚlTYtû\TôÕLôlTôL ûYlTRtLô] BúXôNû]Lû[l Th¥V≠ÓRp.


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• C\kR ®XeÏLs ApXÕRôYWeL°≠ÚkÕ TpXô«WdLQdLôQ BiÓLÞdÏ ØuUi¦p EÚYô] ¨XdL¬ ApXÕGiùQn úTôu\ CVtûL G¬ùTôÚû[ G¬jRp (Burning Fossil Fuels):

Lôo Utßm L]WL YôL]eLs, CW«pYi¥, LlTpLs Utßm ®Uô]mCûYùVpXôm HWô[Uô] @Tô³p@lëp (Fossil Fuels) þIl T¦dLôLG¬d¡u\]. Lô¬u ×ûL úTôd¡ Y¯VôLùY°úVßm ×ûLLs LôoTuúUô]ôdû^Ó ûShW_u Bdû^ÓLs,ûahúWôLôoTuv UtßmToh¥dÏúXhv (particulates) úTôu\ SfÑYôÙdLû[ ùLôiÓs[Õ. CûYLsAûYVôLúY AYtû\ ÑYô£dÏmU²RoLÞdÏ TXjR Fß ®û[®dLXôm.úUÛm CûY Ñtßl×\j§p Es[YôÙdLú[ôÓ úY§®û] ×¬kÕ úUÛm®` YôÙdLû[ EÚYôdLXôm.

• ÅhÓ ETúVôLm Utßm ®YNôVCWNôV]eLs (Household and Farming

Chemicals) : T«oçÑ K¬Pj§p Es[ ¾eÏ®û[®dÏm éf£Lû[ A¯dLj R² YûLúY§«Vt ùTôÚhLû[ ApXÕ B®ûVlTVuTÓjÕRp, ÅhÓ ETúVôLÑjRlTÓjÕm ùTôÚhLs ApXÕùT«ih Nlû[v, éf£d ùLôp≠

UÚkÕLs, EWeLs, CûYLsATôVLWUô] CWNôV]eLû[dLôt±às Eªr¡u\]. TXNkRolTeL°p CkR CWNôV]eLû[ÑjRUôLd Lôtß CpXôR ApXÕÏû\Yô] Lôtú\ôhPØûPV AÛYXLmApXÕ ÅÓL°p TVuTÓj§ AYtû\Sôm ÑYô£dL úSokRôp SUdÏf ÑLÅ]m/EPpSXdúLÓ HtTPXôm.

Lôtß UôÑTÓYûRj RÓjRp,LiLô¦jRp Utßm ¾oÜ (Air pollutionprevention, monitoring and solution).

UôÑTÓRûX ¾olTRtLô] ØVt£LsGlúTôÕúUJÚ ùT¬V ©Wf£û] Rôu,CR]ôp Rôu YôWôÕ RÓjRp ̈ LZ ®PôUpÏßd¡ÓRp CûY Lôtß UôÑûYdLhÓlTÓjR £\kR Y¯VôÏm. CkRj RÓl×Øû\Ls B]Õ, AWNôeLj§p CÚkÕ(NhPeL[ôL) YWXôm. ApXÕ R² STo

ùNVpTôÓL[ôp YWXôm. TX ùT¬VSLWeL°p LiLô¦dÏm ETLWQeLsSLWj§u TX CPeL°pùTôÚjRlThÓs[]. Lôt±u RWjûRfúNô§dL, A§L¬dL A¥dL¥ ºWô] LôXCûPùY°L°p ARû] T¥dLÜmùNn¡\ôoLs.

• AWNôeLm (ApXÕ NêLm) UhPj§pRÓl×f ùNVp (Government (or community)level prevention)

EXLm ØÝûUÙm Es[ AWNôeLeLs,TÑûU Nd§þI A±ØLlTÓj§ LôtßUôÑ®tÏ G§WôL SPY¥dûLLs HtL]úYGÓjÕ YÚ¡u\]. £X AWNôeLeLs LôtßNd§ Utßm ã¬V Nd§ Utßm ©\ Uôt±AûUdLlTÓm Nd§ CYt±p ØRÄÓ ùNnÕ,TXjR Lôtß UôÑ HtTÓjÕm @Tô³p@lëp (Fossil Fuels) þI G¬lTûRdÏû\d¡u\].

AWNôeLeLs LmùT²Lû[ AYoL°pRVô¬l× ùNVpTôÓL°p, A§LùTôßl×QoÜPu CÚdÏm T¥Yt×ßjÕ¡u\].

Lôo RVô¬dÏm ¨ßY]eLs ØuûT ®PdÏû\YôL UôÑ HtTÓjÕm A§L Nd§ YônkRLôoLû[j RVô¬d¡u\].

• R² STo UhPj§p RÓl×f ùNVpLs(Individual Level Prevention)

- Åh¥≠ÚkÕ T¦«Pj§tÏ §]ØmùNuß YÚTYoLs, Tv, CW«p, ApXÕûTd CYtû\ TVuTÓjRUôß EeLs,ÏÓmT Eßl©]oLû[ FdLlTÓjÕeLsSôm GpúXôÚm CûR ©uTt±]ôp,NôûXL°p U¡ÝkÕLs (LôoLs) Ïû\kÕLôQlTÓm Utßm ×ûLÙm Ïû\Ùm.

- Nd§ûV ( Jüõ, Ri½o, TônXo, ùLh¥pUtßm ®\ÏLs) (light, water, boiler, kettle and

fire woods) CYtû\ ×j§Nô≠jR]jÕPuTVuTÓjÕeLs. CÕ, Hù]²p,HWô[Uô] @Tô³p @lëp (Fossil Fuels)

G¬dLlThÓ ªuNôWm EtTj§ùNnVlTÓ¡\Õ, G]úY, Sôm TVuTÓjÕYûRd Ïû\jRôp Sôm HtTÓjÕmUôÑTÓRûXÙm Ïû\jRYoLs B¡ú\ôm.

- UßÑZt£ Utßm ùTôÚhL°u UßTVuTôÓ. CÕ ×§V ùTôÚhLû[ EtTj§ùNnYûR Sm© CÚjRûXd Ïû\dÏm.OôTLj§p ûYÙeLs, EtTj§ ùNnÙm



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ùRô¯tNôûXLs HWô[Uô] UôÑTôhûPHtTÓjÕ¡u\]. G]úY, ©[ôv¥dûTLs, Õ¦Ls (BûPdLÞdLô]ûY),Lô¡Rm Utßm Tôh¥pLs CYtû\UßT¥Ùm TVuTÓj§]ôp, AÕ ERÜm.(UôÑTôhûPd Ïû\dL ERÜm.)

Ri½o UôÑTôÓ (Water pollution) TXNUVeL°p U²R²u ùNVpTôÓL[ôp(ERôWQUôL Ï[eLs, LPpLs, BßLs,Ri½o CÚdÏm Tôû\ CÓdÏ Utßm¨XjR¥ ¿o ) ClT¥lThP Ri½oCÚl©PeLs TôrThÓl úTôYRôÏm.Ri½o UôÑ GuTÕ U²RàdÏ,®XeÏLÞdÏ Utßm ¿o YôrE«¬]eLÞdÏ AYt±u Yôr®tÏj ¾eÏ®û[lTRôÏm. CWNôV]l ùTôÚ°uRuûUdÏ HtT, ®û[ÜLs ùTÚk ¾eÏ®û[®lT]YôL CÚdLXôm. UôÑHtTÓjÕTYt±u ùN±Ü Utßm GkR CPmAR]ôp UôÑThÓs[Õ GuTRtúLtTùTÚk¾eÏ ¨LZXôm. Ri½o UôÑYô]ÕGkR CPj§p GkR Uô§¬Vô]CWNôV]eLs ùLôhPlThÓs[].GuTRtúLtT, AYt±u ®û[ÜLsUôßTÓ¡u\].

(SLWeLs Utßm UôSLWeLs) SLo×\eL°uAÚ¡p Es[ ¿o ¨ûXLs A§L A[®pºoúLhûP Nk§lTûY BÏm. CÕGRàûPV ®û[Ü G²p, R² SToL[ôpùLôhPlTÓm ÏlûTLû[ Utßm EtTj§ùRô¯t NôûXL°p CÚkÕ NhPlT¥ApXÕ NhPj§tÏ ×\mTôL ùLôhPlTÓmL¯ÜL[ôp UÚjÕYUû], Ts°Ls UtßmNkûRLs Ce¡ÚkùRpXôm ùLôhPlTÓmL¯ÜL[ôp HtTÓm ®û[ÜLs CÕYôÏm.

Ri½o UôÑ®]ôp HtTÓm®û[ÜL°p£X.

• ¿oYôr E«¬]eL°u C\l× (Death ofaquatic (water) animals)

Ri½o UôÑTÓRXôp HtTÓm ©WôR]l©Wf£û] Gu]ùY²p, AkR ¿o¨ûXLû[fNôokÕs[ E«¬]eLû[d ùLôp¡\Õ.YôÝm CPjûR Ñt±Ùs[ CPeL°pCÚkÕ UôÑ HtTÓjÕm ùTôÚhL[ôpùLôpXlThPR]ôp C\kR ÁuLs,SiÓLs, T\ûYLs, Utßm LPpYôrE«¬]eLs Pôp©uLs Utßm Aú]L ©\®XeÏLs C\kÕ LP≠p LûWJÕeÏ¡u\].

• EQÜ Ne¡≠ûV ØPdÏYÕ (Disruptionof food-chains)

UôÑ®]ôp HtTÓm ºoúLÓ B]Õ CVtûLEQÜf Ne¡≠ûVÙm AkR A[®tÏTô§d¡\Õ. LôÃVm (lead) Utßm LôhÁVm(cadmium) úTôu\ ¾eÏ ®û[®dÏmùTôÚhLû[ £ß ®XeÏLs Nôl©hÓ©u]o AkR E«¬]eLû[ Áu Utßmù`p@l©x (shellfish) Nôl©ÓYRôp EQÜNe¡p B]Õ ùT¬V UhPeL°ÛmºoúLhûPf Nk§jÕ ØPeÏ¡\Õ.

• úSônLs (Diseases)

Cß§«p U²RoLÞm CúR úTôuß CkRØû\Vôp Tô§dLlTÓ¡\ôoLs. ®`jRuûU AûPkR LPp EQÜLû[ EiTRôpLpÄWûXj RôdÏm LÓûUVô] úSôVôpU²RoLs úSônYônlTP úSWXôm. TX HûZSôÓL°p UôÑThP Ri½Wôp Tô§lûPkRúUôNUô] Ri½ûWd Ï¥lTRu êXmLôXWô (cholera) úTôu\ úSônLs, §¼ùW]TWYÜÕ GlúTôÕúU CÚkÕ YÚ¡\Õ.

• ÑtßfãZp AûUÜ Tô§lTûPRp(Destruction of ecosystems)

¿o UôÑ AûPY§]ôp ÑtßfãZp AûUÜRôßUô\ôL Uôß¡\Õ ApXÕ A¯ûYHtTÓjÕ¡\Õ. (Juû\ Juß NôokÕ YôÝmE«¬]eLs) TpúYß CPeLs U²R²uLY]ªpXôR ùNnûL«u LôWQUôL UôûNHtTÓjÕYRôp, AkR Tô§l©u ®û[ÜU²RàdÏ TX YûLL°p Tô§lûTHtTÓjÕ¡\Õ.

Ri½o UôÑTÓYûRj RÓjRp (Preventionof water pollution)

Ri½o UôÑTÓRûXj R®odL ØVÛmùNnûL«p Aû]YÚúU (AWNôeLm UtßmEsÞo ÏÝdLÞm úNokÕ) DÓTP úYiÓm.SmUôp ùNnV CVÛm £X ùNVpL[ôY].

• JÚ úTôÕm ÏlûTLû[ LiPT¥Ñt±Ûm GeÏm G±Vô¾oLs. N¬Vô]ÏlûTj ùRôh¥«p AYtû\ úTôPÜm.

• ×j§Nô≠jR]UôL Ri½ûWETúVô¡dLÜm. TVuTÓjRôR úTôÕRi½o ÏZôûVj §\kÕ ûYdLô¾oLs.

• NûUVXû\«p, ùTôÚhLû[AXm×YRtÏ¬V, ¿oÏZôÙPu á¥V,AXm× ùRôh¥ Y¥Lôp AûUl©pApXÕ L¯Yû\«p CWNôV]eLs



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GiùQnLs ùT«uhLs UtßmUÚkÕLû[ ÅNô¾oLs.

• ÑtßfãZÛdÏ A§Ll TôÕLôl×ûPVÑjRm ùNnÙm §WYeLû[ Åh¥úXôApXÕ ùTôÕ CPeL°úXôTVuTÓjÕYRtLôL YôeLÜm. CûYLsÑtßfãZÛdÏ Ïû\kR A[úYTô§l×Lû[ HtTÓjÕm.

• ¿eLs CWNôV]eLû[úVô Utßm éf£dùLôp≠ UÚkÕLû[úVô EeLsúRôhPj§úXô ApXÕ TiûQY[ôLj§úXô ETúVô¡lTRôL CÚkRôpA§LlT¥Vô] éf£dùLôp≠ TVuTôÓUtßm ªûLVô] EWeL°u TVuTôÓCpXôUp A[YôLl TVuTÓjRY§pLY]Uô] CÚdLÜm. CqYôß ùNnYÕTdLj§p CÚdÏm ¿o BRôWeL°uCWNôV]m ùNuß úNoYûRd Ïû\dÏm.

• ¿eLs ¿o¨ûXL°u AÚLôûU«pY£lTYWôL CÚkRôp, EeLsCÚl©Pj§u AÚ¡p, ARû]f Ñt±,HWô[Uô] UWeLs Utßm éfùN¥Lû[ShÓ Y[odL ØVt£dLÜm. Hù]²p,UûZLôXeL°p EeLs Åh¥úXúVCWNôV]eLs G°§p Ri½¬pY¥VôÕ.

U²R²u ùNVpTôÓLs Utßm ¨XY[eLû[j RY\ôL TVuTÓjRYRu êXmùTÚmTôÛm, úSW¥Vô] ®û[YôL ApXÕUû\ØLUôL éª«u ¨XlTWl×L°pHtTÓm A¯Ü ¨X UôÑ (Land pollution)

G]lTÓm.

2 NØRôV ºoúLÓ (Social pollution)

NØRôVm NmTkRlThPYt±p JÚ SôÓRÝ®V ®û[ûYd ùLôi¥ÚdÏm úNokÕùLôiúP úTô] ̈ LrÜLs ApXÕ dûW£v(crises) NØRôV ºoúLÓ GußAûZdLlTÓ¡\Õ. CûY êuß ET©¬ÜL[ôL ©¬dLlTPXôm.

• UdLs ùRôûL ùTÚdLm ApXÕ Y[of£

• ©u Re¡V NêLm

• ùTôÚ[ôRôW ºoúLÓ þ YßûU

UôÑ HtTÓjÕTûY (Pollutant)

ÑtßfãZ≠u RWjûR Ïû\dÏm ùTôÚsApXÕ ÑtßãZ≠p ºo úLhûP HtTÓjÕmùTôÚs UôÑ EÚYôdÏm ùTôÚs G]lTÓm.

ARàûPV CÚlTôp ApXÕ ªÏ§VôLAûY ÑtßfãZ≠p CÚlTRôpE«¬]eLÞdÏm Utßm U²RàdÏm ¾eÏEÚYôdÏm §Pl ùTôÚs, §WYl ùTôÚsUtßm YôÙl ùTôÚs UôÑ EÚYôdÏmùTôÚs GuTYt±p APeÏm.

TVuTÓj§V ©\Ï çW Å£ G±VlTÓmùTôÚhL°u Á§ UôÑ HtTÓjÕm ùTôÚsBÏm. AYt±às (BßLs ApXÕRi½¬às) G±VlTÓm NôdLûP UtßmSL¬u L¯Ül ùTôÚhL[ôp Ri½oApXÕ BßLs UôÑTÓ¡u\].

ÑtßfãZ≠u, £X UôÑdLs HtTÓjÕmùTôÚhLs Lôtß, Ri½o Utßm §PlùTôÚhLû[ UôÑTÓjÕm Utßm AYt±uRWj§p JÚ N¬ûYd ùLôiÓYÚm.

Ød¡VUô] UôÑ EÚYôdÏm ùTôÚhL°p£X ¸úZ RWlThÓs[].

- úNLWm BÏm ùTôÚhLs (Collected

substances) þ çÑ, ×ûL, Rôo ØR≠V].

- YôÙdLs þ LôoTu ûP Bdû^Ó,ûShW_u Utßm NpTo ûP Bdû^Ó(Gases - Carbon dioxide, Nitrogen and sulphurdioxide)

- §Pd L¯ÜLs þ TVuTÓj§V ©\Ï SômG±Ùm L¯Ül ùTôÚhLs

- L§o ÅfÑ ùTôÚhLs

- CûWfNpþ YôL]eL°u ªÏ§Vô] NlRm

- £dLXô] CWNôV]eLs þ DjRo, ùTu£u,B£h ØR≠V] (Complex chemicals - either,benzene, acid etc)

- EúXôLlùTôÚhLs Utßm EúXôLBdû^ÓLs

- @lú[ôûWhv (Fluorides)

- úTôhúPô ùLªdLp Bdû^Ó(Photochemical oxides)

- ®YNôV CWNôV] ùTôÚhLs -

úUúX á\lThP Aû]jÕ ERôWQeL°pCÚkÕm UôÑ HtTÓjÕm ùTôÚhLû[êuß ùT¬V ©¬ÜL[ôLl ©¬dLXôm.

• §Pl ùTôÚhL°u Y¥Yj§p

• §WYl ùTôÚhL°u Y¥Yj§p

• YôÙl ùTôÚhL°u Y¥Yj§p



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CVtûL«u A¥lTûP«p UôÑ HtTÓjÕmùTôÚhLû[ UôÑ ºoúLPt\ (Non-degradable

pollutants) Utßm UßÑZt£ ùTtßºoúLPôÏRp (Bio - degradable pollutants) G]CWiÓ YûLVôL ©¬dLXôm.

1 UôÑ ºoúLPt\ ùTôÚhLs (Non -degradable pollutants)

NôRôWQ EûPkR TôLeLû[ ùNnV Ø¥VôRºoúLh¥p Es[ CVtûL«p ùRôkRWYt\(harmless substances) CûYùVpXôm UôÑºoúLPt\ ùTôÚhLs (non-biodegradable

pollutants) BÏm. DDT, ©[ôv¥d (plastics),

TôÄ§u ûTLs (polythene bags), éf£dùLôp≠Ls (insecticides), (pesticides), TôRWNm(mercury), LôÃVm (lead), BoùN²d (arsenic),

AÛª²Vm úLu (aluminium cans), £kùR¥d@lûTTWv (synthetic fibres), LiQô¥ùTôÚhLs (glass objects), CÚm× ùTôÚhLs(iron products) Utßm £pYo @Tô«pv (silver foils)

CûYùVpXôm UôÑ ºoúLPt\ ùTôÚhLs(AhPYûQ 1)


2 Uß ÑZt£ ùTtß ºoúLPôÏRp (Bio-degradable pollutants)

ATôVLWUô] L¯Ü(Hazardous waste)

Aû]jÕ E«o Yôr C]eLÞdÏm Utßmãr¨ûXLÞdÏm úLÓ ®û[®dÏm A§L®`jRuûU EûPV Utßm BTjRô]ùTôÚhLû[ ùLôi¥ÚdÏm L¯ÜLsBTjRô] Utßm Pôd³d L¯ÜLs (toxic

waste) Gu\ûZdLlTÓ¡\Õ.

Y¬ûN UôÑTÓjÕm ùTôÚs (Pollutant) U²R BúWôdó¡Vj§p ºoGi úLhPôp HtTÓm ®û[ÜLs

(Effect of human health)

1 Lôtß UôÑTôÓ (Air pollution)

• LôoTu úUô]ôdû^Ó • RûX Y≠, TôWm, AÝjRm

• LôÃVm • U]§p Utßm EP≠u Øuú]t\lTô§l×

Ri½o UôÑ (Water pollution)

• NôdLûP • UgNs LôUôûX, LôXWô, ûPTônÓ

• ùUj§p ùUodÏ¬ • SWm× AûUlûTl Tô§jRp, ERÓLsUtßm Sôd¡u C\l×

• Ï¥¿¬p A§L A[Ü • EP≠p ¿X ¨\m EiPôÏRpûShúWh

úW¥úVô Bd¥q UôÑ • ×tß úSôn, ÖûWÂWp Tô§l×, UôoTL(Radioactive pollution) Tô§l×, úRô≠p ×s° ®ÝRp, UWTÔ

Uôt\eLs

J≠ UôÑ (Noise pollution) • U] AÝjRm NmTkRUô] úSônLs, LôÕNqÜ úNRm AûPVXôm.

KúNôu ÏußRp • Li ×ûW, úSôn G§ol× RuûU Ïû\Rp,(Ozone depletion) úRôp úSônLs

AhPYûQ 1

ATôVLWUô] L¯ÜLû[ ûLVôÞRp(Hazardous waste management)

ATôVLWUô]d L¯ÜLû[ ûLVôÞm úTôÕLûPl©¥dL úYi¥V ùNVpLs(AhPYûQ 2)


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AhPYûQ 2

• ÏlûTLs EtTj§ BYûR Ïû\dLÜmUtßm Ïû\Yô] ®`jRuûU EûPVlùTôÚû[ úRokùRÓdLÜm. ùRô¯tNôûXL°p L¯Ü EtTj§ûV Ïû\lTRtÏApXÕ CpXôUp ùNnYRtÏ RVô¬l×ùNnØû\Lû[ Uôt± AûUdLXôm.

• L¯Ü EtTj§ûV Ïû\lTRtÏ LûWNpUtßm AªXjûR Uß ÑZt£ ùNnVÜm.

• LûWNpLs Utßm AªXeLs B¡VYtû\Uß ÑZt£ ùNnVÜm.

ATôVLWUô] L¯ÜLû[ ALtßmØû\Ls (Handling methods of hazardous waste)

ATôVLWUô] L¯Ü ©WfNû]Lû[R®olTRtÏm TôÕLôlTô] Øû\ AÕEÚYôLm CPj§úXúV ARu EtTj§ûVEÚYôLôUp RÓjRp. ATôVLWUô]L¯ÜLû[ ALtßm Øû\L[ôY].

• EPp NôokR ùNVpØû\Ls (Physical

process) : UQp, LtLs, úNß ØR≠VûYH¬, S§ ØR≠VYt±u A¥lTÏ§«p ReL®Pf ùNnRp (Sedimentation), §WYm, YôÙApXÕ Ut\ ùTôÚhLs E±gNlTÓmùNVtTôÓ (Absorption), AÝjR ̈ ûX«p JÚ§WYj§p JÚ YôÙûYf ùNÛjÕRp(Aeration), JÚ NqÜ Y¯VôL JÚ §WYmT¥lT¥VôL ùNpÛRp (Osmosis), Juß

ApXÕ JußdÏ úUtThP ªuUeLû[CZkÕ ApXÕ ùTtß AR]ôp úSoªuòhPm ApXÕ G§o ªuòhmAûPkR AûY ApXÕ êXdáß. AV²ØRXô]Yt\ôp A[ûYd Ïû\lTÕ RôuCkRØû\«u ©WRô] úSôdLm. (Ionexchange).

• CWNôV] TR]m (Chemical treatment) : CkRØû\«p, ATôVLWUô] L¯ÜLû[BTj§pXôR L¯ÜL[ôL Uôt\CWNôV]eLs, L¯ÜLÞPu úNodLlTÓ¡u\]. A¬Uô]m (corrosive) Utßm¬Bd¥q RuûU EûPV L¯ÜLÞdÏùTôÚjRUô]Õ CkR CWNôV]eLsBÏm. Utßm CRu úSôdLm pH þISÓ¨ûXTÓjÕYRôÏm.

• E«¬Vp NôokR TR]m (Biological

treatment) : CkR Øû\Vô]Õ, ùTôÕYôLUôSLWôh£/ SLWôh£ L¯Ül TR]lTÓjÕm ¨ûXVeL°p ùTôÕYôLLûP©¥dLlTÓ¡\Õ. BoLô²d ùN±ÜA§Lm Es[RôLÜm CÚdÏm LNÓL°pCkR ùNVpØû\ûV TVuTÓjRXôm.

• L¯ÜLû[ ¾«hÓ G¬jRp (Waste

incineration) : CkR L¯Yô]Õ, ØÝûUVô]AÝL úYi¥V§pûX Gu\ôp AlúTôÕCkR Øû\ ùTôÚjRUô]RôÏm.

Y¬ûN BRôW êXm (Source) ATôVLWUô] L¯ÜL°u YûLGi (Type of hazardous waste)

1 CWNôV] ùRô¯tNôûX AªXm, LûWNûX A¥lTûPVôLdùLôiPûY

2 CVk§W T¦Uû] EúXôL ùT«uh, LôÃV AªX úThP¬dLô]LôÃVm

3 úRôp ùRô¯tNôûX LûWNp, A¥lTûP AªXm

4 Lô¡R ùRô¯tNôûX L¯Ü þûU, LûWNp

5 LhÓUô]j ùRô¯tNôûX L¯Ü ùT«uh þ G°§p ¾lTtßTûY, L¯ÜlùTôÚsLs

6 EúXôL ùRô¯tNôûX ùT«uh L¯Ü, LNÓ (L] EúXôLeLsùLôiP) sludges (containing heavy metals)

7 GXdhWô²d LûWNp, ©ú[h¥e Utßm NôpP¬eL¯ÜLs (Solvents, plating and soldering solutions)

8 AÔNd§ Bt\p Spent fuel, LûWNp, L§o CVdLd L¯Ü¨ûXVeLs



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CmØû\«p L¯Ü B]Õ ØÝûUVô]A¯®tÏ G¬dLlTÓ¡\Õ.

• CÚl©Pm Rs° çWUô] CPj§pALtßRp (OFF-site disposal) : ùRoUpùNVpØû\«p CÚkÕ ¡ûPdÏm ARuGg£V ªfNØm ApXÕ TR]lTÓjRlTPôR LNÓ B]Õ, Ui Utßm ¨XjR¥¿o ùLhÓl úTôLôRYôß AjRûLVÑtßfãZ≠p ALt\lTP úYiÓm.

Eh×\ Ñtßf ãZp (Indoor environment)

Yô¯Pm ApXÕ ÅÓ ApXÕ ReÏmLh¥Pm GuTûY ÏÓmT Eßl©]oLsY£jÕ YôÝm JÚ CPm BÏm. JqùYôÚSTÚm AkR CPm UôÑ CpXôUp,YôrYRtÏ YN§VôL CÚdL úYiÓm G]®Úm×¡\ôoLs. ùRô¯p ÖhTj§pHtThÓs[ Y[of£ Utßm ×§V ÅhÓETúVôL CVk§WeLs Utßm ETLWQeLsEh×\f ÑtßfãZûX UôÑTÓjÕ¡\Õ.

JÚ Åh¥p ARu Eh×\j§p UôÑEÚYôdÏm AjRûLV ùTôÚhLs UtßmETLWQeLs Aú]Lm Es[] Utßm AûYEPp SXjûR ªLÜm úUôNUôLl Tô§dÏmB]ôp Smªp TX U²RoLs CfãZp Tt±A±VôUp CÚd¡\ôoLs.

Eh×\f ÑtßfãZ≠p UôÑ HtTÓjÕmLôW¦Ls (Causes of the pollution of Indoorenvironment)

ÑtßfãZ≠p RWj§p N¬ûY EÚYôdÏm TXùTôÚhLs Åh¥p Es[]. AûYLs ¸rYÚUôß.

• ûUdLô (Mica), ©û[Üh (plywood), ×Õ UWm(new wood), YôoÉx Utßm CWNôV]lùTôÚhLs (varnish and chemical) GpXômBTjRô]ûY.

• ¡ú[ (clay),ÑiQôm× (lime), UWm (wood),

£ùUih(cement), CÚm× (iron), Lôu¡¬h(concrete), ©[ôv¥d ùT«uh (plastic paints)

ØRXô] CûRl úTôu\ LhÓUô]lùTôÚhLs.

• ÅÓ, AÛYXLm úTôu\Yt±p Es[úUûN, SôtLô≠, Lh¥p úTôu\ ÅhÓYN§ ùTôÚhLû[j RVô¬lT§pTVuTÓjRlTÓm YôoÉx, ùT«uhUtßm @ùT®dLôp ØRXô] CWNôV]ùTôÚhLs GpXôm ®`jRuûU

EûPVûY Utßm Eh×\ ÑtßfãZ≠pSfÑ YôÙdLû[ Eªr¡u\].

• TôÄj§u Utßm ©[ôv¥d CYt\ôpùNnVlThP ùTôÚhLs A§L A[®pTVuTÓjRlTÓ¡u\]. CûY Ui¦pEs[Lôtû\ UôÑTÓjÕ¡\Õ.

• Ïú[ô¬u LXkR Ri½ûWd ùLô§dLûYdÏm úTôÕ, AÕ Ïú[ô¬û] ùY°®Ó¡\Õ AÕ UôÑ EÚYôL Y¯ YÏd¡\Õ.

• Åh¥p NûUVXû\ Ød¡VUô] JÚCPUôÏm. CeÏ UiùQiùQn,ùThúWô≠Vm YôÙ ØRXô] G¬lùTôÚhLs TVuTÓjRlTÓ¡u\].¡WôUeL°p UôhÓNôQ Y\h¥LsUtßm ®\ÏLs G¬dLlTÓ¡u\]. CûYATôVLWUô] YôÙdLs Utßm ×ûLûVùY°«Ó¡u\]. Utßm NûUVXû\«pTVuTÓjRlTÓm ªd³, ¡ûWiPoúTôu\ ETLWQeL[ôp J≠ UôÑúTôu\ûYÙm HtTÓ¡u\].

• SUÕ U¡rf£dLôL Åh¥p SômTVuTÓjÕm TXYûL ùTôÚhLÞmÑtßfãZûX UôÑTPf ùNn¡u\].SômTVuTÓjÕm Aû\ Ï°o NôR]m,Ï°oTR]l ùTh¥ Utßm TX Ï°oNôR]eLs, refrigerent þITVuTÓjÕ¡u\]. ùRôûXdLôh£Utßm Ut\ ªu]Ôl ùTôÚsLs J≠

AûXLû[, L§o ÅfûNTVuTÓjÕ¡u\]. CûRj R®W, CFC

B]Õ KúNôu AÓdûL úNRlTÓjÕ¡\Õ.ARu LôWQUôL ATôVLWUô] UtßmUV L§oLs YôuùY° Utßm ã¬V²pCÚkÕ éªdÏ YÚ¡u\].

• §WY L¯ÜLs Ï°VXû\«p CÚkÕùY°úVßm Ri½o, Õ¦Lû[jÕûYlTR]ôp YÚm Ri½oTôj§WeLû[d LÝÜm úTôÕùY°úVßm Ri½o, ¥ùPo_uh,@lùT]ô«p, ùYk¿o ùLô§LXuØRXô]ûY ùY°úVtßm Ri½o.Ïú[ô¬ú]hPh Ri½o ãÓTÓjÕmúTôÕ AÕ Ïú[ôúWô@TôûU EÚYôd¡AÕ êfÑj §Q\ÛdÏm UtßmC\l×dÏm Y¯ YÏdÏm.

• ùRô¯p ÖhT ®[mTWeL°u LôWQUôLáXo, ÍhPo, ×ú[ôVo,ùW@l¬´úWhPo, Yôμe ùUμu, KYu,



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Ho Li¥`]o, VCR, L¦²Ls, @úTdv,To@lëmv ùY°«Óm CFC (Cooler, heater,blower, refrigerator, washing machines, oven, aircontainers, VCRs computers, Fax, perfumes releaseCFC)s CÕ ÑtßfãZ≠u KúNôu AÓdûLÏu\f ùNn¡\Õ. Utßm CÕ ùY°l×\úLô[m Utßm ã¬V²p CÚkÕ YÚmATôVLWUô] L§oÅfÑLû[Ùm©W§T≠d¡\Õ.

Cuû\V §]m A±®Vp TXùNüL¬VeLû[Ùm BPmTW YôrdûLÙmU²RàdÏ RkÕs[ úTô§Ûm, AûYBúWôd¡Vj§p úUôNUô] RôdLjûRHtTÓjÕ¡u\].

Eh×\ ÑtßãZûX TôÕLôlTôLûYlTRtLô] BúXôNû]Ls (Suggestionfor keeping the Indoor environmental safe)

Eh×\ Ñtßf ãZûX ÑjRUôLÜm,çnûUVôLÜm ûYlTRtLô[BúXôNû]Ls

• JÚ ÅhûPd LhÓm úTôÕ AkRÅPô]Õ Lôtú\ôhPm Es[®vRôWUô]RôLÜm ùY°fNm SuÏCÚlTRôLÜm LhPlTP úYiÓm.GuTûR U]§p ¨ßjR úYiÓm.

• TVuTÓjRlTÓm LhÓUô] Øû\Vô]ÕSpX RWm EûPVRôL CÚdL úYiÓm.

• CWNôV] úNoUm EûPV ùTôÚhLsÅhÓd LhÓUô]j§p R®odLlTPúYiÓm.

• £kùR¥d Utßm UôÑ EiPôdÏmùTôÚhLs R®odLlTP úYiÓm.

• NûUVXû\Ùm Utßm Ï°VXû\ÙmLôtú\ôhPUôLÜm Utßm §\kRRôLÜmCÚdL úYiÓm.

• ÅhÓdÏlûTLs N¬YW ûLVô[lTPúYiÓm.

• ¡Qß úRôi¥ A§p NôdLûPjRi½ûW ùNÛjRd áPôÕ.

• RVô¬lTô[Wôp ùLôÓdLlThPA±ÜûWlT¥ ªu NôR]eLsTVuTÓjRlTP úYiÓm.

• UXeLû[ (U²R §iUd L¯ÜLû[)

N¬YW ùY°úVt\ Øû\Vô] TôûRAûUjÕ ùY°úVt\ úYiÓm.

• UW× Nôo G¬ ùTôÚhLs R®odLlTPúYiÓm.

• ã¬V Nd§ûV Åh¥p TVuTÓjÕYûRFdLlTÓjR úYiÓm.

• úRûYdÏ A§LUôL ªuù]ô°NôR]eLs ÅÓL°p AûUdLlTPáPôÕ.

• ªÏ§Vô] ©WLôNm R®odLlTPúYiÓm.

• ùP≠®`u, úPl ùWdLôoPo, v¼¬úVôØRXô] TpúYß ùTôÝÕúTôdÏNôR]eL°u NjR A[Ü Ïû\YôLûYdLlTP úYiÓm.

• Ho Lu¥`]o, Ho áXo, ÍhPoØRXô]Yt±u TVuTôhûP Åh¥pÏû\dL úYiÓm.

• çÑ T¥YûR RÓdL Y£dÏm CpXjûRN¬YW ÑjRm ùNnV úYiÓm.

• SßUQl ùTôÚhL°u TVuTôhûPÏû\dL úYiÓm.



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Nd§ûVl úT¦ LôjRp UßTVuTôÓ Utßm UßÑZt£ (Conservation ofEnergy, Re-use and Recycle)

úSôdLeLs: ClTôPj§u Cß§«p ¿eLs §\m ùT\ CÚlTûY• Nd§ Utßm Nd§ûV úT¦ LôdÏm NhPjûR Tt± YûWVû\ ùNnRp• ùYqúYß YûL Nd§ BRôWeLû[l Th¥V≠hÓ AÕ Tt± ®[dÏRp• Nd§ûV úT¦ LôjR≠u Ød¡VjÕYm Tt±d áßRp• êuß ‘R’ (Ïû\jRp, Uß TVuTôÓ Utßm UßÑZt£) (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) Tt±®[dÏRp

• ÑtßfãZp Tt±V N¬Vô] Uú]ôTôYm Tt±d áßRp.

Nd§ (Energy) : Nd§ GuTÕ úYûX ùNnVjúRûYVô] Bt\p G] YûWVû\ùNnVlTÓ¡\Õ. Aû]jÕ U²RoLs,®XeÏLs Utßm RôYWeL°u YôrdûLB]Õ Nd§ûV NôokÕs[Õ.

Nd§ûV úT¦ LôjR≠u úLôhTôÓ (law

of conservation of energy) áßYÕ Gu]ùY²p,Nd§ûV EÚYôdLÜm Ø¥VôÕ AúR úTôpAûR A¯dLÜm Ø¥VôÕ. B]ôp Nd§ûVJÚ Y¥Yj§p CÚkÕ úYú\ôÚ Y¥Yj§tÏUôt\ Ø¥Ùm. ùUôjR Nd§TôÕLôdLlThPRôLúY CÚd¡\Õ. Nd§B]Õ LhPûUl×Lû[ Ju\ôLf úNojÕ©¥lTRtÏ AYtû\ R²R²VôLl ©¬dLUtßm K¬Pj§p CÚkÕ Utù\ôÚCPj§tÏ SLojR úRûYVô] ®ûNûV Nd§B]Õ RÚ¡\Õ.

RtLôXj§p GkRùYôÚ Nd§ Uôt\Øm §\uYônkRRôL CpûX. ùTôÕYôL @Tô³p@lëp (Fossil Fuels) Gu\ûZdLlTÓ¡\(C\kR ®XeÏLs ApXÕ RôYWeL°≠ÚkÕTpXô«WdLQdLô] BiÓLÞdÏ ØuUi¦p EÚYô] ¨XdL¬ ApXÕGiùQn úTôu\ CVtûL G¬ ùTôÚs)

B]Õ AÓjR 200 BiÓL°p ¾okÕ ®ÓmATôVm Es[RôL G§o TôodLlTÓ¡\Õ.Nd§ YZeLp TdLm B]Õ ªL A§LØRÄÓLû[Ùm Utßm C\dÏU§Lû[ÙmSm© Es[Õ.

×Õl©dLjRdL (UW× þ NôWô ) Nd§BRôWeLs (Renewable (Non-Conventional)Energy Source)

×Õl©dLRdL Nd§ BRôWeLs GpXômCVtûL Y[eLs BÏm. CYtû\ ùRôPokÕUß EtTj§ ùNnV Ø¥Ùm. Utßm CûY¾okÕ úTôLôÕ. CYtû\ Ø¥®pXôRØû\«p UßT¥Ùm UßT¥Ùm TVuTÓjRØ¥Ùm. ERôWQeLs þ UWm (Wood), ã¬V Nd§(Solar energy), Lôtß Nd§ (wind energy), ¿o Nd§(hydropower), LPp ùTôeÏRÛm Y¥RÛmNôokR Nd§ (tidal energy), ´úVô ùRoUp Nd§ØR≠V] (geothermal energy).CkR Nd§BRôWeLs GpXô UôÑ EÚYôdLôRûYUtßm GkRùYôÚ G¬ ùTôÚÞm CRtÏúRûY«pûX Utßm úUÛm GkRùYôÚL¯Ü ùTôÚû[Ùm CûY EtTj§ùNnY§pûX.

Nd§ BRôW êX Y[eLs(Energy Resources)

×Õl©dLjRdL BRôWm ×Õl©dL Ø¥VôR Y[eLs(Renewable source) (Non-Renewable source )UW× NôWô Nd§ UW× Y¯ Nd§(Non-conventional energy) (Conventional energy)


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ã¬V Nd§ (Solar Energy) - ã¬V²Pm CÚkÕúSW¥VôL Sôm ùTßm Nd§ ã¬V Nd§ (solar

energy) Guß AûZdLlTÓ¡\Õ. £X Ød¡Vã¬V Nd§ûV ùT\ ERÜm LÚ®L[ôY]:

• ã¬V Jüõ«Vp ùNp (Solar (Photovoltaic)

cell) : GXdhWô²d L¥LôWm,LôpÏúXhPo, ùRÚ ®[dÏLs, Ri½oTm×Ls ØRXô]Yt±p CÕ TVuTÓjRlTÓ¡\Õ.

• ã¬V ùYlTm úNL¬lTôuLs (Solar heat

collectors) : Ï°o ©WúRNeL°p ã¬VùYlT úNL¬lTôuLû[ TVuTÓj§ÅÓLs ùYÕùYÕlTôL ûYdLlTÓ¡u\].

• úNôXôo YôhPo ÍhPo (Solar waterheater):

Lôtß Nd§ (Wind Energy) : Lôt±u ®ûNL°pCÚkÕ ùT\lTÓm Nd§ Lôtß Nd§ (wind

energy) Gu\ûZdLlTÓ¡\Õ. CÕ AúSLLPtLûW«p, ¨XlTÏ§«p UtßmÏ¥«ÚdÏm CPj§p CÚkÕ ùRôûX®pJÕdÏl×\Uôn Es[ TÏ§«p G°§p¡ûPd¡\Õ.

LPp AûX Nd§ (Tidal Energy) : ã¬VuUtßm Nk§W²u Dol× ®ûN LôWQUôLLPp AûXL°p CÚkÕ EtTj§ùNnVlTÓm Nd§, LPp AûX Nd§ (tidal

energy) Guß AûZdLlTÓ¡\Õ. LPpRi½o Yt\ôÕ GuTRôp UûZlùTô¯®u SmTLUt\ RuûU«û] CÕØÝûUVôLúY Nôok§ÚlT§pûX.

×® ùYlT Nd§ (Geo-thermal energy) :

éª«u Eh×\m CÚdÏm EVo ùYlT¨ûX«p CÚkÕ ùT\lTÓm Nd§ B]Õ ×®ùYlT Nd§ (geo-thermal energy) Gu\ûZdLlTÓ¡\Õ. CÕ §\m TP ùYk¿o Ï°VpùWNôohv (resorts), BdYô LpfNo (aquaculture),

TÑûU CpXm (green house) úTôu\ úSW¥TVuTôh¥tÏ TVuTÓ¡\Õ.

E«¬] Tp§Ws A[®p CÚkÕùT\lTÓm Nd§ (Biomass Energy) : RôYWeLsUtßm ®XeÏLs úTôu\ E«¬]lùTôÚhL°p CÚkÕ EtTj§VôÏm Nd§E«W] Tp§Ws A[®p CÚkÕùT\lTÓm Nd§ (Biomass Energy) CRuERôWQeL[ôY]þ UWm, T«oÁRm, ®ûRLs,LôpSûPf NôQm, U²RdL¯Ü, ®YNôVL¯ÜLs ØRXô]ûY. RôYWm Utßm ®XeÏ

L¯®p EWUôÏm Utßm G¬ùTôÚ[ôLlTVuTÓYÕUô] ÁúRu Utßm LôoTu ûPBdû^Ó LXûY ûTúVô @lëpv CûYÙmERôWQUôÏm.

×Õl©dLRdL Y[eL°u SuûULs(Merits of Renewable resources)

• YWm©pXôR CÚl×

• Nd§ TôÕLôlûT YZeÏ¡\Õ

• S≠Ü\ôÕ ¿¥j§ÚdÏm Y[of£jRjÕYj§tÏm ùTôÚjRUô]Õ

• SmTLjRuûU

• ûUVdLhÓTôPt\ Nd§ EtTj§

×Õl©dL U¥VôR UW× Nôo Nd§ êXm(Non-Renewable (Conventional) Energy Source)

×Õl©dL Ø¥VôR UW× Nôo Nd§ Y[eLsGpXôm CVtûL Y[eLs BÏm. CûYJÚØû\ ¾okÕ ®hPôp UßT¥ÙmEÚYôdL Ø¥VôÕ/ TVuTÓjR Ø¥VôÕ.ERôWQeL[ôY]. GiùQn, ¨XdL¬,ùThúWô≠Vm CVtûL YôÙ, ¨ëd°Vo G¬ùTôÚs ØRXô]ûY.

¨XdL¬ (Coal) : CÕ ªL A§L A[®pùYlTjûRj RÚ¡\Õ CkR Nd§ êXeLû[×Õl©dL Ø¥VôÕ. CÕ TYo aÜv,ùRô¯tNôûXL°p TVuTÓjRlTÓ¡\Õ.

ùThúWô≠Vm (Petroleum): C§p ùThúWôp,¼Np, ùUô©p B«p Utßm ª]Wp B«pAPeÏm. CûY úUôhPôo YôL]eLs,EûXLs Utßm TYo aÜ³pTVuTÓ¡u\]. SÅ] ùRô¯p ÖhTj§pSmTlTÓYÕ Gu]ùY²p, éª«p CÚkÕ3000 ªp≠Vu Pu ùThúWô≠VØm, UtßmúUÛm 1000 ªp≠Vm Pu LP≠p CÚkÕmùT\ Ø¥Ùm GuTRôÏm.

§WY¨ûX«p ùThúWô≠Vm YôÙ (LPG

(Liquified Petroleum Gas) : ¡Wôd¡e Utßm©u] ¥v¥úX`u (fractional distillation) êXmùT\lThP ùThúWô≠Vm YôÙûY LPG BLA§L AÝjRj§u §WYUôL G°§p EÚUôt\m ùNnV Ø¥Ùm.

CVtûL YôÙ (Natural gas) : Ï[m UtßmLPp A¥«p A§L AÝjRm Ut\mùYlT¨ûX«u ¸r ×ûRdLlThP C\kR®XeÏ Ut\m RôYWeL°u AÝ¡V¨ûX«≠ÚkÕ CVtûL YôÙ ¡ûPd¡\Õ.CÕ GiùQn ¡Qt±p GiùQndÏ úUpLôQlTÓ¡\Õ.



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Nd§ûV úT¦dLôjRp (Conservational ofenergy)

Nd§ûV úNªlTÕ GuTÕ Nd§ûVEtTj§ ùNnYRtÏ NUm. (Saving of energy

is the production of energy) CRu ùTôÚsGu]ùY²p, Nd§ GuTÕ ªLÜmØd¡VUô]RôÏm. Ck§Vô úTôu\ Y[okÕYÚm SôÓL°p úUÛm úUÛm A§LUôLNd§ûVf úNªdL Ø¥kR A[Ü ØVt£LsùNnV úYiÓm.

YÚPj§tÏ 10 NRÅRm Gu\ ®¡Rj§p ªuNd§dLô] úRûY A§L¬jÕd ùLôiúPùNp¡\Õ. B]ôp CkR A[Ü ÅRj§p ªuEtTj§ûVl ùTÚdÏYÕ GuTÕ CVXôRLô¬Vm B¡\Õ. Nd§ ÖLoÜ YÚPj§tÏ 12.8NRÅRm Gu\ A[®p A§L¬jÕs[Õ.ÖLoÜdÏ NUUô] A[®p Nd§ûV EtTj§ùNnYÕ GuTÕ CVXôR Lô¬VUôL Es[Õ.G]úY SUdÏ CÚdÏm úRoÜ GuTÕNd§ûV úNªjÕ A§L Nd§ûVúT¦lTôÕLôlTRôÏm. 14þkú§ ¥NmToUôRj§p EXL Nd§ TôÕLôdÏm Sôs(14th December world energy conservation day) BLùLôiPôPlTÓ¡\Õ.

ªu Nd§ûVl úT¦l TôÕLôlTRtLô]£X ERôWQeLs ¸úZ RWlThÓs[].(Some examples of conservation of electric energyis given below):

ªu úUôhPôo (Electric motor) : ªuúUôhPôo Nd§ûV ùNXY¯lT§pùTÚmTeÏ HtTÓjÕm JÚ ùTôÚs BÏm.SÅ] ùRô¯pÖhTeLû[ TVuTÓjRYRôpùNX®PlTÓm ªu Nd§ûV Ïû\dL Ø¥Ùm.G]úY TXm YônkR Utßm RWUô]úUôhPoLû[ Li¥lTôL TVuTÓjRúYiÓm.

Tm× (Pump) : CkR Tm×L°p ¼Np Gg´uêXUôLÜm Utßm ªuúUôhPôoêXUôLÜm Nd§ ùNX®PlTÓm ¼NpGg_õ]ôp úUôhPôo Tmlþu ©WTXmA§L¬jÕs[Õ. Utßm CÕ YN§Vô]ÕmáP RWUô] ¼Np Gg´û] TWôU¬lTRuêXm Ïû\kR A[Ü Nd§ ùNX®hÓ A§LA[Ü úYûXûVf ùNnV Ø¥Ùm.

Jüõ HtTôÓ (Arrangement of light ): ÅÓLsUtßm ùRô¯tNôûXL°p JüõúRûYlTÓ¡\Õ. JüõdLôL ùUôjRªuNôWj§p 17.4 NRÅRm ÖLWlTÓ¡\Õ.

G§oLôX TVuTôhÓj úRûY CuàmA§LUôLúY CÚdÏm Hù]²p ClúTôúRA§L¬jÕ YÚm UdLs ùRôûLVôpAû]jÕ UdLÞdÏm ªuNôWmCÚlT§pûX. A§LlT¥Vô] ªuTVuTôhûP R®odL úYiÓm Hù]²pCÕ ¾okÕ úTôÏm Y[m BÏm.

Y[eLs ¾okÕ YÚYRôp éª«p Es[JqùYôÚY¬u LPûU Gu]ùY²p,Y[eLs G§oLôXf NkR§dÏm ¡ûPdÏmYûL«p úNªjÕl úTQ úYiÓm.Øuú]t\m Utßm UdLs ùRôûLùTÚdLjRôp RtúTôûRV EXLm CVtûLY[eL°p HWô[Uô] RhÓTôhûP Nk§jÕYÚ¡\Õ.

CVtûL BRôW Y[eLû[úTÔYRtLô] T¬kÕûWdLlThPSPY¥dûLLs (Measures recommended forconservation of natural resources):

• TVuTôh¥p CpXôR úTôÕ ªu®[dÏLs, ªu®£±Ls, Ut\m ©\NôR]eLû[ AûQdLÜm.

• ùY«p SôhL°p ã¬V ÏdLûW EQÜNûUdL TVuTÓjR úYiÓm.

• EXo®lTôû] TVuTÓjÕYRtÏ T§XôLã¬V JüõûV TVuTÓj§ Õ¦U¦Lû[EXWf ùNnVÜm.

• EeLs Åh¥u AÚLôûU«p A§LUWeLû[ Y[ojRôp AR]ôp EeLÞdÏÏ°okR Lôtß Utßm ¨ZÛm ¡ûPdÏmAÕ A.C Utßm cooler L°p EeLÞdÏBÏm ªu LhPQjûR Ïû\dÏm.

• EQÜ NûUdL ©W`o ÏdLûWETúVô¡dLÜm.

• Lôo ApXÕ váhPo TVuTÓjÕYRtÏT§XôL SPkÕ ùNpÛeLs ApXÕûNd¡s KhPÜm.

• GpXô ÅhÓ ETúVôL ùTôÚhLÞdÏmRi½ûW Ïû\YôL TVuTÓjRÜm.

• ÏZônL°p Ri½o L£Ü HúRàmEs[Rô GuTûRf úNô§jÕ EP]¥VôLTÝÕ ¿dLm ùNnVÜm.

• A§L UWeLs ShÓ AYtû\TôÕLôdLÜm.

• Lô¡R TVuTôÓ Utßm ®\ÏTVuTôhûP Ïû\dLÜm.



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• Grassing Utßm Áu ©¥jRûX (fishing)

LhÓlTÓjR úYiÓm.

êuß R's: Ïû\jRp, Uß TVuTôÓUtßm UßÑZt£ (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle)

(TPm 1)

CûYLs ¿¥j§ÚdÏm TQjûRªfNlTÓjÕm.

• T¦«p GlúTôùRpXôm Nôj§VúUôAlúTôùRpXôm CWiÓ ×\Øm SLpGÓdLÜm.

• R²jR²VôL TX T§úYÓLû[ûLVôsYRtÏ T§XôL JúW ùTôÕYô]T§úYÓLû[ TWôU¬dLÜm.

• ªu]gNp TVuTÓjRÜm ApXÕ©WRô] A±dûL TXûL TVuTÓjRÜm.

• CRtÏ úUp YôeÏYRtÏ ®ÚlTªpûXGu\ ùTôÚhL°u Th¥«≠ÚkR EeLsùTVûW ALt\Üm.

• úTlTo PYpv TVuTÓjÕYRtÏ T§XôLJÚ ¥x ¡[ôj ETúVô¡dLÜm.

Uß TVuTôÓ (Reuse)

CÕ ùTôÚ[ôRôW £dL]m UtßmÑtßl×\fãZp Tt±V A±ûYj RkÕùTôÚhLû[ UßT¥Ùm TVuTÓjRfùNn¡\Õ.

ùTôÚhLû[ ùYqúYß Y¯L°p UßTVuTôÓ ùNnRp (Reuse products in differentways) :

• JÚ U§V EQûY úTd TiÔm úTôÕJÚ Lô© úLû] TVuTÓjRXôm.©[ôv¥d ûUdúWôúYq ¥u]o¥úWdLû[ ©d²d ¥x`ôLTVuTÓjRXôm.

• TûZV BûPLû[ TûZV NôR]eLû[®û[VôhÓl ùTôÚhLû[ UtßmúUû_, SôtLô≠, Lh¥p úTôu\ ÅhÓYN§l ùTôÚhLs CYtû\ SûPTôûR®tTû] LûPL°p ®tLXôm ApXÕCYtû\ úSôÙt\YoLs,Y±VYoLsØR≠úVôÚdÏ SuùLôûPVôLùLôÓdLXôm.

• ©[ôv¥d ùTôÚû[ TVuTÓjÕYRtÏlT§XôL ùTôÚjRUô] Tôj§WeLû[TVuTÓjRXôm.

• Lô¡Rd ÏYû[ûV TVuTÓjÕYRtÏT§XôL ÀeLôu ÏYû[ TVuTÓjRÜm.

• LûPLÞdÏ ùTôÚhLs YôeL YÚmúTôÕ, U°ûL LûP ûTLû[ UßT¥ÙmTVuTÓjRÜm. ApXÕ EeLs ùNôkRûTLû[ TVuTÓjRÜm.

êuß R's Gu]ùYu\ôp Ïû\jRp,UßTVuTôÓ Utßm Uß ÑZt£ (Reduce,

Reuse and Recycle) CûY ùY°úV ÅNlTÓmL¯®u A[ûYd Ïû\dL ERYlTVuTÓ¡u\]. CûY CVtûL Y[eLû[¨Wl×m ̈ Xl TÏ§ûV Utßm Nd§ûV úT¦TôÕLôd¡\Õ. CûY ¨Xm Ut\m TQjûRªfNlTÓjÕ¡\Õ. Aû]YÚm CkRCXh£Vj§tÏ ERY úYiÓm. UtßmCVtûL Y[eLs Nd§ Utßm TQjûRêuß R's þIl TVuTÓj§ ªfNlTÓjRúYiÓm.

Ïû\jRp (Reduce)

L¯Ü úUXôiûU«p ªL SpX Y¯ ARû]EÚYôdLôUp CÚlTÕ Rôu. LY]Uô]ùTôÚhLû[ YôeÏYRôÛm Utßm £XY¯LôhÓRpL°p ®¯l×QoÜPuCÚlTRôÛm CRû] ùNnV Ø¥Ùm.

• ùTôÚhLû[ ùUôjRUôL ùT¬V UtßmùTôÚ[ôRôW A[®u JúW RPûYVôLYôeLÜm. Ïû\Yô] úTdúL´eTVuTÓjRÜm.

• ªÏ§VôL úTd TiÔYûR R®odLÜm.Ød¡VUôL @Tô«p Lô¡Rm Utßm©[ôv¥d úTôu\ TX ùTôÚhL[ôpJuû\ ªÏ§VôL úTd TiÔYûRR®odLÜm.

• Lô¡Rj RhÓ, Ll, úSl¡u úWNov UtßmûXhPov úTôu\ûY TVuTÓj§ ®hÓçW G±lTÓm ùTôÚhLû[j R®odLÜm.

• EûPVôUp, S≠Ü\ôUp ¿¥jÕ CÚdLdá¥V ùTôÚhLû[ YôeLÜm. JÚ Øû\SuÏ LhPlThP ApXÕ SpX EjRWYôRºhÓ EûPV ùTôÚhLû[ YôeLÜm.

Fig 1



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• EeLÞdÏ Juß úRûYlTPôRYûW JÚûTûV LûP«p CÚkÕ Yôe¡ùNpXô¾oLs.

UßÑZt£ (Recycle)

L¯Ül ùTôÚhLû[ TVàs[ ×§VùTôÚhL[ôp Uôtßm ùNnØû\ B]ÕUßÑZt£ Guß AûZdLlTÓ¡\Õ.UßÑZt£ GuTÕ JÚ TVuTÓjRlThPùTôÚhLû[ Utßm ùNnØû\Lû[§ÚmTÜm/ UßT¥Ùm RVô¬jÕ×ÕlùTôÚ[ôL ARû] ®tTRtLô] ùRôPoùNVpT¥Ls BÏm.

• Åh¥Ûm Utßm T¦«Ûm UßÑZt£ûVj ùRôPeLÜm.

• Uß ÑZt£ ùNnVlThP ùTôÚhLû[YôeLÜm UßÑZt£ AûPVô[dÏ±ûVTodLÜm ApXÕ LûPúUXô[ûW ApXÕ®tTû]Vô[ûW úLhLÜm. UßÑZt£AûPVô[dÏ± ùR¬®lTÕ Gu]ùY²p,Juß AkRl ùTôÚs UßÑZt£ùNnVlThP ùTôÚ°≠ÚkÕ RVô¬dLlThPRô] CÚdLXôm ApXÕ AkRlùTôÚû[ UßÑZt£ ùNnV Ø¥ÙmGuTRôÏm.

• TX ©[ôv¥d Tôj§WeLs JÚ SmToúLôÓ þ EPu á¥V UßÑZt£ £mTp þIùLôi¥ÚdÏm CÕ CkRl ùTôÚs GkRYûL ©[ôv¥d ÑZt£ þp CÚkÕRVô¬dLlThPÕ GuTûRd Ï±lTRôÏm.

• úNL¬l× ûUVeLs TdLjÕCPeL°-ÚkÕ LhÓlTÓjÕRp curb side

pickup úNûYLû[ úNô§jÕ AYoLs GûRHtßd ùLôs¡\ôoLs GuTûR A±kÕAjRûLV ùTôÚhLû[ úNL¬dLjùRôPeLÜm. C§p EúXôL ùXuv,ùNn§jRôsLs, Lô¡Rl ùTôÚhLs,LiQô¥, ©[ôv¥d Utßm GiùQnCûYLs APeÏm.

• AÛYXL TVuTôh¥tÏ ùTôÚhLsYôeÏm úTôÕ, AÛYXLj§tÏETLWQeLs YôeÏm úTôÕ,T¦«Pj§p UßÑZt£ ùNnVlThPùTôÚhLs YôeÏYÕ Tt± úVô£dLÜm.

• LûP úUXô[¬Pm úT£, L¯ÜlùTôÚhLû[ Ïû\dÏUôßm AlT¥lThP ùTôÚhLû[ ARôYÕ UßÑZt£ùNnVlThP ùTôÚhLs ApXÕ

ªûLVôL úTd TiQlTPôR ùTôÚhLsúTôu\Ytû\ ETúVô¡dÏUôßùNôpXÜm.

• UßÑZt£ úNL¬l× ùTôÚhL[ôpRVô¬dLlThP ùTôÚhLû[ YôeLÜm.

• UßÑZt£ ùNnVlThP ØLY¬Af£PlThP Lô¡Rm, Lô¡R SLp GÓdLlTVuTÓm Lô¡Rm úTôu\Ytû\ETúVô¡dLÜm.

ÑtßfãZp Tt±V N¬Vô] Uú]ôTôYm(Right attitude towards environment)

ÑtßfãZp Tt±V N¬Vô]LiúQôhPj§p N¬Vô] Uú]ôTôYmùLôi¥ÚlTÕ SUÕ ùNVp§\û]úUmTÓjÕm. SUÕ AÛYXLeLs UtßmYôÝm Åh¥p CPm JÕdÏYÕ SUÕ£kRû]«p ùR°ûYÙm Ju±p U]mÏ®YûRÙm EÚYôdÏm.

SUÕ Åh¥u ÑtßfãZp B]Õ SmûUSôúU ªLÜm ûL úRokRYoL[ôL EÚYôd¡dùLôs[ ERÜm. ©¬dLÜm Utßm úNodLÜmGkúSWØm Ht\RôL CÚdLYpXÑtßfãZûX SUÕ Åh¥p EÚYôdLúYiÓm.

EeLs T¦«PjûR AûUjRp (Organisingyour workspace)

• SUÕ T¦«PUô]Õ ªLj §\uYônkRRôLÜm Utßm ûLúRokRRôLÜmCÚdÏmT¥ AûUdLlTP úYiÓm.EeLs U]ûR AûU§VôLÜm, Ju±pU]m Ï®YRôLÜm UhÓmLhÓTôhÓPàm ûYj§ÚlTRtúLt\SuÏ ûLVô[lTÓm CPUôLÜm AeÏEeL°u A§LThN ùNVp§\u¡ûPdÏmT¥VôLÜm T¦«PjûR ÁhÓùLôiÓ YW úSWm £±Õ JÕeÏeLs.

• N¬Vô] ARtÏ¬V CPj§p ùTôÚhLû[ûYdÏm TZdLjûR ûLdùLôQWÜm.

StTVu A°d¡\ úRofó£ ùTt\ ãZûXEÚYôdÏRp (Create a productive, professionalambiance)

• AûU§ Utßm StTVu úUmTÓjÕYRtLôL ARtúLt\ YûL«p AÛYXLCPj§p UWeLs Utßm ®[dÏLsCÚdL úYiÓm.

• RôYWeLs BúWôd¡VUô]RôL CÚlTûR



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Eß§ ùNnV úYiÓm. C\kÕ®hPApXÕ C\kÕ ùLôi¥ÚdÏm RôYWeLsEeLs Nd§ûV Y¥Vf ùNnÕ®Óm.

• EeLs AÛYXLm CÚhPôLÜm, CÚsTPokRRôLÜm CVtûL ùY°fNj§pLôQlThPôp Jüõ Utßm CÚl©Pj§pUôt\m ùNnVÜm. ¡[ôv Pôl ùPvdB]ûY CÚs Utßm çÑ T¥YûR ®PúUmThP TXû] RÚm.

• EeLs AÛYXLjûR ©\ûW U¡Zf ùNnÕRuTôp DodÏm Bt\ûX L£kùRôÝLùNnÙm CPUôL Uôt± EeLsYô¥dûLVô[oLs EeLÞPu CÚdLl©¬VlTÓm CPUôL CÚdLf ùNnVúYiÓm.

• EeLs T¦fãZÛdÏ RWlTÓm CjRûLVN¬Vô] Uú]ôTôYm LY²l×Pàm,Utßm U¬VôûRÙPàm ¿eLs SPkÕùLôsÞm ®Rm, EeLs T¦«Ûm AúRSpX Uú]ôTôYj§tÏ ERÜm.

¿eLs YôÝm CPmRôu EeLsNWQôXVm (Home is your sanctuary)

• SpX CWÜ úSWj çdLm YÚYÕ, EeLs§]N¬ T¦L°p StTXu A§Lm¡ûPlTûR Eß§ ùNnÕ ùLôs[AY£VUô]RôÏm.

• EeLÞPu EeLs TÓdûL Aû\dÏEeLs T¦Lû[ JÚúTôÕm GÓjÕfùNpXô¾oLs. EeLs ªu NôR]jûR Ut\Aû\«p ®hÓf ùNpXÜm.

• EeLs U¥L¦² Utßm ùRôûXúT£«pCÚkÕ £±Õ CPm ®PÜm.

• úYûX ùNnÙm CPjûR ÑjRUôLûYj§ÚdLÜm. T¥dLlTPôR úTlToùYôod êhûPLû[ GeLôYÕ Li¦pùR¬Ùm T¥ ûYj§ÚdLÜm.

• YN§Vô] AUo®P TÏ§«p AUokÕ×jRLm Yô£dL úSWm ùNX®PÜm.

• SpX CWûYd ùLôi¥ÚkRôp ¿eLsEeL°u A§LThN YpXûUÙPuùNVpTP Ø¥Ùm.



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×® ùYlTUVUôRp (Global Warming)

Ï°o UiPXj§p ùN¥Ls Y[olTRtLô]ùYmûUëhPlThP LiQô¥«Xô]Lh¥Pj§u ®û[ÜL[ôp (green house effect)

HtTÓm éª«u ÁÕ NWôN¬ ùYlT¨ûXA§L¬l× B]Õ, ×® ùYlTUVUôRp(global warming) Guß AûZdLlTÓ¡\Õ. CÕúUÛm ×® TWl©p Lôtß Utßm LP≠uNWôN¬ ùYlT¨ûX«p LôQlTÓmEVoûYÙm Ï±d¡\Õ.

£X YôÙdL[ôp Y° UiPXj§p ùYlTmDodLlTÓYRtLô] TÑûU CpX®û[ÜLû[ 1987 þp JÚ ©ùWgf ®gOô²Utßm L¦R úUûR B] ´u Tôl¥vhú_ôNl @Tô¬Vo (Jean Baptiste Joseph

Fourier) GuTYo ×Õf ùNôpûXEÚYôd¡]ôo.

×®«u Y° UiPXj§p £X YôÙdLsEs[]. AûY ùY°úVtßm £X ¿iPL§oÅfÑLû[ (long wave radiation) ApXÕùYlT Nd§ûV (heat energy) E±gÑ¡u\].CYtßs Es[PeÏTûY LôoTuûPBdû^Ó, ÁjúRu, ûShW_u Bdû^Ó,Ïú[ôúWô @lú[ôúWô LôoTu Utßm ¿Wô®(Carbon dioxide (CO

2), methane (CH

4), Nitrogen Oxide

(NO), Chlora Floro Carbon (CFC), Water vapour) BÏm.

×® ùYlTUVUôR≠u ®û[ÜLs (Effectof Global Warming)

• ×®«u RhTùYlT ¨ûX EVoYô]Õ,LPp UhPjûR EVojÕ¡\Õ.

• T²lTôû\Ls EÚÏRp, T² UûXLsUtßm ÕÚY IvúLlLs EÚÏYÕGuTùRpXôm, ×® ùYlTUVUôR≠uØd¡V ®û[ÜLs BÏm. CûY LPpUhPjûR EVojÕ¡\Õ.

• UûZl ùTô¯Ü Øû\«p Uôt\m.

• LP≠u El×j Ri½Wôp ¿o Y[eLsùLhÓl úTôÏm.

• U²R UdLs ùRôûL CPm ùTVoYÕ¨LÝm.

• LôhÓj RôYWeL°u ùRôÏ§VôpùYlT¨ûX Uôt\m Utßm UûZlùTô¯Yôp HtTÓm Uôt\m, CYt±uUôßm ×ÕfãZûX AàN¬jÕdùLôs[Ø¥Y§pûX.

TÑûU Ï¥p GuTRu ùTôÚs(Meaning ofGreen House)

EX¡u Ï°o ©WúRNeL°p ùY°l×\jûR®P Åh¥u Esú[ ùYlTm A§LUôLCÚdÏm T¥Vô] RôYW Y[of£ûVTô§dLôR ÅÓLs LhPlTÓ¡u\]. TfûNdLiQô¥Ls ùLôiÓ LhPlTÓm CkRYûL ÅÓLs TÑûU Ï¥p Gu\ûZdLlTÓ¡u\].

LôoTu ûP Bdû^Ó (Carbon dioxide(CO2)

B]Õ ã¬V Nd§«u Uôt\m Utßm ã¬VdL§oLû[ RÓd¡\Õ. CÕ JÚ úTôoûYVôLùNVpTÓ¡\Õ. C§p ã¬V L§oLs éª«pCÚkÕ EªZlThP ùYlT L§oLû[ ÖûZVùNnÙm. B]ôp AûY ùY°úV ùNpYûRjRÓdÏm YûL«p úTôoûYVôLùNVpTÓ¡\Õ.

LôÓLû[ A¯jRp, ùRô¯tNôûX UVUôRp,úTôu\ U²R²u ùNVpTôÓLs LôWQUôL,CkSôhL°p LôoTu ûP Bdû^ÓL°uA[Ü B]Õ SôÞdÏ Sôs A§L¬d¡\Õ.éª ùYlT¨ûX EVoÜm. TÑûUd Ï¥ûXTô§d¡\Õ.


×® ùYlTUVUôRp þ KúNôuTPXm ÏußRp (Global Warming - Ozone LayerDepletion)

úSôdLeLs: ClTôPj§u Cß§«p ¿eLs §\m ùT\ CÚlTûY• ×® ùYlTUVUôRp GuTRu ùTôÚû[d áßRp• TÑûUd Ï¥p Tt±V ùTôÚû[d áßRp Utßm ARu ®û[ÜLû[d áßRp• TÑûUd Ï¥p ®û[ÜLû[ GlT¥ LhÓlTÓjÕYÕ GuTÕ Tt±d áßRp• KúNôu YôÙûY Tt±d áßRp• KúNôu TPXm ÏußYRtLô] LôWQeLs, ARu ®û[ÜLs Utßm RÓdÏmSPY¥dûLLû[d áßRp

• AªX UûZ Tt±Ùm Utßm ARu ®û[ÜLû[ Tt±Ùm áßRp.


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TÑûUd Ï¥≠u YôÙdLs (Green HouseGases (GHG)

EVo WL TÑûUd Ï¥≠u YôÙdL[ôYÕ

• ¿Wô® - ÑUôo 36%-70% YûW TÑûUd Ï¥p®û[ÜLû[ EÚYôdÏ¡\Õ.

• LôoTu ûP Bdû^Ó (Carbon dioxide (CO2)

9-26% YûW RôdLjûR HtTÓjÕ¡\Õ.

• ÁjúRu (Methane (CH4) 4-9% EÚYôdÏ¡\Õ

Utßm KúNôu ozone (O3) 3-7%.

TÑûU Ï¥p ®û[ÜLs Utßm Yô²ûXUôt\m (The effects of green house and change inclimate)

TÑûU YôÙdLs ®û[®u LôWQUôL éªdúLôs Y° UiPXj§p ùYlTm HtThÓARu LôWQUôL éª«u ùYlTmA§L¬d¡\Õ. CkR Y° UiPXmCpûXùVu\ôp, TÑûU YôÙdL°uLôWQUôL ùYlT¨ûX EVokRôp U²R E«oYôrdûLdLô] Ød¡V LôW¦Vô] éª«uCVtûLVô] GHE Tô§dLlTÓm.

TÑûUd Ï¥p ®û[ÜLs LôWQUôL¸rLiP Uôt\eLs Yô²ûX«pHtTÓ¡u\].

• RôYWeLs Utßm ®XeÏLs ªLÜmúUôNUôL CR]ôp Tô§lTûP¡u\].

• UûZ A§Lm B¡\Õ.

• ÑtßfãZp AûUÜ NU¨ûXûV CÕTô§d¡\Õ.

• LôoTu ûP Bdû^¥u A§L¬lTôpT«oL°u EtTj§ A§L¬jRôÛm RWmÏû\¡\Õ.

• Ui Ïû\Yô] Y[m EûPVRô¡\Õ.

• Ï°o ©WúRNeL°p Ï°o LôXm Ïû\kÕÏû\Yô] Ï°o LôQlTÓm.

• LôÓLû[ A¯lTRôÛm ùRô¯tNôûXUVUôdÏYRôÛm impregrenable gases

EtTj§Vô¡u\]. CRu ®û[YôL UiTô§lTûP¡\Õ.

• RôYWeL°p Ïû\Yô] A[úY ûShW_uCÚdÏm. CûY éf£L[ôp A§LlTô§dÏs[ô¡\Õ.

• éª«u ùYlT¨ûX ùRôPokÕ EVokÕYÚYRôp, LPp ãÓ B¡ LPp ¿o UhPmEVo¡\Õ.

• U²RoL°u BúWôd¡Vm úUôNUôLlTô§dLlTÓ¡\Õ. CRu LôWQUôLGiQt\ úSônLs A§L¬d¡\Õ.(ERôWQm þ UúX¬Vô, ÑYôNdúLô[ôßLs Utßm úRôp úSônLs)

• Nd§ BRôW êXeLÞm úUôNUôLlTô§lTûP¡\Õ.

• Ri½o Tt\ôdÏû\Vôp ªu EtTj§Ïû\Ùm.

TÑûUd Ï¥p ®û[ÜLû[ LhÓlTÓjÕm Y¯Øû\Ls (Methods to controlline Green House Effect)

1979 þp EXL ÑtßfãZp LZLm B]Õ YôÙUiPXj§p Ñtßf ãZ≠p LôoTu ûPBdû^Ó A[ûYd LhÓlTÓjÕYÕApXÕ Ïû\lTÕ ªLÜm Ød¡Vm G]j¾oUô²jRp.

13 BiÓLÞdÏ ©u]o, 1992 þp Rio-de-jeneiro

(Brazil)þp, ÑtßfãZp Utßm úUmTôh¥uGoj Lôu@lWuv SPkRÕ. 182 SôÓLsCmUôSôh¥p LXkÕ ùLôiÓ ¸úZùLôÓjÕs[T¥ TXjR ®¬Yô] ®YôRmSPj§].

• YôÙ UiPXj§p LôoTu ûPBdû^ÓA[ûYd Ïû\lTÕ.

• LôÓLû[ TWôU¬jÕ úUXôiûUùNnYÕ.

• ùRô¯p ÖhTeL°p Uôt\m ùLôiÓYÚYÕ

• TúVô ûPYo£h¥ (Bio diversity)

• S≠Ü\ôÕ ¿¥jÕ CÚdLf ùNnYRuY[of£/ úUmTôÓ

• UôÑdL°p CÚkÕ EXûL TôÕLôdL ¨§úUXôiûU ùNnYÕ.

• ùThúWô≠Vl ùTôÚhLÞdÏ T§XôLTúVô vú^ôov TVuTÓjRlTPúYiÓm.

Yô²ûX Uôt\m B]Õ, U²R²uùNVpTôÓLÞPu úSW¥VôLúYô ApXÕUû\ØLUôLúYô NmTkRlThPÕ, CÕ×®fÑtßfãZ≠u LôlúTô]uhv þIUôt\YpXÕ. CRû] CVtûLVô] LôXA[ÜL°p LôQXôm.

©WRô]UôL Yô²ûX Uôt\eLû[ÑtßfãZ≠p CÚdÏm TÑûUdÏ¥pYôÙdL°u ùUôjR vPôd¡p LôQXôm



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Utßm YÚPôk§W YôÙ ùY°lTôÓL[ôpApX.

ÕÚYl T²dLh¥ EÚÏRp (Melting of thepolar ice)

KúNôu ÏußYÕ A§L¬lTRôp éªTWl©u ùYlT¨ûXÙm SôÞdÏ SôsA§L¬d¡\Õ. A§L¬jÕ YÚm ùYlT¨ûXLôWQUôL éª«u ÕÚYl ©WúRNeL°pCÚdÏm T²dLh¥Ls úYLUôL EÚ¡LP≠u Ri½o UhPm EVo¡\Õ.ÕÚYeL°p Es[ T²dLh¥ EÚÏYRôpeco-system þp JÚ CmúTXuv A§L¬jÕ AÕªLÜm BTjûR EÚYôdÏ¡\Õ.

CFC YôÙ, ÁjúRu, ûShW_u BdûL^ÓúTôu\ YôÙdLû[ LhÓlTÓjÕYÕ ªLÜmØd¡Vm BÏm. CûY KúNôu AÓdûLTôrTÓjÕm Utßm ÕÚYeL°u T²dLh¥ûV EÚL ûYdÏm. Cf ùNVpLs®XeÏLs Utßm RôYWeLû[ A¯dÏm.

LPp ¿¬p EVoÜ (Rise in sea water)

éª«u TWl©p ùYlT¨ûX EVoÜLôWQUôLj ÕÚY ©WúRNeL°p T²dLh¥úYLUôL EÚÏ¡\Õ. CRu ®û[YôL LP≠u¿oUhPm B]Õ 6cm YûWÙm 21st century

LPp ¿o UhPm 65cm YûWÙm EVÚm. G]úYùYlT¨ûX A§L¬l× ̈ ßjRlTP úYiÓm.CpXô®¥p, ®XeÏLs Utßm RôYWeLsA§L A[®p Tô§dLlTÓm.

¡úVôhúPô UôSôÓ 1977 (Kyoto conference1977)

YôÙ UiPXj§p LôoTu ûP Bdû^ÓA[Ü áÓ¡\Õ Utßm ARu ùYlT¨ûXÙmùRôPokÕ á¥d ùLôiúP YÚ¡\Õ AÕBTjÕLû[ EÚYôdÏ¡\Õ. G]úY JÚTu]ôhÓ UôSôÓ Yô²ûX Tt± ¥NmTo1977þp _lTô²u ¡VôhúPô Gu\ CPj§pSPkRÕ. 160 SôÓL°u ©W§¨§Ls LXkÕùLôiP]o. Utßm éª«u ÑtßfãZ≠pùYlT¨ûX A§L¬l× LôWQUôL HtTÓmYô²ûX Uôt\j§û] RÓlTRtLô]YWXôtßf £\l× ªdL JlTkRjûREÚYôd¡]ôoLs.

Yô²ûX Uôt\m Tt±V CkR UôSôh¥p©WRô] CXdÏ B]Õ Yô²ûX Uôt\j§uØd¡V LôWQeLû[ LhÓlTÓjÕYÕUtßm ÑLôRôWm Utßm BúWôd¡VmLiúQôhPj§p EXLf ÑtßfãZ≠pRWjûR úUmTÓjR ØVt£lTÕ BÏm.

CkR JlTkRj§uT¥ TpúYß SôÓLsTÑûU Ï¥p YôÙdLû[ Ïû\dLfNmU§jR].

IúWôl©V BoLû]úN`u (European

organisation) - 86%, AùU¬dLô(America) - 7%,

_lTôu (Japan) 6%.

CkR JlTkRj§p JÚ `WjÕ EÚYôdLlThPÕ AÕ Gu]ùY²p LPûU RY±VÏt\m ùNnRYoLs Ri¥dLlTÓYôoLsUtßm ATWôRj ùRôûL B]Õ úUmTôhÓ¨§«p Rô]ôL YWÜ ûYdLlTÓm.

KúNôu YôÙ (Ozone gas)

×® ùYlTUVUôRp ùRôPokÕ LiLô¦dLlTPôUp ®hÓ®PlThPôp,ARuLôWQUôL TÚY ̈ ûX Uôt\m HtTÓm,LPp UhPm A§L¬dÏm, LP≠uAªXjRuûU A§L¬dÏm, úUôNUô]Yô²ûXdÏ Y¯ YÏdÏm Utßm CVtûLºW¯Ùm Utßm ARu Tô§l× NêLj§p©W§T≠dÏm.

'Ozo' Gu\ ¡úWdL YôojûR«p CÚkÕ Ozone

Gu\ YôojûR ©\kRÕ. 'Ozo' Gu\ YôojûRYôNm ApXÕ Sôt\m (smell or odour) Gu\AojRjûR Ï±d¡\Õ. CkR YôÙYô]ÕØR≠p PfÑ ®gOô² (dutch scientist) "Van

Marum" GuTYWôp LiÓ©¥dLlThPÕ.CkR JÚ YôNjRôúXúV CÕ KúNôu YôÙ(ozone gas) Guß AûZdLlTÓ¡\Õ. ã¬VJüõVô]Õ CkR YôÙûY EÚYôdÏ¡\Õ.YôÙ UiPXj§p Es[ Bd³_u B]Õã¬V K°«u active B¡ KúNôu YôÙYôLUôß¡\Õ.

Ñtßf ãZ≠p CkR YôÙ ªLf £±R[úYCÚd¡\Õ. Ozone (O

3) B]Õ Bd³_²u

3 atoms þI ùLôiÓs[Õ. ¸rY°UiPXmþp CÚdÏm CkR 3 AÔdL°u úNodûL«pCÚl× U²RoLÞdÏ BTjûR ®û[®lTÕBÏm. B]ôp úUp Y°UiPXm þp CRuCÚl× ªLÜm SuûU RWdá¥VÕ UtßmØd¡VUô]RôÏm. CkR YôÙ ARôLúYEtTj§ B¡\Õ. ã¬Vd L§oLs Y°UiPXj§u EVo AÓdûL úRndÏm úTôÕEVo Nd§ L§¬«dLjRôp £X TÏ§ KúNô]ôLUôt\lTÓ¡\Õ. ªuú]ôhP úULeLs,ªu]pLs (electricity clouds, lightening) CYt±uùNVpTôÓL[ôp Bd³_u YôÙYô]ÕKúNô]ôL Uôß¡\Õ.



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Y° UiPXj§u AÓdÏ Y° UiPXj§uTWl©p éª«u TWl©p CÚkÕ 20-30 km

EVWj§p JÚ AÓdÏ LôQlTÓ¡\Õ. CkRAÓdÏ ApXÕ êÓRp B]Õ KúNôu YôÙ(ozone gas) Gu\ûZdLlTÓ¡\Õ.

CkR YôÙYô]Õ ÑtßfãZÛdÏ TôÕLôl×B]RôL ùNVpTÓ¡\Õ. KúNôu YôÙ LôQlTÓm CkR TôLm KúNôu úLô[m (ozone

sphere) Gu\ûZdLlTÓ¡\Õ.

KúNôu AÓdÏ ÏußRp (Ozone LayerDepletion)

spring þp KúNôu AÓdÏ þu L]j§p HtTÓmÏû\Ü ozone hole Gu\ûZdLlTÓ¡\Õ.Northern hemisphere þp CkR Õû[ B]Õ1997þp CÚkÕ YÚPj§tÏ 4.1% ÅRj§pNWôN¬VôLl TXÅUûPkÕ YÚ¡\Õ.

KúNôu AÓdÏ ÏußYRtLô]LôWQeLs (Causes of the depletion of ozonelayer)

KúNôu AÓdÏ ÏußYRtLô] LôWQeLs

• LômTÜuh 'Chloro Flouro Carbon’ (CFC)

EtTj§ LôWQUôL KúNôu YôÙÏuß¡\Õ. CÕ vPôWôúPôv©VoUiPXjûR AûPÙm úTôÕ KúNôuAÓdÏ RôdÏ¡\Õ Utßm ARû]dÏû\d¡\Õ. (TPm 1)

• AÔ EûXL°u CÚkÕ YÚm L§oÅfÑmKúNôu AÓdûL úUôNUôLl Tô§d¡\Õ.

KúNôu ÏußYRôp HtTÓm ®û[ÜLs(Effects of ozone depletion)

• CÕ green house effect þI EÚYôdÏ¡\ÕUtßm Yô²ûXÙm UôßTôÓ AûP¡\Õ.

• Ozone depletion þp T«oLs EtTj§Ïû\¡\Õ.

• E«o Yôr E«¬]eL°u AeLeL°pTô§l× EÚYôdÏ¡\Õ.

• ×\ FRô L§oLs RôYWeLû[lTôrTÓjÕ¡\Õ.

• úRôp ×tßúSôn TWYd LôWQUô¡\Õ.

• SLWeL°p ×ûLûV A§L¬d¡\Õ.

• urban areas þdL°p AªX UûZdLô]Yônl×Lû[ A§L¬d¡\Õ.

• CÕ Ñtßf ãZ≠u ùYlT¨ûXûVA§L¬d¡\Õ.

• CÕ U²R²u U]SXjûRl Tô§d¡\Õ.

• RôYW ùRôÏ§L°p úUôNUô] RôdLjûREiÓTiÔm A[®tÏ Y°UiPXj§u ùYlT¨ûXûVA§L¬d¡\Õ.

• ×\ FRô L§oLs (UV rays) éªûV GhÓYÕLÚÜt\ RônUôoLs Utßm £ßÏZkûRLû[Ùm BTjÕdÏEs[ôdÏ¡\Õ.

KúNôu AÓdÏ ÏußYÕ RÓdÏmSPY¥dûLLs (Preventive measures for ozonelayer depletion)

1989 þp Ï±l©hP YWm×dÏhThPSôÓL°u ÑtßfãZp Utßm úUmTôhÓUôSôÓ TXjR BrkÕ BWônkR ®YôRj§tÏ©\Ï, JÚ Ï±l©hP LôXLhPm YûW Chloro

Fluro Carbon þdÏ RûP ®§jRÕ.

• KúNôu Õû[ EÚYô]Ru ©WRô]LôWQm Chloro Fluro Carbon (CFC) TVuTôÓBÏm. CÕ Ï°o TR]l ùTh¥ùRô¯tNôûX«p TVuTÓjRlTÓ¡\Õ.

• BLôV ®Uô]eL°p CÚkÕ EªZlTÓm×ûLûV LhÓlTÓjR úYiÓm.

• AÔÏiÓ Li¥lTôLj RûPTiQlTP úYiÓm.

• eco-friendly þVô] ÅhÓ ETúVôL ÑjRmùNnÙm ùTôÚhLs TVuTÓjRlTPúYiÓm.

Fig 1

OZONE DEPLETION

• Polar cyclones LôWQUôL KúNôu YôÙAÓdÏ Tô§lTûP¡\Õ.

• G¬UûX LdÏYRôp Ïú[ô¬u YôÙEÚYô¡\Õ. CÕ KúNôu AÓd¡púUôNUô] ®û[ÜLû[ ®hÓf ùNp¡\ÕUtßm CÕ LôoTu úUô]ôdû^Ó þBLUôt\lTÓ¡\Õ.

• YôÙ UiPXj§p ûShW_u Bdû^ÓªÏ§VôL CÚlTRu LôWQjRôÛmKúNôu AÓdÏ Tô§lTûP¡\Õ.



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• úTôdÏYWjÕ YôL]eL°p CÚkÕEªZlTÓm ×ûL UtßmùRô¯tNôûXL°p CÚkÕ YÚm ×ûLCYtû\ LhÓlTÓjR ØVt£LsúUtùLôs[lTP úYiÓm.

Ck§V Sôh¥tÏ úUp Es[ ozone layer

B]Õ A§oxPYNUôL ØÝûUVôLTôÕLôdLlThÓs[Õ. Hù]²p Ck§V¨XlTÏ§dÏ úUÛs[ ozone layer þu L]mB]Õ Ut\ SôÓLû[ ®P 3 UPeÏ A§LL]m EûPVRôL Es[Õ.

AªX UûZ Utßm ARu ®û[ÜLs(Acid rain and its effects)

UûZj Ri½¬p AªXeL°u A[ÜB]Õ, NWôN¬ A[ûY Lôh¥Ûm A§LUôLCÚkRôp, AlT¥lThP UûZ B]Õ AªXUûZ (Acid rain) Gu\ûZdLlTÓ¡\Õ

ApXÕ

GlúTôÕ UûZ Ri½¬u PH ApXÕ snow

®u PH B]Õ 5.7þI ®Pd Ïû\YôLCÚdÏúUô AlúTôÕ AÕ AªX UûZ (acid

rain) Gu\ûZdLlTÓ¡\Õ.

ApXÕ

éª«u úUp Y° UiPXj§p CÚkÕ ¿ojRAªXl ùTô¯Ü CÕYôÏm.

AªX UûZ«p CWiÓ YûLVô] AªXlT¥ÜLs Es[].

• EXo T¥Ü (Dry deposition)

• DWl T¥Ü (Wet deposition)

EXo T¥®p 'NO2, SO

2' úTôu\ AªX

YôÙdL°u ÕLsLs Ut\m AªXÖiÕ°Ls UûZÙPu úNokÕ éª ÁÕ®Ý¡u\]. CÕ Ui¦p Ri½o LûWkÕAªXeLû[ EÚYôdL ERÜ¡\Õ.

DWlT¥®p AªXjÕPu úNokÕ UûZ, T²Y¥®p, Ri½o éª úUp ùTnYÕ BÏm.

AªX UûZ«u úNoUô]eLs(Composition of acid rain)

AªX UûZ ùLôi¥ÚlTÕ

• Sulphuric acid (H2SO

4) ' 60% - 70%

• Nitric acid (HNO3) ' 30% -40%

Nitrogen peroxide (NO2) Ri½¬p LûWlTRu

ûSh¬d AªXm EÚYô¡\Õ. CÕùRô¯tNôûXL°p úUôhPôo YôL]eL°p

ûShúWô´²Vv EWj ùRô¯tNôûX(nitrogenous fertilizers factories) CYt±p fossil fuel

þI G¬lTRôp EtTj§ B¡\Õ. sulphur dioxide

gas þI Ri½¬p LûWVf ùNnYRôp sulphuric

acid EÚYô¡\Õ. CÕ G¬UûXVôp (67%)

Utßm ùRô¯tNôûXL[ôp (23%)

EÚYô¡\Õ.

UûZ Ri½¬p AªXj§u CÚl×LôWQUôL PH values Ïû\¡\Õ. UûZjRi½¬u NWôN¬ PH B]Õ 5-6 Utßm 6-5

þdÏ CûPlThPRôÏm.

U²R²u ùNVpTôÓLs UtßmùRô¯tNôûXL°u LY]ªuûULôWQjRôÛm AªX UûZ ùTn¡\Õ.

AªX UûZ«u úUôNUô] ®û[ÜLs

• AªX UûZVôp UôÑlThP Ri½ûWTVuTÓjÕYRôp U²Ru Utßm ©\E«¬]eLs úUôNUôL Tô§dLlTÓ¡u\]Utßm U²Ru TXYûL úSôn Tô§l×dÏEs[ô¡\ôu

• EúXôLeL°u Jüõd L§ûW áP UûZÏû\d¡\Õ.

• CÕ ÁuL°u UßEtTj§ ùNVpØû\(reproduction process) þI Ïû\d¡\Õ.

• CkR UûZVôp Y] Yôr E«¬]m UtßmCVtûL RôYWeLs Tô§lTûP¡\Õ. CkRUûZVôp Ui¦u Y[m úUôNUô]Tô§l×s[ôdLlTÓ¡\Õ. Ød¡VUôL,CÚm©u A[Ü Ïû\¡\Õ.

• Btßj Ri½o, ¡Qtßj Ri½o, Ï[mCûYLs AªX UûZVôp UôÑTÓ¡\Õ.CkR Ri½ûW Ï¥lTRôp U²RuUtßm ®XeÏLs úUôNUôLTô§l×dÏs[ô¡\ôoLs.

• TX Lh¥PeL°u bridges, monuments, fencing

ØRXô]Yt±p A¬Uô]jûR EiÓTiÔ¡\Õ.

• A§LlT¥Vô] AªX UûZVôp TôodÏmRuûU Ïû\¡\Õ.

• CÕ leaf pigments þI decolorizes TiÔ¡\Õ.

• CÕ U²R²u LiL°p Utßm úRô≠pG¬fNûX HtTÓjÕ¡\Õ.

• ùLôÑdLs, DdLs UtßmRi½oléf£Ls Cm UûZ«pùTÚÏ¡u\].



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úYûX Yônl×j §\uLs þ OSH & Ñtßf ãZp Lp®LÚj§Vp 2.3.52

¿¬Vp ÑZt£ þ ¨XjR¥ Utßm ¨X úUtTWl× ¿o, ¿oÑj§L¬l×, UûZ¿oúNL¬l× (Hydrological cycle - Ground and Surface water, Water treatment, Rain waterharvesting)

úSôdLeLs: ClTôPj§u Cß§«p ¿eLs §\m ùT\ CÚlTûY• Ri½o ÑZt£ ùNnØû\ Utßm ARu ùRô¯tNôûX Tt± ®Y¬jRp• éª«u TWl©u ÁÕ úRdLlTh¥ÚdÏm Ri½o, LPp Ri½o, ¨XjR¥ ¿o Tt±®Y¬jRp

• éª«u úUp Ri½o AûUl×, Ri½¬u áßLs Utßm Ri½¬u A¥lTûPjúRûY Tt± ®[dÏRp

• Ri½ûWl úT¦ LôjR≠u Ød¡VjÕYm Tt± ®[dÏRp• Ri½o Ñj§L¬l©u AY£VjûRl Tt± áßRp• Ï¥¿o Ñj§L¬l× ùNnØû\, L¯Ü ¿o Ñj§L¬l× ùNnØû\ Utßm ùRô¯tNôûXNôokR Ri½o Ñj§L¬l× ùNnØû\ Tt± ®Y¬jRp

• Ri½o TWôU¬l©u ùRôtß RûPLôl×l ùTôÚs Utßm ¾oÜLs Utßm UûZ¿o úNL¬l× Tt± Th¥V≠ÓRp.

¨X ¿o BnÜ ApXÕ Ri½o ÑZt£(Hydrologic or Water cycle)

Ri½o ÑZt£ / ̈ X ¿o BnÜ ÑZt£ G]ÜmAûZdLlTÓYÕ ApXÕ H

2O cycle GuTÕ

éª TWl©u úUp Utßm ¸úZ Ri½¬uùRôPo SLoûYlTt± áßYÕ BÏm.éª«u úUÛs[ mass of water TXLôXeLÞdÏ ̈ ûXVôL CÚlTRôÏm. B]ôpT²dLh¥, ÑjRUô] Ri½o El×j Ri½oUtßm Y° UiPXm NôokR Ri½oúTôu\ ùT¬V reservoirs þ L[ôLl ©¬dLlTÓ¡u\ Ri½o B]Õ Yô²VpUôt\eLÞdÏ HtT UôßTPd á¥VÕ.

Ri½Wô]Õ SUÕ Au\ôP YôrdûLdÏAj§VôY£VUô] úRûY. Ck§Vô®p 4%

UhÓúU potable water BL Es[Õ. Ck§Vô®uUdLs ùRôûL ùTÚdLm LôWQUôLJqùYôÚ YÚPØm 2200 cubic metre

TVuTÓjRlTÓ¡\Õ. SôÞdÏ Sôs UdLsùRôûL APoj§ A§L¬d¡\Õ. ¡ûPdÏmRi½¬u A[Ü Ïû\kÕ ùLôiúPYÚ¡\Õ.

Ri½o B]Õ Bt±p CÚkÕ LPÛdÏApXÕ LP≠p CÚkÕ Y° UiPXj§tÏG] CÕ úTôuß JÚ ¿o úRdLj§≠ÚkÕUtù\ôu±tÏ SLo¡\Õ. B®VôRp,Ï°o®jRp, T²lùTô¯Ü/ UûZlùTô¯Ü,FÓÚYp, ¿úWôhPm Utßm ¨XjR¥ ¿oTônÜ úTôu\ CVtûL ùNVpØû\L[ôpRi½o SLo¡\Õ. CqYôßSûPùTßûL«p Ri½o TX ¨ûXL°pùNp¡\Õ. §WYm, §Pl ùTôÚs, Iv UtßmYôÙ ¿Wô®.

Ri½o ÑZt£«u ùNVpØû\Ls(Process of water cycles ) (TPm 1)

Fig 1


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• Ri½o Gu\ ùTôÚs UhÓúU §P,§WY Utßm YôÙ ¨ûX«pLôQlTÓ¡\Õ.

éª«p Ri½o AûUl× (Water system onearth)

éª«p Ri½ÚdÏ TWkRLu\ TVuTôÓEs[Õ. ÑUôo 70% éª«u TWlTô]ÕLPXôp ãZlThÓs[Õ. éª«p CÚdÏm97% Ri½o El×j Ri½WôL Es[Õ.El×j Ri½o B]Õ, El× Utßm ©\ª]WpLû[ Es[Pd¡Vs[Õ Utßm CkRjRi½ûW U²R]ôp Ï¥dL Ø¥VôÕ.ElûT ¿dL ØVu\ôÛm AÕ L¥]Uô]ùNVpØû\ Utßm ùNXÜ ªÏkRùNVpØû\ BÏm.

éª«u Ri½¬p 2% B]Õ YPdÏ UtßmùRu ÕÚYj§p glacier ice BL Es[Õ. CkRlT²dLh¥ B]Õ ÑjRUô] Ri½o UtßmCRû] EÚdL Ø¥Ùm. CÚl©àm U²RoLsY£dÏm CPj§≠ÚkÕ Cq®Pm ªLªLùRôûX®p Es[Õ.

Sôm EiûU«p TVuTÓjÕm Ri½oÏû\Yô] A[úY BÏm. éª«p 1% dÏmÏû\Yô] Ri½o ÑjRUô] Ri½o BÏm.CûRjRôu Sôm TVuTÓjÕ¡ú\ôm. CkRdÏû\kR A[Yô] Ri½ûWjRôu SômÏ¥lTRtÏ, úTôdÏYWjÕdÏ, ãPôdL UtßmÏ°o®dL ùRô¯tNôûXLÞdÏ Utßm ©\úSôdLeLÞdÏl TVuTÓjÕ¡ú\ôm.

SuÉo (Fresh water) : T²lTÓûL, NßdÏT²dLh¥ Tô[m, LP≠p ªRdÏm ùTÚmT²lTô[m, DWdÏûZYô] RûW, Ï[m,H¬Ls, BtßUQp £ß S§, Utßm ¿ûWRuàs Htß ûYj§ÚdLdá¥V Tôû\AÓdÏ ApXÕ UiTÓûL«p CÚdÏm¨XjR¥ ¿o, CYt±p LôQlTÓm CVtûLjRi½o BÏm. SuÉo GuTÕ Ïû\Yô]APoj§«p LûWkR El×Lû[ UtßmÏû\kR A[®p ©\ ùUôjRUô] LûWkR §PùTôÚhLû[d ùLôi¥ÚlTRuRiûUVôp ÏQm ©¬dLlTÓ¡\Õ. U²RuUtßm ©\ E«o Yôr C]eLÞdÏ ùUôjRjRi½¬p 2.6% NRÅRm Rôu SuÉWôL¡ûPd¡\Õ. ÁRm Es[ùRpXôm El×jRi½oRôu.

CkR potable fresh water U²RàdLô]Õ©WRô]UôL ¸rLiP CWiÓ BRôWêXeL[ôp ùT\lTÓ¡\Õ.

T²lùTô¯Ü (Precipitation) : Ï°okR ¿Wô®,éª úUp ®Ý¡\Õ. ùTÚmTôXô] ùTô¯ÜUûZVôLl ùTn¡\Õ. B]ôp T²,BXeLh¥ êÓT²l ùTô¯Ü graupel UtßmT² UûZ úTôu\ûYÙm T²l ùTô¯®pAPeÏm.

B®VôRp (Evaporation) : ¨Xj§p CÚkÕRi½o ARu úUp CÚdÏm Y° UiPXmúSôd¡ ¿¬p CÚkÕ ¨ûXdÏ EÚUôt\mAûPYÕ B®VôRp G]lTÓm. B®VôLfùNnYRtLô] BRôW êXm B]Õ ã¬V L§oÅfÑ BÏm. B®VôRp ùTÚmTôÛmRôYWeL°u CÚkÕ ¿oUm ùY°úVt\jûREs[Pd¡VÕ. CûY CWiÓm Ju\ôLfúNokÕ evapotranspiration GußÏ±l©PlTÓ¡\Õ.

¿úWôhPm (Run off) : ¨Xj§u ÏßdúLRi½o KÓm TpúYß Y¯Ls CÕYôÏm.CÕ surface run-off Utßm channel run-off G]CWiÓm úNokRÕ BÏm. TôÙm úTôÕÏ[eLs, ¿oúRdLeLs ApXÕ®YNôVj§tÏ ApXÕ U²R²uETúVôLj§tÏ úRd¡ ûYdLlTÓ¡\Õ. ¿oB≠VôRÛm EiÓ.

FÓÚYp (Infiltration) : ¨XlTWl©p CÚkÕRi½o B]Õ ¨Xj§tÏs FÓÚ® UiDWlTRUôL ApXÕ ̈ XjR¥ ¿WôL Uôß¡\Õ.

Ï°o®jRp (Condensation) : ¿Wô®«p CÚkÕLôt±p §WY Ri½o Õ°L[ôL EÚUô±úULm Utßm APo ùYiúULmEÚYôdÏ¡\Õ.

¿oU ùY°úVt\m (Transpiration) : RôYWmUtßm Ui¦p CÚkÕ LôtßdÏs ¿Wô®ùY°úVt\m CÕYôÏm. ¿Wô® GuTÕ JÚYôÙ Utßm CRû] TôodL Ø¥VôÕ.

Ri½o Tt±V £X EiûULs (Somefacts about water)

• 136000 cubic kilometre Ri½o éª«pTVuTÓjRlTÓ¡\Õ.

• U²R]ôp TVuTÓjRlTÓmSuÉ¬p 70 % úY[ôiûUdÏTVuTÓjRlTÓ¡\Õ.

• JÚ R² U²Ro Ru YôrSô°p 61000

≠hPo Ri½o Ï¥d¡\ôo.

• TpúYß ®RUô] CWNôV]ùTôÚsLÞdÏ £\kR LûWNXôLRi½o Es[Õ.

• 1 kilowatt ªuNôWm RVô¬dL 4000

LôXu Ri½o úRûYlTÓ¡\Õ.



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úUtTWl× Ri½o (Surface water)

úSW¥Vô] UûZlùTô¯Ü êXm YÚYÕmUtßm ¨Xj§tÏs L£kÕ ùNpXôUpCÚlTÕm ApXÕ B®VôRp êXm Y°UiPXj§tÏ §Úm© ùNpXôUpCÚlTÕUô] Ri½o úUtTWl× Ri½o(surface water) Gu\ûZdLlTÓ¡\Õ.

ApXÕ

éª«u TWl©u úUp úRe¡«ÚdÏmRi½o úUtTWl× Ri½o surface water

Gu\ûZdLlTÓ¡\Õ.

¨tÏm Ri½o (Standing water)

H¬ (Lake) : ¨XjRôp ãZlThP Ri½o¨Wm©V ùT¬V TWl× CÕYôÏm.

¿oúRdLm (Reservoirs) :CûYLs ùTôÕYôLH¬Lû[ ®P ùT¬RôL CÚdÏm.

L¯ØLm (Estuaries) : Bß B]Õ LPÛPuLXdÏm CPj§Ûs[ S§«u ALu\ TÏ§CÕYôÏm.

TôÙm ¿o (Flowing water)

UûZl ùTô¯®p CÚkÕ úRôußmRi½o, £ßS§ Utßm Bß TônkÕ KÓmRi½o TôÙm Ri½o/ ¿o flowing water

Guß AûZdLlTÓ¡\Õ. KÓm ¿Wô]ÕUQp, LtLs, úNß ØR≠VYtû\ UtßmLûWkR ª]Wpv CYtû\ ÑUkÕ ùNpÛm.

ùRu ÕÚYj§p AuPôo¥dLô®u 95%

TôLUô]Õ 2000 ÁhPo L]ØûPVT²dLh¥ AÓdLôp êPlThÓs[Õ.ùUôjR éª«p ¡ûPdÏm Ri½¬p 90%

Ri½Wô]Õ T²dLh¥«p reserve store þBLCÚd¡\Õ. North polar region arctic B]Õ largest

snow covered arch BÏm. IvúXih, AXôvLô,WxVô Utßm L]Pô úTôu\ SôÓL°pùTÚmTôXô] TÏ§Ls T²Vôp êPlThÓs[]. U²R]ôp UôÑTÓjRlTÓmÑtßãZXôp Ri½o CÚl×mTô§lTûPVj ùRôPe¡ Es[Õ.

×® ùYlTUVUôRXôp CeÏs[ T²dLh¥EÚLj ùRôPe¡Ùs[Õ. Bß/ S§L°uùRôPdLUôn Es[ T²lTôû\ NßdÏlT²dLh¥ Tô[m Utßm EVokR UûXL°uT²lTÓûLL°u úUp ÑjRUô] B]ÕÕÚYl TÏ§L°p ¡ûPlTÕ úTôpARàPu úNokÕ ¡ûPd¡\Õ.

¨XjR¥ ¿o (Ground water)

Ui, UQp Utßm Tôû\L°uCûPùY°Ls Utßm ®¬NpL°p

SuÉo(Fresh water)

úUtTWl× ¿o ¨XjR¥ ¿o (Surface water) (Ground water)

¨tÏm Ri½o TôÙm Ri½o(Standing water) (Flowing water)

H¬Ls ¿o JÚ S§ KûP BßLs (Lakes) úRdLeLs LPÛdÏs LXdÏm (Streams) (rivers)

(Reservoirs) CPj§pEs[ S§«uALu\ TÏ§(Estuaries)



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éªdL¥«p LôQlTÓm Ri½o ̈ XjR¥ ¿oBÏm. CÕ úRd¡ ûYdLlThÓ aquifers

Gu\ûZdLlTÓ¡\ Ui,UQp UtßmTôû\L°p ùUÕYôL SLo¡\Õ. (Aquifers

Gu\ôp ×® AûUl©V≠p ¿ûW RuàsHtß ûYj§ÚdLd á¥V Tôû\ AÓdÏApXÕ Ui TÓûL GuTÕ ARuùTôÚ[ôÏm.) NWû[ LtLs (gravel), UQp,UQtLp ApXÕ ÑiQôm×dLp úTôußEûPlThP Tôû\ CYt\ôp YZdLUô]Aquifers EÚYô¡\Õ. CkR ùTôÚsLs Y¯VôLRi½o ùNpX Ø¥Ùm. Hù]²p CYt±pùT¬V ùRôPo×ûPV CûPùY°Ls CÚkÕRi½ûW FÓÚYf ùNn¡u\]. ̈ XjR¥ ¿oTônkÕ AkR CûPùY°Ls GqY[ÜSu\ôL CûQkÕs[] GuTûRlùTôßjRÕ BÏm.

¨XjR¥ ¿o úRdLm B]Õ "AQUIFER" GußAûZdLlTÓ¡\Õ. Aquifers GuTûY Ri½oÑZt£«u AeLm ApX B]ôp ¨Xj§uA¥«p Es[ Tôû\L°p LôQlTÓ¡\Õ.SÅ] tube well system êXm reserved water B]Õ,CkR Tôû\L°p ùTÚkÕû[«hÓTVuTÓjRlTÓ¡\Õ.

Ri½¬u êXdáßLs (Components ofwater)

Ri½o B]Õ Bd³_u UtßmûahW_u Gu\ êXdáßLû[dùLôiÓs[Õ. (O

2)

CÕ Ri½ûW (H2O),þI EÚYôdL úNo¡\Õ.

YôrdûLdÏ A¥lTûP Ri½o BÏm.¿Wô®, §WYm ApXÕ §P Y¥Ym úTôu\EÚYeL°p LôQlTÓm Ñtßf ãZ≠uØd¡V êXdáß Ri½o BÏm.

E«o YôÝm C]eLÞdÏ §WY Y¥YmªLÜm Ød¡Vm YônkRRôÏm. ùTÚeLPpUtßm LPp, CûYùVpXôm ©WRô]Ri½o CÚl©Pm Utßm CûYùYlT¨ûXûV Tô§dL YpXÕ. Ri½oúNok§ÚdÏm CPm ¿o úRdLm/ ùT¬V H¬(Reservoir) Guß AûZdLlTÓ¡\Õ. éª«uúUtTWl©p ¡ûPdLd á¥V Ri½o êußY¥YeL°p AûUkÕs[Õ.

úUtTWl× ¿o (Surface water) - H¬Ls,BßLs, Ï[eLs, LôpYônLsØR≠V].

LPp ¿o (Sea water) - 71% of earth - Fresh,

ùThúWô≠Vm, ØjÕdLs, ª]WpvúTôu\ûY.

¨XjR¥ ¿o (Ground water) - ùUôjRRi½¬p 15% Tôû\ AÓdÏLs

¨XjR¥ ¿ûW A§LUôL GÓlTRôpHtTÓm ùRôPo ¨LrÜLs (Consequencesof overdrawing of ground water)

• ¨XjR¥ ¿o UhPm N¬YûPRp.

• ¨Xm Es ØeÏRp. ARôYÕ Ri½oFßYûR Lôh¥Ûm AûR ®P A§LUôL¨XjR¥ ¿o ùY°úV E±gNlThPôpUiTÓûL/ Tôû\ CÓdÏL°u LNÓLsCß¡ ¨XlTWl× êrÏm.

• water table RôrYôÏRp.

• LP≠p CÚkÕ El×j Ri½¬u intrusion

• ¨X SÓdLm, ¨XfN¬Ü Utßm TgNm

• ¡QßLs YtßRp

• Ri½o UôÑTÓRp.

Ri½ûWl úT¦dLôjRp (Waterconservation)

Sôm EQÜ EiQôUp £X YôWeLÞdÏE«o YôZ Ø¥Ùm B]ôp Ri½oCpXô®hPôp £X §]eL°úXúV C\dLúS¬Óm. Au\ôP YôrdûL úTôÕUô]Ri½o ¡ûPlTûRúV NôokÕs[Õ.ARôYÕ ®YNôVm, ùRô¯tNôûXLs, ªuEtTj§, EsSôhÓ úTôdÏYWjÕ, ÑLôRôWmUtßm ùTôÕ BúWôd¡V úNûYLs,ØRXô]ûY.

Ri½ûWl úT¦dLôlTûR êuß Ød¡VTôLeL[ôLl ©¬dLXôm.

• Urban water conservation : L¯YLjûRf ÑjRmùNnRp, Utßm ©\ ÅhÓETúVôLeLÞdÏ Ri½ûW £dLUôLETúVô¡dL úYiÓm.

• ùRô¯tNôûXL°p Ri½ûWlúT¦dLôjRp (Industrial water

conservation): GkRùYôÚ ùTôÚû[ÙmRVô¬lTRtÏ Ïû\Yô] Ri½ûWUhÓúU TVuTÓjR úYiÓm GuTÕCRu ùTôÚs BÏm.

• ®YNôVj§p Ri½ûWl úT¦dLôjRp (Agricultural water conservation) :

®YNôVj§p Ïû\Yô] A[®p



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Ri½ûWf £dL]Uô]l TVuTÓjRúYiÓm GuTÕ CRu ùTôÚs BÏm.

Ri½o úNªlTRtLô] T¬kÕûWLs(Recommendations for water conservation)

• éª«p úUtTWl× Ri½¬u êXmÑjRUô] ¿¬p LXkÕ úNolT§]ôpA§L¬jRp.

• ¨XlTWl©u Ri½o Ut\m BRôWY[eL°u RWjûRl TWôU¬jR≠u êXm.

• RtúTôûRV ¿o TôN]jûR úUmThPØû\«p TVuTÓjÕYûR Eß§ ùNnRpUtßm Øuú]t\m AûPkR Y¥LôpAûUlûT TVuTÓjÕYûR Eß§ùNnYRu êXm.

• Ui Utßm ARàs CÚdÏm DWlTRjûRúT¦ LôjR≠u êXm Ui Y[m UtßmùN¯lûT Eß§ ùNnYRu êXm.

• Ri½o úNªl× ¨Lrf£L°p ùTôÕUdLs LXkÕ ùLôsYRu êXm.

• RôYW Y[ol×dÏ L¯Ü ¿ûWTVuTÓjÕYRu êXm Utßm Ïû\YôLRi½ûW ¨Wl×YRu êXm.

• Ri½ûW ùYs[UôL TônfÑYRtÏT§XôL ùNôhÓ¿o TôN]jûRTVuTÓjÕRp.

• BZªpXôR úYo T«oLs UtßmBZØs[ úYo T«oLs (shallow rooted and

deep rooted crops) þI GÓjÕf ùNpYRuêXm (i.e) ThPô¦+ UdLôf úNô[m,Ck§V EQÜ Rô²VeLs + úLôÕûU+Rô²Vm+ Tôo≠ + LÓÏ (pigeon pea + maize,Indian mullet + wheat + grain + barley + mustard)

• UûZ ¿ûW Ï[eLs Utßm ¿o úRdL¨ûXL°p úNL¬jRp êXm.

• ¿o TôN]jûR §hPªPp êXmRi½ûW úNªdLXôm.

• Ri½o ÅQôYûR RÓlTRu êXmUtßm TVuTÓjRôR úSWeL°pÏZônLû[ êÓYRu êXm.

• YWl× Lh¥ ARu Y¯VôL Btß ¿oùNpÛm TôûRûV Uôt± Btß ¿ûWùTßYRu êXm.

• Yt±®hP ¡Qt±às UûZj Ri½ûWÁiÓm ¨Wl×YRu êXm.

UûZ ¿ûW AßYûP ùNnÙm Øû\L°uYô«XôLj Ri½ûW úT¦dLôdLXôm.

• SLW TÏ§L°p JqùYôÚ 200 NÕW ÁhPoRLh¥Ûm JÚ úUtáûW UûZ¿oAßYûPd LhPûUlûT EÚYôdLXôm.

• Aû]jÕ ¡WôU Ï[eLÞm ×]WûUl×ùNnVlThÓ UßT¥Ùm TVuTôh¥tdÏùLôiÓ YWlTPXôm.

• Ïû\kR A[Ü Ri½o EûPV¡QßLÞdÏ AÚLôûU«p UtßmAYtû\ Ñt± 200 ÁhPoLs®hPj§tÏs ¿o TôN] ¡QßLsAûUlTÕ R®odLlTP úYiÓm.

Ri½o Ñj§L¬l©u AY£Vm (Necessityof water treatment)

Ï¥lTRtÏ, ùRô¯XL TVuTôh¥tÏApXÕ UÚjÕY TVuTôh¥tÏØRXô]Yt±p TVuTÓm YûL«pRi½ûW EÚYôdÏm ùNnØû\ Ri½oÑj§L¬l× BÏm. Ri½o Ñj§L¬l×ùNnØû\«p, Ri½¬p CÚdÏm LNÓLsALt\lThÓ ApXÕ AYt±u ùN±ÜLsÏû\dLlThÓ ®Úm×m Cß§ TVuTôh¥tÏ ùTôÚjRUô]RôL Uôt\lTÓ¡\Õ.CÕ TVuTÓjRlThP Ri½o ÁiÓmÑtßfãZÛdÏ §ÚmT YÚYÕm BÏm.

Ï¥¿o úSôdLj§tLôL Ri½ûW ÑjRmùNnY§p APe¡Ùs[ ùNnØû\:

• Settling Utßm Filtration úTôu\ CVp®VpùNnØû\Lû[ ETúVô¡lTRu êXm§Pl ùTôÚhLû[l ©¬jùRÓjRp.

• Disinfection Utßm ùLh¥VôdÏRp(Coagulation) úTôu\ CWNôV]ùNVpØû\Lû[ ETúVô¡LlTRu êXm.

• aerated lagoons Utßm activated slow sand filters

úTôu\ E«¬Vp ùNnØû\Lû[ETúVô¡lTRu êXm.

Ri½ûW ÑjRlTÓjÕRp (Purification ofpotable water)

ÑjR TÓjRôR Ri½¬p CÚkÕAÑjReLû[ ALt± ARû] Ï¥¿WôLU²R²u TVuTôh¥tÏ Ht\RôL UôtßYÕRi½ûW Ñj§L¬l× TiÔYÕ GuTRôÏm.Ri½¬u RWm B]Õ Ri½ûW Ñj§L¬l×TiÔYûR UhÓm NôokRpX. ARtÏúUÛm Ñj§L¬l× ùNnVlThP ©u]o,



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Ri½o B]Õ ùNpÛm TVQ CPeLsUtßm T¡oUô]jûRÙm NôokRûY.

Ï¥¿o Ñj§L¬l× ùNnØû\«u úTôÕ¸rdLiP ùTôÚhLs ALt\lTÓ¡u\].AYtßs APeÏTûY suspended solids,

Tôd¼¬Vô, Ri½¬p TPÚm Tô£,ûYWvLs, Lô[ôuLs, égûNLs UtßmL²Ul ùTôÚhLs (CÚm×, UôeLÉÑ UtßmNpTo Utßm EWeLs).

EXL ÑLôRôW ¨ßY]j§u (World Health

Organisation (WHO), Ï¥¿o RWj§u úRûYdLô]Y¯LôhÓRpLs EXLm ØÝûUÙmLûPl©¥dL úYiÓm.

Ï¥¿o Ñj§L¬l× ùNnØû\ (Process fordrinking water treatment)

EXLm ØÝûUÙm Ï¥¿o Ñj§L¬l©tLôLd¸rLiP ùNnØû\Ls TVuTÓjRlTÓ¡u\]:

- "Pre-Chlorination" Ri½¬p TPÚm Tô£YûLLû[ LhÓlTÓjR Utßm biological

growth þI LhÓlTÓjR.

- LûWkR CÚm× Utßm UôeLÉÑALtßYRtÏ pre-chlorination EPu "Aeration"

- ùLh¥VôdÏRp (Coagulation) - for flocculation

- ùLh¥VôdLf ùNnÙm ùTôÚhLs - (polyelectrolytes)

- ùLh¥VôdÏRûX úUmTP ùNnYRtÏUtßm L]Uô] ÕLs §WhPp.

- YiPt T¥Ü (úNß, N¡R ØR≠VûY H¬,Ï[eL°u A¥lTÏ§«p ReÏRp

- Ri½¬p CÚkÕ ÕLsLû] Y¥Lh¥ALtßYÕ.

- El× ¿dÏRp - Ri½¬p CÚkÕ ElûT©¬jùRÓjRp.

- ùRôtß ¿dÏRp þ Tôd¼¬VôdLû[ùLôpÛRp

L¯Ü ¿o Ñj§L¬l× (Sewage treatment)

L¯Ü ¿¬p CÚkÕ ùTÚmTôXô]AÑjReLû[ ALtßm ùNnØû\ L¯Ü ¿oÑj§L¬l× G]lTÓm Utßm §WYdL¯ÜùY°úVt\ ùTôÚjRUô]Õ Utßm NL§CWiûPÙúU EtTj§ ùNnYÕ L¯Ü ¿oÑj§L¬l× G]lTÓm. ®§Øû\Ls UtßmLhÓlTôÓLÞPu ÏZônLs UtßmEhLhPûUlTôp Ñj§L¬l× ¨ûXVj§tÏ

L¯Ü ¿o ùLôiÓ ùNpXlTP úYiÓm.sedimentation êXm §WYeL°p CÚkÕ §PlùTôÚhLs ©¬dLlTÓYRu êXmùTÚmTôXô] L¯Ü ¿o ùLôiÓùNpXlTÓYÕ G°V Øû\ Ñj§L¬l× BÏm.

LûWkR ùTôÚhLû[ §Pl ùTôÚ[ôLUôtßYRôp YZdLUôL E«¬Vp floc, B]ÕA§L¬dÏm ÑjRjûR EÚYôdLlTÓ¡\Õ.

ùRô¯tNôûX Ri½o Ñj§L¬l×(Industrial water treatment)

ùRô¯tNôûX Ri½o Ñj§L¬l©p CWiÓ©WRô] ùNVpØû\Ls Es[].AûYL[ôY].

• ùLô§LXu Ri½o Ñj§L¬l× (Boiler watertreatment)

• Ï°o ¿o Ñj§L¬l× (Cooling water treatment)

ÑjRlTÓjRôUp ®Óm úTôÕ ùLô§ LXuB]Õ ÕÚ/ A¬Uô]jRôp Tô§lTûPkÕAûY TXÅ]Uô] Utßm ATôVLWUô]CVk§WUôL Uô\ Y¯ YÏdÏm. ÕÚT¥ÜL[ôp §\u Årf£ HtThÓ ARuLôWQUôL JúW A[Ü Ri½ûWfãÓTÓjRd áÓRp G¬ ùTôÚsúRûYlTÓ¡\Õ. RWm úUôNUô] AÝdÏjRi½o Tôd¼¬VôûY YWúYtß legionella

úTôuß U²R BúWôd¡Vj§tÏAfÑßjRûX HtTÓjÕm N¬Vô] Ñj§L¬l×êXm ùRô¯XL L¯Ü ¿ûW UßT¥ÙmTVuTÓjR Ø¥Ùm. CûY TQjûR êußY¯L°p úNªd¡\Õ.

• Ïû\kR A[Ü ÖLoúYôÚdÏ Ïû\kRA[Ü TQf ùNXÜ.

• Ïû\kR L] A[Ü effluent water discharged

þdÏd Ïû\Yô] TQf ùNXÜ.

• UßÑZt£ L¯Ü ¿¬p ùYlTmÁhùPÓdLlTÓYRu LôWQUôL Ïû\kRenergy costs.

Dissolved oxygen AªXjRuûU Utßm áÓRpA[®p ¿¬uAªXjRuûU CYt\ôpÏû\kR A[Ü ©W`o ùLô§LXuL°pÕÚl©¥dLXôm.

§\u YônkR Ri½o Ñj§L¬l× CpXôUpJÚ Ï°o¿o AûUlTô]Õ vúLp@TôoúU`u A¬Uô]m CYt\ôpATôVLWUô] Tôd¼¬Vô®tÏYWúYtT°jÕ legionaries úSôn úTôu\Ytû\EÚYôdLXôm. CÕ §\û]d Ïû\jÕ,



163

OSH

&

ENVIRONMENT

EDUCATION

¨ûXVeL°u BÙû[d Ïû\jÕùNVpTôÓL°p SmTLjRuûU CpXôUpùNn¡\Õ, Utßm TôÕLôl©uûUûVEÚYôdÏ¡\Õ.

Ri½o Ñj§L¬l©p ùRôtßjRûPdLôl× (Disinfectants of water treatment)

ùRôtß RûPdLôl× (Disinfectants)

1 KúNôu (Ozone)

Ri½ûW Ñj§L¬dÏm úTôÕ ©WRô]Utßm ªLlTXm YônkR ùRôtßRûPLôl× (disinfectant) B]Õ KúNôu (ozone)

BÏm. CÕ Ri½o Ñj§L¬l× ¨Lr®uúTôÕ ùY°VôÏm. Ri½¬u TpúYßsolutes þu ®û[®u ¸r ¨LÝm Ri½¬u£dLXô] Ne¡≠j ùRôPo ®û]ùUdLô²NjûR EûPd¡\Õ.

2 ×\ FRô L§oLs (Ultraviolet (UV)

Ri½ûW Ñj§L¬l× ùNnÙm úTôÕ JÚÏû\kR A[Ü ET ùTôÚhLû[ ×\ FRôL§oLs EÚYôdÏ¡\Õ.

- (Residual organic pollutants) þI deactivate TiQCWNôV] Bd³LWQjRôp Ri½ûWfÑjRlTÓjÕYÕ JÚ Advanced Oxidation

Process (AOP) AûUl× BÏm. CÕRi½oÑj§L¬l× ùRô¯tNôûX«p T¥lT¥VôLTVuTÓjRlTÓ¡\Õ. AúSL AOP systems

þL°p Juß combined O3/H

2O

2 BÏm. CÕ

U²R²u TVuTôh¥tLôL EÚYôdL,éf£Lû[ A¯dÏm úSôdLj§p TWYXôLlTVuTÓjRlTÓ¡\Õ.

(Water shed management)

CÕ watershed management Ri½o UtßmUi Y[eL°p RWjûR úUmTÓjRÑtßfãZp ùNnØû\ Utßm hydrological unit

BÏm. Watershed GuTÕ an area of geographical

limit Utßm Ri½o BRôWeL°p CÕ outlined

area BÏm. (ERôWQm) A§≠ÚkÕ water shed

EÚYôdLlTÓm JÚ Ri½o úRdLm ApXÕJÚ Bß. CkR management þp Ui UtßmRi½o Y[eL°u TVuTôhûPùS±lTÓjÕYÕm Utßm JÚe¡ûQlTÕmBÏm.

Dry land EÚYôdL Water shed ¨Lrf£Ls(Water shed programmes to develop dry land)

• AßYûP AûUl×L°u Yô«XôL runoff

Ri½ûWf úNL¬lT§p úUmTôÓ.

• dry landþp CÚkÕ YÚYôn UtßmEtTj§ûV A§L¬dLf ùNnÙm SÅ]ùRô¯p ÖhTeLû[ Tn]TÓjÕRp.

• ¡WôUl×\ A[®p úYûXYônl×dLû[A§L¬jRp.

• ùRôPo EtTj§ûV ùTßYRtÏ UiY[eLû[ úT¦ TôÕLôjRp.

• train fed TÏ§L°p ®YNôV EtTj§ûVA§L¬jRp Utßm v§WlTÓjR.

UûZ ¿o AßYûP (Rain water harvesting)

BÙû[ S≠Ü\ôÕ ¿¥jÕ CÚdL ùNnVUt\m Ñtßf ãZûX SuÏ TôÕLôdLRi½o Ød¡VUô] BRôWm BÏm.UûZ¿ûW úNL¬lTÕ GuTÕ, Lh¥Pj§púUtáûW«p CÚkÕ Ri½ûWf úNL¬jÕ©u]o TVuTÓjÕYRtLô] ¨XjR¥ ¿WôLúNªlTRôÏm.

• UûZ ¿ûW úRdÏYRu êXm Ri½o¡ûPlTûR A§L¬lTÕPu Ri½oA[Ü Ïû\YûRÙm RÓdL Ø¥Ùm.

• Ri½o Õ°Ls áP úNªdLlTPúYiÓm Utßm Ri½ûW ÅQôdLôUpCÚlTûR Eß§ ùNnV úYiÓm.

• Ri½ûW úNªlTÕ economical BÏm.

• ground water RWjûR CÕ A§L¬d¡\Õ.

• Ri½ûW úNªlT§p CÕ JÚ Ùd§BÏm. Utßm ÅhÓj úRûYLs TVuTôÓTVuTÓjRlTÓ¡\Õ.

SuûULs (Advantages)

• ¡QßL°p ¨XjR¥ ¿o A§L¬l×.

• ¡QßL°≠ÚkÕ úTô§V A[Ü Ri½o¡ûPdÏm §\u.

• Ri½o UhPm Ïû\YûRj RÓjRp.

• ùYs[m Utßm Ui A¬l×ATôVeLû[ Ïû\jRp.

• Ri½o RWj§p úUmTôÓ.

• LPp Ri½o Eh×ÏRûX RÓjRp.

• Y\h£Vôp HtTÓm ®û[ÜLû[Ïû\jRp.

• XhNdLQdLô] ¡QßLs, BrÕû[¡QßLs B¡VYtû\ UûZ¿o úNªl×LhÓUô]eL[ôL ETúVô¡jRp.

• NêLm Utßm ÑtßfãZp ãr¨ûX«púUmTôÓ.



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ùRô¯tNôûX NhPm (Industrial Act):

ùTôÕYôL ùRô¯tNôûX ØRXô°LsUtßm ùRô¯X§ToLs AYoL[ÕCXôTjûR Tt± UhÓúU ¨û]d¡\ôoLs.AYoLs T¦Vô[oL°u SXjûRl Tt±AdLû\ ùLôsY§pûX. AYoLsGlúTôÕúU ùRô¯Xô[oLÞdÏ Ïû\Yô]NmT[m ùLôÓdLúY ®Úm×¡\ôoLs.ùNXûYj R®olTRtLôL, AYoLsT¦Vô[oL°u TôÕLôl×, SXm, UtßmBúWôd¡Vj§tÏ GkR YN§LÞmùNnY§pûX. AûRl úTôXúY T¦«pCÚdÏm úTôÕ ¨LÝm ®TjûR Nk§jRT¦Vô[ÚdLôL GkR®R CZl©åm RÚYÕ¡ûPVôÕ ApXÕ T¦ LôWQUôL YÚmúSônLÞdÏm ùTôßl× HtTÕ ¡ûPVôÕ.

TX NUVeL°p ùRô¯tNôûXØRXô°L[ôp T¦Vô[oLs úSoûUVt\Øû\«p SPjRlTÓ¡\ôoLs GuTûRfúNô§dL T¦Vô[oL°u SXjûRlTôÕLôdL Ck§V AWNôeLm £X NhPeLû[YÏjÕs[Õ.

CÕ ùRô¯Xô[oLs SXf NhPeLs ApXÕùRô¯tNôûX ®§Ls Guß AûZdLlTÓ¡\Õ. (úXTo NhPm ApXÕ ùRô¯pNhPm Gu\ûZdLlTÓ¡\Õ.) CRtÏm úUúXùRô¯Xô[o ¿§ Uu\eLÞm AWNôeLjRôpAûUdLlThÓ Es[]. (TPm 1).

2 T¦Vô[o CZlÀhÓ NhPm þ 1923(Workmens compensation Act - 1923)

3 Employees state insurance Act - 1948

4 NmT[ ThÓYôPôf NhPm þ 1936 (Paymentof wage Act - 1936)

5 Ïû\kR ThN á≠ ¨oQVfNhPm þ 1948(Minimum wage Act 1948)

6 ùRô¯Xô[o YÚeLôX ûYl× ̈ § NhPmþ 1952 (Employees provident fund Act 1952)

7 ùRô¯p TZÏSo NhPm þ 1961 UtßmCu] ©\. (Apprentice Act 1961 and many more)

NhPm (Law): custom, JlTkRm ApXÕA§LôWm CYt\ôp EÚYô] ùNVpØûSApXÕ SPjûR ®§ GuTÕ NhPm BÏm.úYß ®RUôLd á\ úYiÓùU²p, JÚNØRôVj§u SXuLû[ LhÓlTÓjÕm body

of rules Utßm principle BÏm. NhPm GuTÕ§ÚjReLs/ ©\ úNodûL, ®§Ls,TôWôÞUu\j§p CVt\lTÓm NhPmGuT]Ytû\ Es[Pd¡VÕ.

SôPôÞUu\j§u CÚ AûYL°ÛmCVt\lThP JÚ NhPm _]ô§T§VôpJl×Rp YZeLlThP ©\Ï AkR NhPmSûPØû\dÏ YÚ¡\Õ. úYß®RUôLùNôpXúYiÓùU²p, TôWôÞUu\j§p CVt\lThP NhPUúNôRôYô]Õ NhPUôLUôß¡\Õ.

ùNVpTÓm ®Rm (Act): Act GuTÕùNVpTÓm ®Rm provisions þI LhÓlTÓjRmYûWVû\Ls Utßm ATWôR ùRôûL UtßmGlT¥f ùNVpTÓjR úYiÓm GuTÕ Tt±®Y¬dÏm intention of law BÏm.

®§ Øû\Ls (Rules): act þp RWlThÓs[provision NmTkRUô] ùNVpØû\Ls Utßmstandard methods, rules G]lTÓm. UtßmCûYLs NhPj§p Rô]ôLúYùLôÓdLlThP A§LôWjRôp frame

TiQlThPûY BÏm.

úYûX Yônl×j §\uLs þ ùRô¯Xô[o SXf NhPeLs LÚj§Vp 2.4.53

TpúYß NhPeL°u ̧ r Ej§WYôRm A°dLlThP BRôVeLs (Benefits

Guaranteed under Various Act)

úSôdLeLs: ClTôPj§u Cß§«p ¿eLs §\m ùT\ CÚlTûY• ùRô¯tNôûXf NhPeL°u AY£VjûR ®Y¬jRp• NhPm Gu\ôp Gu] GuTûRd áßRp• NhPm Utßm ®§«u ùTôÚû[d áßRp.

¸úZ RWlThÓs[ûY Ck§V AWNôeLjRôpCVt\lThP ©WRô] ùRô¯Xô[o UtßmùRô¯tNôûX NhPeLs BÏm.

1 ùRô¯tNôûX NhPm þ 1948 (Factory Act -1948)

Fig 1


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ùRô¯tNôûXL°u NhPm 1948 (Factories Act 1948)

úSôdLeLs: ClTôPj§u Cß§«p ¿eLs §\m ùT\ CÚlTûY• ùRô¯tNôûXL°u NhPm/ ®§ 1948 þu Ï±dúLôsLû[l Th¥V≠ÓRp• GlúTôÕ ùRô¯tNôûXL°u NhPeLs CVt\lThPÕ Utßm AØpTÓjRlThPÕGuTûRd áßRp

• ØRXô° Utßm YVÕ YkR STo GuTûR YûWVû\ ùNnRp.• ØRXô°«u (Occupier) ùTôßl×Lû[ áßRp• BúWôd¡Vm Utßm TôÕLôl©u AmNeLû[d ÑÚdLUôLd áßRp• ùRô¯tNôûX NhPm 1948 þu ¸r SXj§hP AmNeLû[ ®[dÏRp.

ùRô¯tNôûXf NhPm 1948þuÏ±dúLôsLs (Objectives of the Factories Act1948)

• ùRô¯tNôûXL°p T¦×¬Ùm ¨XYWjûRJÝeÏTÓjÕYRtÏ.

• ùRô¯tNôûXL°u T¦Vô[oL°uTôÕLôl× AmNeLû[ ®Y¬jRp.

• ùRô¯tNôûXL°p T¦Vô[¬uBúWôd¡VjûRl úTÔRp.

• ùRô¯tNôûXL°p T¦Vô[oLÞdÏSXj§hPm A°jRp.

• ùRô¯tNôûXf NhPm 1948 þI ÁßúYôÚdÏRiPû] A°jRp.

28þkúR§ BLvh 1938þp ùRô¯tNôûXNhPeLs 1948 B]Õ, constituent Assembly þBpCVt\lThÓ ùNVpØû\TÓjRlThPÕ.Utßm AÕ 1þkúR§ HlWp 1949 þpùNVpTôhÓdÏ YkRÕ. CkRf NhPm B]Õ,_mØ Utßm LôxÁo Uô¨XjûRj R®W Ut\ùUôjR Ck§V úRNj§tÏm ùTôÚkÕYRôÏm.

ùTôÚkRdá¥VÕ (Applicability)

• JÚ Y[ôLm Utßm RVô¬l× ùNnØû\AeÏ CÚdL úYiÓm.

• power EPu 10 T¦Vô[oLs T¦×¬kRôp, ApXÕ power CpXôUp 20

T¦Vô[oLs T¦ ×¬YRôL CÚkRôpCÕ ùTôÚkÕm.

("Power" GuTÕ ªu Nd§ûV Ï±dÏmApXÕ mechanically transmitted BÏm. úYßGkR Y¥Yj§Ûm CÚdÏm Nd§ UtßmAúR NUVm AÕ U²R Bt\úXô ApXÕ

®Xe¡u Nd§VôLúYô EtTj§TiQlTPôRôLÜm CÚlTÕ BÏm.)

®[dLm (Definition)

BdÏ@lùTVo(Occupier) : CÕ ùRô¯tNôûX«u ùNVpTôÓL°p EfNLhPLhÓlTôhûPj Ru]LjúR ûYj§ÚdÏmSTûWd Ï±lTRôÏm.

YVÕ YkRYo (Adult) : R]Õ T§ù]hPôYÕYVûR ¨û\Ü ùNnRYoLs/ éoj§AûPkRYoLs.

ATôVLWUô] ùNVpØû\ (Hazardous

Process) : Ntß LY]m GÓdLlTPô®hPôpêXl ùTôÚs CûP«p YÚm ùTôÚsApXÕ ØÝûU AûPkR ùTôÚhLs, ETùTôÚhLs ApXÕ L¯ÜLs/§WYdL¯ÜLs, CWôNV] L¯ÜLs CYt\ôp,T¦«p DÓTh¥ÚdÏm SToL°uBúWôd¡Vj§tÏ úLÓ ®û[®lTRô]ApXÕ ùTôÕYô] ãZûX UôÑTÓjÕYRô] ùNVpØû\ ATôVLWUô]ùNVpØû\ BÏm.

ØRXô°«u ùTôßl×Ls (Responsibilitiesof Occupier)

• Aû]jÕ T¦Vô[oL°u TôÕLôl×,BúWôd¡Vm Utßm SXuLs CûY ùNVpY¥Yj§p TôÕLôdLlTÓYûR Eß§ùNnRp.

• TôÕLôlTôL Utßm BúWôd¡Vj§tÏmTô§l× ATôVm CpXôR YûL«pùRô¯tNôûX Utßm T¦×¬Ùm CPjûRTWôU¬dL HtTôÓ ùNnRp.


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• ùTôÚhLû[ CPm ®hÓ CPm SLojRp/ùLôiÓ ùNpXp, TiPL NôûX«pùTôÚhLû[ ûYj§ÚjRp, UtßmAYtû\ TVuTÓjÕm úTôÕ EPpSXj§tÏ BTj§pXôR UtßmTôÕLôlûT Eß§ ùNnV úYiÓm.

• TôÕLôl× Utßm BúWôd¡VjûR Eß§ùNnYRtLôL, AÕ NmTkRUô] ®TWeLs/RLYpLû[ A°jRp, A±ÜûW RÚRp,T«t£ A°jRp Utßm Li Lô¦jRpCYtû\ ùNnÕ ùLôÓdL úYiÓm.

• Aû]jÕ T¦«PeL°Ûm TôÕLôlûTEß§ ùNnYÕm BTjÕLÞdÏCPªpXôUÛm CÚdÏm T¥Vô] ãZûXHtTÓj§ RÚYÕm TWôU¬lTÕmLPûUVôÏm.

• T¦fãZp LiLô¦lûT HtTÓj§j RWúYiÓm Utßm TWôU¬dL úYiÓm.

• SXuLû[ úTÔYRtLô] úTôÕUô]YN§Lû[ ùNnÕ ùLôÓdL úYiÓm.

• TôÕLôl× ùNVp §hPeLû[ RVôoùNnÕ T¦Vô[oLÞdÏ AÕ Tt±GÓjÕd áßRp.

E¬Uj§tLô] CûNÜ Utßm T§ÜùNnRp (Registration & Grant of Licence)

• ùRô¯tNôûX ØRuûU BnYô[WôpùRô¯tNôûX«u ©[ôu Ae¸L¬dLlTPúYiÓm.

• ùRô¯tNôûX«u ØRXô° ApXÕúUXô[o E¬Um T§Ü ùNnÕ UtßmùTßYRtÏ ùRô¯tNôûX«u ØRuûUBnYô[o (Chief Inspector of Factories) CPm®iQl©dL úYiÓm.

• EÚYôdLlThP NhPj §hPeL°u ¸rAqYôß ùT\lThP E¬UjûRj§ÚjRXôm Utßm ×Õl©dLXôm ApXÕRsÞT¥ ùNnVXôm.

BúWôd¡Vm NmTkRUô] Øuú]tTôÓLs (Provisions on Health)

ÑjRm (Cleanliness)

• JqùYôÚ T¦«Pj R[Øm, Ïû\kRThNm YôWm JÚ Øû\Vô]Õ ¡ÚªSô£²Lû[ ETúVô¡jÕ ApXÕúRûYdúLtT ©\ úUXô] Øû\L[ôpÑjRm ùNnVlTP úYiÓm.

• RVô¬l× ùNnØû\L[ôp DWUôLÜmUtßm Y¥VÜm Yônl×ûPV R[eL°p§\mThP Y¥Lôp YN§Lû[ ùNnÕùLôÓjÕ Utßm TWôU¬dL úYiÓm.

• LÝY HÕYô] YôhPo ùT«uhùLôiÓ, RûWLs YiQm ¾hPlTPúYiÓm. JqùYôÚ êuß YÚPeLÞdÏJÚ Øû\Ùm §ÚmTÜm Uß ùT«uhTiQlTP úYiÓm Utßm Ïû\kRThNm 6 UôReLÞdÏ JÚ Øû\ LÝYlTPúYiÓm.

• Ïû\kR ThNm 14 UôReLÞdÏ JÚØû\VôYÕ ùYsû[ A¥jRpùNnVlTP úYiÓm.

• UßT¥Ùm ùT«uh TiÔRp ApXÕ¬þ YôoÉx JqùYôÚ 5 YÚPeLÞdÏ JÚØû\ ùNnV TP úYiÓm.

• YojRL L¯ÜLû[ Al×\lTÓjÕRp -

L¯ÜLs Utßm §WYd L¯ÜLû[CWNôV]d L¯ÜLû[ RÏkR Øû\«pAl×\lTÓjÕYûR Eß§ ùNnVúYiÓm.

• Lôtú\ôhPm þ T¦«Pm úTôÕUô]Lôtú\ôhPm YN§ EûPVRôL CÚlTûREß§ ùNnV úYiÓm.

• YN§Vô] RhTùYlT¨ûX.

• Lôtß UôûN LhÓlTÓjR úYiÓm.

• CP ùSÚdL¥ - CP ùSÚdL¥ûV R®odLJqùYôÚ T¦Vô[ÚdÏm 500 L] A¥CPm Eß§ ùNnVÜm.

• úTôÕUô] CPeL°p Gf£p ÕlTYN§Ls ùNnÕ ùLôÓdLlThPûR Eß§ùNnV úYiÓm.

• ReÏRûP«u± Ï¥¿o YZeÏRûX Eß§ùNnV úYiÓm.

• BiLÞdÏm ùTiLÞdÏm R²jR²VôL úTôÕUô] Gi¦dûL«pL¯lTû\Ls YN§ ùNnÕ RWlTPúYiÓm.

TôÕLôl× Øuú]tTôÓLs (Provisions onSafety)

CVk§WeLû[f Ñt± TôÕLôl× úY≠

AûUjRp(Fencing of Machinery)

¨ûXVôLl TWôU¬dLlThÓ Utßm N¬Vô]¨ûX«p ûYdLlTh¥ÚdÏm úTôÕUô]



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LhÓUô]j§p TôÕLôl×d LYNeL[ôLEß§Vô] úY≠ AûUdLlTP úYiÓm.

CVeÏm CVk§WeLÞdLô] TôÕLôl×LYNm Utßm ªuNôWjûRÕi¥lTRtLô] LÚ®Ls (Striking Gear andDevices for Cutting Off Power)

Øuàm ©uàUôL CVeÏm Lm©LÞdÏCûPúVVô] ùTph CûQl©u êXmCVeÏm CVk§WeL°u CVeÏTôLeL°≠ÚkÕ TôÕLôlTRtLôL SpXRWUô] TôÕLôl× LYNm (A) LÚ®ùTôÚjRlTh¥ÚdL úYiÓm. CÕ Nd§ûVdLPjÕm CVk§Wj§u TÏ§dÏúRûYVô]RôÏm. CkR TôÕLôl×NôR]eLs Øû\VôL LhPûUdLlThÓTWôU¬dLlTP úYiÓm. CRu êXmúYLUôL CVeÏm Ll©«u LôWQUôLùTph¥p HtTÓm creeping back

R®odLlTÓm.

CVeÏ H¦/ çdÏ ùTô± (Hoists & lifts)

JqùYôÚ ùRô¯tNôûX«Ûm CVeÏH¦/ çdÏ ùTô±Vô]Õ ClT¥ CÚdLúYiÓm.

• SpX CVk§W AûUl×Pàm SpX RWUô],TXUô] ùTôÚhL[ôp RVô¬dLlThPRôL Utßm úTôÕUô] TXjÕPuCÚdL úYiÓm.

• N¬YW TWôU¬dLlThÓ JÚ ùNVp RÏ§YônkR STWôp, Ïû\kR ThNm JqùYôÚBß UôRj§tÏm JÚ Øû\VôYÕØÝûUVôLl T¬úNô§dLlThÓ JÚÏ±l©hP T§úYh¥p AlT¥lThPT¬úNôRû]ûV T§Ü ùNnÕ ûYdLúYiÓm.

RûW R[m, Uô¥, Uô¥lT¥dLhÓLsUtßm Rl©dL Y¯Ls (Floors, Stairs & Meansof Escape)

Aû]jÕj R[eLs, T¥Ls, SûPTôûRLsUtßm úLedúYv CûYùVpXôm SpXRWUô] LhÓUô]jÕPàm Utßm N¬YWlTWôU¬dLlThÓm Utßm RûPLsHÕªpXôUÛm ùNpÛm SToLs YÝd¡ ®ZYônl× HtTÓjRôRYôßm AûUk§ÚdLúYiÓm. TôÕLôlûT Eß§ ùNnÙmYûL«p T¥Ls, TôûRLs, TôXmCYtßPu GeùLpXôm úRûYúVôAeùLpXôm úTôÕUô], TXm YônkRûLl©¥LÞPu CÚdL úYiÓm.

AÝjRd ùLôsLXu (Pressure vessels):

ùRô¯tNôûX, CVk§Wm Utßm CYt±uTôLeLs, CûYùVpXôm Y° UiPXAÝjRjûR ®P A§LUô] AÝjRj§pCVdLlTÓm úTôÕ AûY AÝjRdùLôsLXuLs G]lTÓ¡\Õ.

• RVô¬lTô[¬Pm CÚkÕ ùT\lThPNôu±Rr TWôU¬dLlTPúYiÓm.

• NôR]eLs ÁÕ ®TWeLs Lôh£lTÓjRlTP úYiÓm.

• 6 UôReLÞdÏ JÚ Øû\ ùY°l×\T¬úNôRû]Ls ùNnVlTP úYiÓm.

• Eh×\ T¬úNôRû]Ls 24 UôReLÞdÏJÚ Øû\ úUtùLôs[lTP úYiÓm.

• 4 YÚPeLÞdÏ JÚ Øû\ ¿o¨ûX«VtúNôRû] (hydraulic test) ùNnV úYiÓm.

SXj§hP YN§Ls (Welfare facility)

LÝÜm YN§ (Washing facility) : JqùYôÚùRô¯tNôûX«Ûm T¦Vô[oLsTVuTôh¥tLô] úTôÕUô] UtßmùTôÚjRUô] LÝÜm YN§Ls ùNnÕRWlThÓ TWôU¬dLlTP úYiÓm.

AUoYRtLô] YN§Ls (Facilities for Sitting)

T¦Vôtßm úSWj§p CûPùY°«pKnùYÓdÏm Yônl×m ¡ûPdÏUô]ôpAkRl TXû] AàT®dL T¦«p ¨ußùLôiÓ T¦Vôt\ LPûUlThPYoLs£±Õ úSWm EhLôokÕ ùLôs[lùTôÚjRUô] CÚdûL YN§Ls ùNnÕRWlThÓ TWôU¬dLlTP úYiÓm.

ØRÛR® NôR]eLs (First Aid Appliances)

Aû]jÕ T¦ úSWeL°Ûm, G°§p¡ûPdÏm ¨ûX«p, ØRÛR® NôR]eLsûYdLlThÓ TWôU¬dLlTP úYiÓm. JÚùRô¯tNôûX«p, GkRùYôÚ úSWj§ÛmNôRôWQUôLl T¦Vôtßm JqùYôÚ 150

T¦Vô[ÚdÏm Ï±l©hP UÚkÕ Utßm©\ ØRÛR®l ùTôÚhLÞPu JÚØRÛR®l ùTh¥ ApXÕ LlúTôohûYj§ÚdLlTP úYiÓm.

• ReÏm Aû\Ls, L¯lTû\Ls UtßmNôlTôhÓ Aû\Ls CûY Aû]jÕm 150

ApXÕ ARtÏ A§L Gi¦dûL«pT¦Vô[oLs CÚdÏm úTôÕ AY£VmùNnR RWlTP úYi¥V YN§Ls BÏm.



168

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WELFARE

LEGISLATION

• 250 ApXÕ ARtÏ A§L Gi¦dûL«pT¦Vô[oLs CÚdÏm úTôÕ úLu¼uCÚdL úYiÓm.

• 30 ApXÕ AûR®P A§LGi¦dûL«p ùTi T¦Vô[oLsCÚkRôp ÏZkûRLs LôlTLm CÚdLúYiÓm.

• 500 ApXÕ ARtÏ úUp T¦Vô[oLsCÚkRôp SXj§hP AÛYXo CÚdLúYiÓm.

T¦úSWm, YVÕ YkRYoLÞdLô]A§LlT¥Vô] úYûXLÞm UtßmAû]j§tÏm TWYXôL (Working hours,spread over & overtime for adults)

• YôWj§p T¦dLôX úSWm 48 U¦úSWjûR RôiPRôYôß CÚdL úYiÓm.

• 5 U¦ úSWm úYûX ùNnR ©u]o Ïû\kRThNm AûW U¦ úSWUôYÕT¦Vô[ÚdÏ KnÜ CûPúYû[ RWlTPúYiÓm.

• ùUôjR T¦dLôX úSWm, KnÜ CûPùY°EhTP JÚ Sôû[dÏ 10 ½ U¦ úSWjûRjRôiPRYôß CÚdL úYiÓm.

• KYoûPmªtLô] GdvhWô NmT[mB]Õ NôRôWQ ®¡Rm á≠ûV ®PCWiÓ UPeÏ A§LUôL CÚdLúYiÓm.

• ùTi T¦Vô[¬u T¦ úSWm 6 AM þdÏØu]Úm 7 PM ©u]Úm T¦Vôt\j RûPEs[Õ.

• JÚ T¦VôV[o JÚ YôWj§tÏ 48

U¦úSWj§tÏ A§LUôL T¦×¬VdáPôÕ.

• JÚ T¦Vô[o JÚ Sô°p 9 U¦úSWj§tÏ úUp JÚ YôWj§p 48 U¦

úSWj§tÏ A§LUôLÜm T¦ ×¬kRôpAYÚdÏ AYo TôojR KYoûPmdÏCWiÓ UPeÏ á≠ RWlTP úYiÓm.

• JqùYôÚ YôWj§Ûm JÚ Sôs ®ÓØû\A°dLlTP úYiÓm.

• YôW ®ÓØû\ Sôs RYßm ThNj§p DÓùNnÙm ®Ól× YZeLlTP úYiÓm.

NmT[jÕPu á¥V YÚPôk§W ®ÓØû\(Annual Leave with Wages)

• 240 SôhLs T¦Vôt±V JÚT¦Vô[ÚdÏ @ one day for every 20 days

®Ól× YZeLlTP úYiÓm.

• úNojÕ ûYdLlThP ®Ól× SôhLs 30

£\l× AmNeLs (Special Provisions)

• £X Y[ôLeL°p Power to apply the Act

• ATôVLWUô] ùNVpLs þ £\l×Øuù]fN¬dûLLs.

• ªu Nd§ ATôVØûPV Yônl×¨ûX«Xô] SToLû[ úYûXdLUojRRûP ®§dÏm A§LôWm.

• ®TjÕLs Utßm ATôV ̈ LrÜLs Tt±VA±®l×.

• úSônLs Tt±V A±®l×

• úSW¥ ®NôWûQ, Uô§¬Ls úNL¬jRpUtßm NoúYdLô] A§LôWm.

ATWôRm (Penalties)

• Ït\eLÞdLô] ùTôÕYô] RiPû] þCWiÓ YWPeLs YûW £û\YôNm/ìTôn JÚ CXhNm ATWôRj ùRôûL.

• Sec.41B,C, H - 7 BiÓLs YûW ApXÕCWiÓ CXhNm ìTôn

• T¦Vô[oLs þ Rs.500/- YûW.



169

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T«t£ ùRô¯Xô[o NhPm (Apprentices Act)

úSôdLeLs: ClTôPj§u Cß§«p ¿eLs §\m ùT\ CÚlTûY• T«t£ ùRô¯Xô[o §hPm Tt±V ùTôÕ U§lÀÓ Tt± ÑÚdLUôL áßRp• T«t£ ùRô¯Xô[ÚdLô] NhPm Tt±V AY£VjûRd áßRp• T«t£ ùRô¯Xô[o NhPj§u úSôdLeLû[l Th¥V≠ÓRp• JqùYôÚ T«t£j ùRô¯Xô°dÏUô] ER®j ùRôûLûV Ï±l©ÓRp• ùNVpTÓjÕm A§Lô¬L°u LPûULs Utßm ùTôßl×Lû[ Th¥V≠ÓRp.

T«t£ ùRô¯Xô[oL°u T«t£j §hPmTt±V ùTôÕ U§lÀÓ (An overview ofApprenticeship Training Scheme (ATS)

ùRô¯t T«t£Vô[oLÞdÏ T«t£A°lTRtLôL T«t£ ùRô¯Xô[o NhPm1961þp CVt\lThPÕ. ùTô±«VpThPRô¬Lû[Ùm Utßm ThPVl T¥l×Ø¥kRYoLû[Ùm úNolTRtLôL 1973þpCÕ §ÚjRlhPÕ Vocational TôPj§hPeLû[Ùm úNojÕ ùNnYRtLôL CÕ1986 þp úUÛm §ÚjRlThPÕ. T«t£ùRô¯Xô[oLs NhPm 1992þp §ÚjRmùNnVlThPÕ.

RtúTôÕ CÕ 35 ¥úWh Ïìl þp 243 PúWhT«t£ ùRô¯Xô[oLû[ APd¡Ùs[Õ.

T«t£ ùRô¯Xô[o NhPj§u AY£Vm(Need for Apprentice Act)

• GkRùYôÚ Sôh¥Ûm ùRô¯tNôûXL°uØuú]t\j§tÏ U²R Y[ úUmTôÓAY£Vj úRûY. U²R Y[ úUmTôhÓjÕû\«u ©WRô] ùNVpTôÓ §\uúUmTôÓ BÏm. T«XLeL°p Es[ÕúTôÕUô]RpX Utßm úSW¥lT¦«Pj§p áÓRp T«t£ GÓlTÕAY£VUô¡\Õ.

• ¸rdLiP úSôdLeLÞPu ùRô¯pTZÏSo NhPm 1961 CVt\lThPÕ.

úSôdLeLs (Objectives)

• Uj§Vj ùRô¯p TZÏSo LÜu£p êXmYûWVû\ ùNnVlThP TôPj§hPm,T«t£ LôXm ØRXô]Yt±tÏùTôÚkÕUôß ùRô¯tNôûX«p ùRô¯pTZÏS¬u T«t£ §hPjûRJÝeÏTÓjóÕYÕ.

• ùRô¯tNôûXdLô] §\u YônkR U²RNd§dLô]j úRûYLû[ Nk§dÏmúSôdLj§p ùNVpØû\ T«t£ RÚYRtÏCÚdÏm AjRû] YN§Lû[ÙmTVuTÓjÕYÕ.

NhPj§û] ùNVpTÓjÕYûRdLiLô¦jRp (Monitoring of the implementationof the Act)

• Uj§V AWÑl T¦Ls Utßm Õû\L°pTrade Apprentices NmTkRUô] NhPjûRfùNVpTÓjÕYRtÏ DGET ùTôßl×Ht¡\Õ. CÕ ùNuû], ûaRWôTôj,ØmûT, Lôuéo, @TûWRôTôj UtßmùLôpLjRô CPeL°p AûUkÕs[ BßùRô¯p TZÏSo UiPX CVdÏSWLmYô«XôL ùNnVlTÓ¡u\].

• Uô¨X AWÑ T¦Ls Utßm R²Vôo¨ßY]eL°p Trade Apprentices NmTkRUô]NhPjûR AØpTÓjÕYRtÏ Uô¨XT«t£ ùRô¯Xô[o BúXôNLoLsùTôßlúTt¡\ôoLs.

• ThPRô¬Ls, ùRô¯p ÖhT T¦Vô[oLsUtßm ùPdÉμVuLs Apprentices

NmTkRUô] NhPjûR AØpTÓjR U²RY[ úUmTôhÓj Õû\ AûUfNLj§uLp®jÕû\ ùTôßlúTt¡\Õ. CÕùNuû], ØmûT, Lôuéo UtßmùLôpLjRô B¡V CPeL°p AûUkÕs[SôuÏ Yô¬VeL[ôpúUtùLôs[lTÓ¡\Õ.

Uj§V ùRô¯p TZÏSo ÏÝ (CentralApprenticeship council (CAC)

• CÕ NhPm NmTkRUô] EfN AûUl×BÏm. ùRô¯p TZÏSo T«t£j §hPmNmTkRUô] ùNVp§hPeLs Utßm


170

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ùTôÕ ¨V§ Utßm Apprenticeship Training

Scheme (ATS) HtTôÓ ùNnV AWÑdÏ CÕA±ÜßjÕ¡\Õ.

• CÕ Uj§V, Uô¨X AWÑLs UtßmAYt±u ¸r CVeÏm ùRô¯tNôûXLsUtßm ùRô¯Xô[o NeLl ©W§¨§LsB¡úVôo APe¡V êYo ÏÝYôÏm. CÕAW£VXûUl×f NhPj§u ¸rAûUdLlThPRôÏm.

• ë²Vu ùRô¯Xô[o AûUfNo úNoUuBLÜm Utßm U²R Y[ úUmTôhÓjÕû\«u ë²Vu AûUfNLj§uLp®dLô] Uô¨X AûUfNo ER® úNoUuBLÜm CÚd¡\ôo.

ER® F§Vm (Stipend)

• ¸rdLiP ÅRj§p ER® F§Vm ùRô¯pTZÏSoLÞdÏ YZeLlTÓ¡\Õ.

ØRp YÚPm, Rs. 2100/- p.m

CWiPôm YÚPm, Rs. 2400/- p.m

êu\ôm YÚPm, Rs. 2800/- p.m

SôuLôm YÚPm, Rs. 3100/- p.m.

• ùRô¯t T«t£Vô[oLÞdLô] ER®F§Vj§tLô] ùNXûY ØRXô°LsùLôÓlTôoLs.

• ER® ùRôûLdLô] YûWVû\

a ùTô±«Vp ThPRô¬, Rs. 3560/- p.m.,

b ùTô±«Vp ThPRô¬, (SW) Rs.2530/- p.m.,

c ùRô¯p ÖhTl T¦Vô[o ThPVmùTt\Yo Rs. 2530/- p.m.,

d ùRô¯tÖhTl T¦Vô[o ThPVmùTt\Yo (Sandwich course) Rs. 2070/- p.m

e ùRô¯p ÖhT T¦ TZÏSo ùRô¯tLp®NôokR apprenticesdLô] stipend NUUôLlT¡okÕ ùLôs[lTÓ¡\Õ.

• ÖLoúYôo ®ûX Ï±ÂhÓ GiA¥lTûP«p JqùYôÚ CWiÓYÚPj§tÏ JÚ Øû\ ER® F§V ÅRmUôt± AûUdLlTÓ¡\Õ.

ùRô¯p TZÏSÚdLô] T«t£ (Training oftrade apprentices)

• 35 trade groups Utßm informal sector 243 trades

úRokùRÓdLlThÓs[Õ.

• Lp®j RÏ§ 8 þBm YÏl×j úRof£«pCÚkÕ XII YÏl× úRof£ (10+2) system þpUtßm £X cases B.Sc.

• Ïû\kR ThN YVÕ 14 YÚPeLs.

• T«t£LôXm 6 UôRj§≠ÚkÕ 4 YÚPmYûW UôßTÓ¡\Õ.

• T«t£Vô[¬u T«t£ B]Õ craftsmen

T«t£ §hPjÕPu (ITIs / ITCs þp LtßjRWlTÓYÕPu ) úNodLlThÓs[Õ.ùTôÚjRUô] Õû\L°p ùRô¯pTZÏSÚdLô] LôXj§p rebate B]Õ pass

out dÏ AàU§dLlTÓ¡\Õ.

• T«t£ B]Õ A¥lTûP T«t£,ùNnØû\ T«t£ G] CWiûPÙmúNoj§ÚdÏm Utßm JqùYôÚ trade þÛmÏ±l©PlThP TôPj§tÏl ùTôÚjRUô]A±ÜûWLÞm úNodLlTh¥ÚdÏm.

• ×§VYoLÞdLô] ¨ßY]j§àsAûUdLlTh¥ÚdÏm A¥lTûPl T«t£ûUVj§p (basic training centres (BTCs)

A¥lTûPl T«t£Ùm ùRôPo×ûPVA±ÜûWLÞm SPjRlTÓ¡u\].

• T¦Vô[oLÞdÏ T«t£ ùRô¯Xô[oLsGu\ Ï±l©hP ÅRj§p Apprenticeship

Advisor þ Bp trade apprentices þdLô] seats

JÕdLlTÓ¡u\]. Utßm T«t£YN§L°u availability ùTôßjÕ AûU¡\Õ.T«t£L°u YN§ Utßm úYûXYônl×®¡RôNôWj§u T¥ AûURp

• JqùYôÚ apprenticeþ Em Utßm T¦YZeÏSÚm apprenticeship training þu JÚJlTkRjûR HtTÓj§d ùLôs[ úYiÓm.Utßm CÕ apprenticeship advisors þBp T§ÜTiQlTÓ¡\Õ.

• YÚPj§p CWiÓ Øû\ Uôof UtßmùNlPmTo UôRj§p trade apprentices þdLô]engagement SPd¡\Õ.

• NhPj§u ̧ r ØRXô°Ls Utßm ùRô¯pTZÏSo CÚYÚúU ReLs LPûUûV¨û\úYt\ úYiÓm.

ùRô¯tT«t£Vô[ÚdLô] Nôu±RrUtßm ùRô¯t T¬úNôRû] (Trade testingand certification of trade apprentices)

• Apprentices þdLô] trade Test A¡X Ck§V


171

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LEGISLATION


A[®p, JÚ YÚPj§p CWiÓ Øû\ARôYÕ HlWp Utßm úU UtßmAdúPôTo Utßm SYmT¬pSPjRlTÓ¡u\].

• Apprentices úNodûLdLô] LôXm JqùYôÚYÚPØm Uôof Utßm ùNlPmTo BÏm.CÚl©àm ̈ ßY]eLs 15th of April Utßm15th of October YûW JqùYôÚ YÚPØmApprentices úNodûLdÏ AàU§dLlTÓ¡u\]. CRtúLtT Apprentices ReLsApprenticeship T«t£ûV 15th of October

Utßm15th of April Ø¥lTYoLs úRoÜdÏRÏ§Vô]YoLs B¡\ôoLs

• ùYt± ùTt\ SToLs National Apprenticeship

Certificate (NAC) ùTßYRtÏ RÏ§Vô]YoLsB¡\ôoLs.

• ªLf £\kR Apprentices þdÏ ùYt±Vô[oUtßm runner upþdÏ Merit Certificates YZeLlTÓ¡u\].

• Best ̈ ßY]eLÞdÏm Award (Merit Certificates)

Nôu±Rr YZeLlTÓ¡\Õ.

Trade apprentices þdLô] §\u úTôh¥Ls(Skill competition of trade apprentices)

• T«t£ ùRô¯Xô[oLÞdÏm Utßm¨ßY]eLÞdÏm BúWôd¡VUô]úTôh¥ûVl úT¦d LôdÏm ®Rj§p§\u úTôh¥Vô]Õ, úXôdLp, UiPXmUtßm A¡X Ck§V A[®p HtTôÓùNnVlTÓ¡\Õ. UiPX §\u úTôh¥Utßm A¡X Ck§V úTôh¥Vô]Õ¸rLiP trades L°p SPjRlTÓ¡\Õ.

1 ùTôÚjÕSo (@©hPo) (Fitter)

2 LûPNXo (Po]o) (Turner)

3 ùUμ²vh (CVk§W T¦Vô[o) (Machinist)

4 ùYpPo (Tt±ûQlTYo) (úLv UtßmGXdh¬d) (Welder (Gas & Electric)

5 ªu T¦Vô[o (GXdhÃμVu) (Electrician)

6 úUôhPôo YôL] ùUdLô²d (LmªVoCVdL Fo§) (Mechanic Motor Vehicle)

7 CuvhìùUuh ùUdLô²d (InstrumentMechanic)

8 GXdhWô²d ùUdLô²d (Electronic Mechanic)

9 YûWTPYô[o þ ùUdLô²dLp (Draughtsman(Mechanical)

10 JVoúUu (Wireman)

11 ùUdLô²d ¼Np (Mechanic Diesel)

12 åp Utßm ûP RVô¬lTYo (Tool & Die Maker(Dies & Moulds)

13 åp Utßm ûP RVô¬lTYo (Tool & Die Maker(Press Tools, Jigs & Fixtures)

14 Refrigeration & Air-conditioning Mechanic

15 Millwright maintenance mechanic renamed asMechanic Machine Tool Maintenance

ùTôÕYô]ûY (General)

• RªrSôÓ, Tôi¥fúN¬, Utßm ë²Vu©WúRNUô] CXhN¾l (Union Territory of

Lakshadweep), CeùLpXôm AûUkÕs[Uj§V AWÑ ¨ßY]eLs /AÛYXLeL°p (Trade Apprentices)

NmTkRUô]Yt±tÏ Apprentices Act 1961þIAØpTÓjÕRYRtÏ ùNuû]«p Es[Apprenticeship TrainingþdLô] UiPXCVdÏSWLm Regional Directorate of (RDAT)

ùTôßlúTt¡\Õ.

• úUtá±V Uô¨XeL°u Uô¨X apprenticeship

advisorsþu purview þ®u ¸r YÚm Uô¨XlùTôÕ Õû\ Utßm R²Vôo Õû\¨ßY]eL°p trade apprentices NmTkRUôLapprentices act ùNVpTÓjRl TÓYûRdLiLô¦lT§Ûm CÕ DÓTÓ¡\Õ.

¨ßY]eLû[ BnÜ Utßm Uß BnÜùNnRp (Survey / Re-survey of establishments)

• CkR CVdÏSWLm Uj§V AWÑ¨ßY]eL°p BnÜ SPj§ training facility

þI U§lÀÓ ùNn¡\Õ Utßm CkR¨ßY]eL°p ùYqúYß ¥úWÓL°pT«t£ A°dLlTP úYi¥V trade

apprenticesþp quota ÁÕ apprentices act þu ¸rA§LôW éoY A±®l× ùY°«Ó¡\Õ.

• T«t£ A°dÏm YN§Lû[ U§l©PÜmUtßm §ÚjRlThP quota notificationþIùY°«PÜm ºWô] CûPùY°L°pApprentices Actþu ¸úZ HtL]úY cover

TiQlThÓs[ Uj§V AWÑ¨ßY]eL°p Uß BnÜm CÕSPjÕ¡\Õ.

AUpTÓjÕYûR LiLô¦jRp (Monitoringof implementation)

• UôRôk§W Utßm ©\ periodical returnsþIlùTßY§u êXm Utßm N¬lTÓjÕm


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SPY¥dûLLû[ GÓlTRu êXm CkRCVdÏSWLm notified ¨ßY]eL°uapprentices act NhPjûR AUpTÓjÕYûRdLiLô¦d¡\Õ.

JlTkRm T§Ü ùNnRp(Registration of contract)

• Apprentices Act 1961 þu ¸r CÚlTûY T¥,CkR CVdÏSWLjRôp, T«t£ùRô¯Xô[oLs Utßm ùRô¯Xô[oLsCÚYÚdÏm CûPúV HtTÓjRlThPJlTkRm áokÕ BnÜ ùNnVlThÓ UtßmJlTkRm ùNnVlTÓ¡\Õ.

ºWô] ¥úWh T¬úNôRû] (Progressive tradetest (PTT)

• apprenticesþdÏ YZeLlTÓm T«t£«uRWjûR Eß§ ùNnV, ºWô]CûPùY°L°p ¨ßY]jRôp engage

TiQlThP apprenticesþLÞdLô] ºWô]¥úWh ùPvh þI CkR CVdÏSWLj§uA§Lô¬Ls SPjÕ¡\ôoLs.

Uj§V ©¬Ü ¨ßY]eL°p BnÜùNnRp (Inspection of central sectorestablishments)

• Notified Uj§V ©¬Ü ̈ ßY]eL°u BnûYCkR CVdÏSWLj§u A§Lô¬Ls ºWô]CûPùY°L°p úUtùLôiÓ Actþu T¥¨ßY]eL[ôp apprenticeship T«t£§hPeLû[ Eß§ ùNn¡\Õ.

T«t£ ùRô¯Xô[oLÞdLôL SPjRlTÓYÕ A¡X Ck§V ¥úWh ùPvh (AllIndia Trade Test for Apprentices)

• Under the aegis of NCVT A¡X Ck§V ¥úWhùPvh T«t£ T¦Vô[oLÞdLô]Õ,JqùYôÚ YÚPØm, HlWp, úU, UtßmAdúPôTo Utßm SYmTo UôReL°pSPjRlTÓ¡\Õ. CkR CVdÏSWLm RÏ§ûVáokÕ BWônkÕ LY²jÕ T«t£T¦Vô[oLs CkR úRo®p LXkÕùLôs[ AàU§d¡\ôoLs.

• CÕ úRo®p úRôp® AûPkR SToLû[CkR ¥úWh ùPvhdLô] supplementaryþ«pLXkÕ ùLôs[ AàU§d¡\Õ. úUÛmCÕ JÚ private candidate BLÜm A¡X Ck§V¥úWh ùPvh þI GÝR AàU§d¡\Õ.

• CÕ DGE&T (HQ) þ®p CÚkÕ®]ôjRôsLû[ RVô¬jÕ ¥úWh ùPvh

SPdÏm ûUVeLÞdÏ T¡okR°dLlTÓ¡\Õ.

• CÕ ¥úWh ùPvh ûUVeLÞdLô]úNoUu Utßm Local Board of Examination

Utßm examiners Th¥VûX Ae¸L¬d¡\Õ.

• CÕ TpúYß ûUVeL°p CÚkÕùT\lThP Ø¥ÜLû[ áokÕ BWônkÕLY²jÕ Ø¥ÜLû[ ùY°«Ó¡\Õ.

• ùYt± ùTt\ T«t£ ùRô¯Xô[oLÞdÏCÕ National Apprenticeship Certificates (NAC) þIYZeÏ¡\Õ.

• CÕ Chairman / Local Board of Examination,

Examiners Utßm Aû\ LiLô¦lTô[o(invigilators) CYoLÞdÏ U§lé§VmYZeÏ¡\Õ.

• CÕ TpúYß ¥úWh ùPvhûUVeLÞdÏ êXlùTôÚs ®ûXLû[§ÚmT YZeÏ¡\Õ.

• GlúTôÕ such references úRûYlTÓ¡\úRôAlúTôÕ CÕ Duplicate Certificates Yôe¡úUÛm Nôu±RrLû[ authenticates

TiÔ¡\Õ.

• UiPX §\u úRoÜdÏ CÕ T«t£T¦Vô[oLû[j úRokùRÓd¡\Õ.

RLYp Ye¡ (Data Bank)

• CkR CVdÏSWLm trade apprenticeship training

þp úNW ®Úm×m SToL°u RLYpYe¡ûVl TWôU¬jÕ ¨ßY]eLÞdÏAYoL°u ®iQlTj§u úT¬p AkRlTh¥VûX YZeÏ¡\Õ.

Uô¨X T«t£ ùRô¯Xô°BúXôNLoL°u ̧ r YÚm ̈ ßY]eLû[BnÜ ùNnRp (Inspection of establismentsComing under state apprenticeship advisors)

• Uô¨X T«t£ ùRô¯Xô° BúXôNLoL°u¸rYÚm Uô¨X ¨ßY]eL°p BnÜúUtùLôsYRtÏ Uj§V apprenticeship

advisorsþu A§LôWm AkRl TÏ§«p Es[Uô¨X CVdÏSWLj§tÏ A§LôW éoYUôLYZeLlThPÕ apprentices Act. 1961þu ¸rºWô] LôX CûPùY°L°p CkR¨ßY]eLû[ CkR CVdÏSWLj§uA§Lô¬Ls, BnÜ ùNn¡u\]o.


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UiPXj ùRô¯p TZÏSo BúXôNû]dÏÝ (Regional Apprenticeship Advisory Committee(RAAC)

• CkR UiPXj§p apprenticeship T«t£§hPjûRd LiLô¦jÕ Uß T¬ºXû]ùNnYRtLôL, CkR UiPXj§p RAACþICkR CVdÏSWLm Juß áhÓ¡\Õ.

CkRf NhPj§u ¸r YWôR R²Vôo¨ßY]eLû[ AûPVô[e LôQp(Identifying the private establishments not coveredunder the Act)

• Apprentices Act þu ¸r YWôR R²Vôo Õû\¨ßY]eLû[ JÚ SPY¥dûLVôL CÕ

AûPVô[eLiÓ Apprentices Act 1961þu¸úZ Ak¨ßY]eLû[ LôiÓ YWjúRûYVô] SPY¥dûL GÓlTRtLôLNmTkRlThP Uô¨X T«t£ ùRô¯Xô°BúXôNLoL°u LY]j§tÏ ùLôiÓYÚ¡\Õ. CkR NhPj§u ¸r AYtû\ùLôiÓ YW, GeùLpXôm Øû\ NôWô ©¬ÜùRô¯pLû[ CkR NhPj§p A±ØLlTÓj§, SAAþ®u LY]j§tÏ ùLôiÓ YW¨ßY]eLû[ AûPVô[m LôÔmT¦«p CVdÏSWLm DÓTÓ¡\Õ.


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ùRô¯Xô[o UÚjÕY LôlÀhÓf NhPm (Employees State Insurance (ESI) Act)

úSôdLeLs: ClTôPj§u Cß§«p ¿eLs §\m ùT\ CÚlTûY• NhPj§u úSôdLeLû[d áßRp• NhPj§u TVuTôÓLû[ áßRp• NhPj§u BRôVeLû[ áßRp.

A±ØLm (Introduction)

EPp SXªuûU, ULlúTß LôXm, UtßmT¦ Nôo× LôVeLs úTôu\ ̈ LrÜL°p £XBRôVeLû[l T¦Vô[oLÞdÏ YZeÏmúSôdLjÕPu Utßm £X ©\ NmTY¨LrÜLÞdÏm YN§Ls YZeÏmúSôdLjÕPu Ød¡UôL CVt\lThP NêLSX NhPj§u JÚ TÏ§ ùRô¯Xô[o UÚjÕYLôlÀhÓf NhPm 1948 (The Employee State

Insurance Act, [ESI] 1948) CÕYôÏm.

T¦ E¬ûUûV Lp®ûV UtßmúYûX«pXôûU Gu\ ¨ûX«p, YVÕêl©u úSWj§p, úSônYônlThP úTôÕUtßm Uôtßj§\]ô°Vôn Uô±®hPúTôÕ, TôÕLôdÏm £\kR YN§Lû[EÚYôdL, Uô¨XjûRf úNodÏm state policy

under part 4 of our constitution, Ï±l©hP articles 41,

42 Utßm 43 þu Directive principle þp Ød¡VjÕYmùTßm NêL ùTôÚ[ôRôW ¿§ GuàmCXdûL ùTßYRtÏ ùRô¯tNôûX«p CkRfNhPm Es[Õ. JÚ Ï±l©hP GpûX UhÓmCkR NhPm úUúX ùNôu] Ï±dúLôû[AûPVd LÓmØVt£ ùNn¡\Õ.

CkR NhPUô]Õ ùRô¯tNôûXf NhPjûR®P TWkR ùLôsûLLû[ EûPVÕ.ùRô¯tNôûX NhPUô]Õ BúWôd¡Vm,TôÕLôl×, SXu, ®Ól× ØRXô]ûY Tt±T¦Vô[oLs ùRô¯tNôûX Y[ôLj§àsCÚdÏm úTôÕ UhÓm Gu\ úLôQj§pCÚlTRôp CûR ®P ESI Act, wider spectrum

þId ùLôiÓs[RôL AûU¡\Õ.

Employment B]Õ incidental þ BLúYô ApXÕ¨ßY]j§u NmTkRlThúPô CÚkRôp,T¦Vô[oLÞdÏ AYoLs ùRô¯tNôûXApXÕ ¨ßY]j§u Esú[T¦Vôt±]ôÛm ApXÕ úYß GeÏm T¦×¬kRôÛm ApXÕ ØRuûU ØRXô°VôpúSW¥VôL ̈ VªdLlThÓ CÚkRôÛm ApXÕJÚ intermediate agency Y¯VôL ¨VªdLl

Th¥ÚkRôÛm, SXu BRôVeLs CkRfNhPjRôp ®¬ÜlTÓjRlThÓs[].

úSôdLeLs (Objectives)

£X BRôVeLû[ ùRô¯Xô[oLÞdÏAYoLs úSôn YônlThP úSWj§p ApXÕULlúTß LôXm úSWj§p Utßm T¦dLôXLôVm HtTÓm ̈ Lr®p, YZeÏm úSôdLj§pCVt\lThP JÚ NêL SXfNhPm ESI Act

BÏm. CkR NhPj§u ¸r T¦Vô[oLsUÚjÕYm ùTßY§p U] ¨mU§ AûPRp,TQ TXuLs ùTßRp, úTß LôX BRôVeLsùTßRp, úSônYônlThP T¦Vô[oLû[NôokÕ CÚlúTôoLÞdÏ Knî§VmYZeÏRp Utßm C\l× NmTY ̈ LrÜLÞdÏDPôL CZlÀhÓ ùRôûL YZeÏRp ApXÕ©\ LôVeLs Utßm úSônLÞdÏ CZlÀÓYZeÏRp úTôu\Yt\ôp T¦Vô[oLs TVuùTßYôoLs.

TVuTôÓ (Applicability)

• Ck§Vô ØÝûUÙm ESI Act ®¬ÜTÓjRlThÓs[Õ.

• AWNôeLj ùRô¯tNôûXLs EhTP (AúRNUVm TÚY LôX ùRô¯tNôûXLû[jR®ojÕ ) Aû]jÕj ùRô¯tNôûXLÞdÏm CkR NhPm ùTôÚkÕm.CkR ùRô¯tNôûXLs 10 ApXÕ ARtÏA§L Gi¦dûL«Xô] T¦Vô[oLû[ùLôi¥ÚkÕ ªu Nd§ÙPu RVô¬l×T¦ûVf ùNnÕ YkRôúXô ApXÕ 20

T¦Vô[oLû[d ùLôiÓ ªuNôWER®«pXôUp RVô¬l× ùNVpØû\ûVùNnÕ YkRôp AjRûLVùRô¯tNôûXLÞdÏ CkRf NhPmùTôÚkÕm.

• CkR NhPm LûPLÞdÏm Utßm¨ßY]eLÞdÏm áPl ùTôÚkÕm.ùTôÕYôL 20 T¦Vô[oLÞdÏ úUp T¦AUoj§ CÚdÏm LûPLs Utßm


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¨ßY]eLs CkR NhPj§u ¸rYÚ¡u\]. LûP GuTÕ Delhi Shops UtßmEstablishment Act, 1954 T¥, £pXû\®tTû]VôLúYô ApXÕ ùUôjR®tTû]VôLúYô ùTôÚhLs ®tLlTÓmY[ôLeLs ApXÕ GeÏ Yô¥dûLVô[oLÞdÏ úRûYLs YZeLlTÓ¡\úRôUtßm GeÏ JÚ AÛYXLm, JÚTiPLNôûX, ¡PeÏ, ùTôÚhLsùTÚU[Ü CÚl× ûYdLlTh¥ÚdÏmLh¥Pm ApXÕ T¦Uû] ApXÕT¦«Pm AúR Y[ôLj§p CÚl©àmApXÕ CpXô®¥àm ETúVôLlTÓjRlThPôÛm ApXÕ AúR Yô¦Tm ApXÕùRô¯ÛPu ùRôPo×ûPV B]ôp AúRNUVm JÚ ùRô¯tNôûXVôL CpXôR JÚY[ôLm B]Õ LûP G]lTÓ¡\Õ.

¨ßY]m “Establishment” GuTÕ JÚ LûPJÚ Y¦L ¨ßY]m ReÏm ®Ó§,EQYLm, EiÔm CPm, Lôh£ AWeÏ,ApXÕ L°l×QoÜ ùLôsÞm ùNVp¨LÝm ©\ ùTôÕ CPeLs Gu\ CkRNhPj§u ¸r YÚm CPeLs UtßmAWNôeLm A§LôW éoYUôL Official Gazette

þp ùY°«hP CkR NhPj§tLô]¨ßY]eLs GuTûYÙm CYtßsAPeÏm.

Delhi Shops Utßm Establishment Act, 1954, þuT¥ Y¦L ¨ßY]m “Commercial

Establishment” GuTÕ GkRùYôÚ Y[ôLØmClT¥VôL CkR Y[ôLj§às GkRùYôÚYô¦TØm, ùRô¯p ApXÕ úYûXÙmApXÕ NmTkRØûPV GkRùYôÚúYûXÙm ApXÕ RtùNVXô] ApXÕÕûQT¦VôL ARàPuúUtùLôs[lTÓm T¦Ùm ùNnVlTÓúUVô]ôp Utßm Societies Registration Act,

1860, þu ¸r T§Ü TiQlThÓ JÚù^ôûNh¥ BL CÚlTûRÙm úNojÕUtßm charitable ApXÕ ©\ trust, AÕregister TiQlTh¥ÚkRôÛm ApXÕCpXô®¥àm AÕ GkRùYôÚ ùRô¯p,Yô¦Tm, T¦ ApXÕ úYûXûVjùRôPo×ûPVRôL ùNnÙùU²p, ApXÕRtùNVXô] ApXÕ ARtÏ ETùRô¯XôLTiQlTÓùU²p, AkR Y[ôLØmCR¯Vp NôokR Utßm AfÑlT¦úUtùLôsÞm ¨ßY]eLÞm,JlTkRRôWoLs Utßm LQdÏ R¦dûLA§Lô¬Ls ̈ ßY]Øm, Mines Act, 1952, þu

T¥ LhÓlTÓjRTPôR LtÑWeLeLsUtßm ÑWeLeLÞdÏ R²VôoCXôTj§tLôL CVdLlTÓm Lp® Nôo×ApXÕ ©\ T«XLeLÞm, Ye¡LÞm,LôlÀÓLÞm, TeÏf NkûR, RWÏùNnVlTÓm Y[ôLeLÞm, ApXÕT¦Uôt\ T¦ úUtùLôsYÕ B]ôpAúR NUVm LûP ApXÕùRô¯tNôûXVôL Factories Act, 1948 þu ̧ rT§Ü TiQlTPôR Y[ôLeLs, ApXÕLôh£ AWeÏ, EQYLeLs, EQYÚkÕmCPeLs, ReÏm ®Ó§Ls, úL°dûL®Ó§s, ApXÕ ©\ U¡rîhÓm CPeLsGuTûY Y¦L ¨ßY]m commercial

establishment GuTRôLd Ï±l©PlTÓ¡\Õ.ØRXô°L[ôp T§Ü ùNnVlTÓmT¥YØm ARu SLÛm ApXÕ LûPLsUtßm establishment act þu ¸r ùT\lThPE¬UØm CkR T¥YjÕPuCûQdLlTh¥ÚdL úYiÓm.C§≠ÚkÕ ESI NhPm B]ÕLûPLÞdÏm Utßm ¨ßY]eLÞdÏmùTôÚkÕm. GuTÕ ùRs[ùR°Yô¡\Õ.ÁiÓm Ï±l©hP Uô¨Xj§tÏ Uô¨XmLûPLs Utßm ̈ ßY]eL°u YûWVû\UôßTÓm.

• Ck§V LlTt TûP, CWôÔYm ApXÕ®Uô] TûP«u GkRùYôÚ STÚdÏmCkRf NhPm ùTôÚkRôÕ.

• ¨WkRUt\, RtLô≠LUô] ApXÕ JlTkRlT¦Vô[oLs VôWôL CÚl©àm UôRmìTôn 10,000þdÏd Ïû\YôLf NmT[mYôeÏm VôYÚm CfNhPjRôp TVuùTßYo. CkR YÚUô] EfNYWm× B]Õ,UôRm ìTôn 7,500 GuT§p CÚkÕ ìTôn10,000 G] 1 .10 .2006 ØRpEVojRlThÓs[Õ.

• ùRô¯p TZÏSo T«t£ ùRô¯Xô°NhPj§u ¸r YÚm AR]ôp cover

TiQlThP T«t£ ùRô¯Xô°Ls CkRNhPjRôp cover TiQlTÓY§pûX.Apprenticeship Act 1961 þu T¥, “apprentice”

Gu\ôp apprenticeship JlkRj§u T¥T«t£ úUtùLôsÞm T«t£ ùRô¯Xô°GuTRôÏm.

• T«t£ ùRô¯Xô° GuTYo GkR§hPj§u ¸r AkRl ùTVoA±ÜßjÕYÕ T¥ YkRôÛm AkRjùRô¯≠u Re§WeLû[ Ltß



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ùLôsYRtLôL UhÓm YkÕs[Rôp AkRùRô¯tNôûX«u ®û[ TXû]ùTôßjRUh¥p, A§LUôL GkRRôdLjûRÙm HtTÓjRUôhPôoLs Gu\Ø¥Yô] TôoûYVôp, Uô¨X, AWNôeLmúYß Uô§¬VôLf £k§dLôR YûW,apprentices B]YoLs ùRô¯Xô[oNmTkRUô] NhPeL°p CÚkÕ®§®XdÏ ùTt\YoLs B¡\ôoLs.

• CkR NhPm ùTôÚkRd á¥V GkRùYôÚùRô¯tNôûXÙm ApXÕ ¨ßY]ØmT¦Vô[oLs Gi¦dûLVô]ÕYûWVßdLlThP Gi¦dûLûV ®PÏû\kRôÛm, ApXÕ RVô¬l×ùNnØû\Vô]Õ ceases to be carried on with

the aid of power Gu\ôÛm, ùRôPokÕ CkRNhPj§u AmNeL[ôp BÞûLdÏEhTÓm.

• ESI §hPj§u ¸r GeÏ JÚ T¦Vô[oEs[PeÏ¡\ôúWô AYo,

- Employment injury þdÏ T¦Vô[oCompensation Actþu ¸r GkRùYôÚCZlÀhûPÙm claim TiQ Ø¥VôÕ.

- Maternity Benefits Act þu ¸úZ GkRùYôÚBRôVjûRÙm claim TiQ Ø¥VôÕ.No benefits can be under the Maternity benefitsAct.

Es[Pe¡V TÏ§Ls (Areas Covered)

JqùYôÚ ̈ ûXVôL, TÏ§ Yô¬VôL ESI Scheme

B]Õ ùNVpTÓjRlThÓ YÚ¡\Õ.SôLXôkÕ, U¦léo, §¬×Wô, £d¡m,AÚQôfNXl ©WúRNm Utßm ªúNôWm R®WùTÚmTôXô] GpXô Uô¨XeL°Ûm Utßmunion territories þL°Ûm CkR §hPmùNVpTÓjRlThÓ YÚ¡\Õ.

öYôL AûUl× (Administration of the Act)

T¦Vô[o Uô¨X LôlÀhÓd LZLjRôp ESI

Corporation þBp CkR NhPj§u AmNeLsöY¡dLlTÓ¡\Õ. CÕ T¦Vô[oLsNôoTôL ØRXô° NôoTôL, Uj§V UtßmUô¨X AW£u NôoTôL ©W§¨§Lû[dùLôiÓs[Õ. CÕ R®W úUÛm NhPUu\mUtßm UÚjÕY ùRô¯≠u ©W§¨RLû[ÙmùLôiPs[Õ. LôolTúWù þCuEßl©]oL°p CÚkÕ AûUdLlThP JÚstanding committee JÚ executive body BLfùNVpTÓ¡\Õ. Uj§V AWNôpAûUdLlThP medical benefit council B]Õ

Utù\ôÚ statutory body CÕ UÚjÕYBRôVeLû[ (medical benefit) öY¡lTÕNmTkRUô] ®`VeL°p corporationþdÏA±ÜûW YZeÏ¡\Õ. BRôVeLs YZeÏmúSôdLj§p certification TiQ Utßm ©\ùRôPo×ûPV ®`VeL°p A±ÜûWYZeÏ¡\Õ.

T§Ü TiÔRp (Registration)

JÚ ¨ßY]m ApXÕ ùRô¯tNôûX B]ÕESI act þu ̧ r YWj RÏ§ ùTt\ Sô°p CÚkÕ15 §]eLÞdÏs, T¦ YZeÏTYo ESI

corporation þp R]Õ ùRô¯tNôûX ApXÕ¨ßY]jûRl T§Ü TiQ úYiÓm. Utßmemployer’s code numberùT\ úYiÓm.®iQlTm B]Õ Form 01þpúUtùLôs[lThÓ AÕ §Úl§LWUôLCÚdÏm ThNj§p UiPX AXYXLmùRô¯Xô°dÏ JÚ code number þI YZeÏm.CkR code numberþI GpXô®RUô] BYQeLsUtßm L¥R úTôdÏYWjÕ T¬Uôt\j§ÛmÏ±l©P úYiÓm.

AûPVô[ AhûP (Identity Card)

Rôu ESIAct þu ̧ r cover TiQlThÓs[ûRdLôi©dÏm ùTôÚhÓ, ùRô¯tNôûX ApXÕ¨ßY]j§p, T¦«p CÚlTûR ùR¬®dLJÚ T¦Vô[o JÚ A§LôW éoY A±®l×lT¥YjûR RôdLp ùNnYÕ AY£VUô¡\Õ.

CkRj §hPj§]ôp ¡ûPdÏm TVuLs(Benefits under the Scheme)

CkRj §hPj§u ¸r cover TiQlThPùRô¯Xô°Ls AYoLÞdÏm, AYoLû[NôokRYoLÞdÏm UÚjÕY ER® ùT\j RÏ§EûPVYoLs B¡\ôoLs. úUÛm AYoLs,NmT[ CZl× ApXÕ NmTô§dÏm §\uCZl× G] G§oLôXj§p YW Yônl×ûPVdÏ±l©hP ̈ LrÜL°p, TX BRôVeLs ùT\jRÏ§ EûPVYoLs B¡\ôoLs. Insured women

úTß LôX BRôVeLû[ confinement þtLôLlùT\j RÏ§ EûPVYoLs B¡\ôoLs.T¦dLôXd LôVeLs ApÕ T¦«]ôpúSônLs CYt\ôp, JÚ LôlÀÓ ùNnVlThPT¦Vô[o C\dL úS¬ÓUô«u,AYûWfNôok§ÚlTYoLs ÏÓmT Knî§VmùT\j RÏ§ EûPVYoLs B¡\ôoLs. insure

ùNnVlThP T¦Vô[oLs Utßm AYûWNôokRYoLs ùT\ RÏ§ EûPV TpúYßBRôVeLs Utßm BRôVm ùTßm LôXmUtßm TeL°l× conditions Aû]jÕm ¸úZRWlThÓs[].



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LEGISLATION

• UÚjÕY BRôVeLs (Medical benefits)

- Insurable employment þu Es ÖûZkR ØRpSôs Rôàm, Ru Uû]® ApXÕLQYu, ùTtú\ôoLs Utßm ùNôkRdÏZkûR ApXÕ RjùRÓdLlThPÏZkûR CYoLs Aû]YÚúU UÚjÕYYN§Ls ùT\j RÏ§ EûPVYoLsB¡\ôoLs.

- Insurable employment þp úNokÕ 5

YÚPeLs ̈ û\Ü ùTt±ÚdL úYiÓm.Gu\ ¨TkRû]«u úT¬p R]dÏmUtßm R]Õ LQYu ApXÕUû]®dÏm on superannuation ApXÕinsurable employmentþu LôX LhPj§pHtThP ¨Wk§W physical disablementþIlùTt±ÚdÏm ¨Lr®p.

• úSô«u úTôÕ ùTßm BRôVeLs(Sickness benefits)

- JÚ insured person STÚdÏ T¦dÏf ùNpXØ¥VôUp úSôn LôWQUôL absence

B¡«ÚdÏm úSWj§p Utßm A§LôWmA°dLlThP insurable medical officer/

practitioner RÚm duly certified Nôu±R¯uúT¬p sickness benefitB]Õ RWlTÓ¡\Õ.

insured person STo JÚ contribution period of 6

monthsþp Ïû\kR ThNm 78 SôhL[ôYÕTeL°lûT ùNÛj§ «ÚkRôp UhÓmBRôVeLs ùTßYRtÏAàU§dLlTÓm.

- CWiÓ AÓjRÓjR contribution LôXj§pA§LThNUôL 91 SôhLÞdÏ Sickness

benefit is payable.

• ¿h¥dLlThP úSôndLôX BRôVm(Extended sickness benefit)

- UÚjÕYo A±ÜûW T¥ T¦dÏ YWôUp¿¥jR £¡fûN úRûYlTÓm, Ï±l©hP34 ¿iP LôX úSônLsNmTkRlTh¥ÚkRôp, Nôu±RrRWlThP úSôndLô] LôXj§tÏ,LôlÀÓ ùNnVlThP STÚdÏ ¿¥jRúSôndLôX BRôVm YZeLlTÓm.

- CkR BRôVjûRl ùT\ RÏ§ ùT\úYiÓùU²p, LôlÀÓ ùNnVlThPSTo, Ïû\kR ThNm CWiÓYÚPeL[ôYÕ insurable T¦«p úYûXùNn§ÚdL úYiÓm.AYo/AYsúUÛm ØkûRV 4 TeL°l× LôXeL°p

ApXÕ 2 YÚPeL°p Ïû\kR ThNm156 SôhL[ôYÕ TeL°lûT ùNÛj§CÚdL úYiÓm.

- Designated authority þBp ùUnVô]Õ G]BRôWm LôhPlThP Utßm RdLUÚjÕYf Nôu±R¯u A¥lTûP«pA§LThNUôL 2 YÚPeLÞdÏ ESI ispayable.

- NmTkRlThP Esðo AÛYXLj§pØÝûUVô] claim papers RôdLpùNnRûR ùRôPokÕ 7 SôhLÞdÏs¿¥jR úSôndLô] BRôVm TQUôLjùRôûL payable BÏm.

• úUmTÓjRlThP úSôndLô] BRôVm(Enhanced sickness benefit)

- BÔdLô] LÚjRûP AßûYUÚjÕYm vasectomy/ tubectomy úTôu\UXPôdÏm AßûY £¡fûN (sterilization

operation) ùNnÕ ùLôsÞm productive age

groupþp CÚdÏm LôlÀÓ ùNnVlThPSToLÞdÏ TQ TXu ¡ûPdÏm..

- TeL°l× contribution B]Õ NôRôWQúSôndLô] BRôVj§tÏ B]ÕúTôuú\ BÏm. (same as for the normalsickness benefit).

- Tubectomy G²p 14 SôhLÞdÏ úUmThPúSôn BRôVm ùT\Xôm Utßm vasectomy

Gu\ôp 7 SôhLs enhanced sickness benefit

ùT\Xôm.

• ÏZkûR ùT\l úTôÏm ApXÕ NtßØu]o ÏZkûR ùTt\ ùTiLsùRôPoTô] BRôVeLs (Maternity benefit)

- ùTiLÞdÏ maternity BRôVm B]Õ,confinement ApXÕ miscarriage ApXÕùRôPo×ûPV úSônLÞdÏYZeLlTÓm.

- CRû] ùTßYRtÏ JÚ insured women

B]Ys, CWiÓ AÓjRÓjR TeL°l×LôX LhPeL°p ARôYÕ JÚYÚPj§p 70 SôhLÞdLôYÕ Ïû\kRThNm TeL°l× ùNÛj§«ÚdLúYiÓm.

- ùTôÕYôL/ ®Ól×, TQ TXu/ BRôVmB]Õ 12 YôWeLÞdÏj RWlTÓm. CÕUÚjÕY ãr¨ûXdÏ HtT 16 YôWeLsYûW ¿h¥dLlTÓm.



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- CkR BRôVj§u ÅRm B]Õ á≠dÏfNUUôL CÚdÏm ApXÕ CWiÓUPeLôL CÚdÏm.

- N¬VôL ùUnl©dLlThP claim papersþu14 SôhLÞdÏs benefit is payable.

• F]m AûPkRRtLô] BRôVeLs(Disablement benefit)

- T¦«p CÚdÏm úTôÕ HtThPLôVeL[ôp ApXÕ T¦d LôWQUô]úSônL[ôp HtThP EPp F]jRôpAY§lTÓm insure TiQlThPùRô¯Xô°LÞdÏ disablement benefit

YZeLlTÓm.

• NôokÕsú[ôodLô] BRôVeLs(Dependants benefit)

- T¦ LôWQUôL ApXÕ T¦«]ôpHtThP úSôn LôWQUôL C\l×úS¬hPôp AkR úSônYônlThP insured

STûW NôokRYoLÞdÏ dependants benefit

YZeLlTÓm.

- UôR A¥lTûP«p YôrdûLØÝûUÙm ApXÕ UßUQm ×¬ÙmYûW JÚ ®RûY CkRl TQTXû]lùT\ Ø¥Ùm.

- 18 YVûR AûPÙm YûW JÚ ULu,ApXÕ ULs CkR BRôVjûRlùT\Xôm.

- JÚ ®RûYjRôn EhTP ùTtú\ôoúTôu\ ©\ NôokÕsú[ôÚm £X¨TkRû]LÞdÏ EhThÓ CkRBRôVeLû[l ùT\Ø¥Ùm.

- JÚ Ï±l©hP ÅRj§pNôokÕs[YoL[ôp Te¡hÓdùLôsÞm T¥VôL NmT[j§p ÑUôo70% RWlTÓm payment ÅRm CÚdÏm.

- ØRp RYûQ A§LThNm insured ST¬uC\l× úS¬hPûRj ùRôPokÕ 3

UôRj§tÏs YZeLlTÓm Utßm©u]o ºWôL UôR A¥lûP«pYZeLlTÓm.

• DUd¡¬ûVf ùNXÜLs, CXYNEPpÃ§Vô] ETLWQm YZeÏRp UtßmNôR]eLs YZeÏRp Utßm úSônYWôUpLôdÏm Øuù]fN¬dûL RÓl× BúWôd¡VUtßm ùU¥dLp úTô]v CûYLs ©\BRôVeLs.

ØRXô°L°u LPûUl ùTôßl×Ls(Obligations of Employers)

• ØRXô° B]Yo R]Õ ùRô¯tNôûXApXÕ ¨ßY]jûR E.S.I act ARtÏapplicable B] Sô°p CÚkÕ 15 §]eLÞdÏs E.S.ICorporation EPu register

TiQ úYiÓm Utßm Employers Code

Number ùT\ úYiÓm.

• CkR Actþu ̧ r cover B] T¦Vô[oL°PmCÚkÕ ØRXô° B]Yo declaration

T¥YeLû[ ùTtß, E.S.I AÛYXLj§preturn of declaration forms EPu RôdLpTiQ úYiÓm. ØRXô° B]Yo,T¦Vô[oLÞdÏ LôlÀÓ Gi UtßmAûPVô[ AhûP YZeLlTÓYRtÏHtTôÓ ùNnV úYiÓm.

• Ï±l©hP Øû\«p ØRXô° B]YoTQVô[oL°u TeL°l× ùRôûL UtßmAY¬Pm úTôÕUô] Y[m CÚkRôÛmCpXô®¥àm GkRùYôÚ disputedþEmCpXôUp CkR NhPj§u ¸r AYWÕLPûUl ùTôßlTôL AYWÕ TeL°l×jùRôûLûVÙm úNojÕ E.S.I. Accountþp deposit

TiQ úYiÓm. TQTt\ôÏû\LôWQjûRd á± AYo E.S.I. TeL°lûTLhPôUp CÚdLd áPôÕ/ TQmLhPôUp ARû] ̈ VôVlTÓjRd áPôÕ.

• JqùYôÚ TeL°l× LôXj§p CÚkÕ 30

§]eLs Ø¥YRtÏs UôR paymentþuchallans EPu JÚ Return of ContributionþIØRXô° furnish TiQ úYiÓm.

• AYWôp LhPlTÓm TeL°l×jùRôûLûV LôWQm Lôh¥ AYo,ùRô¯Xô°«u NmT[jûRd Ïû\dLdáPôÕ.

• T¦Vô[o T§úYÓ, BnÜl ×jRLm Utßm®TjÕ ×jRLm CYtû\ Ï±l©hPØû\«p TWôU¬dL ØRXô° B]YoLPûUlThPYo B¡\ôo.

• ØRXô° B]Yo T¦«Pj§p GkRùYôÚ®TjÕ úS¬hPôÛm 24 U¦ úSWj§tÏsE.S.I. A§Lô¬Pm RLYp ùR¬®dL úYiÓm.ApXÕ TXUô] Øû\«úXô ApXÕUWQm ̈ LrkRôúXô EP]¥VôL ùR¬®dLúYiÓm. AYo ØRÛR® A°lTRtÏHtTôÓ ùNnV úYiÓm. UtßmT¦Vô[ûW UÚjÕYUû]dÏ ùLôiÓùNpX úTôdÏYWjÕ YN§ ùNnÕ RW



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úYiÓm AYo úUÛm ®TjÕ Tt±VRLYpLs Utßm, úRûYVô] ®TWeLû[A§Lô¬Pj§p furnish TiQ úYiÓm.

• EsÞo AÛYXLm Utßm AÚLôûU«pCÚdÏm E.S.I. dispensary/hospitalþdÏGkRùYôÚ T¦Vô[Úm C\kÕ®hPôp,EP]¥VôLj RLYp ùR¬®dL úYiÓm.

• JÚ T¦Vô[o úSônYônTh¥ÚkÕ RdLNôu±RÝm NUo©j§ÚkRôp ØRXô°B]Yo, T¦Vô[ûW T¦×¬Vd

LhPô]lTÓjRôUp ®Ól× GÓdLAàU§dL úYiÓm.

• JÚ T¦Vô[o úSônYônlh¥ÚkRôúXô/úTß LôXj§p CÚkRôúXô/ RtLô≠Ldisablement benefitþp CÚkRôúXô ApXÕUÚjÕY £¡fûN«u ̧ r CÚkRôúXô úSônLôWQUôL T¦dÏ YWôUp CÚkRôúXôUtßm RdL Nôu±Rr ùLôÓj§ÚkRôpApXÕ LÚÜt±ÚkRôúXô ØRXô°B]Yo AkRl T¦Vô[ûW dismiss or

discharge TiQd áPôÕ.


ESI §hPm þ JÚ T¦Vô[oLÞdLô] JhÓ ùUôjR NêLl TôÕLôl×(ESI Scheme - a total social security for workmen)

1 UÚjÕY LY²l× ØRuûU, CWiPôm ¨ûX Utßm êu\ôYÕT¥«Xô] UÚjÕYd LY²l× R² STo TQmùNXÜ ùNnVôUp YZeLlTÓ¡\Õ.

2 úSôndLôX BRôVm 91 SôhLs

3 ¿h¥jR úSôndLôX BRôVm 730 SôhLs (2 YÚPeLs YûW) Ï±l©hP 34

úSônLÞdLôL.

4 úTß LôX BRôVm 84 SôhLs + 1 UôRm (úTß LôXj§p HtTÓm£dLp LôWQUôL, confinement, ØÝ Y[of£AûPVôR ÏZkûR

5 ¨Wk§W F]j§tLô] BRôVm NmTô§dÏm §\u CZl©u A¥lûP«p/RtLô≠LUô] F]j§tLô] F]m ¿eÏm YûW.BRôVm

6 Nôok§ÚlúTôo ùTßm LôlÀÓ ùTt\ ST¬u C\l©p, AYo Uû]®BRôVm AYWÕ BÙs YûW/ AYo UßUQm ùNnÙm YûW

Utßm YVÕ/ §ÚUQ LôWQeL°uA¥lTûP«p £X ¨TkRû]LÞPu ÏÓmTEßl©]oLÞm TXu ùTßYo.

7 CWôËq Lôk§ Shramik Kalyan §]N¬ NWôN¬ á≠«p 50% úYûX«u± CÚdÏmYojna (Unemployment allowance) 12 UôReLs YûW. (ùRô¯tNôûX closure, retrenchment

LôWQUôL úYûX«u± CÚdÏm úTôÕ) ApXÕT¦dLôX LôVm LôWQUôL 40% dÏd Ïû\VôR¨WkRW F]j§u úTôÕ.

8 F]Øt\YoLû[l T¦ ìTôn 25,000 YûW UôR YÚUô]UôLl ùTßmAUojÕm ØRXô°dLÞdLô] Ïû\TôÓ EûPV T¦Vô[oLû[ úYûXdÏFdLlT¬Ñj §hPm GÓjÕd ùLôsÞm ØRXô°LÞdÏ 3 YÚPm

YûWAWÑ employment share of contribution

YZeLlTÓ¡\Õ.

9 KnÜ ùTt\ LôlÀÓ YÚPj§tÏ ìTôn 120 ùNÛj§ ESIC «pSToLÞdLô] UÚjÕY UÚjÕY YN§ ùT\Xôm.LY²l×


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F§Vm YZeÏR≠u NhPm CVt\úYi¥V AY£Vm (Need for enacting thepayment wage Act)

F§Vm YZeÏRp GuTÕ JÚ T¦Vô[ûWùTôßjRUh¥p ªL Ød¡VUô] ®`VmBÏm. AYÚdÏ RWlTP úYi¥V F§VmN¬Vô] úSWj§p ¡ûPdLôR úTôÕm¨VôVUt\ deduction CÚkRôÛm T¦Vô[oU]m NgNXlTÓm. Utßm T¦«pBoYjûR CZlTôo. AYÚdÏ YôrYÕ£WUm BLXôm. G]úY T¦Vô[oNmTô§dÏm F§VjûR N¬YW YZeÏYûRlTôÕLôdL JÚ NhPm CÚdL úYi¥VÕAY£Vm G] EQWlThPÕ. CRû]LÚj§p ùLôiÓ Ck§V AWNôeLm, 23

HlWp 1936þp F§Vm YZeÏm NhPmCVt±VÕ.

F§Vm YZeÏYÕ ùRôPoTô]NhPj§u YWm× Utßm úSôdLm(Objective and scope of payment of wage Act)

ùRô¯tNôûX«p T¦ ×¬Ùm £X YûLlT¦Vô[oLÞdÏ F§Vm YZeLlTÓYûRØû\lTÓjR CfNhPm CVt\lThPÕ.A§LôW éoYUt\ GkRùYôÚ ©¥jRØhCpXôUp, ºWô] CûPùY°«p JÚÏ±l©hP Y¥Yj§p T¦ AUojRlThPSToLÞdÏ F§Vm YZeLlTP úYiÓm.

NhPj§u ùNVpTôÓ (Application of the Act)

CkR NhPm B]Õ, ùRô¯tNôûXL°p T¦×¬Ùm T¦Vô[oLÞdÏ ùTôÚkÕm. úUÛmùRô¯tNôûX Au± CW«púY«ÛmCW«púY ¨oYôLjRôÛm úSW¥VôLúYôApXÕ JÚ subcontractor, êXUôLúYô T¦«pAUojRlTÓm T¦Vô[oLÞdÏmùTôÚkÕm. Utßm ùRô¯tNôûX ApXÕ©\ ¨ßY]eL°p T¦VôtßmT¦Vô[oLÞdÏm CkR NhPm ùTôÚkÕm.

CeÏ “factory” GuTÕ Factories Act, 1948 (63 of

1948) GuTRu section 2(m) þ®p á\lThPûRdÏ±dÏm Utßm section 85(1) þu ̧ r ùTôÚkÕmActþu provisions T¥ Es[ CPeLû[Ùm CÕEs[Pd¡Ùs[Õ.

“ùRô¯tNôûX ApXÕ ©\ ̈ ßY]m” GuTÕ¸rLiPYtû\d Ï±dÏm.

a) NôûX Y¯VôL YôPûLdÏ ApXÕ reward

þdÏ TV¦Ls Utßm ùTôÚhLû[f ÑUkÕùNpYRtLô] úUôhPôo TVQ úNûYApXÕ Tramway serviceþId Ï±dÏm.

b) ë²V²p CWôÔYm, LPtTûP ApXÕ®Uô]l TûP«p DÓTÓjRlTÓm ®Uô]TVQf úNûYûV R®ojR Air transport service

ApXÕ Ck§V AW£u Civil Aviation Õû\.

c) Õû\ØLm, LlTp Õû\ úUûP ApXÕØû\ØL AûQ LûW.

d) EsSôhÓdLlTp, (CVk§W®VXôpCVeÏ¡\ LlTp)

e) ÑWeLm, ÏYô¬, GiùQn ̈ Xm/ GiùQn¡ûPdÏm CPm

f) úRôhPlTiûQ.

g) Ju±u TVuTôÓ úTôdÏYWjÕ ApXÕ®tTû] LiúQôhPj§p RVô¬dLlTÓm, adapt TiQlTÓm ApXÕ EtTj§ùNnVlTÓm ùTôÚhLû[ EÚYôdÏmT¦Uû] ApXÕ ¨ßY]m.

h) Lh¥PeLs, NôûXLs, TôXeLs ApXÕYôndLôpLs CYt±u LhÓUô]m,úUmTôÓ ApÕ TWôU¬l× ùRôPo×ûPVGkRùYôÚ úYûXÙm SûPùTßm¨ßY]m ApXÕ LPtTûP, ®YNôV,¿oTôN]m ùRôPo×ûPV ùNVpTôÓLsApXÕ Ri½o YZeLp ApXÕ ªu


F§Vm YZeÏRp ùRôPoTô] NhPm 1936 (Payment of Wage Act 1936)

úSôdLeLs: ClTôPj§u Cß§«p ¿eLs §\m ùT\ CÚlTûY• F§Vm YZeÏRp ùRôPoTô] NhPm CVt\ úYi¥VRu AY£VjûRd áßRp• F§Vm ùRôPoTô] NhPj§u YWm× Utßm úSôdLeLû[ áßRp• F§Vm YZeÏm NhPj§u ̧ r YÚm TpúYß ùRô¯tNôûXLû[l Th¥V≠ÓRp• F§Vm GuTRu ùTôÚs Tt± ®[dÏRp• F§Vm YZeÏR≠u ùTôßl× Tt±d áßRp


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EtTj§ transmission Utßm ªu T¡oUô]mNmTkRUô]ûY ApXÕ ªuNôWmùLôiÓ ùNpXlTÓm GkRùYôÚ Øû\Ùm.

NmT[dLôXm NmTkRlThP YûL«pT¦«p AUojRlThÓs[ STÚdÏ RWlTPúYi¥V F§Vj§tÏ CkR NhPmùTôÚkÕm AkR wage period þdLô]AlT¥lThP F§Vm B]Õ UôRj§tÏìTôn 6500þdÏ ªLôUp CÚjRp, ApXÕúR£V Uô§¬ BnÜ AûUlTôp©WÑ¬dLlTÓm ÖLoúYôo ùNX®u NoúY«uA¥lûP«p úUtá±VûR ®Pd áÓRXô]ùRôûL Uj§V AWNô]Õ JqùYôÚIkRôi¥tÏ JÚ Øû\ Official Gazette þuA§LôW éoY A±®l× Ï±l©ÓYÕ.

F§Vm GuTRu AojRm (Meaning of wages)

F§Vm GuTÕ Aû]jÕ F§VeLû[ÙmÏ±lTRôÏm. (AÕ NmT[UôLúYô, allowances

þBLúYô ApXÕ úY\ôLÜm CÚdLXôm)

CûY TQm Gu\ ùRôPWôp Ï±l©PlTÓYRôÏm. CÕ JÚ STo T¦dÏ AUojRlThÓ T¦Vô[WôLl T¦ ×¬ûL«p AYoùNnR T¦dÏ DPôLj RWlTÓYRôÏm.CYtßs APeÏYÕ ¸úZ RWlThÓs[Õ.

a CÚ RWl©]oLÞd¡ûP«p settlement

BLúYô ¿§ Uu\ EjRWlT¥ ApXÕHúRàm AYôoh þu ¸r RWlTÓmGkRùYôÚ F§VØm C§p APeÏm.

b JÚ STo overtime T¦ ×¬kRôúXô ®ÓØû\SôhL°p ApXÕ HúRàm ®Ól× LôXLhPj§p T¦ ×¬kRôúXô ARtÏ DPôLjRWlTÓm F§Vm.

c úYûX ùNnÙm T¦Vô[o T¦«p CÚkÕ¨uß ®hPôp NhPlT¥ RWlTPúYi¥V AYÚdÏ úNW úYi¥V ùRôûL,A§p ©¥jRm ùNnúRô ApXÕ ©¥jRmCpXôUúXô RWlTP úYi¥V TQm.

d úTô]v GuTRôLúYô ApXÕ úYßGkRlùTV¬p AûZdLlThPôÛm T¦ùNnRRtÏ DPôLj RWlTÓm áÓRpF§Vm.

e AkRkR LôX LhPj§p AU≠p CÚdÏmGkRùYôÚ NhPj§u T¥l T¦Vô[oùT\lTP úYi¥V ùRôûL C§pAPeÏm.

B]ôp CûY C§p úNWôÕ (But does notinclude)

1 any bonus (CXôTj§u TeÏ RWlTÓm§hPj§u ¸r ApXÕ úY\ô]) CûYT¦ Gu\ ùRôP¬u ̧ r YWôR F§Vj§uTôLUôL CpXôRRôÏm. ApXÕ CûYGkRùYôÚ award BLÜm RWlTPúYi¥V§pûX. ApXÕ CÚRWl©]oLÞd¡ûP«p HtTÓm settlement

ApXÕ ¿§Uu\ EjRWÜlT¥ RWúYi¥VRpXôR ùRôûL.

2 GkRùYôÚ Åh¥u / ReÏªPj§u(house/accommodation), U§l× ApXÕ®[dÏ Ri½o Nlû[, UÚjÕYER®ApXÕ ©\ YN§Ls CYt±u U§l×ApXÕ Uô¨X AWNôp ©\l©dLlThPJÚ ùTôÕYô] ApXÕ £\l× BûQVôpF§Vm LQd¡ÓY§p ®XdL°dLlThPGkRùYôÚ úNûYL°u U§l×m C§púNWôÕ.

3 úYûX A°lTYWôp ùNÛjRlTÓmGkRùYôÚ Knî§Vm TeL°l× ApXÕYÚeLôX ûYl×¨§ (any pension or

provident fund) - dLô] TeL°l× UtßmARtÏ úNokR Yh¥ CûY F§Vm Gu\ùNôp≠p úNWôÕ.

4 GkRùYôÚ TVQlT¥ (travelling allowance)

ApXÕ GkRùYôÚ TVQfNÛûL CûYúNWôÕ.

5 T¦«p AUojRlThP STÚdÏ RWlTÓmGkRùYôÚ £\l×f ùNXÜLû[ (special

expenses) defray TiÔm YûL«Xô]ûY.

6 subclause (d) þ«p Ï±l©hPlThPûYApXôR ¨LrÜL°p T¦«p CÚkÕ®XÏm úTôÕ RWlTÓm gratuity payable.

NmT[m RÚYRtLô] ùTôßl× EûPVYo(Responsibility for Payment of wages)

JqùYôÚ ØRXô°Ùm AYWôp T¦«pAUojRlThP T¦Vô[oLÞdÏ CkRNhPjRôp ùNôpXlThP NhPj§u ¸rYÚ¡\ GpXô®RUô] NmT[m YZeÏYRtÏlùTôßlTô]Yo B¡\ôo.

a ùRô¯tNôûX«p Factories Act, 1948 (63 of

1948) T¥ section 7þu subsection (1)þu clause

(f)þu ¸r úUXô[o GußùNôpXlTÓ¡\Yo.



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b ùRô¯tNôûX ApXÕ ©\ ¨ßY]eL°p¨ßY]jûR LiLô¦jÕ LhÓlTÓ#óÕRmSTWôL ØRXô°dÏ ùTôßlTô]YWôL JÚSTo CÚkRôp AYo.

c ùRô¯tNôûXLs ApXôR CW«púY¨oYôLj§u T¦«p AUojÕm SToUtßm NmTkRlThP úXôdLp H¬Vô local

area ®tÏ CÕ NmTkRUôL CW«púY¨oYôLjRôp nominated TiQlThP STo.

d JlTkRRôWo Gu\ ̈ Lr®p AkR contractor

þBp ¨VªdLlThP úSW¥l ùTôßl©pCÚdÏm STo.

e ©\ ¨LrÜL°p NhPj§u AmNeLÞmT¦kÕ ùTôßlúTtÏm STo UtßmAkSTo ØRXô°Vôp AqYôßùTôßlúTtÏm T¥ designated TiQlTh¥ÚkRôp AYo AlT¥ ùTV¬PlThPYo, ØRXô°dÏ ùTôßlTô] STo,AqYôß ¨VU]m ùNnVlThPYoCYoLs GpXôm NmT[m YZeLlùTôßl× HtL úYi¥VYoLs BYo.

ØRXô°«u ¨VªdLlThP STo ApXÕJlTkRLôWo F§Vm YZeLj RYßmThNj§p ØRXô°Rôu CkRf NhPj§u ̧ rYZeLlTP úYi¥V Aû]jÕF§Vj§tÏm ùTôßl× HtL úYi¥VYoB¡\ôo.

NmT[m YZeÏYRtLô] NmT[ LôXm(Wage period for payment of wages)

NmT[m YZeLl ùTôßlúTtÏm STo NmT[mRÚYRtLô] LôXjûR ¾oUô²jÕùLôs[Xôm. B]ôp AkRd LôXLhPmB]Õ JÚ UôRjûR RôiÓYRôL CÚdLdáPôÕ.

1000 SToLÞdÏ Ïû\YôL T¦×¬ÙmGkRùYôÚ ̈ ßY]j§Ûm ApXÕ CW«púYùRô¯tNôûXLs CYt±p T¦VôtßmJqùYôÚ T¦Vô[ÚdÏm NmT[mùLôÓdLlTP úYi¥V LûP£ Sô°p CÚkÕ7 BYÕ Sôs Ø¥YRtÏs NmT[mYZeLlThÓ®P úYiÓm.

úYß GkR CW«púY, ùRô¯tNôûX ApXÕT¦Uû] ApXÕ ©\ ¨ßY]eL°pT¦Vô[o Gi¦dûL 1000 GuTûR ®PA§LUôL CÚdÏùU²p AeùLpXôm

NmT[m ùLôÓdLlTP úYi¥V LûP£§]j§p CÚkÕ 10 §]eLÞdÏs NmT[mYZeLlThÓ ®P úYiÓm.

Õû\ØLm, TPÏjÕû\ úUûP ApXÕØû\ØL AûQ LûW ApXÕ JÚ ÑWeLmCûYL°p T¦Vôtßm T¦Vô[oLÞdÏHt\ThP ApXÕ C\dLlThP Cß§ tonnage

ApXÕ final account of the ship dÏ wagons BLEs[ NmT[ Tôd¡ûV AlT¦ ̈ û\Ü ùTt\Sô°≠ÚkÕ 7 §]eLÞdÏs of such completion

YZeLlThÓ ®P úYiÓm.

ØRXô°Vôp ApXÕ AYWÕ Nôo©p úYßVôWôÛm, T¦Vô[o JÚYo T¦«≠ÚkÕ¿dLlThÓ ®hPôp AYÚdÏ AYoT¦«≠ÚkÕ ¿dLlThP Sô°p CÚkÕ 2

YÕ úYûX §]m Ø¥YRtÏs AYÚdÏAYo NmTô§jR TQjûR ùLôÓjÕ®PúYiÓm.

YôWôk§W ApXÕ ©\ Ae¸L¬dLlThP®ÓØû\ §]UôL CpXôUp, úYß GkRLôWQj§tLôYÕ ¨ßY]m êPlThÓAR]ôp JÚ T¦Vô[o T¦«≠ÚkÕterminate B¡®hPôp AYWôpNmTô§dLlThP á≠ûV NmT[jûR AYoT¦«p CÚkÕ AqYôß ¿dLlThPSô°≠ÚkÕ CWiPôm Sôs Ø¥YRtÏsùLôÓjÕ ®P úYiÓm.

NmT[m ThÓYôPô TiQlTPôUpCÚdÏm úSWj§p T¦«p CÚdÏm SToC\dL úS¬hP ¨Lr®p AYWÕNmT[jûR YZeÏm ®TWm (Payment in caseof death of the employed person whose wages arenot disbursed)

NmT[m YZeLlTÓm ØuúT T¦«pAUojRlThÓ T¦Vôt± YkR STo C\kÕúTô]RôpAY¬Pm NmT[m ùLôÓdLCVXôUp úTô«ÚkRôp ApXÕ AYWÕwhereabouts not being known BL CÚdÏm¨Lr®p,

a AYWôp ¨VªdLlThP ST¬Pm(nominated by him) YZeLlTP úYiÓm.

b CkR Uô§¬Vô] nomination ùNnVlTPôRThNj§p ApXÕ nominated ST¬PmùLôÓdL Ø¥VôR ThNj§p AkR TQjûRprescribed authorityþ«Pm deposit TiQlTPúYiÓm.



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Ïû\kRThN F§V NhPm Tt±VA±ØLm (Introduction of minimum wages Act)

Ïû\kR A[®p YZeÏm ùRô¯tNôûXLsNmTkRlThPYt±u T¥Ùm Ut\m AjRûLVùRô¯tNôûXL°p T¦×¬ÙmùRô¯Xô[oLs AYoLÞdÏ CûZdLlTÓmúSoûUVt\ ùNVûX G§odL YÛ®u±CÚdÏm ThNj§Ûm SuÏ organise

TiQlTPôUÛm úTWm úTÑm §\àmÏû\YôLd ùLôiÓs[ AjRûLVùRô¯Xô[oLÞdLôL Ïû\kR ThN F§Vm(Minimum Wages) RjÕYm ØRu ØR≠p 1928þpILO þBp EÚYôdLlThÓ Y[okRÕ. (Ck§VùRô¯Xô[o UôSôhPôp) 1945þp JÚ draft bill

consider ùNnVlThP EXLl úTôo – II (World

War – II) þdÏl ©\Ï Ck§Vô®p Ïû\kR ThNF§Vm öQVm ùNnV ARu AY£VmA§L¬jRÕ.

£X úYûX Yônl×L°p Ïû\kRThN F§VmöQVm ùNnYRtÏ 11.4.1946 þp Central

Legislative assemblyþu 8th Standing Labour Committee

þu T¬kÕûWlT¥ Minimum Wages Bill

A±ØLlTÓjRlThPÕ.

Ïû\kRThN F§Vm The Minimum Wages Bill

B]Õ Indian Dominion Legislature þBp pass

TiQlThÓ 15th March, 1948 þpùNVpTôh¥tÏ YkRÕ. CkR NhPj§p ¸r,Actþu ScheduleþBp cover TiQlThPùRô¯pLÞdLô] Ïû\kRThN F§V ®RmöQ«dL Uß T¬ºXû] ùNnV Uô¨X UtßmUj§V AWÑLs “Appropriate Governments” BÏm.

Ïû\kRThN ÅR F§Vj§p Special Allowance

þEm (Variable Dearness Allowance)

Es[PeÏ¡\Õ. CÕ ÖLoúYôo ®ûXdÏ±ÂhÓ GiÔPu Consumer Price Index

Number link TiQlThÓ HlWp UtßmAdúPôTo þp YÚPj§tÏ CWiÓ Øû\Uôt± AûUdLlTÓ¡\Õ. JÚ Øû\

öQ«dLlThP F§V ÅReLs IkÕYÚPeLÞdÏ A§LUôLôR CûPùY°«pUôt± AûUdLlTÓ¡u\]

úYûX A°lTY¬u Ïû\kRThNF§Vj§tLô] ùNd ≠vh (Employer’sChecklist for Minimum Wages)

ØRXô°B]Yo JqùYôÚ ùRô¯ÛdÏmAWNôeLm öQ«jR NmT[jûRLhPôVUôL YZeL úYiÓm.

a F§Vm TQm þBL ùLôÓdLlTPúYiÓm.

b Ïû\kRThN F§Vm ̈ oQVm ùNnYRtÏ,úYûXVô]Õ Schedule þp originally CÚdLúYiÓm. ApXÕ NhPj§u Section 27 u¸r JÚ notification þBp Schedule EPuúNojÕd ùLôs[l Th¥ÚdL úYiÓm.

c JÚ Sô°p 12 U¦ úSW μl¥p 9 U¦úSWm ØRXô° actual workþIl ùTtßdùLôs[Xôm. B]ôp 8 U¦ úSWj§tÏA§LUôL úYûX YôeÏm úTôÕ ApXÕJÚ YôWj§p 48 U¦ úSWj§tÏ A§LUôLúYûX Yôe¡]ôp, áÓRXôL úYûXùNnR JqùYôÚ U¦ úSWj§tÏm CWiÓUPeÏ NmT[m ØRXô° YZeL úYiÓm.

d KÚ Øû\ Ïû\kR ThN á≠ NhPj§uT¥ öQ«dLlThÓ ®hPôp, ØRXô°B]Yo JqùYôÚ ùRô¯Xô°dÏmScheduled employment þp T¦ ×¬TYoLÞdÏE¬V NmT[jûR YZeL úYiÓm.

e NmT[m ThÓYôPô TiÔYRtÏ¬Vwageperiod þI úYûX YZeÏTYo ̈ oQVmùNnÕ ùLôs[ úYiÓm. Ï±l©hP LôXCûPùY°«p JÚ UôRj§tÏ ªLôUpApXÕ as may be prescribed AlT¥lThP©\ ¿iP LôX AYLôNj§p ùLôÓjÕ®P úYiÓm.


Ïû\kRThN F§Vf NhPm Utßm ®§ Øû\Ls (Minimum Wages Act &

Rules)

úSôdLeLs: ClTôPj§u Cß§«p ¿eLs §\m ùT\ CÚlTûY• Ïû\kRThN F§VfNhPjûR ®Y¬jRp• Ïû\kRThN F§Vj§tLô] ØRXô°L°u ùNd≠vh þIl Th¥V≠ÓRp.


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f Wage period Ø¥Üt\ Sô°p CÚkÕ 7

§]eLÞdÏs JÚ T¦ SûPùTßmSô°p F§VjûR ØRXô° T¦Vô[ÚdÏùLôÓjÕ ®P úYiÓm. ApXÕ JÚ¨ßY]j§p 1000 SToLs ApXÕ AûR®Pd áÓRXô] T¦Vô[oLsT¦×¬kRôp 10 §]eLÞdÏs NmT[mThÓYôPô TiQ úYiÓm.

g ØRXô° B]Yo discharge TiQlThPSTÚdÏ¬V NmT[jûR AkRl T¦Vô[odischarge B¡V Sô°p CÚkÕCWiPôYÕ T¦ Sôû[ RôiPôUpARtÏs AY¬Pm wagesþId ùLôÓjÕ®h úYiÓm.

h JqùYôÚ ØRXô°Ùm T¦VUojRlThPJqùYôÚ STÚdÏ¬V NmT[m Tt±V¸rdLiP ®TWeLû[ TWôU¬jÕlT¦«Pj§p ûYj§ÚdL úYiÓm:

a YZeLlTÓ¡\ Ïû\kRThN NmT[®¡Rm.

b GjRû] §]eLs overtime T¦ùNnÕs[ôo T¦Vô[o Gu\ ®TWm/SôhL°u Gi¦dûL.

c ùUôjRf NmT[m.

d EiûU«p ùLôÓdLlThP NmT[mUtßm NmT[m ùLôÓjR úR§.

i JqùYôÚ ØRXô°Ùm NmT[l ×jRLj§pUtßm wage slips þu T¦Vô[¬uûLùVôlTm ApÕ ùTÚ®Wp úWûLlT§Ü ùT\ úYiÓm.

j ØRXô° ¨ßY]j§u ApXÕAÛYXLj§u ©WRô] ÖûZYô«≠p¸rdLiPûY Tt±V A±®lûTBe¡Xj§Ûm Utßm EsðoùUô¯«Ûm Lôh£TÓj§l TôoûYdÏùR¬ÙmT¥ ûYj§ÚdL úYiÓm.

i Ïû\kRThN F§Vm

ii NhPj§u NôWô AmNeLs UtßmARu¸r EÚYôdLlThP ®§Øû\Ls

iii ùRô¯Xô[o BnYô[o, (Labour Inspector)

Asst. Commissioner of Labour ØRXô]YoL°u ùTVo Utßm ØLY¬.

®YNôVm, ùRô¯tNôûX Utßm smallscale

sectors þL°p T¦ ×¬Ùm Aû]jÕlT¦Vô[oLû[Ùm minimum wages cover

TiÔ¡\Õ.

CRu ùTôÚs:

• TiûQ T¦Vô[oLs (farm labourers)

• ¨XUt\ ùRô¯Xô°Ls (landless labourers)

• ùRô¯tNôûX T¦Vô[oLs (factory workers)

• Ï¥ûNj ùRô¯≠p T¦ ×¬ÙmT¦Vô[oLs (people working in cottageindustries)

• LhÓUô]l T¦Vô[oLs ØRXô]YoLs(Construction workers etc.)

Ck§Vô®u ùRô¯Xô[o YWXôt±p Minimum

Wages Act in 1948 þp CVt\lThPÕ JÚûUpLp BÏm. Notified scheduled úYûXdLôLdÏû\kRThN á≠ûV öQVm ùNnV CkRfNhPm Y¯ YÏd¡\Õ.

CkR NhPm ùRô¯Xô°«u NSSO (2004-05)

ApXÕ exploitation - Ij R®olTûRúSôdLUôLd ùLôiÓs[Õ. 61st roundþu T¥ÑUôo 457 ªp≠Vu T¦Vô[oLs Gu\ùUôjRl T¦Vô[oL°p ÑUôo 395 ªp≠VuùRô¯Xô°Ls (86% total workforce). Øû\ NôWôT¦«PeL°p unorganized/informal sectorþpT¦Vôtß¡\ôoLs. EiûU«p organized

sectorþp T¦Vôtßm 7% SToLs Øû\NôWôlT¦Vô[oL[ôL AûPVô[e LôQlThÓs[]. CkR Gi¦dûLûV úNodÏmúTôÕ, 422 ªp≠Vu (92%)þBp toll of informal

sector EVokÕ minimum subsistence NmT[jûRCYoLs ùTtß YÚYÕ ùR¬¡\Õ. CkRNhPm (Uj§V, Uô¨X AWÑLs CWiÓm)

appropriate government BL Ïû\kRThN á≠

ÅRjûR öQVm ùNnVÜm.öQ«dLlThP NmT[jûR5 YÚPeLÞdÏ ªLôR LôX CûPùY°L°p Uß T¬ºXû] ùNnÕ Uôt±AûUlTûRf ùNnYÕm AY£VUô¡\Õ.

RtúTôÕ Central sphereþp scheduled

employmentsþu Gi¦dûL 45 BLÜm,Uô¨XeL°p States sphere þp CkR Gi¦dûL1650 BL (Aû]jÕ Uô¨XeLû[Ùm úNodÏmúTôÕ) Es[Õ. SYmTo 2009 ØRp National

Floor Level of Minimum Wage B]Õ Rs. 100 per day

from Rs. 80 per day (which was in effect since 2007)

þBL National Floor Level of Minimum Wage

EVokÕs[Õ. AiûU«p, HlWp 1 2011þpCÚkÕ Rs. 115 per day þBL EVokÕs[Õ.TQÅdLj§p CÚkÕ F§VjûR TôÕLôdLAûY, ÖLoúYôo ®ûX Ï±ÂhÓ GiÔPuCûQdLlThÓs[Õ.



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The Variable Dearness Allowance (VDA) B]Õ, 1991

þp came into being Utßm CkR allowance B]ÕYÚPj§tÏ CWiÓ Øû\ revise

TiQlTÓ¡\Õ.

Ck§Vô®p Ïû\kRThN F§V ÅRmöQ«jRp (Fixation of Minimum Wage Rate inIndia):

Ïû\kRThN F§Vm öQ«jRp ApXÕ§Új§ AûUjRp ¸rdLiPYtû\ùLôiÓs[Õ.

• A¥lTûP F§V ÅRm Utßm £\l×allowance, viz., cost of living allowance.

• cost of living allowance EPu úNojÕ ApXÕúNodLôUp /AÕ CpXôUp Ïû\kR ÅRF§Vm Utßm Ød¡VUô] ùTôÚhLsYZeÏY§p cash value of concessions .

• An all-inclusive rate, ARôYÕ basic rate, cost of

living allowance Utßm cash value of concessions.

AWNôeLm CkR minimum rates of wages þI by the

hour ApXÕ by the day ApXÕ by the month

ApXÕ by such wage period as may be prescribed

BL öQ«dLXôm.

Ïû\kRThN F§V öQVjûR

a LôXØû\ F§VUôL (Time rate),

b Piece rate,

c Guaranteed time rate

d Overtime rate.

ùYqúYß Ïû\kR ThN F§V öQVm¸rLiPYt±tÏ ̈ oQ«jÕ ùLôs[ NhPmNmU§d¡\Õ.

a ùYqúYß scheduled employments (Differentscheduled employments),

b AúR úYûXYônl©p ùYqúYß T¦Ls(Different works in the same employment),

c YVÕdÏ YkúRôo, Y[¬[m TÚYj§]oUtßm ÏZkûRLs, (Adult, adolescent andchildren),

d ùYqúYß CPeLs (Different locations) or

e Bi Utßm ùTi (Male and Female).

úUÛm, CkR Ïû\kR F§VUô]Õ CqYôßmöQ«dLlTPXôm.

a JÚ U¦ úSWm (An hour),

b JÚ Sôs (Day),

c JÚ UôRm ApXÕ (Month), or

d Any other period as may be prescribed by the notifiedauthority.

ReÏªPj§tÏ YZeLlTÓm Au\ôPlTQlT¥ (Cost of Living Allowance):

öQ«dLlThP minimum basic wages B]Õ,TQ ÅdLj§u Tô§l©p CÚkÕTôÕLôdLlTÓYRtLôL, ÖLoúYôo ®ûXdÏ±ÂhÓPu CûQdLlTÓ¡\Õ. 1kúR§HlWp UôRm Utßm 1kúR§ AdúPôToUôRmþp úXTo Lª`]Wôp ®ûXLsT¬úNô§dLlTÓ¡u\]. Øû\úV ¥NmToUtßm _øuþp Ø¥Ùm JqùYôÚ AûWYÚPj§Ûm Uô¨Xj ùRô¯tNôûXlT¦Vô[oLs ÖLoúYôo ®ûXd Ï±ÂhÓGi¦u NWôN¬ EVo®u T¥AR]¥lTûP«p ÅReLs öQ«dLlTÓ¡u\].

TX RWlThP ÕûQ TQlT¥ (VariableDearness Allowance) (VDA):

UôR F§Vm ApXÕ §]dá≠ Utßm ÀvúWh (piece rate earners) þdÏm dearness allowance

B]Õ ùLôÓdLlTP úYiÓm. JqùYôÚBß UôRj§Ûm NmTkRlThP Uô¨XAWNôeLm Cost of Living Index number þIJqùYôÚ scheduled employment þdÏmùY°«Ó¡\Õ.



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ùRô¯Xô[o YÚeLôX ûYl× ̈ § NhPm1952 (EPF Act 1952)

ùRô¯Xô[o YÚeLôX ûYl× ¨§ NhPm1952 Gu\±VlTÓ¡\ ApXÕ Employees’

Provident Fund Scheme 1952 Gußm A±VlTÓ¡\Ck§Vô®u ùRô¯Xô[o YÚeLôX ûYl×¨§ NhPm B]Õ T¦ ×¬RÛdLô]E¬ûUûVl TôÕLôdL, Lp®, úYûX«uûU,ØÕûUl TÚYm, úSôn Utßm F]mCYtßdLô] úRûYLû[l éoj§ ùNnÕTôÕLôdÏm E¬ûUdLô] provision BÏm.

DistressþB] úSWeL°p T¦Vô[oL°uSpYôrûYl TôÕLôdÏm úSôdLj§pCk§Vô®p EPF act EÚYôdLlThPÕ. The

Employees’ provident fund scheme ApXÕ EPF act

1952 GuTÕ Ck§Vô®p official EPF act BÏm.CÕ Eßl©]oL°u ̧ rdLiP úRûYL°uÁÕ AdLû\ GÓjÕd ùLôs¡\Õ:

• KnÜ ùTßRp (Retirement)

• UÚjÕY LY²l× (Medical Care)

• ÅhÓ YN§ (Housing)

• ÏÓmT obligation (Family obligation)

• ÏZkûRL°u Lp® (Education of Children)

• LôlÀhÓj §hPeLÞdÏ ¨§ ER®(Financing of Insurance Polices)

EPF ®§Øû\Ls (EPF Rules and Regulations)

• A¥lTûP NmT[m B]Õ ìTôn 6,500

YûW CÚlTYoLÞdÏ PF TeL°l× (PF

contribution) B]Õ LhPôVm BÏm.A¥lTûPf NmT[m ìTôn 6500 þIdLôh¥Ûm áÓRXôL CÚlTYoLÞdÏmandatory B]Õ voluntary BÏm.

• ®§Øû\L°u T¥ T¦Vô[oLÞdÏYZeLlTÓm (NôRôWQUôL,úRûYVô]RôL Utßm ºWôL YZeLlTÓm)

A¥lTûP NmT[j§p (C§p APeÏYÕbasic DA allowances) CkRj ùRôûL«p 12%ùRô¯Xô[oL°u TeL°lTôL CÚdLúYiÓm. ERôWQj§tÏ JÚ úYû[EeLs NmT[ ®TWm ¸rdLiPYôß

CÚkRôp, A¥lTûP ìTôn 30,000 JÚUôRj§tÏ, TVQlT¥ 5,000 Øm, UÚjÕYT¥ ìTôn 5,000Øm BûLVôp ®§L°uT¥ A¥lTûP«p 12% ARôYÕ ìTôn40,000j§p 12% ARôYÕ ìTôn 4,800þdÏùRô¯Xô°«u TeL°lTôL AûUÙm.

• ùRô¯Xô° B]Yo AYÚûPV PF

LQd¡p CÚkÕ AYWÕ ÏZkûRL°uLp®dLôL, AYWÕ §ÚUQj§tLôL Ut\mNúLôRW, NúLôR¬LÞdLôL TQm GÓjÕdùLôs[Xôm. ÅÓ YôeL/ LhÓYRtÏApXÕ UÚjÕY AYNW LôXeLÞdÏmTQm GÓjÕd ùLôs[Xôm. CÚl©àmTQm GÓlTÕ £X ¨TkRû]LÞdÏEhThPÕ:

- ùRô¯Xô° Ïû\kRThNm 7 YÚPeLsT¦Vôt± CÚdL úYiÓm.

- JÚ EPF ûYj§ÚdÏm LôX LhPj§pêuß Øû\ UhÓúU TQm GÓdLØ¥Ùm. Utßm ARu A§LThN aggregate

withdrawal B]Õ ùUôjRm ùNÛj§VTeL°l©p 50 NRÅRm BL CÚdÏm.

- UÚjÕY AYNWj§tÏ, Ïû\kR ThNmT¦dLôXm Guß GÕÜm ¡ûPVôÕ.CÚkR úTô§Ûm JÚYo UÚjÕYùNXÜdùL] GÓdÏm ùRôûLA§LThNUôL A¥lTûP F§VjûRúTôuß Bß UPeÏj ùRôûLVôÏmUtßm UÚjÕYUû]«p CÚlTRtLô]BRôWm CRtÏ úRûY«pûX.

- ÅÓ LhÓYÕ ApXÕ YôeÏYÕ G]CRu ùTôÚhÓ EPF LQd¡p CÚkÕGÓdÏm TQm JÚ ST¬u JhÓ ùUôjRlT¦d LôXj§Ûm JúW JÚ Øû\RôuÏû\kR ThN T¦dLôXm 5 YÚPmUtßm ÅÓ LhÓYRtÏ ùUôjRNmT[j§p 36 UPeÏ BÏm UtßmùNôjÕ YôeÏYRtÏ 24 UPeÏ BÏm.

• JÚ STo ®Úm©]ôp 12 NRÅRj§tÏmA§LUôL PF þp AYWÕ TeL°lûTf


ùRô¯Xô[o YÚeLôX ûYl× ¨§f NhPm (Employees Provident Fund Act)

(EPF)

úSôdLeLs: ClTôPj§u Cß§«p ¿eLs §\m ùT\ CÚlTûY• ùRô¯Xô[o YÚeLôX ûYl× ¨§f NhPjûR ®[dÏRp• CkRf NhPj§u ®§Øû\Lû[d áßRp.


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ùNÛjRXôm. CkRd áÓRp TeL°l×B]Õ voluntary contribution G] A±VlTÓm.B]ôp ClT¥lThP áÓRp TeL°l×dÏDPôL ØRXô° ùNÛjR úYi¥V§pûX.TQm GÓjRp, TQ T¬Uôt\m, Yh¥ ÅRmØRXô]ûY NmTkRUôL Aû]jÕ AúR®§Øû\LÞm CkR voluntary contribution þdÏAlT¥úV ùTôÚkÕm.

• Uj§V AWNôeLm JqùYôÚ YÚPØmØkûRV YÚP úNªl©p EPFO þBpúUtùLôs[lThP YÚYôûVl ùTôßjÕARtúLtT EPF Yh¥ ÅRjûR §Új§AûUd¡\Õ. FY13, EPF Yh¥ ÅRm B]Õ8.50 NRÅRm BÏm.

TQm GÓjRp Utßm T¬Uôt\j§tLô]EPF ®§Øû\Ls (EPF Rules for Withdrawal &Transfer)

¸rLiPûY TQm GÓjRp Utßm T¬Uôt\mùNnYRtLô] EPF ®§Øû\Ls BÏm.

JÚ YÚeLôX ûYl×j ùRôûL Eßl©]o(provident fund member) 55 YVûR Gh¥VÜPu¨§«p CÚkÕ ùUôjRj ùRôûLûVÙmGÓjÕd ùLôs[Üm 55 YVûR GhÓm Øu×GkùRkR ¨LrÜL°p TQm GÓdL Ø¥ÙmGuTûY ̧ rYÚUôß.

1 T¦«p CÚkÕ terminate ùNnVlTÓmNUVj§p.

2 ØÝûUÙm disablement B]Ru LôWQUôLKnÜ ùTßm úTôÕ.

3 ©\ SôÓLÞdÏ ¨WkRW settlement þtLôLdÏ¥ùTVÚm úTôÕ.

4 Bh Ïû\l× ùNnÙm úTôÕ. (Retrenchment)

JÚ Eßl©]o 54 YVûR Gh¥V ©u Utßm55 YVÕdÏ Øu× 90% provident fund ùRôûLûVGÓjÕd ùLôs[Xôm. ApXÕ actual retirement

on superannuation GÕ ØR≠p YÚ¡\úRôAlúTôÕ TQjûR EPFþdÏ form 19þINUo©lTRu êXm ùNnVXôm.

C\kÕ®hP Eßl©]o TQm LQd¡pCÚkÕ GÓlTRtÏ AjRûLV ¨Lr®p,NmTkRlThP EPFþdÏ T¥Ym 20I AY¬uNhPlT¥Vô] Yô¬Ñ RôdLp ùNnÕ ùTtßdùLôs[Xôm.

JÚYo JÚ UiPXj§p CÚkÕUtù\ôu±tÏ YÚeLôX ûYl× ̈ §d LQdûLUôt±d ùLôs[Xôm. from Exempted ProvidentFund Trust to non-exempted Fund in a region and vice-®iQlT T¥Ym 13 þI ̈ Wl© NmTkRlThPEPFþp NUo©dL úYiÓm.

JÚ Bi¥tLô] LQdÏ Ø¥kRÜPuJqùYôÚ ¨ßY]j§tÏm LQd¡uYÚPôk§W Annual statements AàlTlTÓ¡u\]. TQm GÓlTRtLô] EPF

®§Øû\Ls ùR°YôLj ùR¬®dLlThÓs[]. Utßm ARtLô]f ùNVpØû\ÙmLûPl©¥lTRtÏ ªLÜm G°ûUVôLEs[Õ.

úYûX A°lTYÚdLô] PF ®§Øû\Ls(PF Rules for Employer)

ØRXô° B]Yo T§Ü TiQ úYiÓmUtßm ¸rdLiP ¨LrÜL°p TQjûRfùNÛjR úYiÓm.

• 20 ApXÕ ARtÏ A§LUô] SToLû[T¦dÏ AUojÕm ¨ßY]eLs.

• áhÓ\Ü NeLeLs, 50 ApXÕ ARtÏA§LUô] SToLû[ T¦dÏ AUojÕRpUtßm ªuNôW ER®«u± T¦VôtßRp.

• NhPlT¥ LYo BLôR ̈ ßY]eLs coverþu¸r NhPlT¥ LYoBLXôm.

T¦ YZeÏTYWôpNhPlT¥Vô]TeL°l×Ls (Statutory Contributions by theEmployer)

• A¥lTûP NmT[j§p AL®ûXlT¥EQÜ NÛûL«p TQj§u U§l× UtßmúYß HúRàm T¥j ùRôûL CÚkRôpAÕ, Statutory rate of contribution is 12% deposit

ùNnVlTP úYiÓm.

• ¸rdLiP ¨LrÜL°p TeL°l× ÅRm10% BL CÚdÏm.

• ùNeLp, À¥, NQp, LÜo LmùRô¯tNôûXLs úReLôn SôoùRô¯tNôûX Utßm ©u]XôûP, ThÓEtTj§.

• T¦Vô[oL°u NmT[j§≠ÚkÕ NUTeÏTeL°l× úNL¬dLlTP úYiÓm.

• ØRXô°«u TeL°l× TeLô] 12%ApXÕ (or 10% as the case may be) þ«p CÚkÕ8.33% pension fund þp ùNÛjRlTP úYiÓm.

• ØRXô° B]Yo EDLIS’1976þdÏ emolumentsþp0 .5% TeL°lûTÙm ùNÛjRdLPûUlThPYo B¡\ôo.

CÕ R®W ØRXô° B]Yo, £XLhPQeL[ô] ¨oYôL LhPQm (1.1%)

Utßm EDLI scheme charges (0.01%), T¬úNôRû]LhPQm (0.18%), Utßm RôUR LhPQUôLUtßm úNRj§tLô] LhPQ ÅRm 17% þpCÚkÕ 37% LhP úYiÓm.



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T¦Vô[o CZlÀhÓf NhPm (Workmen Compensation Act)

úSôdLeLs: ClTôPj§u Cß§«p ¿eLs §\m ùT\ CÚlTûY• GlúTôÕ T¦Vô[o CZlÀÓf NhPm AUp B¡VÕ Utßm ùNVpTôh¥tdÏYkRÕ GuTûRd áßRp

• T¦Vô[o CZlÀÓ NhPj§u úSôdLeLû[l Th¥V≠ÓRp• CZlÀ¥tLô] ØRXô°«u LPûULû[f ÑÚdLUôLd áßRp• NhPj§u TVuTôhûPd áßRp• NhPj§u §ÚjRm 1995 Tt± ÑÚdLUôLd áßRp.

T¦Vô[o CZlÀÓ NhPj§tLô]ØuàûW (Introduction to WorksmenCompensation Act)

T¦Vô[o CZlÀÓ NhPm 1923 þ«uA¥lTûP Uôof 1923 þp AUpTÓjRlThÓ1kúR§ _øûX 1924þp ùNVpTôhÓdÏ YkRÕ.AÕ Gu]ùY²p Uô¨X AWÑ B]Õ ReLsYôr®p TpúYß ATôVeLû[ Nk§dÏm¨ûX«p Es[ ùRô¯tNôûXl T¦Vô[oYodLj§]¬u LxPeLû[ ºo ùNnV GÕÜmùNnVôR ùYßm TôoûYVô[WôL UhÓmCÚkÕ ®P Ø¥VôÕ. SÅ] CVk§WETLWQeL°p T¦ ×¬Ùm úTôÕ A§pLôVm Utßm ®TjÕ ̈ LZ Yônl×Ls Es[].

NhPj§p ùNnVlThP §ÚjReLs(Amendments to the Act)

CkR NhPm ØRu ØRXôL 1933þp§ÚjRlThPÕ by the Workmen's Compensation

(Amendment) Act, 1933, CWiPôYRôL 1938 þpT¦Vô[o CZlÀÓ NhPj§u êu\ôYRôL1938 þp the Workmen's Compensation (Amendment)

Act 1938, SôuLôYRôL 1946 þp, IkRôYRôL1959þp, B\ôYRôL1962 þp the workmen's

Compensation (Amendment) Act, 1962 Ut\m©u]o1984 þp the Workmen's Compensation

(Amendment), Act, 1984. ClúTôÕ 1989þp by the

law commission of India §ÚjReLsúUtùLôs[lThP] Utßm LûP£VôL theWorkmen's compensation (Amendment) Act, 1995.

NhPj§u úSôdLeLs UtßmÏ±dúLôsLs (Objectives and Aims of the Act)

1 ®Tj§]ôp HtThP LôVjRôp CVXôûUAûPkR JÚ T¦Vô[ÚdÏ CZlÀÓYZeÏRp.

2 ®TjÕLû[ R®odL ØVt£Ls GÓjRp,T¦Vô[oLÞdÏ A§L ÑRk§Wm A°jRpfrom anxiety Utßm ùRô¯tNôûXûV A§Lm®ÚmTjRdLRôLd ùLôÓjRp.

3 ®Tj§]ôp HtTÓm úUôNUô]¨LrÜL°p CÚkÕ Ø¥kRYûWlT¦Vô[oLÞdÏ Øu TôÕLôl×YZeÏRp.

4 CRu ©WRô] úSôdLm Gu]ùY²p,Y[ôLj§p T¦ ×¬Ùm úTôÕ HtThP®TjÕdL°p £d¡Vj ùRô¯Xô[oLÞdÏCZlÀÓ YZeÏYûR Li¥lTôL ØRXô°ùNnV úYiÓm. Gu\ LhPôVjûRNhPUôLúYd ùLôiÓ YÚRp BÏm.

NhPj§u GpûX (Scope of the Act)

CkR NhPm B]Õ NhPj§p Ï±l©hP T¥ùRô¯tNôûXL°p T¦ ×¬ÙmT¦Vô[oLÞdÏ UhÓúU ùTôÚkÕm.NhPjRôp Ï±l©hP £X ®§ ®XdÏLÞdÏEhThÓ, T¦ úSWj§p Utßm T¦«]ôpHtThP ®TjRôp úS¬hP LôVm UtßmCZl×L°p CÚkÕ T¦Vô[ÚdÏlTôÕLôlûT Eß§ ùNnYûR CkR NhPmEß§ ùNn¡\Õ.

CZlÀÓ RÚYRtLô] ØRXô°«uLPûU (Employer's liability for compensation)

T¦d LôXj§p Utßm T¦«]ôp ¨LrkR®Tj§u ùRôPof£VôL T¦Vô[oAàT®jR LôVm ApXÕ C\l×dLôLØRXô°ûV CZlÀÓ YZeLf ùNnYÕ¸rdLiP SôuÏ ¨TkRû]Lû[fNôokÕs[Õ.

1 LôVj§tÏm ®Tj§tÏm CûP«Xô]ùRôPo× (ARôYÕ T¦Vô[o T¦«pCÚdÏm úTôÕ LôVm HtThPÕ)

2 T¦ úSWj§p T¦ûVf ùNnÕ ùLôiÓCÚdÏm úTôÕ LôVm Utßm ®TjÕHtTÓRp.

3 LôVm HtTP Yônl×ûPV T¦YZeLlThPÕ GuTRtLô] Nôj§VdáßLs LôWQm BRp.


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4 ®iQl©lTYo CkR T¦ Rôu UtßmAÕ HtTÓj§V strain Rôu LôVj§tLô]LôWQUôL AûUkRÕ G] ¨ì©jRp.

- NhPj§uTVuTôÓ. CkR NhPm _mØUtßm LôxÁo Uô¨Xm ¿eLXôLÁRØs[ JhÓ ùUôjR Ck§Vô®tÏmùTôÚkÕYÕ BÏm. ùRô¯Xô[oUô¨Xd LôlÀhÓf NhPm Employees'

State Insurance Act, 1948 ¸r LYWôÏmGpûXL°p CkR NhPm ùTôÚkRôÕ.

CkR NhPj§u AmNeLs ¸r YÚUôß.

I GpûX Utßm TVuTôÓ (Extent andApplication)

CkR NhPm Ck§Vô ØÝûUdÏmùTôÚkÕYRôÏm. CÕ Ck§Vô®p T§ÜTiQlThP ¨ßY]eL[ôp úRoÜùNnVlThP T¦Vô[oLÞdÏm UtßmùY°SôÓLÞdÏ T¦ ùNnV AàlTlThPT¦Vô[oLÞdÏm ùTôÚkRd á¥VÕ.

a CW«púY«u Nl ¥®ù B©v þpARôYÕ Uô¨Xj§p GkRùYôÚöYôLj§Ûm ¨WkRWUôLl T¦«pAUojRlTPôR Aû]jÕ CW«púYF¯VoLÞdÏm Utßm CkR NhPj§uSchedule IIþ®p Ï±l©PlThP GkRùYôÚcapacity þ«Ûm T¦ AUojRlTPôRF¯VoLÞdÏm ùTôÚkÕm.

b NhPj§u Schedule IIþp Ï±l©PlThPAlT¥lThP capacityþ«p T¦YZeLlTh¥ÚdÏm SToLÞdÏmùTôÚkÕm. ùRô¯tNôûXL°p,ÑWeLeL°p, TiûQL°p, mechanically

propelled YôL]eL°p LhÓUô] T¦L°p,Utßm £X ©\ ATôVLWUô] úYûXLû[fùNnÙm T¦Vô[oLs Schedule IIþpúNodLlThÓs[]o. GpXôYtû\ÙmúNojÕ 48 T¦Ls Schedule þpTh¥«XPlThÓs[].

c NhPj§u ©¬Ü section 2(3) þ«u ¸rùNôpXlThP A§LôWj§]ôp Uô¨XAWNôp Schedule IIþ®p úNodLlThPúYûXL°p T¦ AUojRlTh¥ÚdLmSToLÞdÏl ùTôÚkÕm. CÕ NmTkRUôLùYqúYß Uô¨X AWNôeLs CÕ YûWúUtùLôs[lThP úNodûLLû[ Ï±dÏmJÚ statement enclose TiQlThÓs[Õ.

CkR NhPj§u ¸r cover BYRtÏ NmT[YûWVû\ ¡ûPVôÕ. úUúX (a)þ«p

ùNôpXlThP CW«púY F¯VoLû[ÙmúNojÕ, Scheduled employment þp T¦AUojRlThP Aû]jÕ T¦Vô[oLÞmCkR NhPj§u ¸r cover BYo.

II G§o LôXj§p ¨LZ Yônl×s[ GkRUô§¬ ̈ LrÜL°p CZlÀÓj RWRdLÕGuTÕ (Contingencies in which Compensationis payable)

JÚ T¦«]ôp HtThP LôVj§u ®û[YôLHtThP UWQm ApXÕ RtLô≠L ApXÕ¨WkRW F]m NmTkRlThP ¨LrÜL°pCZlÀÓ YZeL úYiÓm. CkR NhPj§uSchedule III þ«p Th¥V≠PlThÓs[GkRùYôÚ úSôÙm ®TjRôp HtThP LôVmG] GÓjÕd ùLôs[lTÓm.

III ùRô¯p Nôo× úSônLs (OccupationalDiseases)

Schedule III «p Ï±l©PlThP T¦«pT¦VUojRlThP JÚ T¦Vô[o CÚkÕ,AlT¦«]ôp AYo occupational disease þBpúSônYônlThPôp AYo, compensation

NhPj§u ̧ r ùTßYRtÏj RÏ§ EûPVYoBYôo.

CkR ùRô¯p Nôo× úSônLs B]ûY,Ï±l©PlThP T¦«p, T¦Vô[o, T¦«pCÚdÏm úTôÕ, HtTh¥ÚdL úYiÓm.schedule III B]Õ, ùRô¯p Nôo× úSônLû[Part A, Part B Utßm Part C G] ©¬d¡\Õ.Part Aþp Ï±l©PlThP úSônLÞdÏ T¦«pRÏ§ LôiTÚYm G] GÕÜm ¡ûPVôÕPart Aþ«p Ï±l©PlThP úSônLs Tt±V¨LrÜL°p AkR úSôn YÚYRtÏ Øu]úW,Ï±l©PlThP T¦«p Bß UôReLÞdÏÏû\VôUp ARtÏ ØuúT T¦«p úNokÕùRôPokÕ T¦Vôt± CÚdL úYiÓm.Part Bþ«p Ï±l©PlThP úSônLÞdÏ RÏ§Lôi TÚYm B]Õ Uj§V AWNôpöQ«dLlThÓs[Õ. Part Cþ«p Ï±l©PlThP úSônLÞdLô] RÏ§ Lôi ¸úZRWlThÓs[Õ.

a (Pneumoconioses) 7 years

b Pagassosis 3 years

c Byssionesis 7 years

d Extrinsio allergic alveelitis periodis required to be specified

e Bronchopulmonay diseases

d e ©¬ÜdÏ GkRùYôÚ RÏ§ Lôi TÚYØmÏ±l©Pj úRûY«pûX.



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IV CZlÀÓ ùRôûL (Amount of Compensation)

ùYqúYß ̈ LZ Yônl×ûPV ̈ LrÜLÞdÏ RWlTPjRdL CZlÀhÓ ùRôûL ̧ úZ Es[T¥:

a LôVj§u ®û[YôL GeÏ UWQm¨Lr¡\úRô ARtÏ YZeLlTÓmCZlÀhÓj ùRôûL

NhPj§u Schedule IVþp Ï±l©hPT¥ùTôÚjRUô] LôW¦Vôp ùTÚdLl TÓmúSôn YônlThP T¦Vô[¬u ImTÕNRÅR UôRf NmT[j§tÏ NUUô] ùRôûL,ApXÕ ImTRô«Wm ìTôn Gu\ ùRôûLCÕ CWi¥p GÕ A§LúUô AkRj ùRôûLYZeLlTP úYiÓm.

b ¨WkRW JhÓ ùUôjR F]m AûPkR¨LrÜL°p ARtÏ YZeLlTÓmCZlÀhÓj ùRôûL

NhPj§u Schedule IV þp Ï±l©hP T¥LôVj§]ôp HtThP ®û[ÜL°pLôVUûPkR ST¬u 60 NRÅR UôRNmT[j§tÏ NUUô] ùRôûLûVùTôÚjRUô] LôW¦Vôp ùTÚd¡ YÚmùRôûL ApXÕ AßTRô«Wm Gu\ùRôûL CÕ CWi¥p GÕ A§LúUô AkRjùRôûL YZeLlTP úYiÓm.

c GeÏ ¨WkRWm? i Schedule I þp Part II þp Ï±l©PlThP LôVmB] ̈ LrÜL°p AkR LôVjRôp HtThPNmTô§dÏm §\u CZl©uNRÅRj§túLtT YZeLlTP ú Y i ¥ VCZlÀhÓ ùRôûL NRÅRm AûUÙm.

ii Schedule I þp Ï±l©PTPôR LôVm HtThP¨LrÜL°p (UÚjÕYWôp U§l©hP T¥)

LôVjRôp NmTô§dÏm §\u CZl×dÏ®¡RUôL YZeLlTP úYi¥VCZlÀhÓj ùRôûL NRÅRm AûUÙm.

d LôVj§u ØÝûUVô] ®û[YôLApXÕ TÏ§ ®û[YôL HtThPRtLô≠L disablement ¨LrÜL°p

T¦Vô[¬u 25% UôRf NmT[jÕdÏfNUUô] ùRôûLdÏ DPôL Tô§UôRf NmT[mYZeÏRp CkR Tô§ UôRf NmT[m 16 YÕSô°p YZeLXôm.

i 28 SôhLs ApXÕ ARtÏ A§LUô] Sô°pÏQUûPVj RdL disablement þp F]mHtThP Sô°p CÚkÕ

ii 28 SôhLÞdÏs ÏQUûPÙm disablement

¨LrÜL°p CVXôûU HtThP §]j§pCÚkÕ Lôj§Úl× §]eL[ô] êuß§]eLs Ø¥Üt\ ©\Ï, ©u]o CVXôûULôXm YûW ApXÕ 5 YÚPm YûW GkRLôXLhPm Ïû\Yô]úRô AÕYûW (6 UôRm)


Ï±l× (Note):

1 JÚ T¦Vô[¬u UôRf NmT[m ìTônCWiPô«Wj§tÏ A§LUôL CÚkRôp¨LrÜLs (a) Utßm (b) úSôdLj§tÏAYÚûPV UôRf NmT[m CWiPô«WmUhÓúU GuTRôL LÚRlTÓm.

2 ¨WkRW F]m ApXÕ C\l× GuTRô]NhPj§p Ï±l©PlThP ¨LrÜLÞdÏÏû\kR ThN ÅR CZlÀÓ B]Õ Øû\úVAßTRô«Wm Ut\m ImTRô«Wm BÏm.A§LThN CZlÀÓ B]Õ permanent

disablement dÏj úRôWVUôL Rs. 2,74,248.00


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BÏm. Utßm C\l× úS¬hPôp ARtÏA§LThN CZlÀhÓj ùRôûL ÑUôo Rs.

2,28,540.00 BÏm.

V öYôLm (Administration)

CkR NhPm BnYô[oLû[l T¦ AUojRAàU§lT§pûX. CÚl©àm CkRNhPj§p Section 32 þu ̧ r Uô¨X AWNôeLm/Union Territory öYôLeLs B]ûY. CkRNhPj§u úSôdLeLû[ ¨û\úYt\®§Øû\Lû[ YÏdLd LPûUlThPYoLsB¡\ôoLs. CkR NhPj§u ¸r®§Øû\Lû[ YÏdÏm A§LôWmBWmTj§p Uj§V AW£Pm CÚkÕ YkRÕUtßm CkR A§LôWjûR TVuTÓj§T¦Vô[o CZlÀÓf NhP ®§Ls 1924

YÏdLlThPÕ. £X Uô¨X AWÑLs©uSô°p ARu ùRôPof£VôL CkRNhPj§u ¸r AYoL[Õ ®ÚlTlT¥®§Øû\Lû[ YÏjÕs[]o.

VI CkR NhPj§u ¸r YÚm TQjûRdúLô¬ ùT\m E¬ûUd úLô¬dûLLû[j¾ojÕ ûYjRp (Settlement of Claims under theAct)

CZlÀÓdLô] TQjûR úLô¬ ùTßmE¬ûUd úLô¬dûLLs Ød¡VUôL êuß©¬ÜL°u ̧ r AûU¡\Õ. AûY (i) úTôh¥/Ußl× HÕªpXôR F]m/ CVXôûU¨LrÜLs ; (ii) LÚjÕ JtßûU«pXôR /©QdÏ EûPV F]m ¨LrÜLs Utßm(iii) C\l× ¨LrÜLs,

úUtá±V êuß YûLVô] ¨LrÜLû[¾ojÕ ûYdÏm ùNVpØû\ ̧ rdLiPYôß:

i úTôh¥/ Ußl× HÕªpXôR ̈ LrÜLs(Uncontested cases)

a JÚ T¦Vô[o HtThP ®TjÕ Tt±jRLYp ùR¬®jR EPu ØRXô°B]Yo, T¦Vô[ÚdÏ UÚjÕYT¬úNôRû]dÏ HtTôÓ ùNnVG§oTôodLlTÓ¡\ôo. CRtÏT¦Vô[¬PªÚkÕ LhPQm úLhLdáPôÕ. UÚjRY T¬úNôRû[F]j§u CVpûTd Ï±l©Óm.

b F]m B]Õ RtLô≠LUô] CVp×EûPVÕ Gu\ôp ØRXô° B]YoT¦Vô[dÏ¬V Y¯LôhÓRpLs T¥Tô§ UôR NmT[jûR T¦Vô[ÚdÏCZlÀPôL YZeÏYôo.

c JÚ T¦Vô[o ¨WkRW CVp×ûPV

F]jûR ùTtß, AYo BQôLCÚkÕ, AYWÕ YVÕ 18þIj Rôi¥ARtÏ A§LUôL CÚkRôp, ØRXô°B]Yo KhÓ ùUôjR CZlÀhÓjùRôûLûVÙm JúW RYûQ«pAYÚdÏ YZeL úYiÓm. T¦Vô[oùTi BLúYô ApXÕ 18 YVûR®Pd Ïû\kR ûU]o BLúYôCÚkRôp, AYÚdÏl ThÓYôPôTiÔYRtLôL CZlÀhÓjùRôûLûV ØRXô° B]Yo commission

þI úNodL úYiÓm.

d NhPj§]ôp öQ«dLlThPùRôûLûV ®Pd Ïû\Yô]ùRôûLûV ùTtßd ùLôs[ JÚT¦Vô[ûWf NmU§dL ûYjRôp,ÁRØs[ ùRôûLûV AlT¦Vô[oùTßYRtÏ /AjùRôûLûVTôÕLôjÕ A°lTRtÏ ùLôiÓ YWAYÚdÏ E¬ûU Es[Õ. AYWÕAjRûLV E¬ûU TôÕLôdLlThÓs[Õ.

e GkRùYôÚ KhÓ ùUôjR ùRôûLYZeÏYRtLô] JlTkRmT¦Vô[úWôÓ ùNnVlTh¥ÚkRôpØRXô°Vôp AÕ commissioner þCPmT§Ül TiQlTP úYiÓm.

ii LÚjÕ JtßûU«uûU ¨LrÜLs(Disputed cases)

a JÚ ØRXô° B]Yo CZlÀÓ RWUßjRôúXô ApXÕ E¬ûU EûPV ØÝjùRôûLûVj RWôUp Ïû\YôLj RWØVt£jRôúXô T¦Vô[o B]Yo Uô¨XAWNôp ApXÕ ë²Vu ©WúRNjRôpT¦«pAUojRlThP T¦Vô[oCZlÀÓdLô] commissioner CPm®iQlTm A°dLúYiÓm.

b commissioner þ«Pm NUo©dLlTÓmCZlÀh¥tLô] úLô¬l ùTßm E¬ûUdúLô¬dûL B]Õ, ®TjÕ ¨LrkR 2

YÚPeLÞdÏs RôdLp ùNnYÕ®ÚmTjRdLÕ ApXÕ C\l× ¨LrYôLCÚkRôp C\kR úR§«p CÚkÕ 2

YÚPeLÞdÏs E¬ûUd úLô¬dûLûVRôdLp ùNnVúYiÓm. úSônYônlThP¨LrYôL CÚkRôp, úSô«]ôp HtThPCVXôûUûV ùRôPokÕ T¦dÏ YWôUpùRôPo ®ÓØû\ CÚkR ØRp Sô°pCÚkÕ ®TjÕ ̈ LrkRRôL LÚRlTÓm.



192

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iii UWQm NmT®jR ̈ LrÜLs (Fatal cases)

a RWlTP úYi¥V CZlÀÓj ùRôûLûVØRXô° B]Yo, T¦Vô[oCZlÀÓdLô] Commissioner for Workmen's

compensation deposit ùNnV úYiÓm. CkRfNhPm Ød¡VUôL Y≠ÙßjÕYÕGu]ùY²p ØRXô°Vôp úSW¥VôLYZeLlThP GkRj ùRôûLÙmCZlÀhÓdLô] ùRôûLVôLd LÚRlTPUôhPôÕ.

b Commissioner þB]Yo AYo ¾oUô²jRT¥£X ®¡ReL°p ARû] Sm©CÚlTYoLÞdÏ CZlÀh¥tLô] JhÓùUôjR ùRôûLûV T¡okR°lTôo.

c ØRXô° B]Yo, CZlÀhÓj ùRôûLûV,deposit ùNnVôR ThNj§p ARû] Sm©CÚlTYo JÚ ®iQlTjûR commissioner

CPj§p, T¦Vô[o CZlÀÓ ®§L°u¸r ©WÑ¬dLlThP T¥Ym 'G' þ«p RôdLpùNnV úYiÓm.

VII®YNôVj§p ATôVLWUô]lT¦LÞdLô]l T¦Vô[o CZlÀÓfNhPj§u Øuú]tTôÓL°u®¬YôdLm (Extension of the provisions of theworkmen's compensation Act to hazardousemployments in agriculture)

TractorsþIl TVuTÓj§ ApXÕ steam ApXÕmechanical power / ªuNôWjRôp TiûQL°pT¦Vôtßm T¦Vô[oL[dÏ, T¦Vô[oLôlÀhÓf NhPm 1923 HtL]úYùTôÚkÕ¡\Õ. Bk§W Uô¨X AWÑ, ØRXô]©\ £X AWNôeLeLs 1976 Uôofþp Actþusection 2þ®u ET ©¬Ü sub-section 3þ«uprovisionþdÏ HtT, Schedule IIþp ¸rLiPúYûXLû[d áÓRXôLf úNodÏm T¥A±ÜßjRlThP]:

i APokR ùYlT UiPXd LôÓLû[ALtßm T¦Vôtßm ApXÕ Ï[m/ÏhûP ApXÕ ¿ol©¥l× ¨XjûRfºoTÓj§f NôÏT¥dÏd ùLôiÓ YWmT¦Vôtßm T¦L°p DÓTh¥ÚlúTôoUt\m proceeding 12 UôReL°p HRôYÕJÚ Sô°p 25 SToLÞdÏ A§LUôLlT¦Vôt±]ôp AlúTôÕ CfNhPmCYoLÞdÏm ùTôÚkÕm.

ii Áu ©¥jRp ApXÕ LôÓL°p úYûXùNnRp ApXÕ TiûQ ®XeÏLû[Y[ojRp Utßm TWôU¬jRp ApXÕYVpL°p T«o Y[ojRp CfùNVpL°p

DÓTÓm T¦Vô[oLÞdÏ CÕùTôÚkÕm B]ôp A§p proceeding 12

UôReL°p 25 SToLÞdÏ A§LUôLHúRàm JÚ Sô°p T¦Vô[oLs T¦AUojRlTh¥ÚdL úYiÓm.

iii GÝjRo ¨ûX«p CpXôUp ¨ßÜRp,TWôU¬jRp, pumping ETLWQeLû[lTÝÕ ¿dÏRp, ¡Qt±p CÚkÕRi½ûW GÓdL tube - wells, Ï[m,ÏhûPLs, ¿úWôûPLs ØRXô]Yt±pCÚkÕ Ri½ûW GÓdLlTVuTÓjRlTÓm pumping

ETLWQeLû[l TÝÕ ¿dLm ùNnÙmT¦L°p DÓTÓúYôo.

iv GÝjRo ¨ûX«p CpXôUp LhÓUô]mboring ApXÕ open ¡Qtû\BZlTÓjÕRp, ApXÕ mechanical

contrivances þBp ¡Qß úRôiÓRpClT¦L°p DÓTÓúYôo.

v JÚ bore wellþp LhÓUô]m, T¦ ×¬Rp,TÝÕ ¿dLm ApXÕ TWôU¬jRp Gu\T¦L°p DÓTÓúYôo Utßm GÝjRoT¦ BtßúYôo ApXôR T¦VôLúUtùNôuú]ôo.

vi TiûQLs/ ®YNôVf ùNVpTôÓL°péf£ UÚkÕ ùR°lúTôo..

vii bulldozers, tractors, power tillers ØRXô]Yt±pT¦ ×¬Ùm ApXÕ AYtû\lTWôU¬jÕl TÝÕ ¿dÏm T¦«pDÓTÓjRlThúPôo.

¡ûPj§ÚdÏm RLY≠u T¥, Bk§Wl©WúRNm, AÚQôfNXl ©WúRNm, Av^ôm,Àaôo, a¬Vô]ô, LoSôPLô, úLW[ô,UaôWôx¥Wô, úULôXVô, J¬Nô, TgNôl,RªrSôÓ Utßm §¬×Wô Uô¨XAWNôeLeLs, Utßm U.T. Administrations of

Chandigarh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli UtßmTôi¥fúN¬ CûYLs 15.9.95 ØRp¾oUô²dLlThP úNodûLLû[ HtL]úYúNojÕ ®hP]. Scheduleþp §ÚjRm ùNnÕCfNhPj§u Schedule IIþp,úUtùNôu]]Aû]jÕl T¦Lû[Ùm, Uj§VAWNôeLeLs úNojÕs[Õ. G]úY,C§≠ÚkÕ ÁRØs[ Ut\ Uô¨XeLsCYtû\ úUÛm ÕWj§f ùNuß TôodLúYi¥V AY£VªpûX.

¸úZ RWlThÓs[ûY T¦Vô[o CZlÀÓ(§ÚjRf) NhPm 2009þu worksmen’s compensation

(Amendment) Act 2009 þu Ød¡V §ÚjReLs.



193

LABOUR

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Y¬ûN ©¬Ü §ÚjRm ùNnÙm §ÚjRm ùNnR ©uGi Øu×s[ ¨ûX Es[ ¨ûX

(Pre-amended position) (Post-amended position)

1 RûXl× (Title) T¦Vô[o CZlÀÓf NhPm RûXlTô]Õ “Employees

1923 Compensation Act 1923” G]j§ÚjRm ùNnVlThPÕ.

2 YôojûRLs Utßm ‘Workman’ ApXÕ Workmen’ CkR YôojûRLs, ‘Employee’

ùY°lTôÓLs Gu\ YôojûRLû[ CkR ApXÕ Employees G] AûYWords and Expressions Act þp LY²ÙeLs GeùLpXôm YÚ¡\úRô

AeÏ substitute TiQlThP].

3 Schedule II CkR NhPj§u ̧ r GÝjRo GÝjRoLs ClúTôÕwere not covered for compensation CZlÀÓ ùT\ RÏ§

ùTß¡\ôoLs. Please refer toschedule - II for specifiedemployments.

4 Sec. 4(a) C\l©tÏ Ïû\kRThN EfN ClúTôÕ, CÕ Rs. 1,20,000/-

YWm× CZlÀÓ YZeÏYRtÏ BL revise TiQlThÓs[Õ.Rs. 80000/- BL CÚkRÕ.

5 Sec. 4(b) ¨WkRW ØÝ F]j§tLô] ClúTôÕ AÕ Rs.1,40,000/-

Ïû\kRThN EfN YWm× BL revise TiQlThÓs[Õ.CZlÀÓ YZeL Rs. 90000/-

BL CÚkRÕ.

6 Sub-sec 2A of sec.4 Non-existent CkR ET ©¬Ü B]Õ after sub-

section(2) þ®p úNodLlThPÕ.CÕ JÚ T¦Vô[o T¦«pCÚdÏm úTôÕ úSokRLôVj§tLô] EiûUVô]UÚjÕYf ùNXÜdLô]TQjûRl ùTtßdùLôsYRtÏ Y¯ YûLùNn¡\Õ.

7 Explanation II to clauses ¨WkRW F]m Utßm CkR Explanation ¿dLlThÓ JÚ(a) & (b) of sec.4 C\l©tLô] CZlÀhÓj ×§V sub-section (IB) B]Õ

ùRôûLûV A§LThN sub-section IA of sec 4 þuwage limit Rs. 4000/- BL ©u]ôp úNodLlThÓ CRuExplanation - II þp ̈ oQVm T¥ EfNThN NmT[YWm×ùNnVlTh¥ÚkRÕ. Rs.8000/- BL revise TiQl

ThPÕ.

8 Sub-sec(4) of Sec.4 DUd¡¬ûV ùNXÜ YWm× CÕ Rs.5000/- revise BLB]Õ Rs.2500/- BL CÚkRÕ. TiQlThÓs[Õ.

9 Sec.25A Non-existent JÚ ×§V section úNodLlThÓs[Õ. CRu T¥ date of

reference þp CÚkÕ 3UôRj§tÏs claims disposal

TiQ úYiÓm G] time limit

HtTÓjRlThÓs[Õ.



194

QUALITY

TOOLS

RWm Tt±V ®¯l×QoÜ (QualityConsciousness)

RWm (Quality): TXjR úTôh¥Lû[ EûPVCkR EXLj§p, ùYt± Utßm úRôp®LÞdÏCûP«p, RWm , B]Õ úYßTôhûPEÚYôdL YpXÕ.

JÚ STo NhûP YôeÏm úTôÕ, RWUô]NhûPûV UhÓúU YôeL ¨û]d¡\ôo. JÚRôn A¬£ ApXÕ úLôÕûU YôeL ®Úm×múTôÕ AYs JÚ SpX RWm YônkRA¬£ûVj úRokùRÓd¡\ôo.

RWm GuTRu AojRm Gu]? (What is themeaning of QUALITY?)

TpúYß ®[dLeLs Es[]. AûYVôY]:

Oxford dictionary áßm RWj§tLô] ®[dLmB]Õ

“©WUôRUô] A[ÜjRWm“ (“degree of excellence”)

GuTRôÏm.

RWm Tt±V ®[dLm (Definitions of Quality)

RWm B]Õ TpúYß Y¯L°p TpúYßÏÚUôoL[ôp ®[dLlThÓs[Õ. AYtßs£X:

• Dr. J.M. Juran - RWm GuTÕ TVuTÓjÕYÕùTôÚjÕUô]Õ

• Edwards Deming - "Yô¥dûLVô[¬uúRûYLû[ RtLôXm Utßm G§oLôXjúRûYLû[ RWm GuTÕ CXdLôLdùLôs[ úYiÓm".

• Philip Crosby - RWm GuTÕ úRûYLÞdÏlùTôÚjRUôL CÚjRp.

• ISO defined - RWjûRd ¸rdLiPYôßùTôÚiûUlTÓjRXôm:

C§p Q = RWm,

P = ùNVp§\u,

E = G§oTôol×Ls

‘Q‘ B]Õ ‘1‘-Id Lôh¥Ûm A§LUô]RôLCÚkRôp, AlúTôÕ Yô¥dûLVô[o B]YoùTôÚû[l Tt± SpX A©lWôVmùLôiÓs[ôo GuTRôÏm.

RWj§u RôdLm (Impact of Quality)

L¥]Uô] Utßm úTôh¥Ls ¨û\kREXLUVUô] NkûR«p (globalization market) áPSôm RWm JlTûPjRp Utßm ®ûX (Quality,

Delivery & Price) Gu\ ®`VeLû[ ¨û\ÜùNnYÕ AY£VUô¡\Õ.

úYûX Yônl×j §\uLs þ RWUô] LÚ®Ls LÚj§Vp 2.5.61

RWm GuTRu ùTôÚs, RWj§tLô] ÏQSXuLs (áßLs) (Meaning of Quality,

Quality Characteristics)

úSôdLeLs : ClTôPj§u Cß§«p ¿eLs §\m ùT\ CÚlTûY• RWm Tt±V ®¯l×QoÜ GuTRu RjÕYjûR ®Y¬jRp• RWj§u RôdLm Tt±d áßRp• RWj§u Ød¡VjÕYjûRl Th¥V≠ÓRp• RWm Tt±V RjÕYjûRd Lt\±Rp• RWj§tLô] ÏQSXuLs (áßLs).

E

P=Q

• ØLY¬ AmNeLs

• RWm ¨fNVm

• A[Üd Ï±lÀÓN¬VôL CÚjRp

• Yô¥dûLVô[o§Úl§

• ©WUôRUô]A[Üj RWm

• Eß§ YônkRÕ

• úSôdLj§uLf£Rm

• ETúVô¡lTRtLô] Lf£Rm

• úUmThPY¥YûUl×

• TôolTRtÏAZLô]Õ

• SpX ùTôÚs

• SpX ùNVpTôÓ

• EVo U§l×

• ¿iP Sôs BÙs

• úUmThP LûXSVAZÏ

• SpX Y¥YûUl×

• úSoûUVô]Utßm ®ûWYô]

• úNûY

• SmTLj RuûU

• ATôWUô]LhPûUl×

• TXm A§Lm

• ùLôÓjRTQj§tÏ U§l×

• ùLôÓjR®ûXdÏjRÏ§Vô] ùTôÚs


195

QUALITY

TOOLS

RWj§u Ød¡VjÕYm (Importance of Quality)

¸rdLiP ×LûZl ùTßYRtÏ, JqùYôÚØû\Ùm, JúW Uô§¬Vô], úUmThP,RWjÕPu, ùTôÚsLû[ JlTûPjRpAY£VUô¡\Õ.

• Yô¥dûLVô[o ùTÚU¡rÜ AûPRp

• NkûRl TeL°l× A§L¬l×

• §ÚmTj §ÚmT YÚm Yô¥dûLVô[oGi¦dûL A§L¬jRp

• CXôT ÅRm A§L¬jRp

• EXLUVUôR≠p ÖûZRp

• ùRô¯tNôûXd LRôSôVL]ôLEÚùYÓjRp

• ùRô¯Xô[oL°u U]lTôuûU«p SpXUôt\m HtTÓjÕRp.

RWm þ Yô¥dûLVô[oLÞdÏ HtT (Quality- Customer requirement)

GkRùYôÚ ̈ ßY]j§u ©WRô] úSôdLØm,TVuTÓjÕTY¬u úRûYLû[l éoj§ùNnÙm A[®tÏl ùTôÚhLû[j RVô¬dLúYiÓm GuTRôÏm. CkR úSôdLj§uY¯VôL, ©\ úSôdLeL[ô] CXôT ÅRmA§L AÜh×h (output), ùTôÚ[ôRôWj§u®ûWYô] úUmTôÓ, ØRXô]ûY ùYt±dùLôs[lTÓ¡u\].

Ød¡VUôL, GkRùYôÚ ̈ ßY]j§u BÙÞm,Ød¡VUôL ùRô¯tNôûX ¨ßY]eL°uBÙhLôXm ARu RWjûRf NôokÕs[Õ.

CkRj RWjûR AûPYÕ ¥ûN]o, RVô¬l×j§hPªÓTYo, T¦jR[ BTúWhPo, purchase

executive, TWôU¬l×l ùTô±Vô[o G]Aû]Y¬u ùTôßlTô] RuûU«pRôuCÚd¡\Õ.

ùYqúYß LôXLhPeL°p ùYqúYßU²RoLÞdÏ, RWm GuTÕ ùYqúYß®[dLeLû[j RÚ¡\Õ.

CÕ JÚ ùTôÚ°u ùNVpTôÓ B]ÕG§oTôolûTl éoj§ ùNnÙm úTôÕ AÕùRôPoTô] YôojûRVôL CÚd¡\Õ.AlúTôÕ G§oTôol× éoj§VôÏm úTôÕU²RoLs RôeLs RWUô] ùTôÚû[ùTtß®hPRôL EQo¡\ôoLs.

RWm GuTÕ Yô¥dûLVô[o §Úl§ GuTRôLG°ûUVôL ®[dLlTÓ¡\Õ. Yô¥dûLVô[oG§oTôol× GuTÕ ùTôÚsL°u A[Üd

Ï±ÂÓ GuTRôL ApXÕ ®ûXûVlTt±VRôL CÚdLXôm.Yô¥dûLVô[ÚdúLtT AYoLû[f NôokÕG§oTôol× Uô\Xôm.

RWj§u T¬UôQeLs (Dimensions of Quality)

ùNVp§\u : JÚ ùTôÚ°u ØRuûU(Performance) CVeÏ ÏQeLs ARôYÕ

signal coverage, J°«uRWm, Lôh£«u RWm,ØRXô]ûY úTôu\ûY.

(JÚ ùTôÚû[d LÚ§dùLôsÞeLs: AûXúT£)

AmNeLs : CWiPôm ¨ûXd(Features) ÏQô§NVeLs,

LôpÏúXhPo UtßmAXôWm L¥LôW AmNeLsúTôu\ áÓRXô]£\lTmNeLs

®§Øû\ A[ÜLs Lf£RUô]Lû[ CÚjRp ApXÕ industry

GhÓRp : standards Lf£RUôLl(Conformance) ùTôÚkÕRp, T¦Vô[¬u

T¦f£\l× ApXÕùTôÚ°u Y¥YûUl©uRWm ApXÕ CVdLfùNVp§\u CûYLs pre-

established standards-dÏlùTôÚkÕYÕ.

SmTLj JÚ Ï±l©hP LôXdRuûU : ùLÓ®p ùTôÚ°u(Reliability) ¨LZ Yônl×ûPV

úRôp®Ls. (failing probability)

S≠Ü\ôUp CÕ ùTôÚ[ôRWm NôokR¿¥jÕ ApXÕ ùRô¯pÖhTlCÚdLd T¬UôQm CWiûPÙmá¥V úNojÕl ùTôÚ°uRuûU : BÙû[ A[lTÕ.(Durability)

úNûY : ×LôoLs Utßm(Service) ©Wf£û]dÏj ¾oÜd

LôÔRp.

ùTôßl× : U²RàdÏ U²Ru(Response) Nk§jÕd ùLôsYÕ Dealer

- u U¬VôûR úTôu\ûY.

AZ¡Vp Exterior finish úTôu\EQoÜ : EQÚm ÏQô§NVeLs.(Aesthetics)



196

QUALITY

TOOLS

ùTôÕd LPkR LôXf ùNVpLÚjÕ : TôÓLs Utßm ØR≠Pm(Reputation) ùTt\ ¨LrÜ úTôu\ ©\

G°§p EQokR±VôRûY.

RWj§u ÏQô§NVeLs (QualityCharacteristics)

Y¥YûUl©u RWm (Quality of Design)

Yô¥dûLVô[oL°u úRûYLû[l éoj§ùNnRp Utßm RVô¬l©p G°ûUNmTkRUô] Y¥YûUl©u EVo £\l×B]Õ Y¥YûUl©u RWm G]lTÓm.

RWjÕPu CûVkÕ ùNpÛRp (Quality ofconformance)

Ï±l©hP úRûYLÞPu CûVkÕ ùNpÛmJÚ úNûY ApXÕ JÚ ùTôÚ°uUôßTôPt\ RuûU B]Õ RWjÕPuCûVkÕ ùNpÛRp (Quality of conformance)

G]lTÓm.

RWm EjRWYôRm (Quality Assurance)

JÚ ùTôÚs, LhPûUl×, EÚlT¥ ApXÕAûUl× B]ûYj §Úl§LWUôLf

úNûYVôtßYRtLô]l úTôÕUô]Sm©dûLûVj RÚYRtÏj úRûYVô]j§hPªhP Utßm Øû\lTÓjRlThPAû]jÕ úNûYLû[Ùm RWm EjRWYôRmGuTÕ Ruàs ùLôiÓs[Õ.RWdLhÓlTôÓ GuTûRÙm RWm EjRWYôRm(quality control) RuàPu úNojÕdùLôiÓs[Õ.

RWdLhÓlTôÓ (Quality Control)

ùTôÚs, LhPûUl×, EÚlT¥ ApXÕAûUl× CYtû\ Øu]úW ¾oUô²jRúRûYlT¥ A[dL Utßm TWôU¬dLY¯Øû\Lû[j RÚm ùTôÚiûUNôoÏQô§NVeLÞPu NmTkRlThPj RWmEjRWYôRm Gu\ AûUjÕfùNVpTôÓLû[Ùm RWdLhÓlTôÓùLôiÓs[Õ. RWdLhÓlTôh¥u ©WRô]CXdÏ Ïû\Ls YôWôUp RÓjRpGuTRôÏm.



197

QUALITY

TOOLS

ØuàûW (Introduction)

©WfNû]Lû[j ¾odLl TVuTÓm G°V×s° ®TWd LÚ®LsB]ûY 7 QC

G]lTÓm. ©Wf£û]ûVj ¾odL ApXÕGkRùYôÚ úUmTôhÓd ùNVÛdÏm N¬Vô]AÔÏØû\ûVj RÚYÕ CkR 7 QC BÏm.LY²jRp Utßm ¾oUô]m ùNnRpCYt±tLô] Õp≠Vm Utßm úSôdLeLû[CkR LÚ®Ls RÚm. CkRd LÚ®Ls_lTô²p EÚYôdLl Th¥ÚdLXôm. ApXÕQuality Gurus B] Deming Utßm Juran

úTôu\YoL[ôp _lTô²pA±ØLlTÓjRlTh¥ÚdLXôm.

Ød¡VjÕYm NmTkRlThPYt±p CûYA§LlTVàûPVûY. CkR 7 LÚ®Lû[ 95

NRÅRm ©Wf£û]Lû[j ¾odLlTVuTÓjRXôm Guß Kaoru Ishikawa

á±Ùs[ôo.

RWUô] HÝYûL LÚ®L[ôY] (Seven Toolof Quality (7 QC) are):

1 úNôRû]l T¥Ym (Check Sheet)

®TWeLû[f úNL¬dL UtßmTÏjRônYRtLô] JÚ Y¥YûUdLlThP,RVô¬dLlThP T¥Ym CÕYôÏm. JÚTWYXô] TXRWlThP úSôdLeLÞdLôLlTVuTÓjRlTÓm. JÚ ùTôÕYô] LÚ®BÏm.

®TWeLû[f úNL¬lTRm êXm, JÚÏÝYô]Õ, úUmThP Ø¥ÜLû[ GÓdLØ¥Ùm. ®ûWkÕ ©Wf£û]Lû[j ¾odLØ¥Ùm Utßm ¨oYôLj§u BRWûYfNmTô§dL Ø¥Ùm. CWiÓ YûLVô]úNôRû]l T¥YeLs Es[]. CûYùTôÕYôL GiQlTÓ¡\, A[dLlTÓ¡\Utßm location data-®tÏl TVuTÓjRlTÓ¡u\].

®TWjRôû[l T§Ü ùNnRp (Recording DataSheet)

GlúTôÕ TVuTÓjÕYÕ (When to Use)

• JúW STWôp ApXÕ JúW CPj§p§ÚmTj §ÚmT ®TWeLs LY²dLlThÓúNL¬dLlTÓm úTôÕ.


A¥lTûPVô] RWUô] LÚ®Ls (£X ERôWQeLÞPu) (Basic Quality Tools

with few examples)

úSôdLeLs: ClTôPj§u Cß§«p ¿eLs §\m ùT\ CÚlTûY• ùYqúYß YûL RWUô] LÚ®Ls Utßm ÖhTeLs (7 QC) (Quality Tools & Techniques) (7

QC)/functions) Tt±d áßRp• úNôRû]jRôs (check sheet) Tt±Ùm ARu TVuLs Tt±Ùm áßRp• ¶vúPôdWôm (histogram) Gu\ôp Gu] GuTÕ Tt±Ùm ¶vúPôdWôm-u TVuLsTt±Ùm YûWVû\ ùNnRp

• Pareto chart, Tt±Ùm, ARu TVuLs Utßm cause and effect diagram Tt±Ùm ®Y¬jRp• TÏjRp ÖhTm (stratification technique) Utßm ARu TVuLs Tt±d áßRp• Scatter diagram, control chart, variable chart Tt±Ùm Utßm AYt±u TVuLs Tt±Ùm®Y¬jRp.

5 TÏjRp ®úYLUô]LôWQeL°u®û[ÜLs

6 Scatter Diagram ùRôPo LôWQeL°u®û[ÜLs

7 Control Chart Document dynamic changes

Utßm ºoùNnÙmùNVÛdLô] Y¯Øû\Lû[ AàUô²jRp

LÚ®Ls ùNVpTôÓLs

1 úNôRû]l G°§p ®TWeLs T¥Ym úNL¬jRp

2 ¶vúPôdWôm T¡oUô] Y¥YjûRdÏ±jRp

3 Pareto Diagram Ïß¡V ©Wf£û]l TÏ§

4 Cause and Effect ©Wf£û]LÞdLô]d Diagram LôW¦Lû[

U§l©Ó¡\Õ


198

QUALITY

TOOLS

• Ïû\TôÓL°u CÚl©Pm, Ïû\TôÓLÞdLô] LôWQeLs, Ïû\TôÓLû[Utßm Cu] Øuà¬ûUlTÓjÕYRuA¥lTûPûV CÕ EÚYôdÏYRôp, CÕefficient LÚ® BÏm.

2 ¶vúPôdWôm (Histogram) (TPm 2)

• Ï±l©hP CûPùY°L°p ApXÕ¨Lrf£ Øû\Ls, ©Wf£û]Ls,Ïû\TôÓLs, Ïû\Tôh¥u CÚl©Pm,Ïû\Tôh¥u LôWQeLs ØRXô]®TWeLû[d úNL¬dÏm úTôÕ.

• JÚ EtTj§f ùNnØû\«p CÚkÕ®TWeLû[d úNL¬dÏm úTôÕTVuTÓjRlTÓm.

GlT¥l TVuTÓjÕYÕ (How to Use)

• GkR ¨LrÜ ApXÕ ©WfNû]LY²dLlTP úYiÓm GuTûRj¾oUô²dLÜm. GlúTôÕ ®TWeLsúNL¬dLlTP úYiÓm Utßm GqY[ÜúSWm úNL¬dL úYiÓm GuTûRj¾oUô²dLÜm.

• ®TWeLû[ G°ûUVôL úNôRû]dÏ±ÂÓ EÚYôdÏRp êXm ApXÕApXÕ Xs(Cross) CÕ úTôu\AûPVô[d Ï± CÓYRu êXm T§ÜTiQXôm Utßm TÏlTônÜdÏ®TWeLû[ UßT¥Ùm copy TiÔmAY£Vm HtTPôÕ Gu\ úSôdLjR§pT¥YjûR Y¥YûUdL úYiÓm.

• AkRl T¥Yj§p GpXô CPjûRÙm(spaces) úX©s (Label) TiQÜm.

• úNôRû]l T¥Ym B]Õ RÏkR®TWeLû[d úNL¬d¡\Rô G]Üm AÕTVuTÓjÕYRtÏ G°ûUVôL Es[]YôGuTûRÙm Eß§ ùNnV JÚ £±V trial

period-dÏ úNôRû]l T¥YjûR Test

ùNnVÜm.

• GlúTôùRpXôm Ï±l©hP ¨LrÜApXÕ ©WfNû] HtTÓ¡\úRôAlúTôùRpXôm JqùYôÚ Øû\ÙmúNôRû] T¥Yj§p ®TWeLû[l T§ÜTiQÜm.

úNôRû]l T¥Yj§u TVuLs (Uses of theCheck Sheet)

• GkRùYôÚ TXRWlThP ®TWeLû[ÙmTÏlTônÜ ùNnYRtLôLf úNL¬jÕdLY²dLÜm. (TPm 1)

• T¦Vô[o, ùTôÚs, CVk§Wm, ùNnØû\Utßm RVô¬l× ¨XYWeLs CûYL°uA¥lTûP«p, ùTôÚ°p UôßTôÓ,process characteristics-I address TiQÜm.Process-Ij ùRôPokÕ LiLô¦dLÜm.CÕ ªLf £\kR LÚ® BÏm.

UôßTÓTYt±u T¡oUô]jûRd LôhÓmJÚ Tôo Nôoh (bar chart) B]Õ¶vúPôdWôm BÏm. T¡oUô]j§uY¥YjRôp Utßm AúRúTôpT¡oUô]j§u ALXjRôp JÚ ùNnØû\«pEs[ ©WfNû]L°u LôWQjûR AûPVôeLôQ CÕ ERÜ¡\Õ.

¶vúPôdWômv B]Õ úNokR ®TWeL°u(ARu dispersion Utßm central tendencyÙmúNojÕ) JÚ G°V, graphical view-IdLôhÓ¡\Õ. JÚ course-p JÚ ùRôÏ§U²RoL°u EVWj§uT¥ ¨tTûR JÚERôWQUôLd á\Xôm.

ùTôÕYôL JÚ course-p JÚ UdLsùRôÏ§«u EVWjRôp, JÚY¬u Y¬ûNlT¥¨tL úYiÓm.

NôRôWQUôL JÚYo A§L EVWj§ÛmJÚYo EVWm Ïû\kRYWôLÜm Utßm NWôN¬EVWj§p JÚ UdLs áhPØm CÚdLXôm.

Hence the phrase Normal distribution. CYtû\Y¥YûUdÏm, G°ûUdÏm áÓRXôL,¶vúPôdWômv B]ûY ®TWeL°uT¡oUô]jûR U§l©ÓY§Ûm ªLªL G°VY¯ûVj RÚ¡\Õ.



199

QUALITY

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GlúTôÕ TVuTÓjRXôm (When to Use)

• ®TWeLs GiL[ôL CÚdÏmúTôÕ

• ®TWeL°u T¡oUô]j§u Y¥YjûR¿eLs TôodL ®Úm×m úTôÕ, AÕÜmØd¡VUôL, JÚ ùNnØû\«u®û[lTVu úRôWôVUôL NôRôWQUôLlT¡okR°dLlThÓs[Rô GuTûRj¾oUô²dÏm úTôÕ.

• Yô¥dûLVô[oL°u úRûYLû[ JÚùNnØû\l éoj§ ùNnÙUô GuTûRlTÏlTônÜ TiÔmúTôÕ.

• JÚ supplier's-u ùNnØû\«p CÚkÕ¡ûPjR ®û[lTVu GlT¥júRôuß¡\Õ GuTûRl TÏlTônÜùNnÙmúTôÕ.

• CWiÓ ApXÕ ARtÏ A§LUô]ùNVpØû\L°p ®û[lTVuLsùYqúY\ôL Es[]Yô G]j ¾oUô²dÏmúTôÕ..

• ®ûWYôLÜm, G°ûUVôLÜm Ut\YoLÞdÏ ®TWeL°u T¡oUô]jûRjùR¬®dL ¿eLs ®Úm×múTôÕ CYtû\lTVuTÓjRXôm

• JÚ LôX LhPj§p CÚkÕ ¡ûPjR ®û[TVu ùNnÙUô GuTûRl TÏlTônÜTiÔm úTôÕ.

GlT¥l TVuTÓjÕYÕ (How to use)

• LY²jRûYL°u range-Id LQd¡PÜm.

• Frequency distribution AhPYûQ«p classes-

L°u Gi¦dûLûVj ¾oUô²dLÜm.

• Class CûPùY°ûVd LiÓ©¥dLÜm.

• Class GpûXLs Utßm Class SÓl×s°Lû[d LiÓl©¥dLÜm

• LiP±kRûYLû[ ûYjÕ Frequency

distribution AhPYûQûV Y¥YûUdLÜm.

• X Af£p Class CûPùY°LsCÚdÏmT¥Ùm Y Af£p frequency

CÚdÏmT¥Ùm, ¶vúPôdWômv -IY¥YûUdLÜm.

• Specification YWm×Lû[ úUúX ûYdLÜm.(Superimpose TiQÜm)

3 Pareto Chart

JÚ ùT¬V ©WfNû]ûV £ß TÏ§L[ôLEûPjÕ GkRl TôLm A§L Ød¡Vm G]

AûPVô[eLôQ ERÜm JÚ graphical

LÚ®Rôu JÚ pareto chart BÏm.

Pareto B]Õ, EÚlT¥L°u T¡oUô]jûRdLôhÓ¡\Õ. Utßm CÕ ªLÜmA¥dL¥Vô]§p CÚkÕ GlúTôRôYÕ Gu\¨ûXdÏ Y¬ûNlTÓjÕ¡\Õ with the final bar

being misc.

ùNpYm B]Õ ºWôLl T¡WlTP®pûXG]j ¾oUô²jR CjRô≠ûVf úNokRùTôÚ[ôRôW YpÛ]o B] Wilfred Pareto

GuT¬u ùTVÚdÏl ©u]ôp CkR LÚ®LsAûZdLlTÓ¡\Õ. £X U²RoLs ªLA§LUô]l TQjûRd ùLôiÓs[]o.

JÚ Ï±l©hP ©WfNû]«u ªLÜmA¥dL¥ ¨LÝm LôWQeLû[ CkR LÚ®graphical picture BLd LôhÓ¡\Õ. ªL SpXBRôVj§tÏ, EeLs BWmT ØVt£ûV GeÏúUtùLôs[ úYiÓm GuTûR CÕLôhÓ¡\Õ.

Pareto charts ªLÜm TVàs[ûY. Hù]²pªLl ùT¬V cumulative RôdLjûR AûUl©uúUp ùLôiÓs[ LôW¦Lû[AûPVô[eLô] CRû]l TVuTÓjRXôm.Utßm ClT¥VôL JÚ TÏlTôn®pÏû\Yô] Ød¡VjÕYm EûPV LôW¦Lû[screen out ùNnV CÕ TVuTÓ¡\Õ. CÕTVuTÓjÕTYûW @úTôdLv TiQûYd¡\Õ.

CÕ úYß YôojûRL°p 80:20 TÏlTônÜGu\ûZdLlTÓ¡\Õ. ªL Ød¡VjÕYmYônkR £X ¨LrÜLÞdÏ Øuà¬ûUùLôÓlTÕ CkR LÚ®«u Ød¡VjÕYmBÏm.

"Ïû\Yô] Gi¦dûL«Xô] ªLÜmØd¡VjÕYm YônkRûY, Aú]LØd¡VjÕYªpXôRûY " GuTûRdLiLô²jRp

GlúTôÕ TVuTÓjÕYÕ (When to use)

• JÚ ùNnØû\«p A¥dL¥ HtTÓm©WfNû]Ls ApXÕ AYt±uLôWQeLû[l Tt±V ®TWeLû[lTÏlTônÜ TiÔm úTôÕ.

• AúSL ©WfNû]Ls ApXÕ AYtû\HtTÓjÕûL«p CÚkÕ, A§p ªLÜmØd¡VjÕYm YônkRYt±p ¿eLs LY]mùNÛjR ®Úm×m úTôÕ



200

QUALITY

TOOLS

TiQÜm. CWiÓ A[ÜúLôû[ÙmùTôÚkÕYûR Eß§ ùNnVÜm.ERôWQUôL CPÕ TdL measurement that

corresponds to one -half B]Õ Lf£RUôL 50%

G§WôL YXÕ A[ÜúLô°p CÚdLúYiÓm.

• ùRôPoáhPp áhÓj ùRôûLûVdLQd¡hÓ YûWVÜm: (Calculate and draw

cumulative sums:) ØRp UtßmCWiPôYÕ ùRôÏ§L°u subtotal-Idáh¥ AkRd áÓRûXd Ï±dÏm YûL«psecond bar úUp JÚ ×s° ûYdLÜm..

CkRd áÓRÛPu, êu\ôYÕ ùRôÏ§«uETáÓRûXd áhPÜm Utßm CkRl×§Vd áhÓj ùRôûLdLôL êu\ôYÕTôo (bar) úUúX JÚ ×s° ûYdLÜm.Aû]jÕ bar-L°Ûm ùNnØû\ûVjùRôPWÜm. ØRp bar-u úUp ùRôPeÏm×s°Lû[ CûQdLÜm. LûP£l×s°Vô]Õ YXÕ A[ÜúLô°p 100

NRÅRjûR GhP úYiÓm.

• CkR Ïû\TôÓL°u cumulative frequency

B]Õ 80:20-Id LiLô¦lTRtÏER®VôL CÚdÏm. CRu êXm

• Ïû\kR A[úY Ød¡VjÕYmEûPVYtû\ dealt TiÔYûR ®P, A§LØd¡VjÕYm YônkR Vital issues are sortedout dealt with earlier.

Lôh£lTÓjRp (Illustration)

TPm ‘3’ B]Õ, GjRû] Yô¥dûLVô[o×LôoLs B]ûY JqùYôÚ IkÕùRôÏ§L°Ûm ùT\lThPÕ GuTûRdLôhÓ¡\Õ.

• Ï±l©hP components-Id LY²jÕ ARuêXm ùT¬V LôWQeLû[l TÏlTônÜùNnÙm úTôÕ.

• EeLs ®TWjûRl Tt± Ut\YoL°Pm¿eLs á\ ®Úm×m úTôÕ


• GYtû\l YûLlTÓj§ ¿eLsùTôÚhLû[j ùRôÏ§lTÓjRúTô¡ÈoLs GuTûRj ¾oUô²dLÜm.

• GkR A[Ü Ht\Õ GuTÕ ¾oUô²dLlTPúYiÓm. ùTôÕYô] A[ûYLs frequency,Gi¦dûL, ®ûX Utßm úSWm.

• CkR GkRd LôXLhPjûR ùNnÙmGuTûRj ¾oUô²dLÜm. One work cycle? JÚØÝ Sôs? JÚ YôWm?

• JqùYôÚ Øû\Ùm ùRôÏ§lTÓjRlTÓmUtßm T§Ül TiQlTÓm ®TWeLû[fúNL¬ÙeLs (ApXÕ HtL]úY CÚdÏm®TWeLû[ AùNm©s TiQÜm).

• JqùYôÚ ùRôÏ§dLô] A[ÜLû[ETáÓRp (Subtotal) TiQÜm.

• ¿eLs úNL¬jR A[ÜLÞdLô]j RdLA[ÜúLôû[j ¾oUô²dLÜm.

A§LThN U§lTô], step 5-p CÚkÕùT¬V ETáÓRp BÏm. (®ÚlT steps 8

Utßm 9 below G] ¿eLs ùLôi¥ÚkRôpA§LThN U§lTô]Õ, step 5-p CÚkÕAû]jÕ subtotal-u áÓRp (sum) BÏm.CPÕ TdLj§p A[ÜúLôû[ Ï±ÂÓùNnVÜm.

• JqùYôÚ ùRôÏ§ûVÙm Y¥YûUjÕúX©s Tôov (label bars) ªLÜmEVWUô]ûR, CPÕ TdL KWj§úXÙmARtLÓjR EVWjûR ARu TdLj§pYXÕ ×\j§Ûm, CqYô\ôL ûYdLÜm.Ïû\kR A[ÜL°u Aú]L A[ÜLsCÚkRôp AYtû\ "Ut\ûY" ("other") GußùRôÏ§lTÓjRÜm. Steps 8 Utßm 9

B]ûY ®ÚlTjûRf NôokRÕ. B]ôpTÏlTônÜ TiQÜm. Utßm RLYpT¬Uôt\j§tÏm TVàs[ûY CûY.

• JqùYôÚ ùRôÏ§dLô] NRÅRjûRdLQd¡ÓL : (Calculate the percentage for each

category :) AkR ùRôÏ§LÞdÏ ETáÓRpTiQÜm. JÚ YXÕ ùNeÏjÕ AfÑYûWkÕ ARû] NRÅRjRp úX©s



201

QUALITY

TOOLS

TPm ‘4’ B]Õ TPm ‘3’-p CÚkÕ ùT¬VùRôÏ§L[ô] documents-I GÓjÕd ùLôiÓdocument ùRôPoTô] ×LôoL°u BßùRôÏ§L[ôL EûPjÕ, cumulative values-IdLôhÓ¡\Õ.

YûWlTPm G]Üm (TPm 5) AûZdLlTÓ¡\Õ. CRu ©WRô] ùTÚmTôXô] TVuB]Õ Ï±l©hP ©WfNû]L°uLôWQjûRl Th¥V≠ÓYÕ BÏm.

úLôÓLs coming off the core horizontal line B]ûY©WRô]d LôWQeLs BÏm. Utßm lines

coming off those GpXôm ETLWQeLs BÏm.(TPm 5)

GpXôl ×LôoLÞm NU A[Ü distress-IYô¥dûLVô[¬Pm HtTÓjÕUô]ôp,document ùRôPoTô] ×LôoL°u úUpSPY¥dûL GÓjÕ ARû] ¿dÏYÕ SpXRôdLjûR HtTÓjÕm Utßm RWf Nôu±RrúT¬p T¦VôtßYÕ SpX TXû]j RÚm.

Pareto-®u TVuLs (Uses of Pareto)

• JÚ ùNnØû\«p ©WfNû]dLô]dLôWQeLs ApXÕ ©WfNû]L°pfrequency Tt±V ®TWeLû[l TÏlTônÜùNnVl TVuTÓ¡\Õ.

• Aú]L ©WfNû]Ls ApXÕ©WfNû]Lû[ HtTÓjÕTûY«p CÚkÕA§p ªLÜm Ød¡VUô]Ru úUp UtßmA¥dL¥ ̈ LÝm ©WfNû]Ls úUp ¿eLsLY]m ùNÛjR ®Úm×m úTôÕ CRû]lTVuTÓjRXôm.

• ©WfNû]Lû[ Øuà¬ûUlTÓjRpUtßm ranking TÓjRl TVuTÓjRXôm.

• Ï±l©hP components-Id LY²jÕ ùT¬VA[®Xô] causes-Il TÏlTônÜTôoûYûVj RLYp T¬Uôt\m TiQlTVuTÓjRXôm.

• EeLs ®TWeLû[l Tt±V TÏlTônÜmTôoûYûVj RLYp T¬Uôt\m TiQlTVuTÓjRXôm.

4 LôWQm Utßm ®û[Ül TPm (Causeand Effect Diagaram)

CkRd LôWQm Utßm ®û[ÜmTPm B]Õfishbone chart G]Üm ApXÕ Ishikawa

GlúTôÕ TVuTÓjRXôm (When to use)

• JÚ ©WfNû]dLô] ¨LZ Yônl×ûPVLôWQeLû[ AûPVô[eLôÔm úTôÕTVuTÓjRXôm.

• Ød¡VUôL GlúTôÕ JÚ ÏZ®uGiQeLs N≠léhÓm YôrdûLûVúSôd¡ ®Zj ùRôPeÏm úTôÕTVuTÓjRXôm.


úRûYlTÓm ùTôÚhLs : flipchart ApXÕùYiTXûL, marking pens

• JÚ ©WfNû] statement (effect-I) Agree

TiQÜm. flipchart-p ApXÕùYiTXûL«p YXÕ ûUVj§p ARû]GÝRÜm. JÚ ùTh¥ûV ARû]f Ñt±YûWVÜm Utßm JÚ ¡ûPUhPAm×dÏ± A§p YûWVÜm.

• ©WfNû]«u LôWQeL°u ©WRô]YûLLû[, Ïû\kR úSWj§p CVu\A[®p LÚjÕdLû[ U]§p ¨ßj§£dLûXj¾o ApXÕ Ø¥Ü GÓ (Brainstorm),CÕ L¥]UôLj úRôu±]ôpùTôÕlTûPVô] RûXl×Lû[lTVuTÓjRÜm.

• ùNnØû\Ls

• CVk§WeLs

• U²RoLs

• ùTôÚhLs



202

QUALITY

TOOLS

• A[ÜLs

• ÑtßfÑZp

• ©WRô] Am×d úLôh¥p (main arrow)

CÚkÕ, LôWQeL°u YûLlTôÓLû[d¡û[L[ôL GÝRÜm.

• ©WfNû]«u Aû]jÕ ̈ LZ Yônl×s[LôWQeLû[Ùm AX£ BWôVÜm. CÕHu ¨Lr¡\Õ?

JqùYôÚ BúXôNû]Ùm ùLôÓjR ©u]o,ER® ×¬TYo AYtû\j RÏkR ùRôÏ§«pCÚkÕ, ¡û[Ls úTôuß ARû]GÝÕYôo.

Juß ¨LZd LôWQUôn CÚlTûY, TXùRôÏ§LÞm ùRôPo×ûPVRôL CÚkRôp

TX CPeL°p GÝ§d ùLôs[Xôm.

• JqùYôÚ LôWQm Tt±Ùm " Hu CÕ¨LrkRÕ?" G]j §ÚmTÜm ®]ÜeLs.

LôWQeL°u ¡û[L[ôLj ÕûQdLôWQeLû[ GÝRÜm.

‘Hu‘ G]j ùRôPokÕ úLÞeLs UtßmLôWQeL°p deeper levels-I EÚYôdLÜm.¡û[L°u AÓdÏLs B]ûY causal

relationships-Id Ï±d¡u\].

• Group runs out of ideas BL CÚdÏm úTôÕ,GeùLpXôm ideas are few-BL Es[úRôchart-u AkR CPeL°p LY]jûRdÏ®ÙeLs.

TPdLôh£ (Illustration) (TPm 6)

Periodic iron contamination-u BRôW êXjûRdLiP±V ØVt£dÏm JÚ RVô¬l×d ÏÝYôpCkR fishbone YûWlTPm YûWVlThÓs[Õ.

CkR ÏÝ SpX úVôNû]LÞdÏ BßùTôÕYô]j RûXl×Lû[ ETúVô¡jRÕ.¡û[L°u Layers B]ûY ©WfNû]L°uLôWQm Tt± BúXô£lTûRd LôhÓ¡\Õ.

5 TÏjRp (Stratification)

Ut\ ©\ ®TWeLs TÏlTônÜ LÚ®LÞPuúNokÕ CûQlTôLm TVuTÓjRlTÓm. JÚùRô¯pÖhTm, TÏjRp G]lTÓm Stratification

BÏm. CÕ flowchart ApXÕ run chart G]ÜmAûZdLlTÓ¡\Õ. TpúYß BRôW êXeLsApXÕ ùRôÏ§L°p CÚkÕ ®YWeLsJu\ôLd Ï®Ùm úTôÕ, AkR ®TWj§uùTôÚs TôodL Ø¥VôUp úTôLXôm.

Stratification GuTÕ, ®TWj§u ùUôjRjùRôÏ§ûVÙm ÕûQj ùRôÏ§L[ôLlTÏdÏm Y¯Øû\VôÏm.

CÕ ùYqúYß ÕûQj ùRôÏ§L°p CÚkÕ,®TWeL°p úYßTôÓLs Es[]Yô G]lTôodL AàU§d¡\Õ. G°ûUVôLdá\úYiÓùU²p, JÚ ùNnØû\«pUôßTôÓL°u ©WRô] êXjûRd LiP±ÙmJÚ ùRô¯pÖhTm GuTRôÏm.

GlúTôÕ TVuTÓjRXôm (When to Use)

• ®TWeLû[ úNL¬dÏm ØuTôL

• Shifts, YôW Sôs, suppliers ApXÕ population

groups GuT] úTôu\ TpúYß BRôWêXeLs ApXÕ ¨XYWeL°p CÚkÕ®TWeLs YÚmúTôÕ.



203

QUALITY

TOOLS

• ùYqúYß BRôW êXeLû[ ApXÕ¨XYWeLû[l TôolTÕ, ®TWlTÏlTônÜdÏj úRûYVôn CÚdÏmúTôÕ.


• ®TWeLû[f úNL¬dL ØtTÓm Øu]RôL,®TWeL°u BRôW êXm Tt±V GkRjRLYp ®û[ÜL°u úUp RôdLjûRHtTÓjÕm GuTûRd LY²dLÜm.AjRûLVj RLYpLû[ SuÏ§WhÓmT¥VôL ®TWf úNL¬lûTAûUjÕd ùLôs[Xôm.

• JÚ scatter YûWlTPj§p, control chart-p,

¶vúPôdWôªp ApXÕ ©\ TÏlTônÜLÚ®L°p úNL¬jR ®TWeLû[ plotting

ApXÕ graphing TiÔm úTôÕ, TpúYßêXeL°p CÚkÕ ®TWeLû[úYßTÓj§d LôhP, ùYqúYß Ï±ÂÓApXÕ ¨\eLû[l TVuTÓjRÜm.

CjRûLV Y¯Øû\«p ©¬dLlThP®TWeLs "stratified" TiQlThPûYG]f ùNôpXlTÓ¡\Õ.

• Stratified data-®u ÕûQd ÏÝdLû[jR²VôL TÏlTônÜ TiQÜm.ERôWQj§tÏ, BRôWm 1-p CÚkÕùT\lThP ®TWm Utßm BRôWm 2-®pCÚkÕ ùT\lThP ®TWm G] JÚ scatter

YûWlTPj§p CÚdÏm TÏdLlThP®TWjûRd GÓjÕd ùLôs[Üm.

Draw quadrants, court points Utßm BRôWm 1-

p CÚkÕ ùT\lThP ®TWj§tÏ UhÓmcritical value-ûYj ¾oUô²dLÜm. ©u]osource 2-®p CÚkÕ ùT\lThP®TWeLÞdÏ UhÓm ¾oUô²dLÜm.

TPdLôh£ (Illustration)

ùTôÚ°u çnûU Utßm iron contamination

CWiÓm JußdùLôuß ùRôPo×ûPVscatter G]f úNôRû] ùNnV JÚYûWlTPjûR ZZ - 400 RVô¬l×dÏ YûWkÕ.B]ôp AkR l[ôh (plot) GkRùYôÚùRôPoûTÙm LôhP®pûX. ©u]o JÚ ÏÝEßl©]o, ®TWeLÞdÏ, ùYqúYß¬VôdPo³p CÚkÕ YkÕs[Õ GuTûREQokRôo. AkRd ÏÝ Eßl©]o, JqùYôÚ¬VôdPo-u ®TWj§tÏ ùYqúYß Ï±ÂÓETúVô¡jÕ AkR YûWlTPjûR UßT¥ÙmYûWkRôo.

ClúTôÕ patterns TôodL HÕYô]Õ.(TPm 7) Reactor 2-p CÚkÕ YkR ®TWmUtßm reactor 3-p CÚkR YkR ®TWmYhPªPlThPÕ. GkR®Rd LQd¡ÓRpùNnVôUp iron áÓm úTôÕ çnûUÏû\¡\Õ GuTÕ AkR Reactor-L°pùR°YôLj ùR¬kRÕ.

CÚkR úTô§Ûm, Reactor 1-p CÚkÕ ¡ûPjR®TWm B]Õ YhPªPlTPôR§Pl×s°Ls AkR relationship-IdLôhP®pûX. Reactor 1-p HúRô Juß®j§VôNUôL Es[Õ.

Lu£PúW`u (Consideration)

®TWeLs TÏdLlTP úYi¥VÕAY£VUôn CÚd¡u\ ùYqúYß BRôWêXeLÞdLô] ERôWQeLs CeúLRWlThÓs[]. AûYVôY]

• ETLWQm

• μlh

• Õû\Ls

• ùTôÚhLs

• YZeÏTYo

• YôWj§u SôhLs

• Sô°u úSWm

• EtTj§l ùTôÚhLs



204

QUALITY

TOOLS

×s° ®TWeLs, ùTôÕYôLl TÏjRXôp,SuûU AûP¡u\].

• TÏlTôn®u úTôÕ, TÏjRp AY£VUôGuTûR ®TWeLû[f úNL¬dÏm ØuûUGlúTôÕm LY]j§p ùLôsÞeLs.TÏjRp RLYpLû[f úNL¬dLj§hPªÓeLs. ®TWeLû[f úNL¬jÕ®hPôp ©u]o AÕ LôXm RôrkRùNVXô¡®Óm.

TVuTÓjRlThP ¨\eLs ApXÕÏ±ÂÓLs CYtû\ AûPVôeLôÔm JÚlegend-I EeLs graph ApXÕ chart-p úNojÕdùLôsÞeLs

6 Sôt×\Øm £R± CÚd¡u\ ®[dLYûWlTPm (Scatter Diagram)

JÚ Scatter YûWlTPm GuTÕ JÚ graph

BÏm. AÕ CWiÓ variables-dÏCûP«Xô]j ùRôPoûTd LiP±VEeLÞdÏ ERÜm. CÕ JÚ variable B]ÕAÓjR variable EPu ùRôPo×ûPVRô G]fúNô§dLl TVuTÓjRlTPXôm. UtßmùRôPoûT §\mTPj RLYp T¬Uôt\mùNnV ERÜ¡\Õ.

JÚªjRj ùRôPo©u YûLLs (Types of

Co relation) (TPm 8)

EeL°u JqùYôÚ U§l×m independent

variable-Id ùLôi¥ÚkRôp AlúTôÕTVuTÓjRXôm.

• ©WfNû]L°u potential root causes-I(êXLôWQeLû[) AûPVô[eLôQØVt£dÏm úTôÕ úTôX, CWiÓJußPu Juß ùRôPo×ûPVRô G]j¾oUô²dL ØVÛm úTôÕ.

• JÚ fishbone YûWlTPjûR ETúVô¡jÕ,LôWQeLs Utßm ®û[ÜLû[ SuÏBWônkR ©u]o JÚ Ï±l©hPLôWQØm Utßm ®û[ÜmùRôPo×ûPVRôL CÚd¡\Rô G]j¾oUô²dÏmúTôÕ.

• CWiÓ ®û[ÜLs ùRôPo×ûPVRôLjúRôtßmúTôÕ, AûY CWiÓm JúWLôWQjRôp ¨LrkR]Yô G]j¾oUô²dÏm úTôÕ.

• JÚ control charts-I Y¥YûUdÏmØu]RôL, auto correlation-dLôL testing

ùNnÙm úTôÕ, TVuTÓjRXôm


• ùRôPo× CÚdÏúUô G]f NkúRLmCÚdÏm ú_ô¥Vô] ®TWjûRfúNL¬dLÜm

• ¡ûPUhP Af£p (horizontal axis)

CÚdÏmT¥Ùm, Independent variable

ùNeÏjÕ Af£p (vertical axis)

CÚdÏmT¥Ùm JÚ graph YûWVÜm.

JqùYôÚ ú_ô¥ ®TWj§tÏm ‘x‘-AfÑU§l× ‘y‘-AfÑ U§l× EPu intersects

BÏm CPj§p JÚ ×s° ApXÕ JÚÏ±ÂÓ ûYdLÜm. (CWiÓ ×s°LsJu\ôL ®ÝkRôp, AYtû\ side by side BLûYjÕ, ¿eLs CWiûPÙm TôodLHÕYôL CÚdÏmT¥f ùNnVÜm).

• JÚ ùRôPo× ùR°YôLj ùR¬¡\Rô G]lTôWdL, ×s°L°u Y¥YjûRl TôodLÜm.®TWm B]Õ, JÚ úLôÓ ApXÕ JÚYû[ûY EÚYôdÏUô]ôp, ¿eLs¨ßj§d ùLôs[Xôm.

CkR variable are correlated BÏm. ¿eLsregression ApXÕ correlation TÏlTônûYClúTôÕ TVuTÓjR ®ÚmTXôm.CpXô®¥p complete steps 4 through 7.

• Graph-p ×s°Lû[ SôuÏ Lôp TÏ§L[ôLDivide TiQÜm. Graph-p X points CÚkRôp,


• Tô³h¥q Utßm úSoúLôhÓ E\Ü

• ùSLh¥q Utßm úSoúLôhÓ E\Ü

• ùSLh¥q Utßm úSoúLôPpXôR E\Ü

• GkRùYôÚ NmTkRØm CpûX


• EeL°Pm ú_ô¥Vô] Gi¦Vp ®TWmCÚdÏm úTôÕ, TVuTÓjRXôm.

• EeLs dependent variable TXRWlThPU§l×Lû[d ùLôi¥ÚkRôp Utßm


205

QUALITY

TOOLS

• úU≠ÚkÕ ̧ ZôL, X/2 points Count ùNnÕ, JÚ¡ûPUhPd úLôÓ YûWVÜm.

• CPl×\m CÚkÕ YXÕ×\UôL X/2 points-

I Count ùNnÕ, JÚ ùNeÏjÕd úLôÓYûWVÜm.

• ×s°L°u Gi¦dûL Jtû\lTûPVôLCÚkRôp, SÓl×s° Y¯VôLd úLôÓYûWVÜm.

• JqùYôÚ Lôp TÏ§«Ûm Es[×s°Lû[ GiQÜm. úLôh¥u úUpEs[ ×s°Lû[ GiQô¾oLs

• Diagonally opposite quadrants-If úNodLÜm.£±V áhPp ùRôûLûVd LiÓ©¥dLÜmUtßm Aû]jÕd Lôp TÏ§L°u×s°L°u ùUôjRjûRd LiÓ©¥dLÜm.

• A = Upper left-p Es[ ×s°Ls + Lower

right-p Es[ ×s°Ls

• B = Upper right-p Es[ ×s°Ls + Lower

left-p Es[ ×s°Ls

• Q = A Utßm B-«u £±V ùRôûL

• N = A+B

• Trend test table-p N-dLô] YWmûTlTôodLÜm.

• ‘Q‘ B]Õ YWmûT ®Pd Ïû\YôLCÚkRôp, CWiÓ variables-EmùRôPo×ûPVûY.

• ‘Q‘ B]Õ YWmûT ®Pd áÓRXôLApXÕ YWm©tÏf NUUôL CÚkRôppattern B]Õ random chance-p CÚkÕ¨Lrk§ÚdLd áÓm.

7 LuhúWôp Nôohv (Control Charts)

Control Chart GuTÕ control YWm×LÞPu á¥VJÚ line chart BÏm. CÕ Statistical process control

Gußm AûZdLlTÓ¡\Õ. CÕ Shewhart

Utßm Deming-u T¦Lû[ A¥lTûPVôLdùLôiPÕ.

NWôN¬dÏ úUúXÙm Utßm ̧ úZÙm 3 standard

UôßTôÓL°u L¦R®V≠u A¥lTûP«p,LhÓlTôÓ GpûXLû[ Y¥YûUlTRuêXm, JÚYo, GkR variation ùTôÕYô]LôWQeL[ôp HtThPÕ GuTûRÙm, GkRvariation Ï±l©hP ¨LrÜL[ôp HtThPÕGuTûRj ¾oUô²dL Ø¥Ùm.

£\l×d LôWQeLû[ ØR≠p ALt± UtßmùTôÕYô] LôWQeLû[d Ïû\lTRu êXm

RWjûR úUmTÓjR Ø¥Ùm. Variable

®TWj§tLô] Control charts B]ûYú_ô¥VôLl TVuTÓjRlTÓ¡u\]. Top chart

B]Õ, NWôN¬ûV, monitor TiÔ¡\ÕApXÕ process-p CÚkÕ ®TWeL°ucentering of the distribution-I monitor TiÔ¡\Õ.ApXÕ T¡oUô]j§u ALXjûR monitor

TiÔ¡\Õ.

®TWeL°u YûLLs (Type of Data)

®TWj§u YûLdúLtT ùYqúYß YûLcontrol charts-Il TVuTÓjRXôm. CWiÓbroadest groupings B]ûY variable data Utßmattribute ®TWm BÏm.

• Variable ®TWm GuTÕ measure on a continuous

A[ÜúLôs BÏm. ERôWQj§tÏ úSWm,GûP, çWm ApXÕ RhTùYlT¨ûX.CYtû\l ©u]eL°p (fractions) ApXÕRNU GiL°p (decimals) A[dLXôm.

A§L Õp≠Vj§p A[dL CÚdÏmYônl× B]Õ Variable ®TWjûR define

TiÔ¡\Õ.

• Attribute ®TWm B]Õ GiQlTÓ¡\Õ.Utßm ©u]eLú[ô ApXÕ RNUGiLú[ô ùLôi¥ÚdL Ø¥VôÕ. Ju±uCÚl× ApXÕ CpXôûU CYtû\UhÓm ¿eLs ¾oUô²dÏm úTôÕ, Attribute

®TWm, arise B¡\Õ. ùYt± ApXÕúRôp® HtLlThPÕ ApXÕUßdLlThPÕ, N¬ ApXÕ RYß.

ERôWQj§tÏ, JÚ report-p SôuÏ©ûZLs ApXÕ IkÕ ©ûZLû[dùLôi¥ÚdLXôm. B]ôp SôuÏ UtßmAûW ©ûZLû[d ùLôi¥ÚdL Ø¥VôÕ.

TXRWlThP ®[dLlTPm (Variable Charts)

(TPm 9)



206

QUALITY

TOOLS

• -X and R chart (Averages and range chart GußmAûZdLlTÓ¡\Õ)

• -X and S chart

• Charts of indiviual (CqYôßmAûZdLlTÓ¡\Õ X chart, X - R charts, IX - MRchart, Xm R chart, moving range chart)

• Moving averge - moving range chart (MA- MR NôohGußm AûZdLlTÓ¡\Õ )

• Target charts (CqYôßm AûZdLlTÓ¡\Õdifference chart,deviation charts Utßm nominalcharts)

• CUSUM (CqYôßm AûZdLlTÓ¡\Õcumulating sum chart)

• EWMA (CqYôßm AûZdLlTÓ¡\Õexponentially weighted moving average chart)

• Multivariate chart (CqYôßm AûZdLlTÓ¡\Õ Hotelling T2)

Ti×L°u ®[dLlTPm (Attribute charts)

• P chart (CqYôßm AûZdLlTÓ¡\Õproportion chart)

• np chart

• c chart (count chart G]Üm AûZdLlTÓ¡\Õ)

• u chart

JqùYôÚ ®RUô] ®[dLlTPeLs(Charts for either kind of data)

• short run charts (stabilized charts ApXÕ Z charts

G]Üm AûZdLlTÓ¡\Õ)

• group charts (multiple characteristic charts G]ÜmAûZdLlTÓ¡\Õ)


• ©WfNû]Ls HtTÓm úTôúR AYtû\dLiÓ©¥jÕ N¬ ùNnYRu êXm ongoing

processes-Lû[d LhÓlTÓjÕm úTôÕ(When controlling)

• JÚ ùNnØû\«p CÚkÕ G§oTôodÏm®û[lTVuL°u ÅfûN (range of outcomes)

ë¡dÏm úTôÕ (When predicting)

• ùNVpØû\L°u úTôÕ G§oTôodÏmÅRj§û] L¦dLlTÓ¡\Õ.

• JÚ process B]Õ stable-BL Es[Rô G]j¾oUô²dÏm úTôÕ (in statistical control)

• £\l×d LôWQeL°p CÚkÕ ApXÕùTôÕYô] LôWQeL°p CÚkÕ patterns

of process variation-Il TÏlTônÜ ùNnÙmúTôÕ

• EeLs RWúUmTôhÓj §hPm Ï±l©hP©WfNû]Lû[j R®olT§p Ï±dúLô[ôLEs[Rô ApXÕ ùNnØû\«p A¥lTûPUôt\eLû[ EÚYôdÏ¡\Rô G]j¾oUô²dÏm úTôÕ.


• EeLs ®TWj§tÏ ùTôÚjRUô] control

chart-Ij úRokùRÓdLÜm.

• ®TWeLû[f úNL¬dL Utßm plot TiQlùTôÚjRUô] LôX úSWjûRj¾oUô²dLÜm.

• ®TWeLû[d úNL¬jÕ, EeLs chart-IY¥YûUjÕ, ®TWeLû[l TÏlTônÜTiQÜm

• Control chart-p "out of control signals"-dLôLlTôodLÜm. Juß AûPVô[eLôQlThPôp ARû] chart-p Ï±ÂÓùNnÕ, LôWQjûRd LiP±VÜm.LôWQjûR GqYôß ¿eLsLiÓ©¥j¾oLs, Gu] A±kÕ,ùLôi¼oLs Utßm GlT¥ AÕ N¬ùNnVlThPÕ GuTûR BYQl TÓjRÜm.

Al°úL`u (Application)

Typical subgroup A[Ü (size) 4, 5 ApXÕ 6 ªLfNôRôWQUôLl TVuTÓjRlTÓm Control chart

B]Õ average & range chart (X-R) charts BÏm.

‘9‘-Ij Rôi¥ ARtÏ úUÛm subgroup sizes-IA§L¬dL ®Úm©]ôp, TVuTÓjRlTPúYi¥V Control chart B]Õ Standard Deviationchart (X-R chart).

Operator-dÏ Average-Id LQd¡ÓYÕ L¥]UôLCÚkRôp, Median charts TVuTÓjRlTÓ¡\Õ.

EtTj§ ÅRm Ïû\YôL CÚdÏmúTôÕUtßm single observation UhÓúU Nôj§VmGàmúTôÕ, TVuTÓjRlTÓ¡\Õ.



207

QUALITY

TOOLS

ùNnV úYi¥V úYûX 1 : ×LôoLÞdLô] ©WRô] LôWQeLû[ AûPVô[e LôQpareto YûWlTPm YûWL.

• ¸úZ RWlThÓs[ûY Yô¥dûLVô[oL°Pm CÚkÕ, ùT\lThP GiQt\ùYqúYß YûL ×LôoL[ôÏm.ùLôÓdLlThP AhPYûQ«p Yô¥dûLþVô[o ×LôoLû[ A§L frequency -«pCÚkÕ lower-BL GÝRÜm.

• ùLôÓdLlThP AhPYûQ«pJqùYôÚ ×LôÚdLô] ùUôjRj§uNRÅRjûR GÝRÜm.

• ùLôÓdLlThP AhPYûQ«pJqùYôÚ ×LôÚdLô] cumulative percentage-

I (Cum %) GÝRÜm.

• ùLôÓdLlThP Rô°p, JqùYôÚYô¥dûLVô[o ×LôÚdÏm No. of complaints-

Em Utßm cumulative percentage-Em Plot

TiQÜm.

• Plot TiQlThP ×s°Lû[CûQlTRu êXm ×LôoLû[Ùm UtßmCum% úLôhûPÙm YûWVÜm.

úYûX Yônl×j §\uLs þ RWUô] LÚ®Ls T«t£ 2.5.62

RWd LÚ®Ls TVuTÓj§ ©WfNû]Lû[l TÏlTônÜ ùNnRp (Analyse

the problems using Quality Tools)

úSôdLeLs : ClT«t£«u Cß§«p ¿eLs §\m ùT\ CÚlTûY• ×LôoLÞdLô]l ùT¬V LôWQeLû[ AûPVô[m LôiTRtÏ JÚ pareto YûWlTPmYûWRp

• LôWQm Ut\m ®û[Ü ùRôPoûT establish TiQ JÚ scatter YûWlTPm YûWRp• LôWQm Utßm ®û[Ü YûWlTPm YûWRp• T¦lTWl©u ÑZp A¥lTûP«p, stratification ùNnRp.

• EeLs T«tßSWôp ARû]f úNô§jÕYôeLÜm.

ùRôÏ§ ×Lôo YûL (Type of Complaint) Gi¦dûL NRÅRm% Cum %(Category) (Numbers) (Cum %)

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

ùUôjRm (Total) 200

Yô¥dûLVô[o Gi¦dûL×LôoLs

RôUR YZeLp 60

RY\ô] ùTôÚs 20

LôQôUp úTô]ûY 10

Ïû\Yô] Gi¦dûL 80

BYQeL°p ©ûZLs 15

úNRUûPkRùTôhPXeLs 10

Ut\ûY 5

ùUôjRm 200


208

QUALITY

TOOLS

200 100

180 90

160 80

140 70

120 60

100 50

80 40

60 30

40 20

20 10

0 0

A B C D E F G

• Fish bone LôWQm Utßm ®û[ÜYûWlTPj§p Aû]jÕ ®TWeLÞmCPmùTt\ ©u]o AkR YûWTPjûRTÏlTônÜ TiQÜm.

• EeLs T«tßSWôp úNô§dLlThÓARû] Yôe¡ ûYdLÜm.

PARETO DIAGRAM

Nu

mb

er

Cu

m %

Category

• ©WfNû]ûV AûPVô[e LôQÜm.

• ùLôÓdLlThP bone YûWlTPj§pÏ±l©hP ©WfNû]«u Es[Pe¡Es[ ùYqúYß LôW¦Lû[ GÝRÜm.

• ùLôÓdLlThÓs[ YûWTPj§p Nôj§VmEûPV LôWQeLû[ GÝRÜm.

ùNnV úYi¥V úYûX 2 : ùSÓgNôûX ®TjÕdLÞdLô] ‘LôWQm Utßm ®û[Ü‘

YûWlTPm YûWL.



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ùNnV úYi¥V úYûX 3 : LôWQm Utßm ®û[®u ùRôPoûT ®[dLm Utßm®û[®u ùRôPoûT ®[dÏm JÚ scatter YûWlTPmYûWL.

• Shift ùRôPdLm ØRp shift Ø¥Ùm YûW, JúWSô°p, AÑjRm A§L¬lTRôLNkúR¡dLlThPÕ.

• CkRl ©WfNû]ûV BWônYRtÏ JÚ ÏÝAûUdLlThPÕ.

• JqùYôÚ AûW U¦ úSWØm in the line,AÑjRj§u A[Ü Ï±jÕ ÏÝ úNL¬jR®TWeLû[ TÏlTônÜ TiQÜm.

• LôWQm Utßm ®û[Ü relationship -Iestablish TiÔYRtÏ, úUúXùLôÓdLlThP ÑZÛdLô] JÚ scatter

YûWTPm YûWVÜm.

• CRû] EeLs T«tßSWôpúNô§dLlThÓ YôeLÜm.

• ¸úZ ùLôÓdLlThÓs[ ãZÛdLô]scatter YûWlTPm YûWVÜm.

ùNnV úYi¥V úYûX 4 : T¦lTWl©u ãZûXl TÏjRp

T¦Vô[o/T¦ úSWm Sôs 1(Operator/No. of Hours of work) (Day 1)

0.5 20

1.0 40

1.5 24

2.0 25

2.5 42

3.0 25

3.5 45

4.0 19

4.5 35

5.0 44

5.5 44

6.0 25

6.5 44

7.0 42

7.5 22

8..0 23

TÏ§/Õû\/ùNVp RûXl×/ãZp TÏjRÛdLô]Y¯Ls (ùRôÏ§Ls)(Area/Department/Function) (Topic/Situation) (Ways to Stratify) (Categories)

• EeLs T¦«Pj§u ãZpLû[AûPVô[e LôQ.

• ãZp RûXl©u A¥lTûP«p TpúYßùRôÏ§L[ôL AYtû\j ùRôÏ§lTÓjÕ.

• EeLs T«tßSWôp úNô§dLlThÓCRû] YôeLÜm.



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ØuàûW (Introduction)

JúW A[Ü EsÇh¥tÏ A§L®û[lTVû]l ùTßYRtÏl TpúYßLÚ®Ls Utßm ùRô¯pÖhTeLs Es[]ApXÕ given output-dLô] input-I dÏû\lTRtÏ various tools and techniques Es[].Quality Circle (QC) B]Õ SuÏ A±VlThP JÚEtTj§ ÅRjûR A§L¬dÏm Ju\ôÏm.

_lTôu ë²V ®gOô²Ls UtßmùTô±Vô[oL°u (JUSE) RûXûURôeLpUtßm Y¯LôhÓR≠u ̧ r 1962-p _lTô²pQuality circles ÕYeLlThPÕ.

Dr. P.C.Mahalanabis-Bp Ck§Vô®p 1982-pQuality circle A±ØLlTÓjRlThPÕ.

CRu úSôdLm Gu]ùY²pùNVXôtßTY¬u ùNVÛPu T¦«Pj§pAàTYm êXm ùT\lThP A±ûYTVuTÓjÕYÕ BÏm.

JÚ Quality Circle-u YûWVû\ (Definition of aQuality Circle)

ùTôÚ°u RWm Tt±V ©WfNû]Lû[AûPVô[e LiÓ, TÏjRônkÕ UtßmAYtû\j ¾olTRtLôL Nk§dÏm, JúWúYûXûVf ùNnÙm SToL°u JÚ £ß ÏÝCÕYôÏm. CYoLs JqùYôÚ YôWØm JÚU¦ úSWm ApXÕ AûW U¦ úSWmAYoL°Pj§úXúV ApXÕ AÚLôûU«pYZdLUôLf Nk§d¡\ôoLs.

C§p Eßl©]WôLf úNoRp Øt±Ûmvoluntary Utßm C§p úNW Vôo®Úm×¡\ôoLs AYoLs Eßl©]WôLYWúYtLlTÓ¡u\]o.

JqùYôÚ STÚm Eßl©]Wôn CÚjRûXUßlTRtÏm ÑRk§Wm EûPVYoLs.¿iPLôXl úTôd¡p, JÚ active Circle B]ÕA§L Gi¦ûL«Xô] SToLû[d LYÚm.

A¥lTûPj RjÕYm (Basic Concept)

JÚ Quality Circle B]Õ GlúTôÕúUT¦VôoL°u JÚ £ß ÏÝûYdùLôi¥ÚdÏm.

AYoLs Aû]YÚm JúW Uô§¬Vô]úYûXûVf ùNnTYoL[ôL CÚlTÕAY£Vm ApXÕ JúW T¦«PjûR©W§T≠lTYoL[ôL CÚlTÕ AY£Vm.AlúTôÕRôu T¡okR ùLôs[ AYoL°PmùTôÕYô] AàTYeLs CÚdÏm.

CkR Eßl©]oLs QC-p Rô]ôLj Ru®ÚlTlT¥ C§p úNokÕ, T¦Nôo×©WfNû]Lû[d LiP±kÕ, TÏlTônÜùNnÕ, Al©WfNû]Lû[j ¾odLY¯Øû\Lû[d LiP±YRtLôLf ºWô]CûPùY°«p Nk§lTôoLs.

JÚ QC-«u EfNThN úSôdLm B]Õ, JÚ¨ßY]j§u ùNVpTôh¥u RWjûRúUmTÓjÕYÕ UhÓªu±, Ak¨ßY]lT¦VôoL°u T¦ YôrdûLj RWjûRÙmY[lTÓjÕYÕm BÏm.

QC-«u A¥lTûPj RjÕYjûRl ×¬kÕùLôsYRtLôLd ¸rdLiP ®`VeLû[®Yô§lTÕ AY£VUô¡\Õ.

Quality Circles-u ©\ ùTVoLs (Other Namesof Quality Circles)

• £ß ÏÝdLs (Small Groups)

• ùNVp YhPm (Action Circles)


RWYhPm, ®[dLm, RW YhPj§u Tôj§WeLs Utßm ùNVpTôÓLs(Quality Circle, definition, role and functions of Quality Circles)

úSôdLeLs : ClTôPj§u Cß§«p ¿eLs §\m ùT\ CÚlTûY• RWYhPj§u (RWm NmTkRUô]Yt±u) RjÕYjûRd áßRp (philosophy of quality circle

Tt±d áßRp)

• Case studies EPu PDCA cycle-u concept-I ®Y¬jRp• RW úUXôiûU Øû\«u (quality management system-u) (QMS) concept-Id áßRp• ISO (International Organization for Standardization) Tt± YûWVû\ ùNnÕ AYt±u áßLû[dáßRp

• ISO-®p TVuTÓjRlTÓm ùNôtù\ôPo (terms) Tt± YûWVû\ ùNnRp.


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• EVo£\l× YhPm (Excellence Circles)

• U²RY[ YhPm (Human Resources Circles)

• EtTj§ ÅR YhPm (Productivity Circles)

RW YhPj§u úSôdLeLs (Objectives ofquality circles)

Quality Circle program-p ùYt± ùTßYRtÏ,CXdÏLs ApXÕ Ï±dúLôsLs YÏlTÕªLÜm Ød¡Vm BÏm. SuÏYûWVßdLlThP Ï±dúLôsLs¨oYôLj§tÏl TpúYß ùNVpLû[ UtßmØVt£Lû[j §ûNlTÓjR (to direct) UtßmT¦ ©¬úYôo Utßm G§oLôXY[of£dLô] ̈ § ̈ ûXûU Tt±j §hPªPERÜ¡\Õ.

G]úY Ï±dúLôsLû[j ùR°YôLYûWVû\ ùNnYÕ Utßm ARû] ̈ ßY]mØÝûUÙm TWl×YÕ ªLÜm Ød¡VmB¡\Õ. Ï±dúLôsLs GiQt\CXdÏLû[d ùLôi¥ÚdLXôm. ùT¬VÕUtßm £±VÕ, short-range Utßm long-range

G] CÚdLXôm.

LôXm ùNpXf ùNpX, Ï±dúLôsLs¨ûXVôL UßT¬ºXû] ùNnVlTPúYiÓm Utßm SPl× LôX SÅ]UôdLlTPúYiÓm. GlT¥ùV²p JqùYôÚYÚmSPl× ¨LrÜ Tt± ØÝûUVô]®¯l×QoÜ ùLôiÓ CÚdL úYiÓm.Utßm Ï±dúLôsLs B]ûY ̈ LrLôXj§p¨ßY]j§u ̈ XYWeLÞPu JÚe¡ûQkÕùNVpTÓYRôL CÚdL úYiÓm.

Quality Circle program-p ùNVp §\u A§LmEûPVRô] GiQt\ Ï±dúLôsLsEs[]. ¸úZ RWlThÓs[ûY JÚYoT¦Vôtßm §ûN«p ùNVp§\uªdLYWôLf ùNVpTPf £XBúXôNû]Lû[j RÚm.

• ÑV úUmTôÓ (Self-development)

• TWvTW úUmTôÓ (Mutual development)

• RWj§u Øuú]t\m (Improvement in quality)

• RLYp T¬Uôt\m Utßm Uú]ôTôYj§pØuú]t\m (Improvement in communications andattitude)

• L¯Ü Ïû\Rp (Waste reduction)

• T¦ §Úl§ (Job satisfaction)

• ®ûX Ïû\Rp (Cost reduction)

• EtTj§ ÅRj§p Øuú]t\m (Improvementin productivity)

• TôÕLôl× úUmTôÓ (Safety improvement)

• ©WfNû]Lû[j ¾odÏm NkRolTeLs(Problem solving opportunities)

• ÏÝ AûUjRp (Team building)

• ùYt± AûPV, T¦Vô[oLû[Ùm UtßmAû]jÕ RWl× ¨oYôLj§]ûWÙmJÚe¡ûQjRp (Link all levels of managementand workers together to achieve success)

• SToLs AYoL°u T¦«pBoYjÕPàm A§L DÓTôhÓPàmùNVpTPf ùNnRp (Get people more involvedand interested in their work)

• TeúLtTûR A§LlTÓjRp (Improveparticipation)

• T¦dÏ YôWôûU Utßm YÚjReLû[dÏû\jRp (Reduce absenteeism and grievances)

RWj§u YhP A[Ü (Quality Circle Size)

Size of a QC B]Õ ªLf £±VRôLÜmCÚdLdáPôÕ. Utßm ªLl ùT¬VRôLÜmCÚdLd áPôÕ.

IkÕ ØRp T§û]kÕ YûW JÚ ÏÝYôLRWj§u YhPj§p CÚdLXôm. B]ôp JÚ¨û\Yô] £ß ÏÝ BL CÚlTRô]Õ 8 ØRp10 YûW (around eight to ten) Es[RôÏm.

LhPûUl× (Organisational Structure)

JÚ Quality Circle-u LhPûUl× B]ÕTPm 1-p Lôh¥VT¥ ¸rdLiPEßl×Lû[d ùLôi¥ÚdL úYiÓm.


Quality Circle T¦Vôtßm Øû\Ls (Methodsof working Quality Circle)

T¦Vôtßm ÅRm TPm 2-p LôhPlThÓs[Õ.


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QC-Vôp ¨ßY]j§tÏd ¡ûPdÏmBRôVeLs (Benefits to Organization by QC)

• ØÝûUVûPkR U²RoLû[ ¨ßY]mùTß¡\Õ

• T¦YôrdûL«u RWm úUmTÓ¡\Õ.

• NôRôWQ U²RoL°Pm CÚkÕANôRôWQUô] SpX RWjûR ùLôiÓYÚ¡\Õ

• úVôNû]Ls úNL¬dLlTP JÚ NkRolTm¡ûPd¡\Õ

• B]kRUôL T¦Vôtßm ÑZpTWôU¬dLlTÓ¡\Õ.

GlT¥ JÚ Uu\UôL EÚYô¡\Õ (How QCmakes as a forum)

• T«t£ ¡ûPjRp

• úTôh¥ ¨XÜRp

• çiPlTÓRp

• U§l©ÓRp

• £\lTô] RuûUûV Uß T¬ºXû]ùNnRp

• ùNn§j RôsLs, L¥ReLs, Ng£ûLLs(magazines) Utßm posters T¡okR°jRp

• úR£V Utßm Tu]ôhÓ QC úTôh¥L°pTeùLÓjRp.

PDCA Cycle (Plan-Do-Check-Act) - JÚ©WfNû]ûVj ¾odÏm ùNVpØû\ (PDCACycle (Plan-Do-Check-Act) - A Problem SolvingProcess) (TPm 3)

QC-«p TVuTÓjRlTÓm A¥lTûPdLÚ®Ls (Basic tools used in QC)

1 úNôRû]j Rôs (Check Sheet or Data Collection)

2 TÏjRp (Stratification)

3 Graph Utßm Control Chart

4 Pareto Chart

5 LôWQm Utßm ®û[Ül TPm (Cause andEffect Diagram)

6 ¶vúPôdWôm (Histogram)

7 vúLhPo YûWlTPm (Scatter Diagram)

RW YhPj§u TeÏ UtßmSPY¥dûLLs (Roles of function of qualitycircle)

QC-Vôp R²STo ùTßm SuûULs(Benefits to Individual by QC)

• A±Ü úUmTÓ¡\Õ (Improve Knowledge)

• Ru]m©dûL Y[o¡\Õ (Improve selfconfidence)

• ©WfNû]ûVj ¾odÏm §\u Y[o¡\Õ(Develop problem solving skill)

• ×Õl×Õj ùRô¯p ÖhTeLû[d LtßdùLôs[ Yônl×Ls ¡ûPd¡u\](Opportunity to learn new technologies)

• ùTÚûUVôL EQo¡u\]o UtßmÑVUôLj çiPlTÓ¡u\] (Makes proud andself motivating)

• SpX ÏÝl T¦Vôtßm (ÏÝ®p úNokÕT¦Vôtßm) §\ûU Y[o¡\Õ (Builds goodsteam work)


1 PLAN

1 §hPm (PLAN)


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©WfNû]ûV AûPVô[e LôÔRp(Identify the Problem)

TÏlTônÜ TiQlTP úYi¥V©WfNû]ûVj úRokùRÓdLÜm.©WfNû]ûVj ùR°YôL YûWVû\ ùNnVÜm.Utßm Õp≠VUô] ©WfNû] Tt±VÏ±lûT EÚYôdLÜm. ©WfNû]ûVj ¾odÏmØVt£Lû[ A[dL HÕYô] JÚÏ±dúLôû[ AûUjÕd ùLôs[Üm. UtßmCûQkÕ ùNVXôtßm ùNnØû\ûVEÚYôdLÜm Utßm establish gaining approval ofleadership.

©WfNû]ûV AX£ BWônRp (Analyse theProblem)

©WfNû] úUp RôdLjûR HtTÓjRdá¥VùNVpØû\Lû[ AûPVô[e LôQÜmUtßm A§p Juû\j úRokùRÓdLÜm.SPl©p CÚd¡u\ ùNnØû\«p Es[ùNVpT¥Lû[l Th¥V≠PÜm.ùNnØû\ûV, map TiQÜm. Map of the process-

I ùR°ÜlTÓjRÜm. ©WfNû]«uB¦úYûW AûPVôeLôQÜm.©WfNû]úVôÓ NmTkRlThP ®TWeLû[úNL¬jÕ TÏlTônÜ ùNnVÜm. Original problem

statement-If N¬ TôodLÜm ApXÕUßT¬ºXû] ùNnVÜm. ©WfNû]«uB¦úYWô] LôWQeLû[ AûPVô[eLôQÜm. Utßm úRûYlThPôp,LôWQjûRf N¬TôolTRtLôLd áÓRp®TWeLû[f úNL¬dLÜm.

2 Do

¾oÜLû[ EÚYôdÏRp (Develop Solutions)

JÚ ¾oûYj úRokùRÓdLd LhPû[ ®§ûV(Criteria) EÚYôdLÜm. ©WfNû]«uA¥lTûPdLôWQjûR AûPVô[e LôhÓmY[Uô] ¾oÜLû[ EÚYôdLÜm. JÚ ¾oûYjúRokùRÓdLÜm. Ae¸LôWm ùT\Üm UtßmúRokùRÓjR ¾oÜdÏ BRWÜ úRPÜm Utßm¾oûY §hPªPÜm.

3 Check

®û[lTVû] U§lÀÓ ùNnRp (Evaluatethe Results)

¾oÜdLô] ®TWeLû[f úNodLÜm.¾oÜdLô] ®TWeLû[ TÏlTônÜ TiQÜm.

Ï±dúLôû[ AûPkÕ ®hP¼oL[ô?

‘Bm‘ G²p step 6-dÏf ùNpXÜm. ‘CpûX‘

G²p §ÚmTÜm step 1-dÏf ùNpXÜm

4 ùNVp ×¬L (Act)

¾oûY Standardize TiÔRp (StandardizeSolution)

ØÝ ùNVpTôh¥tÏj úRûYVô] Systemic

Uôt\eLs Utßm T«t£Lû[AûPVô[eLôQÜm. ¾oûY adopt TiQÜm.¾oûYd LiLô¦lTûRj §hPªPÜm.¾oûYf Ñj§L¬l× ùNnV (to refine the solution)

¾oûY úUmTPf ùNnV incremental

Øuú]t\j§tLôLj ùRôPokÕ TôodLÜm.Utßm Utù\ôÚ úUmTôhÓ Yônl©tLôLG§oTôodLÜm.

Case Study 1 (S R UDPA-®u Quality Circle-pCÚkÕ) (from Quality Circle by S R UDPA)

LSS UÚjÕYUû], úLôhPô

Quality Circle

ùTVo : Cure

©¬Ü : Nursing staff

Data of formation : AdúPôTo 17, 1988

©WfNû] ¾odLlThPÕ (Problem solved)

N¬Vt\ (Improper) Housekeeping

©WfNû]«u ®û[ÜLs (Effect of theproblem)

TQm CZl×, ùTôÚs CZl×,Yô¥dûLVô[o CZl×, UÚjÕYUû]«uStùTVÚdÏ HtThP L[eLm, úSôVô°LsUtßm AÛYXoLÞd¡ûP«pJÚe¡ûQkR LÚj§p CZl×, A§L úSWmT¦Vôtßm Utßm N≠l× HtTÓjÕm T¦,Utßm úSôVô°Ls NeLPlTÓRp.

®TWm úNL¬dLlThÓ, ¸rdLiPYôß,YûWTPj§p AûY plot TiQlThP].(TPm 4)



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T¬kÕûWLs (Recommendations)

• úNôRû]l T¥YjûR A±ØLm ùNnRp

ùTôÕYô] ©¬Ül ùTôÚhLs

Nursery ward material

AYNW LôX UÚkÕLs

ETLWQeLs

• Shift ward boy B]Yo shift sister-in-charges CPmreport TiQ úYiÓm.

• Pathology lab-dÏm Utßm radiology unit-dÏmJÚ R² lab attendant T¦ AUojRÜm.

• Call-bell ApXÕ intercom êXm ward boy

ApXÕ Y[ôLj§p Es[ UÚjÕYûWAûZlTRtLô] ®ûWYô] RLYpùRôPo× AûUl× CÚdL úYiÓm.

• Wash-basin-p §WY úNôl× LuùPn]o (Liquid

soap container) B]Õ úNôl×jÕiÓLÞdÏl T§XôL CÚdL úYiÓm.

• Õl×WÜ T¦Vô[o ùTôÚhLû[fúNô§dLÜm.

¸rdLiP graph-p ùNVpTÓjRlThPRu®û[lTVuLs LôhPlThÓs[].(TPm 6)

¨LrÜ 2 (Case Study 2)

(from Quality Circle by S R UDPA)

YôL] ùRô¯tNôûX, _Tpéo

ùNVp§hPm (Project): A¥dL¥ ùNVpRûPlTÓm vertical turret lathe

Nd§Uôu YôL]j§p ®û[lTVû]lTô§dÏm YûL«p AfÑßjRpLû[EÚYôdÏm CkR Ød¡VUô] Eßl×Lû[©úWd hWm (brake drum), d[hf aÜ£e (clutch

housing) Utßm steering knuckle carrier,

CûYLû[j RVô¬dL Kirloskar make-p EÚYô]vertical turret lathes TVuTÓjRlThÓ YkRÕ.

CkR VTLs (vertical turret lathes) A¥dL¥ down B¡CkRl ùTôÚhLs EtTj§«p ùRôPoCûPëßLû[j §ÚmTj §ÚmT EÚYôdLdLôWQUô¡u\].

CR]ôp, CkR CVk§WeL°u down-time-IdÏû\lTRtLôL CkR ùNVp§hPmúRokùRÓdLlThPÕ. CfùNVXô]ÕRô²Ve¡VôL EtTj§ ÅRjûRúUmTÓjÕYúRôÓ UhÓUpXôUp,TWôU¬l×l T¦ûV úUtùLôsÞm SToLû[Ut\ CVk§WeL°u breakdown-p LY]mùNÛjR AàU§d¡\Õ.

®TWm úNL¬jRp (Data collection)

CkR ©WfNû]ûV AX£ BWôÙm úTôÕ,breakdown-L°u CVp× Utßm ARu down-

time CVpûTEß§ ùNnV Bß UôR LôX®TWeLs ¸rdLiP Øû\«p úNL¬dLlThP].

úNL¬dLlThP ®TWeL°u A¥lTûP«pJÚ pareto chart YûWVlThPÕ.

LôWQm Utßm ®û[®u YûWlTPm(Cause and effect diagram): ÑjRUt\ TWôU¬l×Untidy housekeeping (TPm 5)



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Ïû\TôÓL°u YûLLs (Type of defects)

(TPm 7)

Pareto chart (TPm 7) feed úYûX ùNnV®pûX(A) Gu\ Ïû\TôÓ A§L SôhLÞdÏ ARôYÕ168 SôhLÞdÏ CÚkRôÛm, Utßm CVk§WmB]Õ T¦lùTôÚ°p ovality ùLôÓd¡\Õ.Utßm steps EÚYôdÏ¡\Õ (B) Gu\Ïû\TôÓ Y¬ûNd ¡WUj§p CWiPôYRôLARôYÕ 154 SôhLÞdÏ, CÚkR úTô§ÛmCûYLs GÓjÕd ùLôs[lTÓY§pûX.Hù]²p, CkR CWiÓ SLrÜLÞm, CWiÓÏ±l©hP CVk§WeL°p UhÓúULôQlThP].

ØRp ¨Lr®p, RVô¬lTô[¬u úNûYl©W§¨§Ls YÚY§p LôXRôURm HtThPÕUtßm CWiPôYÕ ¨Lr®p, ªÏ§Vô]TWôU¬l×l T¦l TÞYôp CVk§Wj§pT¦ úUtùLôs[ Ø¥V®pûX.

96 SôhLÞdÏ CVk§WjûR break down ùNnRÕ.G]úY, CYt±tÏ AÓjR CkRd Ïû\TôÓ,d[hf ùUdLô²Nm (clutch mechanism) failure (C)

TÏlTôn®tÏ GÓjÕd ùLôs[Üm.

GkR CVk§Wm A§LThNUôLTô§dLlThÓs[Õ GuTûRd LiP±Vmachine-wise UßT¥Ùm ®TWeLsúNL¬dLlThPÕ Utßm TPm 8-pLôh¥VT¥ ÁiÓm Pareto Chart

EÚYôdLlThPÕ.

Ïû\TôÓL°u breakdown B]YûLLs ùUôjR SôhLs

A Feed úYûX ùNnV®pûX 168

B Machine T¦lùTôÚ°u

ovality Utßm steps-IEÚYôdÏ¡\Õ 154


C d[hf ùUdLô²Nmfailure 96

D A¥dL¥ CVk§Wmtripping BÏRp 60

E GiùQ«u L£Ü 53

F Turret head

©WfNû]Ls 42

G ùTph úNRmAûPRp 16

H Chuck wobbling 10

I Gear engageBL®pûX 5

CVk§W Gi (Machine Number)

Pareto Chart-u T¥, CVk§W Gi 1809 was under

break-down

d[hf failure LôWQUôL 32 SôhLs,CVeL®pûX. CÕ A§LThNm B]ÕUtßm CkRl ©WfNû] N¬ ùNnVlTPdá¥V CVp×ûPVÕ (recurring nature). G]úYCkR CVk§Wm ®¬Yô] TÏlTôn®tÏGÓjÕd ùLôs[lThPÕ.

Brainstorming session-p Ïû\TôÓL°uNôj§VØs[ LôWQeLsTh¥V≠PlThP] Utßm Ishikawa

YûWlTPm TPm 9-p Lôh¥VT¥YûWVlThPÕ.


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JqùYôÚ Nôj§VØs[ LôWQeLû[Ùm®¬YôL BWôÙmúTôÕ £dLXô]Y¥YûUl×Rôu ®û[ÜdÏ A§LThNTeL°lûTj RkRÕ GuTÕ ùR¬V YkRÕ.

ClúTôÕ CÚdÏm CkR Øû\«p d[hfJVo (clutch wire) B]Õ GiQt\ pulleys Utßmcams Y¯VôLf ùNpXúYi¥Ùs[Õ. CRu®û[YôL d[hf JV¬u (clutch wire) breakage

A¥dL¥ ¨Lr¡\Õ.

CkR YhPjÕ Eßl©]oLs, JÚ Ø¥ÜdÏYkRôoLs. AÕ Gu]ùY²p, CkRf£dLXô] Y¥YûUl× ClúTôÕ CÚkRAûUl× ¿dLlThÓ G°ûUlTÓjRlTPúYiÓm. ¸rdLiP BúXôNû]Ls AeÏùY°lThP].

• Clutch valve unit-Il CVdL, bevel gears EPuá¥V Mechanical attachment TVuTÓjRlTPúYiÓm.

• Rack and pinion AûUl× Y¯VôL Clutch valve

unit-I CVdÏYRtÏ, Magnetic solenoid coil

TVuTÓjRlTP úYiÓm.

• Clutch valve unit-Il TVuTÓjRôUp Clutch-ICVdÏYRtÏ, Hydraulic solenoid coil

TVuTÓjRlTP úYiÓm.

• Clutch valve unit-I CVdÏYRtÏ Chain and

sprocket system EÚYôdLlTP úYiÓm.

ùNVpTÓjÕRp (Implementation)

ClúTôÕ CÚdÏm Y[eLû[ U]§pûYjÕ, úUúX ùNôpXlThP JqùYôÚùRô¯pÖhTd LôW¦Ls Tt±Ùm ®¬YôL®Yô§jR ©\Ï, trial ùNnÕ TôojR ©u]o,hydraulic solenoid AûUlûT HtßdùLôsYùR] CkR BúXôNû]¾oUô²dLlThPÕ.

CkR AûUl©p ©úWd Utßm d[hf-dLô]hydraulic flow-ûY hydraulic solenoid valve B]Õregulate TiÔm. Accordingly, CÕ CVk§W Gi1809-p ùNVpTÓjRlThPÕ.

BRôVeLs (Benefits)

• Uôt± AûUdLlThP CkR AûUl×ªLÜm G°ûUVô]Õ



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• CVdÏYÕm, TWôU¬lTÕm G°Rô«tß

• CkR AûUl©p failure-dLô] Yônl×LsÏû\dLlThÓ ®hPRôp, AÕCVk§Wj§u down-time-Id Ïû\jÕ,CVk§Wm EtTj§ ùNnV HÕYôL CÚlTÕA§L¬lTRôp, Rô]ôLúY EtTj§ ÅRmA§LUô¡\Õ.

• TWôU¬l×l T¦VôtßmT¦Vô[oLÞdÏ, ©\ break-downs-If N¬ùNnV A§L úSWm ¡ûPd¡\Õ.

• £dLXô] ©WfNû]L°p A§Ld LY]mùNÛjR TWôU¬l× SToLÞdÏ Ø¥¡\Õ.

T¬kÕûWLs (Recommendations)

CjRûLV Uôt\eLs GpXôm ùNnR ©u]o,VTL 1809 B]Õ, LPkR SôuÏ UôReL[ôLclutch failure-dLô] breakdown HÕm HtTPôUpSpX Øû\«p ùNVXôtß¡\Õ. úUÛm CkRCVk§Wj§u RVô¬lTô[o CkR Uôt\mùNnVlThP Y¥YûUl©tÏ Jl×RpRkÕ®hPôo. Utßm CRû] CVdÏmT¦Vô[oLs CRû] G°RôL ûLVôsYûREß§ ùNnÕs[]o.

G]úY, ÁRØs[ IkÕ VTL-dÏm CjRûLVUôt\j§tÏ GÓjÕd ùLôs[lThPÕUtßm ARû]f ùNnYRtÏ ¸rdLiPûYúRûYlTÓ¡\Õ.



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ISO-9000 þtLô] úVôNû] Utßm BIS Øû\ Utßm RWjûR ºWôLûYj§ÚlT§p ARu Ød¡VjÕYm (Idea of ISO-9000 and BIS system and its

importance in maintaining quality)

úSôdLeLs : ClTôPj§u Cß§«p ¿eLs §\m ùT\ CÚlTûY• ISO-9000 RW Øû\«u Ød¡VjÕYjûR ×¬kÕd ùLôsÞRp• ISO-9000-2015 áßLû[ Lt\p• ISO -9000 Ae¸LôWjûR ùTßYRtLô] T¥¨ûXLû[ Lt\p• BISþu SûPØû\Lû[d Lt\p.

RWm úUXôiûU AûUl× (QMS) (QualityManagement System) (QMS)

International organization for Standardization (ISO)GuTR]ôp, ARu 9000 series of standards-BpYûWVû\ ùNnVlThP, " RW AûUl×"

B]Õ, A§L¬dÏm, EXL[ô®V NkûR«u,NYôpLs Nk§dLlTÓm YûL«p,EÚYôdLlThPÕ.

Y[okR Utßm Y[Úm EXLj§u Aû]jÕlTÏ§L°u SôÓLÞdÏm A§LUô]SôÓL[ôp TWYXôL Htßd ùLôs[lThÓSûPØû\lTÓjRlTÓ¡\Õ.

GkRl ©¬Ü GuTRpXôUp, Aû]jÕùRô¯p ùNVpTôÓL°Ûm, ùTôÚ°u RWmGuTÕ UhÓªu± £\kR ¨oYôLj§tLô]fNd§ YônkR LÚ®L[ôL CkR standards

LY²dLlTÓ¡\Õ.

JÚ ̈ ßY]j§u RW AûUl×dLô] êu\ômSTo Nôu±Rr YZeLlTÓYRô]Õ, ISO 9000

standards-dLô] R²f £\lTô] AmNeN°pJuß BÏm. CÕ market image-IúUmTÓjÕ¡\Õ Utßm CÕ EXLmØÝûUÙm Es[ Yô¥dûLVô[oLsUj§«p Ak¨ßY]j§u SmTLj RuûUûVY[od¡\Õ.

úTôh¥Ls ¨û\kR NkûR«p, JÚ¨ßY]j§u ùTôÚs ApXÕ úNûY«uRWjûR Eß§ ùNnYRtÏ, Ak¨ßY]j§tÏ,RWm Utßm AûUl× B¡V CWiÓmØd¡VUô]j úRûYLs BÏm. G]úY¨ßY]j§tÏ QMS - ISO 9001 HtßdùLôsYÕm Utßm StùTVo GÓlTÕmAY£VUô¡\Õ.

®[dLm (Definition)

"RW AûUl×" Gu\ YôojûRLû[ International

Organization for Standardization (ISO) B]Õ

¸rdLiPYôß YûWVû\ ùNn¡\Õ.

RWj§u úUXôiûUûV ùNVpTÓjÕYRtLô] orgnisational LhPûUl×Ls,ùTôßl×Ls, ùNnØû\Ls, processes UtßmY[eLs AûUjÕm "RW AûUl×" BÏm.

RW AûUl× B]Õ N¬Vô] Sm©dûLûV¸rdLiPYt±p HtTÓjR úYiÓm.

• AûUl× B]Õ SuÏ ×¬kÕdùLôs[lTP úYiÓm Utßm effective

BLÜm CÚdL úYiÓm.

• ùTôÚhLÞm Utßm úNûYLÞmYô¥dûLVô[oL°u G§oTôol×Lû[dLi¥lTôLl éoj§ ùNnV úYiÓm.

• ©WfNû]Ls HtThP ©u]o ARû]dLiP±YûRf Nôok§ÚlTûR ®P©WfNû]Ls ¨LZôUp RÓlTÕY≠ÙßjRlTÓ¡\Õ.

ÑÚdLUôLd á\ úYiÓùU²p, quality

system involves (In short, a quality system involves)

GlT¥ - Y¯Øû\Ls UtßmùNnØû\Ls ®[dLm

Vôo - ùTôßl×Ls UtßmA§LôWeLs

GlúTôÕ - T§úYÓLs Utßm evidence

GeÏ - LiP±Rp Utßm traceability.

JÚ ùR°Yô] standard RWm AûUl×úRûYLs (clear standard quality system

requirements) - ISO 9001 YZeÏYRu êXmTXúRNl ùTôÚs Utßm úNûYl T¬Uôt\mHtTÓjÕYúR ISO standards-u úSôdLm BÏm.


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International Organizational for Standardization (ISO)

International organization for standardization (ISO) B]ÕSWITZERLAND Sôh¥u GENEVA Gu\ CPj§pARu RûXûUVLjûR ¨ß®Ùs[Õ

êuß core ISO standards, Es[].AûYVôY] (There are three core ISO standards,they are)

ISO 9000-2000 - RWm úUXôiûU AûUl×Quality Management System (QMS) Standards-Il×¬kÕd ùLôs[ A¥lTûPLs Fundamentals

Utßm vocabulary

ISO 9001-2000 - Nôu±Rr RWlTÓmúSôdLj§tLô] QMS úRûYLs (QMSrequirements for certification purpose this standardreplaced ISO 9001, 9002 & 9003)

• ISO 9001- Y¥YûUl× , RVô¬l×,ùRôPeÏRp Utßm ®tTû]dÏ ©kûRVúNûY

• ISO 9002- RVô¬l× , ùRôPdLm Utßm®tTû]dÏl ©kûRV úNûY

• ISO 9003- BnÜ ùNnRp UtßmT¬úNô§jRp

ISO 9004-2000 - ùNVpTôhÓ Øuú]t\j§tÏB] QMS Y¯LôhÓRpLs. ùRô¯p Yô¦TØuú]t\eLû[ úSôd¡ ¨ßY]jûRfùNÛjÕYRtÏ CkR standard Es[Õ.

BIS: Ck§V RW öQVj Õû\ GuTÕ JÚúR£V RW ̈ oQV AûUlTôÏm. CÕ NoYúRNRW öQV AûUl×LÞPu CûQkÕùNVpTÓ¡\Õ. CÕ BIS NoYúRN RW öQV¨ßY]j§u ¨ßY] Eßl©]o BÏm. CÕCk§Vô®u ©W§¨§VôL ISO,IEC UtßmWSSN þp World Standards Service Network

ùY°lTÓjÕ¡\Õ.

Elements of ISO 9001

LôW¦Ls (Elements) úSôdLm (Purpose)

• öYôLl ùTôßl×Ls • RWj§tLô] ùTôßl×Lû[l T¡okR°jRp

• RW AûUl× • ØWiTô¥pXôUp Ï±l©hP úRûYLÞPu

conform B¡\ úNûY CYtû\ Eß§ ùNn¡\

BYQ ùNVpØû\

• JlTkR UßT¬ºXû] • RWj§u úRûYLû[ AûPVô[eLiÓáßRp

• Y¥YûUl× LhÓlTôÓ • LhÓlTÓjR Utßm N¬TôodLfùNVpØû\Lû[d ùLôi¥ÚjRp

• BYQeLs Utßm ®TWeL°u • Aû]jÕ CPeL°Ûm ùTôÚjRUô]LhÓlTôÓ BYQeLû[d ¡ûPdÏmT¥ ûYj§ÚjRp

• YôeÏRp • supplies-p RWjûR Eß§ ùNnRp

• Yô¥dûLVô[o YZeÏm • RWjûR Eß§ ùNnYRtÏùTôÚû[d LhÓlTÓjÕRp

• ùTôÚû[ AûPVô[eLôQp • ùTôÚs CÚdÏm CPjûR AûPVô[eLiÓUtßm ùTôÚs CÚdÏm A±YûR Eß§ ùNnYRtÏCPjûR A±Rp

• ùNnØû\d LhÓlTôÓ • ùNnØû\«p RWjûR Eß§ ùNnYRtÏ

• BnÜ ùNnRp Utßm T«t£ • T¬úNôRû] êXUôL RWj§u Nôu\ôRôWm



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• A[jRp Utßm T¬úNôRû] • T¬úNôRû] ETLWQeL°u ùTôÚjRUô]ETLWQeL°u BnÜ ùNnÕ RuûUûV Eß§ ùNnVÜmûYjRp.

• BnÜ Utßm T¬úNôRû] ¨ûX • §Úl§LWUô] BnÜdLô]f Nôu\ôRôWm

• Nonconforming ùTôÚs LhÓlTôÓ • TÝRô] ùTôÚhL°u inadvertent TVuTôhûPj RÓjRp

• N¬ùNnRp Utßm RÓl× • LiP±Rp Utßm ùRôPo ©ûZLû[jSPY¥dûL RÓjRp

• ûLVôsRp, úRd¡l Tj§WlTÓjRp • úNRm Utßm Mix-up-Ij RÓjRppreservation Utßm Delivery

• RWj§u T§úYÓL°u LhÓlTôÓ • RWj§u RLYp Utßm Nôu\ôRôWm

• EsYhP RWj R¦dûL • RW AûUl©u efficacy LiLô¦lTRtÏ

• T«t£ • úTôÕUô] T¦ STo RÏ§ûV Eß§ùNnRp

• úNûY A°jRp • JlTkRj§u êXm T¦ ùNnV úLhLlTÓYÕ

• ×s° ®TWj ùRô¯pÖhTm • Øuú] ë¡jRp, N¬ TôojRp Utßm RWj§uÏQô§NVeLû[ U§l©ÓRp.

GhÓ öYôLj RjÕYeLs (EightManagement Principles)

• Yô¥dLûVô[o Focus

• RûXûUl Ti×

• U²RoL°u DÓTôÓ

• ùNnØû\ AÔÏØû\

• öYôLj§p AûUl× AÔÏØû\

• ºWô] CûPùY°«p ùRôPo Øuú]t\m

• ¾oUô²lTRtÏ EiûU«uA¥lTûP«p AÔÏØû\

• TWvTWm BRôVm AûPÙm supplier E\Ü

1 Yô¥dûLVô[o Focus (Customer Focus)

¨ßY]eLs AYt±u Yô¥dûLVô[oLû[ Sm©«Úd¡u\]. G]úYRtúTôûRV Uôt\m G§oLôXYô¥dûLVô[o úRûYLû[l ×¬kÕûYlTÕ AY£VUô¡\Õ.

Yô¥dûLVô[o úRûYLû[d LiP±kÕéoj§ ùNnYÕ Utßm Yô¥dûLVô[oG§oTôoûT ®g£ ¨tTÕmØd¡VUô¡\Õ.

2 RûXûUl Ti× (Leadership)

RûXYoLs, úSôdLm ¨ßY]j§uùNpÛm TôûR«u unity-IEÚYôdÏ¡\ôoLs.

CYoLs ¨ßY]j§u Ï±dúLôsLû[GhÓm YûL«p T¦«p CÚdÏm SToLsØÝûUVôL DÓTÓm YûL«p Eh×\fÑtßfãZûX EÚYôd¡, TWôU¬dLúYiÓm.

3 U²RoL°u DÓTôÓ (Involvement ofPeople)

Aû]jÕ level-L°Ûm Es[ SToLs¨ßY]j§u Ød¡VjÕYm YônkRYoLsRôu Utßm AYoL°u ØÝ DÓTôÓB]Õ, AYoL°u §\ûUûV,¨ßY]j§u BRôV SuûULÞdLôLlTVuTÓjR ERÜ¡\Õ.

4 ùNnØû\ AÔÏØû\ (ProcessApproach)

ùNVpLs Utßm AÕ ùRôPoTô] BRôWY[eLs GpXôm JÚ ùNVpØû\VôLöY¡dLlTÓm úTôÕ, ®Úm×m®û[lTVu A§Lj §\àPuAûPVlTÓ¡\Õ.



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5 öYôLj§p AûUl× AÔÏØû\(System Approach to Management)

¨ßY]m B]Õ ARu CXdÏLû[AûPY§p ¨ßY]j§u effectiveness

Utßm §\àdÏ, "AûPVô[eLôQp×¬kÕ ùLôs[p Utßm JußdùLôußùRôPo×ûPV ùNnØû\Ls" GpXôm JÚAûUl× BL TeL°l× SpÏ¡\Õ.

6 ºWô] CûPùY°«p ùRôPoØuú]t\m (Continual Improvement)

¨ßY]j§u ¨WkRWd Ï±dúLô[ôL¨ßY]j§u JhÓùUôjR ùNVp§\²pùRôPo Øuú]t\m CÚdL úYiÓm.

7 ¾oUô²lTRtÏ EiûU«uA¥lTûP«p AÔÏØû\(Factual Approach to Decision Making)

®TWeLs Utßm RLYpLû[l TÏlTônÜùNnYRu A¥lTûP«p §\u YônkR¾oUô]eLs GhPlTÓ¡u\].

8 JußdùLôuß BRWYô] E\ÜLs(Mutually Beneficial Supplier Relationships)

JÚ ¨ßY]j§u suppliers UtßmAk¨ßY]m CWiÓm Juû\ JußNôokÕ CÚlTYoLs BYo. UtßmJÚYÚdùLôÚYo BRôVUô] ùRôPo×B]Õ, CÚY¬u §\ûUûVÙm, JÚU§lûT, EÚYôdÏYRtÏ úUmTPfùNn¡\Õ.

ISO 9001 Registration TiÔYRtLô]fùNVpT¥Ls (Steps to go for ISO 9001

Registration)

• EVoUhP ̈ oYôLjRôp, ISO 9001 Nôu±RrùTßYRtLô]j ¾oUô]m GÓdLlTÓRp.

• ØRuûUf ùNVp AÛYXo UtßmöYôLl ©W§¨§Lû[ ̈ VU]m ùNnVÜm.

• ISO 9001 ®¯l×QoÜ ¨Lrf£«pT«t£A°jRp (Training - ISO 9001 Awarenessprogramme)

• RWm Tt±V §hPm Utßm Ï±dúLôsLsYÏjRp Utßm BYQeLs RVôo ùNnRp.

• RWm Tt±V ûLúVÓ, ùNnØû\, RWUô]úYûX A±ÜûWLs Utßm T§úYÓLsEÚYôdÏRp

• T«t£ - Es AWeL RWjR¦dûL (internalQuality Audit)

• ISO 9001 QMS úRûYLû[f ùNVpTÓjRp

• UßT¬ºXû] ùNnRp, Øuú]t\mùLôiÓ YÚRp Utßm ùNnØû\Lû[update TiÔRp

• Es AWeLj R¦dûL

• öYôL UßTôoûY Nk§l×

• Certifying body appointment Utßm úTôÕUô]R¦dûL

• ºo§ÚjRm Utßm RÓl× SPY¥dûL

• Nôu±Rr ùLôÓdÏm AûUlTôpØuáh¥V ¾oUô]j R¦dûL body

• Nôu±Rr R¦dûL

ùNnØû\ A¥lTûP«Xô] RWúUXôiûU AûUl× Tt± (TPm 1) (Modelof Process-based Quality Management System)(Fig 1)

Documentation Hierarchy in ISO 9001 (TPm 2)

ùTÚmTôXô] ̈ ßY]eL[ôp úRûYlTÓmBYQeL[ôY]

• RWm Tt±V ûLúVÓ

• RW AûUl×f ùNnØû\Ls

• T¦ £\l× A±ÜûWLs

• T§úYÓLs/T¥YeLs/®iQlTeLs

ISO-®u BRôVeLs (Benefits of ISO)

• CÕ ùRô¯≠p "Standard Operating System"-IEÚYôdÏ¡\Õ.

• EVoUhP öYôLm Utßm Aû]jÕjùRô¯Xô[oL[ôp B] JÚ ØVt£VôL"£\lTô] Yô¥dûLVô[o " §Úl§GuTRtLô] ùNnØû\Lû[lT«tß®d¡\Õ.

• CÕ T¦VôoLÞdÏ "ùTôßl×Lû[Htßd ùLôs[Üm Utßm Ø¥Ü GÓdÏmA§LôWm EûPVYoL[ôLÜm" BYRtÏA§LôWm ùLôÓd¡\Õ.

• CÕ ¨ßY]j§u "RLYp T¬Uôt\mUtßm JjÕûZl× " CYtû\úUmTÓjÕ¡\Õ.



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• CÕ Aû]jÕ Ød¡V ùNnØû\L°ÛmùRôPo Øuú]t\jûR Y≠ÙßjÕ¡\Õ.

• CÕ ¨ßY]jûRj RtLôXYô¥dûLVô[ûWj RdL ûYjÕd ùLôs[E¬VRôdÏ¡\Õ, ×§V Yô¥dûLVô[oþLû[d LYo¡\Õ, NkûRl TeûLA§L¬dLf ùNn¡\Õ Utßm YÚYônY[of£ûV A§L¬d¡\Õ.

• CÕ, ¨ßY]j§u RWm úUXôiûUAûUl× NmTkRUô] EVodegree of

Assurance Yô¥dûLVô[ÚdÏ RÚ¡\Õ.

• TtTX §hPeLÞd¡ûPúV JúWUô§¬Vô] ùNnØû\Lû[ TVuTÓjÕþYRu êXm §hPjûR ùNVpTÓjÕY§pØWiTô¥pXôR Uô\ôjRiûUûVA§L¬d¡\Õ.

• CÕ §hPeLû[ ùYt± AûPVfùNnYRtÏ LRôSôVLoLû[ Sm©CÚlTûRd Ïû\d¡\Õ. Hù]²pAû]jÕl T¦Vô[oLÞúUúRûYVô]j RWf ùNVpTôÓLû[®¯l×QoÜPu A±kÕûYjÕs[ôoLs.

• £dLXô] ùNnØû\Ls NmTkRUô]RLYpLÞdLôL JÚ £X SToLû[ UhÓm¨ßY]m Nôok§ÚlTûR CÕ Ïû\d¡\Õ(ApXÕ ¿dÏ¡\Õ) Hù]²pAlT¥lThP ùNnØû\Ls GpXômformally documented (BYQlTÓjRlThÓs[Õ)

• ùRôPof£Vô] Øuú]t\mùNnØû\L°p CÚlTRu LôWQUôL,CÕ, ¨WôL¬lTRôp HtTÓm Y[eL°uÅQ¥lûTd Ïû\d¡\Õ. Utßm RWmÏu±V ùTôÚhL°u rework-IÙmÏû\d¡\Õ.



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• CÕ ¨ßY]jûR reactive mode of operation-pCÚkÕ (Ÿoj§l× ùNVpTôh¥pCÚkÕ/ (performing corrective action-p CÚkÕ)proactive mode-dÏ (Øu RÓl×ùNVpTôÓdÏ / performing preventive action-dÏ)

UôßYRtÏ ERÜ¡\Õ.

• CÕ ¨ßY]jûR, business excellence-IGhÓYRtÏ zero defect úSôd¡fùNÛjÕ¡\Õ.

ISO-®p TVuTÓjRlTÓm Ød¡VUô]fùNôtù\ôPoLs (Important Terms used in ISO)

RWj§u ùLôsûL (Quality Policy) : JqùYôÚ¨ßY]Øm JÚ RWdúLôhTôÓ (Quality policy)

ùLôi¥ÚdL úYiÓm. CRu êXm EVoUhP öYôLjRôp, JÚ ¨ßY]j§u RWmNmTkRUô] JhÓùUôjR ®ÚlTjûR,¨ßY]m ùNpÛm §ûNûV ùY°lTÓjRØ¥Ùm.

RWj§u Ï±dúLôsLs (Quality Objective) :

¨ßY]jRôp EÚYôdLlThP JhÓ ùUôjRjRW CXdÏ BÏm.

RWdLhÓlTôÓ (Quality Control) : RWj§uúRûYLû[l éoj§ ùNnY§p LY]mùNÛjRlTÓm RW úUXôiûU«u TÏ§fùNVpTôÓ CÕYôÏm.

RWj§u úRûYLû[ Eß§lTÓjRúUtùLôs[lTÓm ùNVp.

RWm ¡ûPdL A°dLlTÓm Eß§ (Quality

Assurance) : RWj§tLô] úRûYLs ¨fNVméoj§VôÏm G] Sm©dûL A°lT§pLY]jûRd Ï®Vf ùNnÙm RWúUXôiûU«u JÚ AeLm CÕYôÏm.

Yô¥dûLVô[ÚdÏl úTôÕUô]Sm©dûLûVj RÚYÕm Utßm EjRWYôRmA°lTRtÏUô] Øuáh¥úV §hPªhPfùNVpTôÓLs CÕYôÏm.

RWjûR úUmTÓjÕRp (Quality Improvement):

RWj§u úRûYLû[l éoj§ ùNnYRtLô]j§\ûUûV A§L¬lT§p, LY]m Ï®dÏm RWúUXôiûU«u JÚ TÏ§ AeLUô] ùNVpCÕYôÏm.

ùNnØû\ Utßm ùTôÚ°u RWjûRúUmTÓjÕm ùNVpLs CûYVôÏm.

Á i Ó m , Á i Ó m ù R ô P o ¨ L r ÜØuú]t\m (Continual Improve

ment): úRûYLû[l éoj§ ùNnYRtÏ B]

§\û] A§L¬dLf ùNnV úUtùLôs[lTÓm §ÚmTj §ÚmTf ùNnVlTÓmùNVpLs (Recurring activity).

ùYt±LWUô] Sp®û[ûY HtTÓjÕmRuûU (Effectiveness) : §hPªhP ùNVpLsGkR A[®tÏ EQWlThP] Utßm§hPªhP ®û[lTVuLs GkR A[®tÏd¡h¥VÕ GuTRôÏm.

§hPªPlThP ®û[lTVuLs ¡ûPdLEQWlThP ØVt£Ls Utßm ùNVp§\uCÕYôÏm

ùNnØû\ (Process) : EsÇÓLû[®û[lTVuL[ôL Uôtßm JußdùLôußùRôPo×ûPV JußPu Juß®û]l×¬Ùm ùNVpL°u ùRôÏ§CÕYôÏm.

ùTôÚs (Product) : JÚ ùNnØû\«u®û[lTVu CÕYôÏm.

¨ßY]m (Organization) : RWdúLôhTôÓUtßm CÕ ùRôPoTô] Ï±dúLôsLû[AûPÙm ùNVûXf ùNnYRtLôL JÚÏÝYôLl T¦Vôtßm úRûYVô] RÏ§EûPV SToL°u ÏÝ CÕYôÏm.

Yô¥dûLVô[o (Customer) : ùTôÚû[YôeÏm STo (Yô¥dûLVô[o, YôeÏTYo,LûP£VôLd ¡ûPlTûRl TVuTÓjÕTYo)

YZeÏTYo (Supplier) : ùTôÚû[j RÚmJÚYo (®tTû]Vô[o/ÕûQ JlTkRdLôWo).

AûPVô[eLôÔm RuûU (Traceability) :

LY]j§p Es[ YWXôß, TVuTôÓ,CÚl©Pm CYtû\ AûPVô[eLôÔm§\u CÕYôÏm.

éoj§ AûPVôRûY (Non Conformity) :

úRûYLs ØÝûU AûPVôRûY.

Ÿoj§l× SPY¥dûL (Corrective action) :

LiÓ©¥dLlThP ØÝûU AûPVôRYt±u LôWQjûR ¿dÏm ùNVp CÕYôÏm.

RÓl× SPY¥dûLLs (Preventive action) : ©u¨LZf Nôj§Vm EûPV, N¬VôL CpXôRRuûUdLô] (potential non-conformity)

LôWQeLû[ ¿dÏm ùNVp CÕYôÏm.

N¬TôojRp (Verification): Ï±l©hPúRûYLs éoj§Vô¡ ®hP] GuTRtLô]LiQôp TôodÏm Nôh£VôL ARuêXmEß§lTÓjÕRp CÕYôÏm.



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Juß EiûUVô]ùR]jùR°ÜlTÓjRp (Validation) : Ï±lTô]®Úm×m TVuTôÓ éoj§B]ùRuTRtLô]j úRûYLû[ provision of

objective evidence êXm Eß§lTÓjÕRpCÕYôÏm.

ùNnØû\ (Procedure): CÕ ùNVpØû\«u®¬Yô] ®[dLjûR YûWVû\ ùNn¡\Õ.

Y¥YôdLm Utßm Y[of£ (Design and

development): Y¥YôdLm Utßm Y[of£GuTÕ JÚ ùNVpØû\ (ApXÕùNVpØû\L°u JÚ ùRôÏ§) BÏm.

BnÜ ùNnRp (Inspection) : Conformity-IfúNô§dÏm, A[dÏm Utßm U§l©Óm JÚùNVp CÕYôÏm.

ùRôûXúSôdÏl TôoûY (Vision) : ̈ ßY]mGlT¥ CÚdÏm GuTûRl TôolTRtLô]JÚ ¿iP ùRôûXçW BYp CÕYôÏm.

ISO 9004-u T¥, JÚ ̈ ßY]j§u vision GuTÕAk¨ßY]m GlT¥ CÚdL úYiÓm G]®Úm×¡\Õ. Utßm ®ÚlTØs[ SToL[ôpAÕ GlT¥l TôodLlTP úYiÓm GuTûR®[dÏ¡\Õ.

A±dûL«u úSôdLm (Mission): LPûUlùTôßlTôLd LÚ§f ùNnVlTÓm Ï±l©hPJÚ T¦.

ISO 9004-u T¥, JÚ mission statement B]Õ,JÚ ¨ßY]m Hu CÚd¡\Õ GuTûR®[dÏ¡\Õ. CÕ, AÕ CÚlTRtLô]LôWQjûR YûWVû\ ùNn¡\Õ.

Objective evidence: Juß CÚd¡\Õ GuTûRdLôhÓm ApXÕ ̈ ì©dÏm ®TWm - EiûUObjective evidence G]lTÓm.

LY²jRp, A[jRp, úNô§jRp ApXÕ ©\GkRùYôÚ ùTôÚjRUô] Øû\Lû[ETúVô¡lTRu êXm Objective evidence-IfúNL¬dLXôm.

ùNVp AÔÏØû\ (Process approach) :

ùNVp AÔÏØû\ GuTÕ öYôLfùNVp§hPm (management strategy) BÏm.úUXô[oLs JÚ ùNVp AÔÏØû\ûVfùNVpTÓjÕ¡\ôoLs Gu\ôp ARuùTôÚs, AYoL°u ¨ßY]jûR EVojÕmùNnØû\Lû[ AYoLs öY¡d¡\ôoLs.CkRf ùNnØû\dLÞd¡ûP«Xô]E\ÜLû[ öY¡d¡\ôoLs Utßm CkRf

ùNnØû\Lû[ öY¡d¡\ôoLs UtßmCkRf ùNnØû\Lû[ Ju\ôL CûQdÏmEsÇÓ (inputs) Utßm ®û[lTVuLû[(outputs) öY¡d¡\ôoLs GuTRôÏm.

Htßd ùLôs[lTÓm Uô§¬ (Standard) : JÚstandard GuTÕ JÚ document BÏm. ARôYÕ,Htßd ùLôs[lTÓm Uô§¬ B]Õ "RLYp,Nôuß, BRôWm ØR≠VYtû\ A°dÏmA§LôWléoYUô] GÝjÕ Y¥Y BYQm"

GuTRôÏm. ùTôÚhLs, úNûYLs,ùRô¯pÖhTeLs, ùNnØû\Ls Utßm¨VUeLs CYtû\l T¦VôhLs GlT¥dûLVôsYÕ GuTûRd LhÓlTÓjÕm®§Øû\L°u JÚ ùRôÏ§ CÕYôÏm.

ùNVp§hPm (Strategy) : JÚ ùNVp§hPmGuTÕ ùRôûXúSôdÏ CXdÏLû[AûPYRtLô] A±ÜdÏl ùTôÚjRUôLdLhPûUdLlThP §hPm ApXÕ Y¯Øû\GuTRôÏm (a logically structured plan) BoYmEs[ RWl©]oL[ôp, EeLs ¨ßY]j§u,"LPûUl ùTôßlTôLd LÚ§f ùNnVlTÓmEeLs T¦ (mission), ùRôûX úSôdÏlTôoûY (vision) Utßm U§l×Ls" (values)

CûYùVpXôm Htßd ùLôs[lTÓYûRÙm,BR¬dLlTÓYûRÙm Eß§ ùNnYRtÏ, JÚùNVp AÔÏØû\ Utßm ùNVp§hPeLû[ ¿eLs EÚYôdÏYÕ,AY£VUô¡\Õ.

Juû\f ùNnYRtÏ¬V Ï±l©hPYûLØû\ AÔÏØû\ (Systems approach):

úUXô[oLs, JÚ YûLØû\ AÔÏØû\ûVETúVô¡dÏm úTôÕ ARu ùTôÚsGu]ùY²p, AYoLs JußdùLôußùRôPo×ûPV ùNnØû\Lû[, GÕ¨ßY]jûR JÚ JÚe¡ûQkR AûUlTôLEÚYôd¡, ARu ©u]o Ak¨ßY]j§uÏ±dúLôsLû[ AûPYRtÏ ERÜúUô, AkRAûUlûTl TVuTÓjÕYûR AYoLsùNn¡\ôoLs. JÚ AûUl× GuTÕJußdùLôuß ùRôPo×ûPVûYVôLApXÕ JußPu Juß TiÔYRôLCÚlTRôÏm.

R¦dûL (Audit)

GkR A[®tÏ audit criteria éoj§ ùNnVlThÓs[Õ GuTûRj ¾oUô²lTRtÏ, audit

evidence-Il ùTßYRtÏm ARû] objectively

U§l©ÓYRtÏUô] Systematic ÑRk§WUô]Utßm BYQlTÓjÕm ùNVpØû\ BÏm.



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©\ ùRôPoÜûPV ùRô¯XL úUXôiûUùTôÕUô§¬ (Other Related IndustrialManagement Standards)

ISO 14001:2004: Ñtßf ÑZp öYôLm(Environmental Management)

TS 16949 : 2002: Automotive ©¬®u ùTôÚsYZeÏTYo (Suppliers inAutomotive Sector)

ISO 13485 :2003: UÚjÕY úNûYl ©¬Ü(Medical Service Sector)

ISO 27001:2005: RLYp TôÕLôl× öYôLAûUl× (Information SecurityManagement system)

ISO 22000:2005 : EQÜl TôÕLôl× öYôLAûUl× (Food SafetyManagement System)

ISO 18001:2007: BúWôd¡Vm UtßmTôÕLôl× (Health & Safety)

TL 9000 : ùRôûXj ùRôPo×j RLYp(Telecommunication)

SA 8000 : NêL U§l× (SocialAccountability)

JhÓùUôjRj RW úUXôiûU (TQM) (TotalQuality Management) (TQM)

A±ØLm (Introduction)

GkRùYôÚ ¨ßY]j§u ùRô¯pùYt±dLô] Uk§Wm RWm BÏm.

CdLôXj§p RWm B]Õ teamed with cost runs

the show ClT¥lThP Lôh£L°p Total Quality

Management B]Õ, ùRô¯p ®§ûVj¾oUô²lT§p Ød¡VUô]Õ.Yô¥dûLVô[ûW ûUVUôLd ùLôi¥ÚdÏmùRô¯p Yô¦Tj§p Aû]jÕ RVô¬l×¨ßY]eLÞm ùTôÚhLÞm UtßmúNûYLû[ SpX RWjÕPu EÚYôdÏYRtÏTQM-I AYoL°u Bh£ ®§L[ôLUôt±«Úd¡u\]o.

TQM B]Õ T¦Vô[oLÞdÏ AYoLsAYoLÞûPV business-p úTôh¥Vô[oþLÞPu edge over their competitor's

ùLôÓd¡u\].

TQM B]Õ ùRô¯Xô[oL°uLiúQôhPj§p, R² STo, ÏÝdLs,¨ßY]m Utßm business-p ARu RôdLmUtßm ®û[ûY TÏlTônÜ ùNn¡\Õ.

TQM initiative ®Úm×m ®û[lTVuLsGhPlThÓ ®hP]Yô ApXÕ N¬Vô] N¬ùNnÙm SPY¥dûL GÓdL úYi¥VÕAY£VUôL Gu\ úLôQj§p ×¬kÕùLôsYRtÏ CÕ ERÜm.

TQM Gu\ôp Gu]? (What is TQM?)

Total = JhÓùUôjRjRôp EÚYô]

Quality = JÚ ùTôÚs ApXÕúNûY«u ®g£V RW A[Ü

Management = ûLVôÞm ®Rm ApXÕ(ùNVp, LûX) LhÓlTÓjÕRp, Y¯SPjÕRpØRXô]ûY

®g£V RWjûR AûPYRtÏ JhÓùUôjRùNVpLû[Ùm úUXôiûU ùNnÙm LûXTQM BÏm.

úYûX«u RWj§p Aû]jÕlT¦Vô[oL°u ùRôPo Øuú]t\jRôpEs/ùY°l×\ Yô¥dûLVô[oL°uúRûYLû[ ºWôLf Nk§lTÕ CÕYôÏm.

®[dLm (Definition)

TQM CqYôß YûWVû\ ùNnVlTÓ¡\Õ:

ùTôÚhLs Utßm úNûYL°u RWj§uùRôPo Øuú]t\jûR AûPYRtÏ JÚ¨ßY]j§u Aû]jÕ ùNVpLs UtßmùNnØû\Lû[ JÚe¡ûQjRp TQM BÏm.CXdÏ GuTÕ Yô¥dûLVô[o §Úl§GuTÕRôu.

“Ïû\kR ùNX®p Yô¥dûLVô[o§Úl§ûVj ùRôPokÕ A§L¬dLfùNnÙm úSôdLj§p ¨ßY]j§uAû]jÕm T¦Vô[oLû[ÙmEs[Pd¡V ùRô¯p ÖhT LÚ® UtßmùRôPo Øuú]t\ ØVt£Ls, öYôLjùRô¯p ÖhTeLû[ JÚe¡ûQdÏmöYôL AûUl× “TQM BÏm”.

Concept of TQM

TQM B]Õ GiQt\ úVôNû]L°uA¥lTûP«Xô]Õ, "CRu ùTôÚsGu]ùY²p ¨ßY]j§u Aû]jÕfùNVpTôÓL°u RWm Tt± úVô£lTRôÏmUtßm CÕ GpXô A[ÜL°p inter related

ùNVpTôÓLû[ JÚe¡ûQdÏm ùNVûXfùNnÕ Ø¥dÏm JÚ ÕYdLm BÏm.".



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Sub systems-p CÚkÕ R² SToL°u®û[lTVuL°u áÓRûX (sum) ®PAûUl©u (system) JhÓùUôjR A§LUôÏm.

Sub-System

JÚ ùTôÚ°u BÙs ÑZt£«p CkRUô§¬Vô] (¸úZ RWlThÓs[Õ úTôu\)

Aû]jÕ ¨ßY]f ùNVpTôÓLÞm sub

systems-p APeÏm.

• Y¥YûUl×

• §hPªÓRp

• EtTj§

• T¡oUô]m

• L[lT¦

JÚ SpX bearing structure B]ÕYô¥dûLVô[o §Úl§. The watch word

B]Õ ùRôPo Øuú]t\m GuTRôÏm.

• Cost of quality B]Õ measure of non-quality

BLÜm (Yô¥dûLVô[o úRûYLû[léoj§ ùNnVôRÕ) Utßm GlT¥ quality

process Øuú]ß¡\Õ GuTRtLô]measure BLÜm CÚd¡\Õ.

• T«t£ Utßm Lp®, RLYp T¬Uôt\m,Ae¸LôWm, öYôL SPjûR, ÏÝlT¦Utßm Yô¥dûLVô[o §Úl§ programs

CûY Es[Pe¡V Enabling mechanisms of

change.

• ¸rdLiPYt\ôp TQM-If ùNVpTÓjÕRp(Implementing)

• Mission-I YûWVû\ ùNnRp

• ®û[lTVû] AûPVô[eLôQp

• Yô¥dûLVô[oLû[ AûPVô[eLôQp

• Yô¥dûLVô[o úRûYLû[l Tt± úTfÑYôojûR SPjÕRp

Yô¥dûLVô[o úSôdLeLû[ deal ùNnÕUtßm AkR CXdÏLû[l éoj§ ùNnVjúRûYVô] ùNVpLû[j ¾oUô²lTRô] JÚ'supplier satisfaction' EÚYôdLp

öYôL SPjûR«p APeÏYÕ(Management behavior includes)

• JÚ SpX Uô§¬VôL ùNVpTÓRp

• RWjûR ETúVô¡jRp

• ùNnØû\Ls Utßm LÚ®Ls

• RLYp T¬Uôt\jûR FdLlTÓjÕRp

• Feedback ùNVpLû[ Sponsoring ùNnRp(BRWÜ A°jRp) Ut\m fostering

• JÚ supporting ãZûXf ùNnÕ ùLôÓjRp

TQM RjÕYj§u A¥lTûP B]Õ RVô¬l×UhÓUpX, Aû]jÕ business

ùNVpTôÓL°Ûm RWm Ød¡Uô]Õ Gu\GiQm BÏm.

TQM concept-tÏ commit B¡Ùs[ ̈ ßY]eLsRW Øuú]t\j RjÕYeLû[ ¸rdLiPJqùYôÚ area-®Ûm ùTÚmTôÛm apply

TiÔ¡\Õ.

• ùTôÚs EÚYôdLp

• RVô¬l×, T¡oUô]m

• öYôLm

• Yô¥dûLVô[o úNûY.

TQM-p CÚlTÕ úTôuß, úYß GeÏm“Customer is King” Gu\ RjÕYm úUúXôe¡¨tT§pûX (Nowhere is the philosophy of“Customer is King” is more prevalent than in TQM)

TQM-u Cu±VûUVôRûYLs (Essentials ofTQM)

HtßdùLôiÓ ùRôPeÏYÕ GkR¨ßY]j§p Es[ TQM B]Õ key elements-

Il ×¬kÕd ùLôsYÕ AY£Vm Gu¡\Õ.TQM philosophy-«u ©WRô] core EÚYôdLmCkR elements ̈ ßY]j§p U]lTôeÏ UtßmTZdLYZdLeL°p Uôt\jûR HtTÓjÕm.

• Yô¥dûLVô[o §Úl§

• RûXûUl Ti×

• RWj§u RjÕYm

• ¨ßY]d LhPûUl×

• T¦Vô[o DÓTôÓ

• RWj§u ®ûX

• Supplier úRoÜ Utßm development

(TQM-u Principles) (Principles of TQM)

TQM-u key principles ¸rdLiPYôß

öYôLj§u ùNVpùTôßl× (ManagementCommitment)

§hPªÓ (CVdÏ, Y¯SPjÕ)

• Do (deploy, BRWÜdùLôÓ, TeùLÓ)



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• úNô§jRp (UßT¬ºXû] ùNnV)

• ùNVp (Ae¸L¬, T¬Uôß, revise)

ùRô¯Xô°«u Empowerment (EmployeeEmpowerment)

• T«t£

• úVôNû] YZeÏm §hPm

• A[jRp Utßm Ae¸LôWm

• £\l× YônkR ÏÝdLs

EiûU«u A¥lTûP«p ¾oUô]mGÓjRp (Fact Based Decision Making)

• SPC ×s° ®TW ùNnØû\d LhÓlTôÓ(statistical process control)

• DOE AàTYeL°u Y¥YûUl× (Design ofExperiments),

FMEA (Failure Model and Effects Analysis)

• 7 ×s° ®TWj RWd LÚ®Ls (The statisticalquality tools)

• TOPS ÏÝf NôokR ©Wf£û]j ¾oÜ (FORD8D - Team Oriented Problem Solving)

ùRôPof£Vô] Øuú]t\m (ContinuousImprovement)

• Øû\NôokR A[jRp (Systematicmeasurement and focus on CONQ)

• §\u ®g£V ÏÝdLs (Excellence teams)

• Cross-functional process management

• AûPRp (Attain), TWôU¬jRp (maintain),improve standards

Yô¥dûLVô[o ÁÕ £\l× LY]mùNÛjÕRp (Customer Focus)

• Supplier partnership

• Internal customers EPu úNûYj ùRôPo×

• RWj§p JÚúTôÕm NUWNm ¡ûPVôÕ

• Customer driven standards

(TQM-u çiLs) (Pillars of TQM)

TQM House-u SôuÏ çiLs BY]

• ©WfNû]ûVj ¾odÏm discipline

• §\ûULs

• ÏÝlT¦ Utßm

• RW úUmTôÓ ùNnØû\

CYtû\f NôokÕ B]Õ JhÓùUôjR¨ßY]j§u Øuú]t\j§tÏ stepwise,

structured and systematically TVuTÓjRlTÓ¡\Õ.

• L¥] EûZl×

• LhÓlTôhÓPàm T¦ÜPàm SPjRp

• BZUô] T«t£

• ùRô¯pÖhTeLs Utßm Y[eLû[ JúWUô§¬Vô] ØWiTôPt\ Øû\«pùNVpTÓjÕRp

CkRj RWj§u RjÕYeLs TQM-

uA¥lTûPûV EÚYûUd¡u\]

TQM-I U§l©ÓRp (Evaluation of TQM)

Y¬ûNd¡WUô] RWj§p CÚkÕ TQM RjÕYmT¥lT¥VôL Y[of£ AûP¡\Õ.

(TQM-u BRôVeLs) (Benefits of TQM)

EQW ApXÕ A±Vdá¥VRô]×¬kÕdùLôs[j RdLRô] BRôVeLs(Tangible Benefits)

• úUmThP ùTôÚs RWm

• úUmThP EtTj§ ÅRm

• Ïû\dLlThP RWj§u ®ûXLs

• NkûR Utßm Yô¥dûLVô[oLsA§L¬l×

• A§L¬jR CXôTm

• Ïû\dLlThP T¦Vô[o YÚjReLs

LiQôp TôojÕQW Ø¥VôR BRôVm(Intangible benefits)

• ùRô¯Xô[o TeùLÓjR≠p Øuú]t\m

• úUmThP ÏÝlT¦

• T¦ E\ÜL°p úUiûU

• úUmThP Yô¥dûLVô[o §Úl§

• úUmThP RLYp T¬Uôt\m

• T¦ BoYj§p U¡rf£

• ©WfNû]Lû[j ¾odÏm §\ûU«púUÛm £\lTôLf ùNnRp

• úUmThP ¨ßY] U§l×

TQM-u ©WRô] AeLeLs (Main componentsof TQM)

TQM Tt±V T¬fNVªpXôR Six Sigma

practitioners-dLôL program B]Õ êuß©WRô] AeLeLû[d ùLôiÓs[Õ.



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• N¬Vô] úSWj§p (JIT)

• JhÓùUôjR RWdLhÓlTôÓ (TQC)

• JhÓùUôjR T¦Vô[o DÓTôÓ (TEI)

TQM-u êuß LôpLÞd¡ûP«Xô]ùRôPo× : JIT B]Õ ©WfNû]«uLôWQjûR ùY°dLôhÓ¡\Õ ; TQC

©WfNû]L°u ¾oÜ ¡ûPdL ERÜ¡\Õ.

LûP£VôL T¦Vô[oLs Aû]jÕØuú]t\eLû[Ùm ùNnYRôp AYoL°u,process of change-p DÓTôÓ AY£Vm. TEI

DÓTôhûP YWYûZdL ERÜ¡\Õ.

Brain Stroming

Ïû\kR úSWj§p CVu\ A[®pLÚjÕdLû[ U]j§p ̈ ßj§ JÚ £dLûXj¾ojRp/êû[ûVl ùT¬Õm YÚj§ JÚ¾o®û] GhÓRp. Brainstorming GuTÕ,ÏÝ®u TûPlTôt\ûX FdÏ®dLlTVuTÓm JÚ G°V Ej§ (technique) BÏm.

JÚ úRokùRÓdLlThP RûXl©p,úRûYlTÓm Ïß¡V úSWj§p, GqY[ÜØ¥ÙúUô AqY[Ü úVôNû]Lû[EÚYôdL T¦Vô[oL°u JÚ ÏÝÜdÏERYl TVuTÓm Nm©WRôVUô]AÔÏØû\ CÕYôÏm.

CRû] GkRùYôÚ RûXl©Ûm¸rdLiPYtû\Ùm úNojÕl TWYXôLlTVuTÓjRXôm.

• JÚ ùTôÚ°u Øuú]t\m

• EtTj§ûVj §hPªÓRp, Ï±l©hPúSWj§p ùNnVlTÓYRtLô]Øuú]tTôhûPf ùNnRp Utßm ùNnÕØ¥jRp

• CVk§Wm TÝRô¡f ùNVXtß ̈ uß®Óm©WfNû]Ls

• RWj§p ©WfNû]Ls

• ×§V ùNnØû\f ùNVpTÓjÕRp

• T¬úNôRû]/Øuú]ôhPm ®û[ÜLs

• SmTLjRuûUl ©WfNû]Ls

• Yô¥dûLVô[o áßm ×LôoLs

• ®tTû] Ùd§Ls

• ®¨úVôLj§p ©WfNû]Ls

• ùRô¯Xô[o E\®p ©WfNû]Ls

• úYûX ¨ßjRm ãr¨ûX

• ®TjÕdLs/TôÕLôl× AfÑßjRpLs

• ¨§¨ûX«u ©WfNû]Ls

Aû]jÕl ©WfNû]ûVj ¾odÏmùNVpTôÓL°Ûm Brainstorming GuTÕ JÚcritical TÏ§VôÏm. Utßm CkR ©WfNû]ûVAûPVô[e LôÔm LôXdLhPm Utßm©WfNû]ûVj ¾odÏm LôXdLhPmCWi¥Ûm Utßm ùNVpØû\L°pTûPlTôt\p ¨ûXL°Ûm CÕTVuTÓjRlTÓ¡\Õ.

CkR Ùd§Vô]Õ A¥dL¥ Ïû\jÕ,U§l©PlTÓ¡\Õ. Utßm CR]ôpU²RoLs GqY[Ü A§Lm AYoLsCRû]l TVuTÓjÕ¡\ôoLs AkRA[ÜdÏ ØuûT®P úUmThPYoLsB¡\ôoLs.

JqùYôÚ T¦Vô[Úm AYoLs T¦ ×¬ÙmL[m ApXÕ A±Ü ApXÕ R²f£\l×ùRôPoTô] ®`VeL°p TûPlTô°L[ôLB¡\ôoLs Gu\ RjÕYj§u A¥lTûP«pEs[Õ.

CûPëßLs Utßm ®UoN]eLs GÕÜmCpXôUp ùR¬®lTRtÏ (NkRolTm UtßmÑRk§Wm ùLôÓdÏmúTôÕ)

êuß ©WRô] AmNeL°u A¥lTûP«pNm©WRôVUô] Y¯LôhÓRpLû[dûLVôsYRu êXm A§LThN BRôVmAûPRp.

EWm FhÓRp (Cross fertilization) - GlúTôÕCWiÓ ApXÕ êuß U²RoLs JÚúVôNû]«u JÚ AeLjûRûYj§Úd¡\ôoLú[ô Utßm AÕ TÏ§úVôNû]VôL CÚlTRôp ùTôÚjRUt\RôLjúRôu±]ôÛm, Aû]jÕl TÏ§úVôNû]Lû[Ùm Ju\ôLf úNodÏm úTôÕJÚ TVàs[ original idea EÚYôYÕ.

¾ol×Lû[f £±Õ LôXm ̈ ßj§ûYjRp(Suspending judgment) - Brainstorming sessionB]Õ úVôNû]Lû[ EÚYôdÏYRtÏjRôú] R®W ARû] U§l©ÓYRtLpXGuTÕ ªL Cu±VûUVôRÕ.

Judgments-I Suspending ùNnYRp, JÚÏ±l©hP úVôNû]L°u TÏ§ûVlTôolTûRj R®olTRtÏ ERÜm. BRXôp,Aû]jÕ Nôj§Vd áßLû[Ùm explore

TiÔYRtÏ NkRolTeLs exhaust

B¡®Ó¡u\].



229

QUALITY

TOOLS

GkRùYôÚ úVôNû]Ùm úL≠dÏ¬VRpX/H[]j§Ï¬VRpX. “CÕ TVuRWôÕ..........Hù]²p“ ApXÕ “SôeLsHtL]úY CRû]f ùNnÕ TôojÕ®húPôm“ GuTÕ úTôu\ ®UoN]eLû[dáßY§Rp CÚkÕ TeúLtúTôûWj RÓlTÕa part of the Chairman's role BÏm.

Nm©WRôVUô] AûUÜ (Formality of setting)

Ï±lTôL BWmT ¨ûXL°p, SToLû[úVôNû]Ls áßYRtÏj RVeL ûYdÏm,U²RoLs EQÚm tension-I ALtßYRtÏCÕ ERÜm.

CR]ôp U²RoLs CkR Ùd§LÞPu SuÏT¬fNVm B¡, úVôNû]Lû[jùR¬®lTYoL[ôL UôßYRôp, setting

ùTÚmTôÛm RôdLm EûPVRô¡\Õ.

¸rdLiP frame work-u Es U²RoL°uÏÝYô] respond TiÔm úTôÕ, Brainstorming

ªL SuÏ ùNVXôtß¡\Õ.

CÕ ¨LrYRtÏ Eß§ ùNnYÕ chairman-uLPûUVôÏm

• ûUVdLÚjûR YûWVû\ ùNnÕ,JqùYôÚYÚm ×¬kÕd ùLôiÓ ARû]Htßd ùLôsYûR Eß§ ùNnÕdùLôs[Üm

• JqùYôÚYÚm AàU§dLlTP úYiÓmUtßm TeL°dL FdLlTÓjRlTPúYiÓm Utßm VôùWôÚYÚm B§dLmùNÛjRd áPôÕ

• LXkÕûWVôP úYiPôm - GqY[Ü®ûWYôL úVôNû]Lû[ GÝÕY§pLY]m ùNÛjR Ø¥ÙúUô AqY[Ü®ûWYôL GÝRÜm

• JÚ úTôÕm úVôNû]Lû[ ®UoN]mùNnVô¾o

• Ut\YoL°Pm BúXôNû]L°p CÚkÕØuú]\Üm - ©\¬u GiQeL°pCÚkÕ EeLÞdÏ HúRàm ERVmBLXôm - the classic lateral thinking

AÔÏØû\

• úVôNû]Lû[ U§l©P ØVt£dLúYiPôm.

• Gi¦dûLûV A§L¬dLÜm -

ERôWQj§tÏ IkÕ ApXÕ TjÕ¨ªPeL°p, Ï±l©hP LôX YWm©tÏs

GjRû] úVôNû]Lû[ GÝR Ø¥ÙúUôAjRû] GÝRÜm.

• ÏÝ ùNVpTÓm úTôÕ, ¿eLs EeL°PmCÚkÕ A§L úVôNû] úRôu\f ùNnÕ,TVuTÓjRlTPôR úVôNû]Lû[júRokùRÓjÕ ARuúUp Y[Wf ùNnV

• T¦ AUoÜ úSWm (session) JÚ Ï±l©hPúSWj§tÏ CVeÏYRôL CÚdL úYiÓmApXÕ Aû]YÚm úVôNû] ùNôp≠j¾okR ©u]o, GkR úSWm Ïû\úYôAÕYûW session CVeLhÓm.

Brainstorming êXm A§L EtNôLm UtßmTeL°dÏm EQoÜ ¡ûPdLl ùT\Xôm.Ï±lTôL VôúWôÚYWôÛm ùNôpXlTPôR,úVôNû]ûV ùNôpÛmúTôÕ.

Brainstorming-u CXdÏ Gu]ùY²p, A§LGi¦dûL«Xô] úVôNû] EÚYôdLm,RWm Auß.

Brainstorming-tLô] Y¯LôhÓRpLs(Guidelines for Brainstorming)

• ÑZt£VôL JqùYôÚ Eßl©]¬PØmúVôNû] áßmT¥ úLhL úYiÓm.Aû]jÕ úVôNû]LÞm ùNôp≠

Ø¥dÏm YûW CÕ ùRôPW úYiÓm.

• JÚ Ñt±u JÚ R² STo JúW JÚúVôNû] UhÓm á\ úYiÓm.

• úVôNû]Ls úRôu\ôR STo simply Pass

G]f ùNôpXhÓm.

• GkRùYôÚ úVôNû]Ùm ØhPôsR]Uô]Õ G]d LÚRlTPd áPôÕ.®UoN]m ApXÕ úL≠l úTfÑúVôNû]Ls TônkÕ YÚYRtÏj RûPlúTôÓm.

• ©¥YôRUô] Nm©WRôVeLs R®odLlTPúYiÓm. SpX CVpTô] SûLfÑûYEßl©]oLû[j RVdLªu±l úTNûYdÏm.

• RûXYo B]Yo, JÚ úVôNû]ûVdúLôoûYVôL ùRôÓjÕd áßYRtÏ ERYúYiÓm Utßm ùR°YôLjùR¬®lTRtÏ Eßl©]oLû[ Y¯SPjRúYiÓm.

• Brainstorming TiÔmúTôÕ, úVôNû]Lû[U§l©ÓRp ùNnV úYiPôm.



230

QUALITY

TOOLS

• úVôNû]Lû[l Th¥V≠ÓYRtÏ JÚLÚmTXûL, JÚ Lô¡Rj§u ùT¬V Rôs(a large sheet of paper) ApXÕ overhead projector

TVuTÓjÕYRtLôL transparent sheets

CYtû\ ETúVô¡dLXôm.

• Aû]jÕ úVôNû]LÞm ¾okR ©u]oUtßm Ø¥kR ©u]o JqùYôÚúVôNû]ûVÙm ®¬Yô] ®YôRjÕdÏGÓjÕd ùLôs[Üm UtßmúRûYlThPôp YôdL°lTRu êXm JÚJj§ûNÜ ¡ûPdLf ùNnÕE«ojÕ¥lTô] Utßm NhPlT¥ApXÕ A§LôWléoYUôL HtLjRdLRô]úVôNû]ûV úRokùRÓdLXôm.

• T¦lTWlûTl Tô§dÏm ©WfNû]Ls,¨LZ Yônl× EûPV ©WfNû]Lû[jRÓdÏm LôW¦Ls, ©WfNû]LÞdÏlùTôßlTô] LôWQeLs,©WfNû]LÞdLô]j ¾oÜLsØRXô]Ytû\ AûPVô[e LôiTRtÏbrainstorming Ùd§ûVj §\mTPlTVuTÓjRXôm.

• Eßl©]oLs RôeLû[j RôeLú[ IkÕfive) Ws Utßm JÚ (one) H ARôYÕ i.e.,

GuTYt±u A¥lTûP«p ®]ôdLû[dúLhÓd ùLôsYÕ TVàs[ûYVôLCÚdÏm GuTûRd LiÓ ùLôsÞeLs.

• Gu]?

• Hu?

• GlúTôÕ?

• GeúL?

• Vôo?

• GlT¥?

• ùY°STo VôúWàm, brainstorming session

ÖûZV úSokRôp AYûWÙm A§pCûQkÕd ùLôsÞUôß ¿eLs úLhÓdùLôs[Xôm.

• ¨Lrf£dÏ Øu]RôL JÚ ¨Lrf£ ¨WpEßl©]oLÞdÏd ùLôÓdLlThPôp,AÕ AYoLÞdÏ Brainstorming-tLô]j§hPªPlThP RûXl×l Tt±Øuáh¥úV úVô£jÕ ûYdL UtßmARu êXm TpúYß úVôNû]LÞPu,meeting ùRôPeÏm úTôÕ, RVôWôL CÚdLERÜm.

• G§oLôXj RLYp úLhP§tLôL (for future

reference) brainstorming-u T§ÜLû[ûYj§ÚlTÕ TVàs[RôL AûUÙm.

Ùd§ Utßm ®û[lTVu (The Technique andthe Result)

Brainstorming session-p Bß ØRp GhÓYûW«Xô] Gi¦dûL«p SToLsTeúLtTôoLs Utßm úVôNû]LsEÚYôdLm AûW U¦ úSWm ØRp (30

¨ªPeLs ØRp) JÚ (1) U¦ úSWm YûWSûPùTßYÕ YZdLm.

ùY°VôhLs áP Vôo CkRf ùNVÛPuNmTkRlThPYo CpûXúVô, UtßmEs[YûWÙm AUo®p úNojÕdùLôs[Xôm. ARôYÕ GkR Sm©dûLVôpG] ×jRm ×§V U]m B]Õ, ×§V£kRû]Lû[j RWXôm. AlT¥lThP£kRû] ©WfNû]ÙPu YôrTYoLÞdÏjúRôu\ôÕ CÚdLXôm.

JÚ U¦ úSW LôXLhPm B]Õ 50 ØRp150 YûW«Xô] úVôNû]Lû[j úRôu\fùNnVXôm.

ùTÚmTôXô] úVôNû]Ls SûPØû\fNôj§VUt\RôL CÚdLXôm. B]ôp £XúVôNû]Ls TXjR BWônf£j RÏ§YônkRûYVôL CÚdÏm.



231

QUALITY

TOOLS


ÅhÓ TWôU¬l× Utßm SûPØû\ úSôdLm (Purpose of house keeping and

practice)

úSôdLeLs : ClTôPj§u Cß§«p ¿eLs §\m ùT\ CÚlTûY• ÅhÓ TWôU¬l©u ETúVôLeLs Utßm Ød¡VjÕYjûR Lt\p• _lTô²V¬u 5’s techniqueþI Lt\p• 5’s þI ùNVpTÓjÕYRôp HtTÓm ®û[ÜLû[ ×¬kÕ ùLôsÞRp.

ÑjRlTÓjÕRp Utßm ÅhÓl TWôU¬l×(Cleaning and house keeping)

ÑjRm ùNnRp GuTÕ Sm ùRô¯tT¦Uû]Utßm Ñt±Ùs[ TÏ§L°p ùTôÚhLû[Al×\lTÓjRlTÓYRôÏm. CRu TV]ôLAlTÏ§«u JhÓ ùUôjRUô] Y[of£dÏY¯ YÏdÏm. ÅhÓ TWôU¬l× GuTÕTôÕLôlûTj R®W JhÓ ùUôjRùRô¯Xô[oL°u EPp SXû]Ùm UtßmúTWôTjÕ Utßm ®Tj§≠ÚkÕ LôdLÜmERÜ¡\Õ.

ÅhÓ TWôU¬l©u Ø¥ÜLs §\u úUmTôÓAûPVÜm, EtTj§ ®¡Rm A§L¬dLÜm.úNRôWeLû[ Ïû\dLÜm, T¦ úSW/CVk§WeLs CVeLôUp CÚdÏm úSWjûRÏû\dLÜm, CuùYuh¬ûV ( inventory)LhÓlTôh¥p ûYdLÜm UtßmTXYt±tÏm ùY°lTôPôL AûU¡\Õ.

G]úY ÅhÓl TWôU¬lûT UdLsCVdLUôL Uôt±, AûR ùNVpØû\AÔÏØû\VôL Uôt\ RWm UtßmJhÓùUôjR úUmTôhûP CXdLôLdùLôiÓs[ _lTô²VoLs JqùYôÚ ‘S’þmJqùYôÚ _lTô²V ùNôpXô] Seiri, Seiton,

Seiso, Seiketsu Utßm Shitsukeþd Ï±d¡\Õ.CûY Tt±V ®[dLeLs ¸úZùLôÓdLlThÓs[Õ.

5’S - Concept

5’S GuTÕ UdLs NmTkRlThP - Utßm -

T«t£ NôokR AÔÏØû\ BÏm.

5’S JqùYôÚYÚm EiûU«úXúVJqùYôÚYÚm C§p TeÏùT\ úYiÓmG] G§oTôod¡\Õ.

Ru YôrSô°p êu±p JÚ TÏ§ úSWjûRT¦×¬Ùm CPj§p úYûX ùNnÙmAû]YÚm AYWYo TÏ§ûV ÑjRUôL

ûYj§ÚjR≠u Sm©dûLûVA¥lTûPVôLd ùLôiÓ 5’S ùNVpTÓjRlTÓ¡\Õ.

JhÓ ùUôjR RWj§u úUmTôh¥û]AûPVj úRûYVô] ÑtßfãZpúUmTôh¥û] AûPV 5’S GuTÕJqùYôÚ ùRô¯Xô°Ùm TeúLtßfùNVpTÓm Ød¡V ¨LrYôÏm. úUÛm CÕ¨ßY]j§u ùRôPo Y[of£dÏCu±VûUVôR A¥lTûPd LôW¦VôÏm.

The terms 5’S (TPm 1-p):

• SEIRI - ©¬jRp (Sorting out)

• SEITON - JÝeÏØû\«Xô] HtTôÓ(Systematic arrangement)

• SEISO - ÑjRm (Shine - Cleanliness)

• SEIKETSU - ̈ oQVm ùNnRp (Standardization)

• SHITSUKE - ÑV JÝdLm (Self Discipline)


232

QUALITY

TOOLS

ùNVpT¥ 1 (Step - 1) : (SEIRI) (Sorting Out)

• EeLs T¦«PjûRf Ñt±ÛmTôoûY«hÓ, EeLÞdÏj úRûYVô]ùTôÚhLs GÕ Utßm EeLÞdÏj úRûYCpXôRÕ GÕ G]l ©¬jÕ ûYdLÜm.

• SpX ùTôÚhLs, Uß T¦ ùNnVúYi¥V ùTôÚhLs Utßm¨WôL¬dLlTP úYi¥V ùTôÚhLs G]jR²jR²VôLl ©¬jÕ ûYdLÜm.

• UßT¦ ùNnVlTP úYi¥VùTôÚhL°p Uß úYûX ùNnVÜm.Utßm ¨WôL¬dLlThP ùTôÚhLû[jçW ÅNÜm.

• úRûY«pXôR ùTôÚhLû[j §ÚmTùLôÓjÕ ®PÜm.

JqùYôÚ T¦Vô[Úm ùTôÚhL°uYûLûVf NôokÕ ùRôÏ§lTÓjÕmúTôÕLXl× BYûRj R®odÏUôß G§oTôodLlTÓ¡\ôoLs.

êXlùTôÚs B]Õ ùNnØû\«p CÚdÏmT¦lùTôÚÞPu LXkÕ®PdáPôÕ. (work

in process (WIP) EPu LXkÕ®PdáPôÕ)

BnÜ ùNnVlThP Utßm HtßdùLôs[lThP ùTôÚhL°p CÚkÕCuàm BnÜl T¦ ùTôÚhLsR²jR²VôLl ©¬jÕ ûYdLlTP úYiÓm.

LÚ®Ls R²jR² CPeL°p ûYdLlTPúYiÓm, ùTôÚjÕRp JÚ CPj§Ûm AfÑúYß JÚ CPj§Ûm CÚdL úYiÓm.

GÝÕ ùTôÚhLs, T¥YeLs áP ARuYûLûVl ùTôßjÕ R²jR²VôLlTWôU¬dLlTP úYiÓm. ¸rdLiP®]ôdLs GkR Uô§¬Vô] SPY¥dûLLû[úUtùLôs[Xôm GuTûRj ¾oUô²dLERYXôm.

¸rLiP ®]ôdLs ¿eLs GkRUô§¬Vô] SPY¥dûLLû[ GÓdLúYiÓm GuTRû]j ¾oUô²dLERYXôm (Following Questions may help you indeciding what action is to be taken)

• EeLs T¦«Pj§p ùTôÚhLs £k§j£R± ¡PlTûRl Tôod¡ÈoL[ô?

• ùTh¥Ls, Lô¡ReLs Utßm ©\ùTôÚhLs JÝeLt\ Øû\«pEs[]Yô?

• ETLWQeLs Utßm LÚ®Ls RûW«pûYdLlThÓs[Rô?

• Aû]jÕm YûLlTÓj§l ©¬dLlThÓARtÏ¬V CPj§p CÚd¡\Rô?

• LÚ®Ls Utßm GÝÕlùTôÚhLs N¬YWYûLlTÓjRlThÓ TôÕLôlTôLûYdLlThÓs[Rô?

ùNVpT¥ 2 (Step - 2 : SEITON) (SystematicArrangement)

CRu ùTôÚs "arrange" CeÏs[ motto

B]Õ "GpXôYt±tÏm JÚ CPm UtßmAû]jÕm AR]Ru CPj§p" (“A placefor everything & Everything in its place”)

JqùYôÚ Utßm Aû]jÕlùTôÚhLÞdÏm Sôm R²jR² CPmJÕd¡j RW úYiÓm. ERôôWQj§tÏ dies-

LÞdÏj R²VôL JÚ shelf.

LÚ®LÞdùL] JÚ R² AXUô¬, CVk§WE§¬lTôLj§tùL] R²VôL JÚ AXUô¬,

GÝÕlùTôÚhLÞdùL] JÚ AXUô¬(almirah) ØRXô]ûY G] TWôU¬dLlTPúYiÓm.

CRu Ï±dúLôs Gu]ùY²p JÚÏ±l©hP ùTôÚs ARtùL] JÕdLlThPJÚ Ï±l©hP CPj§p CÚdL úYiÓm.

_lTô²VoLs áP JÚ Øû\ûVÙm©uTtß¡\ôoLs. AÕ Gu]ùY²p, 'GkRùTôÚÞúU RûW«p ûYdLlTPd áPôÕ'

GuTRôÏm. L]Uô] ùTôÚs áP JÚúUûP ApXÕ UWjÕiÓ/ùNeLp úUpûYdLlTP úYiÓm GuTûRl©uTtß¡\ôoLs.

JqùYôÚ ùTôÚÞdÏm K¬Pm¾oUô²dLlThÓ®hPôp, GkRùYôÚùTôÚû[Ùm AR]Ru CPj§pT¦VôoLs ûYjÕl TZL AYoLÞdÏlT«t£ A°dL úYiÓm. AkRlùTôÚhL°u AÓjRÓjRl TVuTôh¥uúSôdLj§tÏ CÕ ªL Ød¡Vm BÏm.

Åh¥tÏd áP CÕ JÚ TVàs[ TZdLmBÏm. CkRl TZdLjûRl TZÏm úTôÕRôuCkR Øû\«u SuûUûV EQW Ø¥Ùm.

¸rdLiP ®[eLeLÞdLô] ®ûPLs,T¦Vô[oLû[ CÕ NmUTkRUôLGÓdLlTP úYi¥V SPY¥dûLûVúUtùLôs[ Y¯YÏdÏm.

• SûPTôûRLs Utßm úNªl× CPeLsùR°YôLd Ï±l©PlThÓs[Rô?



233

QUALITY

TOOLS

GlúTôRôYÕ TVuTÓjRlTÓTûYL°pCÚkÕ A¥dL¥ TVuTÓm LÚ®LsUtßm GÝÕl ùTôÚhLs ©¬jÕûYdLlThÓ Es[Rô?

• ùLôsLXuLs Utßm ùTh¥Ls N¬YWAÓd¡ ûYdLlThÓ Es[Rô?

• ¾ AûQlTôuLs (fire extinguishers) Utßmhydrants EP]¥VôL GÓdL YN§VôLûYdLlThÓs[]Yô?

• êXlùTôÚhLs, WIP (Work in Progress),

ùNVp®û] Ø¥Ü ùTt\ ùTôÚhLsØRXô]ûY ARtÏ¬V CPeL°pûYdLlThÓs[]Yô?.

ùNVpT¥ 3 (Step - 3 : SEISO) (Shine - Cleanliness)

CÕ A±ÜßjÕYÕ Gu]ùY²p EeLsT¦«PjûRf ÑjRUôL ûYjÕdùLôsÞeLs GuTÕRôu. ÑjRUôL ûYjÕdùLôsYÕ GuTÕ T¦Vô[ûWf Ñt±Ùs[GpXô CPjûRÙm ÑjRUôL ûYjÕdùLôsYÕ GuTûRjRôu. CRàsAPeÏYÕ, RûW, CVk§Wm, ETLWQeLs,ÏZônLs, JVoLs, ªuNôR]m ØRXô]ûYBÏm. CYtû\Ùm ÑjRUôL ûYdL úYiÓm.

TôoûYdÏj ùR¬Ùm Aû]j§ÛúU JÚT¦Vô[o LY]m ûYj§ÚdL úYiÓm. URSm©dûL EûPV U²RoLs ùTôÕYôLdáßYÕ Gu]ùY²p, cleanliness is next to

Godliness! GuTRôÏm. Utßm T¦«PmYQeLjRdL CPm úTôuß LÚRlTPúYiÓm.

CkR GpXôl TZùUô¯L°u EhLÚjÕGu]ùY²p, JqùYôÚ T¦Vô[ÚmAYWÕ T¦«PjûRÙm ØÝûUVô]ÑjRUôL ûYlTRtÏl ùTôßlúTtßdùLôs[ úYiÓm GuTÕRôu. CRuØ¥YôL AkR CVk§Wm ApXÕ ¨ßY]mØÝûUÙm ÑjRUô] ÑtßfÑãZXôpAûUÙm GuTÕRôu.

¸rdLiP ®]ôdLs LY]m ùNÛjRlTPúYi¥V CPeLû[ AûPVô[eLôQERÜm.

• RûWlTWl×Ls AÝdLôL Es[]Yô?

• CVk§WeLÞm ETLWQeLÞmçÑlT¥kÕ Es[]Yô?

• JVoLÞm, ÏZônLÞm AÑjRUôLÜmstained BLÜm Es[Rô?

• CVk§W nozzle-Ls EVÜlùTôÚ[ôpAÑjRUôL Es[Rô?

• ¨Z≠PlThP ®[dÏLs reflectors reflects

dirt-I ©W§T≠d¡\Rô?

ùNVpT¥4 (Step - 4 : SEIKTSU) (Standardization)

CRu ùTôÚs "JÚ RW¨ûXûVlTWôU¬dLÜm" ("maintain a standard")

GuTRôÏm. CÕ T¦«Pj§u RWjûRdÏ±d¡\Õ. T¦«Pj§u Esú[ÙmARû]f Ñt±Ùm Ko EVo RWjûRlúTÔYÕ, T¦Vô[oLû[ AYoLs T¦«pA§L BoYjûR FdÏ®dÏm UtßmúUmThP ¨ûX«p AYoLû[f ùNVpTPûYdÏm.

Sôm GkR Uô§¬Vô] RW¨ûXûV®Úm×¡ú\ôm GuTûR Sôm SuÏ A±kÕCÚdL úYiÓm Utßm ×¬kÕùLôs[úYiÓm. J≠, J°, Lôtú\ôhPm, DWlTRm,BûPL°u úSoj§ ØRXô] Aû]jÕjRôdLjûR HtTÓjÕm LôW¦LÞdLô]jRW¨ûXûV ¨oQ«lTÕ GlúTôÕúU£\kRÕ.

¸rdLiP ®]ôdLs, úUtùLôiÓGÓdLlTP úYi¥V SPY¥dûLûVj¾oUô²dL ERÜm.

• VôÚûPV ºÚûPÙm AÝdLôLÜmApXÕ úSoj§ CpXôUÛm Es[Rô?

• úRûYVô] ùY°fNm Es[Rô?

• EeLs T¦«Pj§p NlRm ApXÕùYlTm AùNüL¬VjûR EiÓTiÔ¡\Rô?

• áûW JÝÏ¡\Rô?

• T¦Vô[oLs ARtùLuß E¬VCPj§pRôu Nôl©Ó¡\ôoL[ô?

ùNVpT¥ 5 (Step - 5 : SHITSUKE) (Self Discipline)

CRu ùTôÚs "Øû\VôLÜm UtßmJÝdLjÕPàm U²RoLs CÚdLAYoLû[l T«tß®jRp Utßm T«t£ùT\f ùNnRp" GuTRôÏm. (Means "trainingand educating people to be systematic anddisciplined")

T¦Vô[oLû[ AYoL°u ùTôßl×Ls,DÓTôÓ Utßm AYoL°PªÚkÕGu]ùYpXôm G§oTôodLlTÓ¡\Õ GuTÕTt±V ®¯l×QoÜ EûPVYoLs BdÏYÕØd¡VUô]RôÏm.



234

QUALITY

TOOLS

G]úY AYoLû[d Ltßd ùLôs[fùNnYÕm Utßm AYoLÞdÏl T«t£A°lTÕm ØdLVUô] LôW¦VôÏm.CfùNVp T¦«Pj§p JÚLhÓlTôhûPÙm Øû\VôL CÚlTûRÙmùLôiÓ YÚm. CRû]j ùRôPokÕLiLô¦lûTd LhÓlTÓjÕYÕm CÚdLúYiÓm.

GeùLpXôm ANôRôWQUô]ûYLsLôQlTÓ¡\úRô AeùLpXômAlúTôûRdÏl AÕ NmTkRl ThPY¬Pmá\lTP úYiÓm. CÕ T¦Vô[oLû[dLi¥lTôL ®§Øû\Lû[d LûPl©¥jÕ¨ßY]j§u JÝeÏØû\Lû[ LûPl©¥lTûR Eß§ ùNnÙm.

¸úZ RWlThÓs[ ®]ôdLs RtúTôûRV¨XYWj§u ̈ ûXûV A±V EeLû[ ChÓfùNpÛm.

• Regular 5s úNôRû]Ls SPjRlThP]Yô?

• ¨û]îhÓRpLs CpXôUúXúVT¦Vô[oLs ÑjRm ùNnÕ ùLôiÓCÚd¡\ôoL[ô?

• T¦×¬úYôo, ®§Øû\Lû[Ùm UtßmA±ÜûWLû[Ùm LûPl©¥jÕSPd¡\ôoL[ô?

• T¦×¬úYôo ºÚûPLs UtßmTôÕLôl×d LYNeLû[ A¦¡\ôoL[ô?

• T¦×¬úYôo N¬Vô] úSWj§tÏ YkÕáÓ¡\ôoL[ô?

5S-u BRôVeLs (Benefits of 5S)

• T¦«Pm ÑjRUôLÜm, úUmThÓCÚlTRôLÜm Uôß¡\Õ.

• T¦Uû] Utßm AÛYXLl T¦G°RôLÜm Utßm TôÕLôlTô]RôLÜmUôß¡\Õ.

• ®û[ÜLs, JqùYôÚYÚdÏm -

Es°ÚlúTôo Utßm ùY°«pCÚlúTôo Aû]YÚdÏm ùR°YôLjùR¬¡\Õ.

• TôoûYdÏ SuÏ ùR¬Ùm ®û[ÜLs A§L×§V úVôNû]Ls EÚYôYûRúUmTÓjÕ¡\Õ.

• T¦×¬úYôo SpX úUmThPJÝdLjÕPu CÚdL ØVt£d¡\ôoLs.

• T¦Vô[oLs AYoLs T¦«Pj§pYôZj ÕYeÏ¡\ôoLs, AlT¥úVúYûXÙm.

• T¦Vô[oLs AYoL°u ÑjRUô]lT¦«PjûR £k§jÕl ùTÚûUlTÓ¡\ôoLs.

• T¦Vô[oL°u §\ûU úUpúSôd¡EVo¡\Õ.

• A§L U²RoL°u DÓTôÓ A§L¬d¡\Õ.

• T¦dÏ ®Ól× GÓjRp Ïû\¡\Õ.

• RôURm R®odLlTÓ¡\Õ.

• ùR°Yô] GiQeL°u ùNVpTôhûPjçiÓ¡\Õ G]úY ARtÏ úUÛm.

• úVôNû] Utßm TûPlTô°L°u£kRû]Ls EÚYô¡u\].

• RûWlTWl©u úUmThP TVuTôÓ.

• LiÓ ©¥lTRtLô] Øuú]t\j§pÏû\Yô] úYûX

• úYûX SuÏ SPjRp

• Ïû\Yô] ®TjÕ ÅReLs

• CVk§Wm TÝRûPkÕ ¨uß úTôRpÏû\¡\Õ, CVk§WeLs UtßmETLWQeL°u A§Ll TVuTôÓ.

• êXlùTôÚhL°p CÚkÕ A§L EtTj§.

• EVo ùTôÚs RWm.

• A§L¬jR EtTj§ ÅRm.

¸úZ RWlThÓs[ûY úTôu\ ®]ôdLsRtúTôûRV ¨XYWj§tÏ SmûU ChÓfùNpÛm

• Regular 5s úNôRû]Ls SPjRlThP]Yô?

• ¨û]îhÓRpLs CpXôUp U²RoLsRô]ôL ÑjRm ùNn¡\ôoL[ô?

• U²RoLs ®§Øû\Lû[Ùm UtßmA±ÜûWLû[Ùm LûPl©¥d¡\ôoL[ô?

• U²RoLs ºÚûP Utßm TôÕLôl×LYNm N¬YW A¦kÕs[ôoL[ô?

• U²RoLs N¬Vô] úSWj§tÏ YkÕáÓ¡\ôoL[ô?

5D Concept

Sôm 5S concept-Id LûPl©¥dLô®hPôp, 5D-

I HtßdùLôs[j RVôWô¡ú\ôm 5D (5 Devils)



235

QUALITY

TOOLS

• RôURm

• C\eÏm CXôTm

• §Úl§«pXôR Yô¥dûLVô[oLs

• Ïû\TôÓLs

• Su]PjûR Ïû\Ùm T¦Vô[oLs

KAIZEN

JÚYu/JÚj§, AY]Õ/AY[Õ Au\ôPlT¦L°p úUtùLôsÞm £u]f £u]Øuú]t\eLsRôu A¥lTûP«p Kaizen

G]lTÓ¡\Õ. CRu prime motto B]Õ £u]f£u] Øuú]t\eLs ùT¬V BRôVj§tÏSmûU AûZjÕf ùNpÛm GuTRôÏm.

_lTô²V ùUô¯«p,

“KAI” Gu\ôp “ùRôPofó£Vô]“ G]lùTôÚs.

"ZEN" Gu\ôp “Øuú]t\m“ G] AojRm

G]úY “KAIZEN” Gu\ôp “ùRôPof£Vô]Øuú]t\m“ GuTRôL AojRm.

¨ßY]j§p Es[ JqùYôÚY¬uØÝûUVô] DÓTôÓ êXm §]N¬ ùRôPoØuú]t\m ùRô¯p Yô¦T EVo£\l×dLô] §\ÜúLôp BÏm. CÕRôu Total

Quality Organization-u ØRuûU motto BÏm.

Hu ùRôPof£Vô] Øuú]t\m? WhyKaizen?

• Ut\YoLû[ ®g£V ùYp§\uEûPVYoL[ôL CÚlTRtÏ úUmThP¨ûXdÏ Sôm Uô\ úYi¥VÕ AY£VjúRûYVôÏm. G]úY CRtÏùRôPof£Vô] Øuú]t\m AY£Vm

• Sôm Øuú]± SLWô®hPôp, Sôm©uú]ôd¡ SLoúYôm

• Sôm úVô£dÏm §\û]lTVuTÓjRô®hPôp ®XeÏLû[ ®PúUôNUô¡ ®ÓúYôm

• SUÕ úVôNû]Ls ùNVpTÓjRlTÓYûRlTôolTûRd Lôh¥Ûm úYß GÕÜmSUdÏj §Úl§, FdLjûRj RWôÕ

• SUÕ T¦ûV G°RôLÜmTôÕLôlTô]RôLÜm BdÏYRtÏ

• SUÕ Yô¥dLûVô[o úNûYûVúUmTÓj§ SUÕ Yô¥dûLVô[oLû[U¡rÜ\f ùNnYRtÏ

• L¥]UôLl T¦ ×¬VôUp NôÕoVUôLlT¦l×¬YRtÏ

• EtTj§ Utßm RWjûR úUmTÓjR

• ¨ßY] Y[of£ûV AûPYRtÏ

• EXLjRWm YônkRRôL UôßYRtÏ

ùRôPof£Vô] Øuú]t\j§uSuûULs (Benefits of Kaizen)

áhPôLl TX¬u Oô]m GiQt\®û[ÜLû[ ùLôiÓ YÚ¡\Õ

• úYûX A§L G°ûUVô¡\Õ

• LÓûUÙm N≠léhÓYÕUô] GiQmT¦«p CÚkÕ ¿eÏ¡\Õ

• ùRôkRWÜLs úYûX«p CÚkÕ ¿eÏ¡\Õ

• A§Ll TôÕLôl×

• A§L EtTj§ ÅRm

• RWj§u úUmTôÓ

• úSWØm ùNXÜm ªfNUô¡\Õ

• T¦«p Y[m

Vôo ùRôPof£Vô] Øuú]t\jûRHtTÓjR úYiÓm? (Who should do Kaizen?)

JqùYôÚYÚm ¨ßY]j§u®û[lTVàdÏl TeL°l× A°dÏmYûL«p, ¨ßY]m ØÝûU«Ûm Es[JqùYôÚYWôÛm ùRôPo Øuú]t\m(Kaizen) ùNnVlTP úYiÓm.

GeÏ ùNnVlTP úYiÓm? (Where to doKaizen?

Kaizen-I CeùLpXôm ùNnVXôm.

• JÚY¬u ùNôkRl T¦Y[ôLj§úXúV

a YZdLUô] Utßm b YZdLUt\

• ùTôÕYô] ùTôÚjRUô] TÏ§L°p

a EeLÞûPV Õû\«u NUYVÕEûPúVôÚPu Utßm

b ©\ Õû\LÞPu

• Ut\YoL°u T¦Y[ôLj§p

a úLi¼u Utßm b YWúYtTûWØRXô]Yt±p

• JÚYÚûPV R²lThP ùNôkRY[ôLj§p ÅÓ



236

QUALITY

TOOLS

GlúTôÕ ùRôPo Øuú]t\m (Kaizen)

ùNnVlTP úYiÓm?

GlúTôùRpXôm úRûYúVô AlùTôÝÕ,

• JÚ R² STÚdÏ U] Eû[fNp RÚm TÏ§CÚkRôp

• JÚ ¨ßY]j§tÏ Pain area CÚkRôp

• T¦Vôtßm Øû\«p A§Úl§ CÚkRôpAlúTôÕ Kaizen ùNnVlTP úYiÓm.

JÚ R²ST¬u ApXÕ ̈ ßY]j§u pain

area B]Õ ùTÚmTôÛm ¸úZRWlThÓs[ ùTVoL[ôp AûZdLlTÓm3 MU's LôWQUôL CÚdÏm (Individual's ororganization's pain area will be mostly due to the 3MU's namely)

• MURI - U] AÝjRm

• MURA - JußúTôp CpXôûU

• MUDA - ÅQôdÏRp

CûYLs êußm A¯ûYjRÚm RVô¬l×TôYeLs (three mortal manufacturing sins BÏm)

Øuú]t\j§tLô] A¥lTûPLs(Fundamentals of Improvement)

• Øuú]t\eLs RtùNVp ¨LrÜL[ôpYÚYRpX. CÕ Øuú]t\jûR úSôd¡V®¯l×QoÜ ¨ûX«p ùNnVlTÓmØVt£Vôp ®û[YRôÏm. CûR úSôd¡VTVQj§p £X TVàs[ ¾oÜdLô]Ï±l×L[ôY]:

• £ß £ß Øuú]t\eLÞPu ùRôPeLÜm

• SUÕ ©WfNû] CÕ Utßm CÕAYoL°u ©WfNû] ApX Gu\GiQj§p ùRôPeLÜm

.• G°Rô] TÏ§L°p CÚkÕ ùRôPeLÜm

• Øuú]t\eLû[ §]N¬ ¨LrYôLYZdLUôd¡d ùLôsÞeLs

• ÏÝ®u JhÓùUôjR Oô]jûRj ùRôPoØuú]t\j§tÏl TVuTÓjRÜm

• ØVt£ ùNnÕ TôodÏm ØuTôLúY JÚúVôNû]ûV ¨WôL¬dLô¾oLs

• ©WfNû]Lû[ AûPVô[m LôhÓeLsARû] Uû\dLô¾oLs

• T¦ ¨ßjRm LiÓ TVlTPô¾oLs

ùRôPo Øuú]t\l TÏ§Ls (Areas ofKaizen)

ùNXÜ Utßm úSWm Ïû\l×

TôÕLôl×

ÅQôYûRj R®ojRp

EtTj§ÅR A§L¬l×

Nd§ úNL¬l×

Lû[l× ¿dLm

Yô¥dûLVô[o úNûY

RWm úUmTôÓ

System A±ØLm

TôoûYd LhÓlTôÓ Øû\

5S (House Keeping)

RYßLs §ÚmTj §ÚmT ̈ LrYûRj RÓjRpØRXô]ûY

GlT¥j ùRôPo Øuú]t\m ùNnVlTPúYiÓm? (How to do Kaizen?)

ùRôPo Øuú]t\m (Kaizen) ApXÕØuú]t\ ùNVpØû\Ls CWiÓ T¥L[ôL(2 steps BLl) ©¬jÕd ùLôs[Xôm.

1 ©WfNû]Lû[ AûPVô[eLôQp

2 ©WfNû]LÞdÏ ¾oÜd LôQp

©WfNû] GuTÕ “ùTôÕUô§¬«p CÚkÕ®XÏRp“ (“deviation from the standard”) G]YûWVû\ ùNnVlTÓ¡\Õ. CÕ GRû]G§oTôojúRôm Utßm EiûU«p Gu]¨LrkRÕ GuTRtLô] CWiÓdÏmCûP«p Es[ ®j§VôNm BÏm.CRtLô]j ¾oÜ GuTÕ EiûU SPl×dÏmG§oTôol×dÏm CûP«Xô] ®j§VôNjûR¿dÏRp ApXÕ ALtßRp.

©WfNû]ûV AûPVô[eLôQp (ProblemIdentification)

• Gu] ¨Lr¡\Õ GuTûR ØÝûUVôLl×¬kÕùLôsÞRp

• JqùYôÚ ùNVp Utßm JqùYôÚùNV≠u ®û[ûYd úLs® úLhLÜm

• ùTôÕUô§¬ÙPu (standard) Jl©PÜm

• Status quoûY JÚ úTôÕm Jl×dùLôs[ô¾oLs

• G§p A§L A§Úl§ Es[Õ G]lTôodLÜm



237

QUALITY

TOOLS

• GeùLpXôm ©WfNû] CÚdLôÕ Guß¨û]d¡ÈoLú[ô AeúLÙm©WfNû]LÞdLôLl TôodLÜm

• RWj§tLô] ®ûX Utßm ThÓYôPôTiÔRp CYtû\ Yô¥dûLVô[oLiúQôhPj§p CÚkÕ TôodLÜm.

©WfNû]Lû[j ¾ojRp (Problem Solving)

• ©WfNû]ûLû[j ¾olTRtLô]ùNVpT¥Ls CqYôß CÚdL úYiÓm:

• ©WfNû]«u B¦úYûWd LiP±kÕTÏlTônÜ ùNnRp

• úVôNû]Lû[ EÚYôdÏRp

• úVôNû]Lû[j úRokùRÓjRp

• Øuú]t\m

• BRôVeLû[j RdLûYjRp

5’D-Id Ïû\lTRtÏ 5’S (5’S to minimize 5’D)

®Úm×YÕ úYiPôRÕG]l ©¬jRp

Aû]jÕ 5”S”s sequential-pTWôU¬jRp

1st D - RôURm (Delay) - úSWm ®ûWVm

2nd D - TÝÕLs (Defects) - RWm CZl×

3rd D - §Úl§ CpXôR - Yô¥dûLVô[ûW Yô¥dûLVô[o CZjRp (Dissatisfied Customer)

4th D - CXôTm Ïû\Rp - TQm CZl× (Declining profit)

5th D - LhÓlTôPt\ - EtTj§ CZl× T¦Vô[oLs (Demoralised

Employees)

ÑjRm (Cleanliness/shine)

®Úm×YÕ úYiPôRÕG]l ©¬jRp

GpXôYtû\Ùm K¬PmUtßm Aû]jÕm AR]RuCPj§p

standards EPu ùNVpTÓjRlTÓRp

KNOW 5 “S”s To minimise 5 “D”s



238

MODEL

QUESTIONS

1 JÚ ùRô¯p / Yô¦Tm ùRôPeÏYúRôÓNmTkRlThP STo CqYôß AûZdLlTÓ¡\ôo ...................

A ®VôTô¬ (merchant)

B ùRô¯p Øû]úYôo (entrepreneur)

C ùRô¯X§To (business man)

D ®tTû] ̈ oYô¡ (sales executive)

2 ùTôÚ[ôRôW Y[of£«p ùRô¯pØû]úYôo TeÏ CRû] ùNnYÕ ..............

A úYûX«uûUûV EÚYôdÏRp (generateunemployment)

B YôrdûLj RWjûR UkRm BdÏRp.(stagnate standard of living)

C R² STo YÚYôûV A§L¬dLf ùNnRp(improve per capita income)

D UiPX úUmTôh¥u NU ¨ûXûVlTôZôdÏRp (unbalance the regionaldevelopment)

3 JÚ ùTôÚs BÙhLôX ÑZt£ (product life

cycle) (PLC) B]Õ CqYôß ©¬dLlTÓ¡\Õ...............

A 4 ¨ûXLs (4 stages)

B 5 ¨ûXLs (5 stages)

C 3 ¨ûXLs (3 stages)

D 2 ¨ûXLs (2 stages)

4 JÚ RVô¬l× ¨ßY]j§u ¨ûXûVj¾oUô²lTRtÏ GjRûLV ØRÄÓ LY]j§pGÓjÕd ùLôs[lTÓ¡\Õ?

A úYûX êXR]m (Working capital)

B Lh¥Pm Utßm ̈ Xm (Building and land)

C BûX Utßm CVk§Wm (Plant and machinery)

D T¦Vô[oL°u NmT[m (Salary ofemployee)

5 ùRô¯p Øû]úYôÚPu (entrepreneur),

Jl©ÓûL«p, úUXô[o (manager) ............

A ØRXô°VôL CÚd¡\ôo (is a owner)

B ¨ûXVô] YÚUô]jûRd ùLôiÓCÚd¡\ôo (has certain & fixed salary)

C CPoúSW Yônl×m Utßm ¨ûXVt\RuûUÙm úSWXôm Gu\ ¨ûX«pEs[Yo. (assumes risk & uncertainty)

D JÚ ×§V ùRô¯p ØVt£ûVùRôPeÏYûR Ï±dúLô[ôLùLôi¥ÚlTYo (has a motive to start aventure)

6 £ß ùRô¯p Yô¦TjÕPu (small scale

business), Jl©ÓûL«p ùT¬V ùRô¯pYô¦Tj§tÏj (large scale business)þj§tdÏjúRûYlTÓYÕ ..............

A Ïû\Yô] BhLs (less no. of persons)

B Ïû\Yô] êXR]m (less no. of capital)

C A§L Gi¦dûL«Xô] BhLs (moreno. of person)

D £±V CVk§WeLs & LÚ®Ls (smallmachines & tools)

7 MSME GuTÕ CûRd Ï±d¡\Õ........................

A Micro, Scale and Medium Enterprises

B Macro, Small and Medium Enterprise

C Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise

D Minor, Small and Medium Enterprise

8 ®ûWYô] YÚYôn Y[of£dLô] LôXLhPm GkR ¨ûX?

A Y[of£ ¨ûX (Growth stage)

B Ø§okR ¨ûX (Maturity stage)

C N¬Ùm ¨ûX (Decline stage)

D A±ØL LôXm (Introduction stage)

ùRô¯p Øû]úYôo §\uLs Uô§¬ ®]ôdLs

úYûX Yônl×j §\uLs (NSQF) þUô§¬ ®]ôdLs


239

MODEL

QUESTIONS

9 NkûRlTÓjÕúYôo Yô¥dûLVô[ûWfùNu\ûPV GkR Y¯ N¬Vô] Ju\ôÏm?

A RVô¬lTô[o £pXû\ ®tTû]Vô[o ùUôjR ®tTû]Vô[o Yô¥dûLVô[o (Manufacture Retailer Wholesaler Customer)

B RVô¬lTô[o Yô¥dûLVô[o £pXû\ ®tTû]Vô[o (Manufacturer Customer Retailer)

C RVô¬lTô[o £pXû\ ®tTû]Vô[oYô¥dûLVô[o (Manufacturer Retailer

Customer

D RVô¬lTô[o £pXû\ ®tTû]Vô[o Yô¥dûLVô[o ùUôjR®tTû]Vô[o (Manufacturer Retailer Customer Wholesaler)

10 ÖLoúYô¬u YôeÏm TZdLm GkRdLôW¦ûVf NôWôRÕ ?

A YôeÏm TZdLeLs (Buying habits)

B Lp® (Education)

C YôeÏm §\u (Purchasing power)

D YôÝm Øû\ (Living habit)

11 GkR Juß Uû\ØL promotion technique?

A ©WTXlTÓjÕRp (Publicity)

B ®[mTWm (Advertisement)

C LiLôh£ Utßm Uô§¬Ls (Display &Models)

D U²R ùRôPo× (Public relation)

12 GkR Juß 4 P’s of marketing mix þu AeLmApX?

A ùNVp§hPm (Policy)

B ®ûX (Price)

C ùTôÚs (Product)

D CPm (Place)

13 “SWOT” analysis þp “S” GuTÕ ................

A ùYt± (Success)

B TXm (Strength)

C BnÜ ùNnRp (Survey)

D úNûY (Service)

14 GkR ¨ßY]j§p ×§V ùRô¯pØû]úYôoLs AûPVô[m LiP±Rp,úRokùRÓjRp, ùTôÚhLû[j RVô¬dÏmùNnØû\Ls úTôu\ TX TÏ§L°pERYlTÓ¡\ôoLs?

A SIDO

B NSIC

C MSME - DIs

D SIDBI

15 Micro credit scheme B]Õ CRtLpX .................

A £ß/ Ïßk ùRô¯tNôûX (tiny/collageindustry)

B ®YNôVm Utßm AÕ NôokR úNûYLs(agricultural and allied services)

C úTôdÏYWjÕ©¬Ü/ Õû\ ùNVpLs(transport sector activity)

D BWônf£ Utßm úUmTôÓ ùNVpTôÓLs (research & development activity)

16 SIDO GuTRu ®¬YôdLm ..................

A Small Industries Development Organization

B Small Income Development Organization

C Small Investment Development Organization

D Standard Industry Development Organization

17 GkR Juß ùNVXôdLj§u YûL ApX?

A Market feasibility

B Technical feasibility

C Educational feasibility

D Financial feasibility

18 ¨WkRW êXR]m B]Õ CqYôßmA±VlTÓ¡\Õ .....................

A ¿iP LôX êXR]m (long term capital)

B Ïß¡V LôX êXR]m (short term capital)

C ÑZÛm êXR]m (revolving capital)

D úYûX êXR]m (working capital)

19 SWOT analysis þp GkR ú_ô¥ ER®LWUô]Õ?

A TXm , TXÅ]m (Strengths, Weaknesses)

B TXm, NkRolTeLs (Strengths, Opportunities)

C AfÑßjRpLs, TXÅ]eLs (Threats,Weaknesses)

D AfÑßjRpLs, NkRolTeLs (Threats,Opportunities)




240

MODEL

QUESTIONS

20 Paid form of ideas, ùTôÚhLs UtßmúNûYLs CqYôß AûZdLlTÓ¡u\].............

A ©WTXlTÓjÕRp (publicity)

B good will

C U²Rj ùRôPo× (public relation)

D ®[mTWm (advertisement)

1 EtTj§ ÅRm (Productivity) B]Õ CRuÅRUôL YûWVû\ ùNnVlTÓ¡\Õ .................

A CXôTj§tÏm EsÇÓdÏm (profit to input)

B EsÇÓdÏm ®û[lTVàdÏm (input tooutput)

C ®û[lTVàdÏm EsÇÓdÏm (output toinput)

D CXôTj§tÏm ®û[lTVàdÏm (profit tooutput)

2 GDP GuTRu ®¬YôdLm ...............

A Gross Domestic Product

B Gross Domestic Property

C Ground Domestic Product

D Ground Domestic Property

3 ¸rLiPYt±p GkR Juß NOT an objectiveof incentive?

A úUmThP RWm (Improved quality)

B EtTj§dLô] A§L ùNXÜ (High cost ofproduction)

C EVokR ®û[ TVu (High output)

D Ïû\dLlThP L¯Ü (Reduced waste)

4 T¦fãZÛdLô] YûLL°p GkR JußNOT a productive benefit ?

A TôÕLôlTô] ̈ XYWm (Safer condition)

B úUmThP Lôt±u RWm (Improved air quality)

C úUmThP ùY°fNm (Improved lighting)

D A§LUô] CûWfNp/ J≠ (Increased noise)

5 Rô²Ve¡UôdL≠u ¾ûULs Gu]?

A A§L¬dÏm (Increased) through put

B A§L¬dÏm (Increased) output consistency

C T¦Vô[oL°u NmT[ Ïû\l× (Reducedlabour cost)

D TôÕLôl× AfÑßjRpLs (Security threats)

6 ¨§ Nôo× FdL F§Vm (Financial incentives)

GuTÕ ClT¥Ùm A±VlTÓ¡\Õ ...............

A á≠ FdL F§Vm (wage incentives)

B RôoªL FdL F§Vm (moral incentives)

C TVQlT¥ FdL F§Vm (travel incentive)

D TQªpXô Ae¸LôWm (non cash recognition)

7 GDP B]Õ CqYôß YûWVû\ùNnVlTÓ¡\Õ “GDP = C + G + 1 + NX” C§p

NX = ...............................

A C\dÏU§ þ HtßU§ (imports - exports)

B HtßU§ þ C\dÏU§ (exports - imports)

C C\dÏU§ + HtßU§ (import + export)

D HtßU§ (export)

8 JÚ CVk§WUô]Õ, JÚ T¦ Sô°p 10Gi¦dûLLs (10 pieces per working day) G]EtTj§ ùNnYRôL CÚkRôp, úUmThPùYhÓ°L°u TVuTôh¥u êXm AúRúSWj§p ®û[ TVu (output) 15 pieces BLA§L¬jRôp AkR CVk§Wj§u EtTj§ÅR A§L¬l× ..........

A 10%

B 15%

C 50%

D 25%

EtTj§ ÅRm Uô§¬ ®]ôdLs




241

MODEL

QUESTIONS

9 ATM GuTRu ®¬YôdLm .................

A Automated Tune Machine

B Automated Teller Machine

C Asynchronous Teller Machine

D Asynchronous Time Machine

10 Rô²VeLUôdL≠u (automation) SuûULsGu]?

A Ïû\Ùm EtTj§ úSWm (Reduced OperationTime)

B A§L BWmT ®ûX (High Initial Cost)

C ë¡dL Ø¥VôR Y[of£«u ®ûX(Unpredictable Development Cost)

D TôÕLôl× AfÑßjRpLs (Security Threats)

11 Ïû\Yô] EtTj§ ÅRm (Low productivity) ......þdÏ Y¯ YÏdÏm ..................

A T¦l TôÕLôl× (job security)

B AW£Vp ¨ûXjRuûU (political stability)

C decrease in GDP per capita

D increase in GDP per capita

12 ¸rLiPYt±p GkR Juß NOT a category ofpure risk?

A ùNôjÕ BTjÕ (Property risk)

B ùRô¯p ÖhT BTjÕ (Technology risk)

C ùTôßl× BTjÕ (Liability risk)

D R² STo BTjÕ (Personnel risk)

13 ATM, þIl TVuTÓjÕm úTôÕ ùUnVô]ÕUtßm úTô≠ CpXôRÕ G] BRôWmLôhP Yô¥dûLVô[Wôp RWlTÓYÕ EhùNpYÕ ..................

A cash

B IFSC

C PIN

D KYC

14 TQjûR TôÕLôdL TôÕLôlTô] CPm..................

A cash machine

B cash vault

C cash processing zone

D cash handling zone

15 KYC GuTRu ®¬YôdLm ..................

A Know Your Customer

B Know Youth Creditors

C Kid and Young Customer

D Know Your Cash

16 ¸rLiP BYQeL°p GkR Juß NOTacceptable for fulfillment of KYC norms?

A YôdLô[o AûPVô[ AhûP (Voter IDcard)

B ÏÓmT AhûP (Ration card)

C CÚl©P Nôuß (Residential certificate)

D YÚUô] Nôu±Rr (Income certificate)

EtTj§ ÅRm Uô§¬ ®]ôdLs

OSH & Ñtßf ãZp Lp® Uô§¬ ®]ôdLs

1 ùRô¯p Nôo× BúWôd¡Vm UtßmTôÕLôl©p GkRd LôW¦NmTkRªpXôRÕ?

A TôÕLôl× (Safety)

B BúWôd¡Vm (Health)

C SXm (Welfare)

D NmT[m (Salary)

2 A§oÜ (Vibration) Utßm L§oÅfÑ (radiations)come under ..................

A CWôNV] ATôVeLs (chemical hazards)

B EPpNôo ATôVeLs (physical hazards)

C ªuNôW ATôVeLs (electrical hazards)

D U]m NôokR ATôVeLs(psychologicalhazards)



242

MODEL

QUESTIONS

3 ¾VAûQl× Øû\«p (fire fighting method)

‘Starvation” GuTÕ ...........

A Bd³_u Ïû\jRp (limitation of oxygen)

B Ri½o FtßRp (pouring water)

C G¬ùTôÚû[ ¿dÏRp(elemination of fuel)

D ùYlT¨ûXûVd Ïû\jRp (reduction oftemperature)

4 RûX TôÕLôl× CRu êXmùNnVlTÓ¡\Õ ..................

A RûXd LYNm (helmet)

B TôÕLôl×d LiQô¥ (goggles)

C ûLÙû\Ls (gloves)

D ØLê¥ (mask)

5 úYûX«p TôÕLôlTt\ ̈ ûXûU GuTÕ....................

A GiùQn úRônkR RûW (oily floor)

B SpX ùY°fNm (good light)

C N¬Vô] LÚ® (proper tool)

D úTôÕUô] Lôtú\ôhPm (adequateventilation)

6 Electrical sources þBp HtThP ¾ûV AûQdLClass C fire extinguisher uses .......................

A Ri½o (water)

B LôoTu ûP Bdû^Ó (carbon dioxide)

C EXo ùTô¥ (dry powder)

D ÖûW (foam)

7 CPo úUXôiûU«p (Risk management)þpEs[PeÏYÕ (involves) .....................

A CPo Yônl×Lû[ AûPVô[e LôQp

B CPo úUXôiûUl T¦dLôL JÚT¦Vô[ûW úYûXdÏ AUojRp

C Aû]jÕl T¦«P ATôVeLû[Ùm¿dÏRp

D CPo YônlûT AûPVô[eLiÓ,U§l©hÓ ARû] ¿dÏRp

8 ¸rdLiPYt±p GÕ an ergonomic hazard

CpûX ?

A ºWt\ ̈ ûX (Awkward position)

B ÑjRUt\ Y[ôLm (Poor house keeping)

C EQof£d ùLôkR°l×Ls (Emotionaldisturbances)

D CVk§WeL°u RY\ô] YûWTPm (Wronglayout of machinery)

9 ØRÛR®«p ABC GuTÕ .................... þIdÏ±d¡\Õ

A Air way, Bleeding and Circulation

B Air way, Breathing and Circulation

C Airway, Bleeding and Compression

D Airway, Breathing and Compression

10 GRû] JÚ úTôÕm ¾dLôVj§pCPdáPôÕ?

A Oil

B Water

C Damped cloth

D Dry sterile dressing

11 EQÜdLôL úSW¥VôLúYô ApXÕUû\ØLUôLúYô TfûNj RôYWeLû[fNôok§ÚdÏm organisms .......... CqYôßAûZdLlTÓ¡\Õ

A abiotic

B producer

C consumer

D decomposer

12 CFC GuTRu ®¬YôdLm Gu]?

A Chloro Fluro Carbons

B Carbon Fibre Composite

C Cold Fusion Component

D Chlorine Fibre Carbons

13 ¨XSÓdLjûR A[dÏm LÚ® CqYôßAûZdLlTÓ¡\Õ ....................

A telegraph

B seismograph

C oscillograph

D bargraph




243

MODEL

QUESTIONS


14 ¸rdLiPYt±p GkR Juß U²R]ôpEÚYô] ATôVm?

A ¨XfN¬Ü (Landslide)

B ×Vp (Cyclone)

C G¬UûX (Volcano)

D ¨XSÓdLm (Earth quake)

15 ×Õl©dL Ø¥VôR (non-renewable) energy GkRJuß?

A ã¬V Nd§ (Solar)

B Lôtß (Wind)

C ¨XdL¬ (Coal)

D UûZ (Rain)

16 ¸rLiPYt±p GkR Juß 3 R’þuAeLUpX?

A Reduce

B Recycle

C Regenerate

D Reuse

17 Ozone AÓdÏ GR]ôp EÚYô]Õ....................

A JÚ Bd³_u atom (O)

B CWiÓ Bd³_u atoms (O2)

C êuß Bd³_u atoms (O3)

D SôuÏ Bd³_u atoms (O4)

18 ¸úZ EQÜ E\ÜØû\ CqYôßAûZdLlTÓ¡\Õ ..................

“Grass Deer Lion Decomposer”

A EQÜ YûX (food web)

B EQÜ Ne¡≠ (food chain)

C EQÜ Øû\ (food process)

D EQÜ ©WªÓ (food pyramid)

19 Water cycle þp ¿Wô®Vô]Õ ¿oÕ°VôLUôßYÕ CqYôß AûZdLlTÓ¡\Õ..............

A B®VôRp (evaporation)

B Ï°o®jRp (condensation)

C RôYWeL°u ¿oU ùY°úVt\m(transpiration)

D JÚ §WYj§p CÚkÕ §PlùTôÚs©¬jùRÓdÏm úY§«Vp ùNVpØû\(precipitation)

20 Ri½o úRe¡ ¨tTRtLô] ERôWQm...............

A H¬ (lake)

B £ß S§/ KûP (stream)

C Bß (river)

D LôpYôn (canal)

21 Pre-chlorination Øû\ ¸rLiP GkRÑj§L¬l©p ETúVôLlTÓjRlTÓ¡\Õ...............

A L¯Ü¿o Ñj§L¬l× (Sewage treatment)

B ùLô§LXu¿o Ñj§L¬l× (Boiler watertreatment)

C Ï¥¿o Ñj§L¬l× (Drinking water treatment)

D ùRô¯XL¿o Ñj§L¬l× (Industrial watertreatment)

22 Ï¥«Úl×L°p ÕûYdL, L¯l©Pm ÑjRmùNnV Ïû\kR A[Ü ¿ûW TVuTÓjÕYÕ............... u ¸r YÚ¡\Õ.

A ùRô¯XL ¿o úNªl× (Industrial waterconservation)

B ®YNôV ¿o úNªl× (Agricultural waterconservation)

C SLo×\ ¿o úNªl× (Urban water conservation)

D ªuNôW ùLô§LXu ¿o úNªl× (ThermalElectrical water conservation )



244

MODEL

QUESTIONS

ùRô¯Xô[o SXf NhPeLs Uô§¬ ®]ôdLs

1 Factories Act þu ¸r ùRô¯Xô[oL°u YôWúYûX úSWm CRtÏ A§LUôL CÚdLdáPôÕ .................

A 60 hours

B 50 hours

C 48 hours

D 40 hours

2 Factories act, 1948 þu T¥ T¦Vô[oLsGi¦dûL CRtÏ úU≠ÚkRôp canteen

CÚdL úYiÓm ................

A 100

B 250

C 500

D 1000

3 GlúTôÕ Apprentice Act SûPØû\lTÓjRlThPÕ?

A 1948

B 1961

C 1928

D 1950

4 ILO GuTRu ®¬YôdLm Gu] ?

A International Labour Organization

B Indian Labour Organization

C Indian Labour Occupation

D International Labour Occupation

5 ¸rLiPYt±p GkRj ùRôûL NmT[ThÓYôPô NhPj§u ¸r úNojÕdùLôs[lTÓY§pûX?

A Dearness allowance

B Medical allowance

C City compensation allowance

D Any bonus amount

6 NhPj§u GkR scheme T¦Vô[oLÞdLô]BúWôd¡Vd LôlÀhÓj úRûYLû[RÚ¡\Õ ?

A Factories Act

B Plantation Labour Act

C Employee’s Compensation Act

D Employee’s State Insurance Act

7 GkR JÚ ¨Lr®p 55 YVûR AûPÙmØu]o EPF þI withdrawal ùNnV CVXôÕ?

A JÚ Õû\«p CÚkÕ AÓjR Õû\dÏUôßRp BRp

B T¦«p CÚkÕ ¿dLUôÏm úSWm

C ùUôjRUô] CVXôûU/F]mLôWQUôL T¦«p CÚkÕ KnÜ ùTßmúSWm.

D ¨Wk§WUôL ©\ SôÓLÞdÏdÏ¥ùTVoRp LôWQUôL LQdÏ ¾odL.

8 ESI Act CkR T¦Vô[oLÞdÏl ùTôÚkRôÕ.........

A warehouse employees

B members in armed force

C residential hotel employees

D printing establishment employees

9 EPF Act, 1962 þu T¥ A¥lTûPf NmT[j§pCÚkÕ, ùRô¯Xô[o TeL°lTô]ÕÏû\kRThNm GjRû] NRÅRm?

A 8.5%

B 9.0%

C 12.0%

D 12.5%

10 T¦Vô[o CZlÀhÓf NhPm(Workmen

compensation act) GlúTôÕ ùNVpTÓjRlThPÕ?

A 1924

B 1948

C 1968

D 1973

11 240 T¦ SôhLs úYûX ùNnRùTiU¦dÏ ùRô¯Xô[o NhPj§u T¥JÚ YÚPj§tÏ GjRû] ®Ól× SôhLs¡ûPdÏm.

A 12

B 15

C 10

D 20



245

MODEL

QUESTIONS

12 C§p GkR NhPm JÚ ùRô¯Xô° úTWmúTÑm Nd§Vtß ÑWiPÛdÏ EhTP Y¯YÏdÏm.

A T«t£Vô[o NhPm

B ùRô¯Xô[o LôlÀÓ NhPm

C NmT[ NhPm 1936

D Ïû\kRThN NmT[ ©p

5 Fishbone chart B]Õ CqYôßmAûZdLlTÓ¡\Õ.......................

A cause and effect diagram

B scatter diagram

C control chart

D histogram

6 QMS GuTRu ®¬YôdLm .........................

A Quality Management Standard

B Quality Measurement Standard

C Quality Measurement System

D Quality Management System

7 Quality circle þu Utù\ôÚ ùTVo .................

A ùT¬V ÏÝ (large group)

B RWd ÏÝ(standard group)

C EtTj§ÅR YhPm (productivity circle)

D ùRô¯pØû]úYôo YhPm (entrepreneurcircle)

8 ISO þ®u RûXûUVLm CÚlTÕ ......................

A £h² (Bv§úW -Vô) Sydney (Australia)

B ù_²Yô (v®hNoXôkÕ )(Geneva(Switzerland)

C L≠úTôo²Vô (AùU¬dLô) (California)(USA)

D XiPu (London (UK)

9 Popular quality tools þu ùUôjR Gi¦dûL...............

A 9

B 8

C 7

D 6


ùRô¯Xô[o SXf NhPeLs Uô§¬ ®]ôdLs

RWUô] LÚ®Ls Uô§¬ ®]ôdLs

1 ISO B]Õ RWm (Q) þûY in terms of ùNVpTôÓ(performance) (P) Utßm G§oTôol× (expectation)

(E) BL CqYôß ............. YûWVû\ ùNn¡\Õ

A E×P=Q

BE

P=Q

CP

E=Q

DP

E-P=Q

2 “Pareto Diagram” quality tool þuùNVpØû\Vô]Õ ..........

A ©WfNû] TWlûTd Ïû\dL

B ®TWm úNL¬jRûX G°RôdL

C ©WfNû]dLô] LôW¦Lû[U§l©ÓRp

D T¡oUô] Y¥ûYd Ï±l©ÓRp

3 “KAIZEN” means ......................

A ÑV LhÓlTôÓ/ JÝdLm (self discipline)

B ØuRÓl×l TWôU¬l× (preventivemaintenance)

C ©¬jRp (sorting out)

D ùRôPo Øuú]t\m (continuous improvement)

4 In PDCA cycle þp “P” GuTÕ GûRd Ï±d¡\Õ.................

A ùNnØû\ (process)

B §hPm (plan)

C ©WfNû] (problem)

D ùNnØû\(procedure)


246

MODEL

QUESTIONS

10 “SERI” GuTÕ GRû]d Ï±d¡\Õ?

A ©¬jRp (Sorting out)

B ÑV JÝdLm (Self discipline)

C RW ̈ oQVm (Standardization)

D JÝeÏØû\Vô] HtTôÓLs (Systematicarrangement)

11 “Waste” Gu\ ùNôp≠tÏ TVuTÓjRlTÓmùTVo Gu]?

A MUDA

B MURA

C MURI

D MUSA

12 ISO 9001 registration þp Cß§Vô] ùNVp Øû\Gu]?

A Correctness & Prevention action

B Management review meeting

C Internal audit

D Certification & Audit

13 Quality guru “Dr. J.M. Juran” RWjûR CqYôß®Y¬jRôo ........

A RWm GuTÕ ETúVô¡lTRtÏ RÏ§VôLEs[Õ.

B RWm GuTÕ TQj§tLô] U§l×

C Yô¥dûLVô[¬u úRûYûV RWUô]ÕCXdLôL ûYjÕd ùLôs[ úYiÓm.

D úRûYûVd Lf£RUôL éoj§ ùNnYÕRWm.

14 ¸rLiPYt±p GÕ RWj§tLô] Ti×ApX?

A Y¥YûUl× ×jRLm (Quality of design)

B CQdLUt\ RWm (Quality of non-conformance)

C RW Ej§WYôRm (Quality of assurance)

D RWdLhÓlTôÓ (Quality of control)

15 PDCA þu AojRm Gu] .....................

A Plan, Develop, Control, Act

B Plan, Do, Check, Act

C Plan, Develop, Check, Act

D Plan, Do, Control, Act

RWUô] LÚ®Ls Uô§¬ ®]ôdLs

16 In house keeping 5S concept þp GkR ‘S’cleanliness

‘ I‘ Ï±d¡\Õ .....................

A SEIRI

B SEITON

C SEISO

D SHITSUKE

17 “A place for everything and everything in its place” þGu\ ùNôpXôdLm 5S concept þp GkR ‘S’ þIÏ±d¡\Õ .....................

A SEIRI

B SEITON

C SEISO

D SHITSUKE

18 ISO-9001 PôdÏùUuh Øû\«p, GÕØRp¨ûX PôdÏùUuh?

A RW ùNVpØû\Ls (Quality procedures)

B RWdûLúVÓ (Quality manual)

C úYûXdLô] A±ÜßjRpLs (Workinstruction)

D T§ÜLs (Records)

19 ‘QUALITY’ GuTRtÏ TX ®[dLeLsCÚkRôÛm SÅ] (RtúTôûRV )

úRûYL°u A¥lTûP«p ARuLÚjÕÚYm CqYôß ®[dLm A°d¡\Õ?

A To produce as per standared specification

B To produce a component with a durability

C To achieve customer satisfaction

D To produce a component at cheaper cost

20 ISO-9001 þp overall quality improvement- dÏ ChÓfùNpÛm Ød¡VUô] LôW¦ GÕ?

A Quality audit and MRM for effectingimplementation of QMS

B JÚ ùTôÚ°u Y¥YjRWjûREVojÕYÕ (Improving product design)

C ùRô¯Xô°«u ùRô¯p§\û]EVojÕYÕ (Improving skill)

D CVk§WeL°u RWj§û] EVojÕYÕ(Improving machinery)



247

MODEL

QUESTIONS

OSH & Ñtßf ãZp Lp® OSH & EnvironmentEducation

1 D 2 B 3 C 4 A

5 A 6 B 7 D 8 C

9 B 10 A 11 C 12 A

13 B 14 A 15 C 16 C

17 C 18 B 19 B 20 A

21 C 22 C

ùRô¯p Øû]úYôo §\uLs (Entrepre-neurship)

1 B 2 C 3 A 4 C

5 B 6 C 7 C 8 A

9 C 10 B 11 D 12 A

13 B 14 C 15 D 16 A

17 C 18 A 19 B 20 D

EtTj§ ÅRm (Productivity)

1 C 2 A 3 B 4 D

5 D 6 A 7 B 8 C

9 B 10 A 11 C 12 B

13 C 14 B 15 A 16 D

ùRô¯Xô[o SXf NhPeLs (Labour Wel-fare Legislation)

1 C 2 B 3 B 4 A

5 D 6 C 7 A 8 B

9 C 10 A 11 A 12 C

RWUô] LÚ®Ls(Quality Tools)

1 B 2 A 3 D 4 B

5 A 6 D 7 C 8 B

9 C 10 A 11 A 12 D

13 A 14 B 15 B 16 C

17 B 18 B 19 C 20 A

®]ôdLÞdLô] ®ûPLs (Key to Questions)

