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Undercurrents 47 September-October 1981 1 Eddies: News from everywhere 5 What’s What & What’s When 7 Give Trees a Chance Why forests matter 8 The Chain Saw Massacre ~ Herbie Girardet Just how serious is the problem? 9 Trees Please! - Robert Hart: What’s more, they can help to feed us 11 Breath of Life - George Breuer: All about carbon dioxide levels 12 To Tree or Not to Tree? - Janet Stewart: The low-down on Britain’s forestry policy 14 Green Deserts - David Mulligan: Why Suffolk people are helping with Sudanese tree-plant-ing 16 In Defence of Forest People In Amazonia: a way of life is disappearing 18 Hug the Trees to Save Them - Bharat Dogra: A report on the Indian Chipko movement 21 Everyone a Loser - John Middleton: Don’t be fooled - nuclear war’s a killer 23 But is it Therapy? The art of curing the mentally ill 25 Letters: Views from everywhere 26 Reviews 30 Small Ads 32 Back Numbers and Sub Form __________________________________________________________________________________________

Published every two months by Undercurrents Ltd, 27 Clerkenwell Close, London EC1R OAT. Full details of editorial meetings, distribution, etc. are on page 31. ISSN 0306 2392 __________________________________________________________________________________________

Read All About It ... YOU MAY have been wondering what has been happening to your favourite mag: this issue is an economy size 36-pager and we’re late for the first time in five years. We have been undergoing a crisis, financial and other-wise, which led to proposals (now rejected) that we become a glossy science and technology magazine (with management hierarchy thrown in).

We rejected the offer because we feel there is a continuing need to cover the issues that Undercurrents has been covering, and to do so more thoroughly. We have decided, therefore, to relaunch as a monthly from the Novem-ber issue (in fact ten times a year, with a break at Xmas and mid-summer}, This will enable us to have up-to-date News and Events pages among other advantages.

We hope to live up to the Big Red Diary comment that Undercurrents is “The central source of information on radical alternatives” by expanding the events and contacts section, and printing more articles on what is happen-ing on the alternative scene abroad. We will continue to bring you vital information on nuclear politics weap-ons, counterculture, the state, radical science, experiments in lifestyles and working, weirdness, sexual politics, humour, co-operatives and practical alternatives to the drift to either 1984 or destruction.

But to do this we need your help, editorial contributions, subscriptions and donations. (As little as one pound from each of our readers would put us on a firm footing for a long time to come.) __________________________________________________________________________________________

Undercurrents 47

ALL+ WDERCURRE~^TS, 'the magdue of radical technology (coops, ant% L"m.J nuke agitation, socially useful work, windmills, wholefoods, eeoiofy, ley- lines, and lots more), is in fuuncial trouble. Earlier this month the-ool-

YOU MAY have been wondering what has been happening to your favourite mag: this issue is an economy size 36-pager and we're late for the first time in five year*. We have beeA undergoing a crisis, financial and otherwise, WMch led to proposals (now rejected) that we become a glossy science and technology magazine (with management hierarchy thrown in).

We rejected the offer because we feel there is a continuing need to cover the issues that Undemirents has been covering, and to do so more thoroughly. We have decided, therefore, to relaunch a* a monthly from the November issue (in fact ten times a year, with a break at Xmas and mid-summer). This will enable us to have up-to-date News and Events pages among other advantagas.

We hone to I'M w to the B/q Rffd Dim comment that ~ndbcurrents is ' T h e ~ r a l source of information on radical altedtathm" by expanding the events and contact* tectloh, and printing more articles on what is hfRMMlhingon the alternative scene abroad.

We will continue to bring you vital infor- matron on nuclear politics weapons, counter- culture, the state, radical science, experiments in lifestyles and working, wiardness, saxud politics, humour, co-operatives and practical abmtiives to the drift to either 1984 or destruction.

But to do this we need your help, editorial contributions, subscriptions and donations. (As little as one pound from each of our readers would put us on a firm footing for a long time to come.)

AEA out of Luxulyan A QUIET CORNISH village ha* becorn* abttlafidd w u a propod nudar mctor. Wi opposkiin has breed Electricity Board t f m p t s to tut rocks and take mmdm in afemna if Luxulvn ihould b* the site for the k w nuclear p&r itat& W e s t Luxulyan, one of five sitn being nwigated for the power nation and the only one not vet wrvoyed is between St. f u l f i l end Bodmin, largely ~ntouched by tourism. In the spring of this year some 20 farmus in the a r c à ‘ r liven notice that the Central Electricity Generating Board intended to test drill on their tend On* farmm, Rex SÑrla refusd them entry onto his Farm and dug trenches in front i f gates to prevent them mtering. This action brought him a High Court injunction, preventing him from obstructing them in any way.

When a drilling rig arrived to start the survey on May 13, members of Luxulyan A@lnn Nuclear Developnwnt (LAND) pmvanted the rig from mtWIng Rex Swrleç farm by lyinf urtdtr tha wheels as it backed info l field. The rig operaton tried to drill in this petition (%of the wrythroughagite).b*à they lowered the drillpççt> (MM apdu undw the d- bit d p r m n t e d the drill from mHring the ground. for the next two wMkà people chained t h e m d m to the drill. Ing rig day and night, but thon 32 of these people also received High Court injunction*. After this the tool group decided to ibtndqn the <if, à they didn't want to break the tawand wanted to leave on their own twms. However, when the contracton urivd the next morning they found that another group had taken over tho occupation.

Recently the CEGB hes tried to fore* the police to and the protest through the High Court.

I be bum in the South

Thls requast was thrown out by the Judge* n the occupation is completely legal, and thus them ore no miongbla grounds on which to ( ~ v e wch an order.

The Luxulyan people em lucky n the CEGB don not yet awn the tend (unlike tome^ and Sizewell, where they do), ~ n d until they hm t a h their last core ample they are nry unlikely compulunrily to purchase the land. Until this happens, they willnot be ebb to evict the protetw,

Moreover, the villaoft TO hoping to take action under a 16th century Stannary (Cornish Parliament) taw which allows Cornish tin minors to reject Britiih commercial lain. The villager! amphasha they am not making an altwtmtiva site -they am opposed to nudear power anywhere. Apparently the CEGB, f lx ia to a nun, hive been (hocked by the number of middle-elm women throwing thamives into mud and chaining themclm to the drills.

In o r d ~ t o keepthe occupation going, mom luwort is needed. Go down to the &a if you cm - camping faci l i t i i am mi labb - or lid Itters of support bi thou on the site. Donations to site funds are also appreciated. Thç~ should be sent to The Peoples Anti- Nuclear Ciimin, Lowar Menadua Farm, Luxulyan, Cornwall.

Co-op coup THE CO-OPERATIVE mow. mant has thrown its might and mources behind the Town & Country Planning Anocion's 'New Communlttes Project', the proms81 to nublish a -If- wfficbnt ecologically sound Third Gankn Cii. The TCPA now hopes that Co-op involvement cm be dÈBcu to helping the creation of en inner city test sift; to'Oortiptermnt tho proposed iwrtwIBfc1 (hà ot Telford, SHKxXhIm.

MeanwhileIMiGMIMftBWh Group hes pro- draft' proms81 for its sit: in Milton Kwnw for wbminlon to t h e Development Capomtion MP'1 approval.

SUCCeSS FOR tho lonç-<t*ndln ampi-n to ban killing of tpwm w l w l ~ . At tho tnttrnnion~l whfllmfContBrenc* 0 zwo guofWiMtlblittwddth( .

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Undercurrents 47 , * S '

AUSTRALIA: The Government has announced firm contracts for the sale of some 55,000 tom of uranium worth don to £2bn Deputy Prime Minister Doug Anthony also announced that Australia was likely to be producing its own enriched

. uranium for sale abroad by 1990.

USA: A S40m l a w i t has been f ihd against the Denwr-baad Suwahenna Corporetlon. The Brafford family seek* dimagm for injuries suffered while they were expo@ to radiation and radon gas from the Corporation's uranium mill tailings under- neath their home in South Dakota Uranium corporations h i m abandoned wer 27m tons of tailings, which haw çubsequentl been used by butlders as cheap landfill for hornes of Indian

I Island ~ressing,-reported in UC46 cornea "Nuclear Casual Tea", a new tea flavour from Tredition- als Tea Co., based in Northern- California. Ad* for the tea urge people to drink It when the nuclear (cene looks glum and 'your own cooling system it about to mrtt down'. Profit! from the tea are going to grm- roots anti-nuclear campaigns in thi US, Contact group: So No Mae Atomics, 883G Sonoma Avenue, Santa Ron,CA 96401, USA.

FRANCE: In the weke of S o c i lit election victories, plans for a reactor at Ptegoff and for anny bases in the Lam, two mntrovrelal caun, haw b u n dropped. But anti-nuclear wows ire alleging that other protects are going ahead, despite Minerand's alaction pledge for a morator- ium until a referendum could be held. Construction at the Panly plant in Normandy h i Bone ahead, end anti-nuclear groups in Rouen am still pressing for plansfor expanding Cw LS Hague, the French Wind- (cola, to be dropped. However, Gowrnnrum (pending on r- able energy source8 has b u n i n c r d , ¥imi~Wt get 6% of requirements from renevbles by 1990.

SWEDEN: An intametionel m n f m n o on Kid rein hi

Taking the Michael

off - albeit unpaid - t o work on the corporate plan campaign and related union activities.

The current attack on Cooley follow a win of earlier Mu- ments of combine members. So far all have been beaten off by shop floor pressure. But this time the company apparently means business.

On no account should m y reader write co-h at this bit of industrial btood-l~ttina to

LUCAS AEROSPACE mamgement haw sacked Mike Cooley, a leading member of the Lucas Aerospace Combine Shop SteweMs Committee - pioneers of the Lucas Alternative Corporate Plan. With Lucas Aorospece now in an expansive mood - thanks to the post detente defame boom - they dearly want to be rid of 'trouble- makers' like Cooley, with their irrelevant ideas like diversifying away from arnn to lodally u d u l products.

of fos. -- - - - , when clean technologies are umd. Thow prwuit, rep r~n t ing 30 organisations from Europe, US and Canada, also saw energy conservation end fenewabtes as a major means of controlling acid air pollution. Trans-nttional pollution is particularly affecting Scandinavia, and Canada; Britain. with the tall stacks prescribed by

Coolay's twelve weeks notice expires in mid August - but T A S ~ - the union of which he was once vice-president - is fighting for his reinstatement.

The company's official reason for this vendetta is that Cooley has bun taking too much time

automatic shutdown system of a real reactor.. .Scout* who complete the project (without laughing?) w n an Atomic Power Muit BOW.

Blvth or comoanV boss, G. Messervy. at Lucas headquarters in Kings Street, Birmingham.

More information from CAITS, North East London h l y , Lonabrlda~ Road. &yenham, Essex.

NAIROBI: August 0 mas the optnina of the UN Confçrenc on New 6 RenÑMbl lourea of Enway (UNCNRSE), taking

the Clean Air Acts, is a chief I PIK* aminst the b~~&ound of a w r c e of pollution for Swedw. crisis shortagà of firewood.

Preparatory maun have W. GERMANY: Forces am emph8lisç the need for funds for a fight centring on Diemelttadt to help poor countria develop and Volkmsnen, two vlllagw rennbl* energy forms. We near KamI In Hessen, where the hope to hç report* of the Garman Repromsing Company conference in future UCB (DWK) wants to build a 350 ton1

nprocBÑin Plmt. AlrMdy, DENMARK: The C U M Gwrn- with the announcenmnt, mwit^çprn*nfdepl*nta ¥cotogist took 41.6% of the uecting 3000 luge (630mwI vote In the çr in local electiont, windmill& aimed u applying collecting 5out of 31 milable 16% of elactrial dfnwnd by seats. A large dnnonstratlon 1995,whçntheycouldb . is planned for AugunISepumbor complfd. ~ h b h b e l w t o at which up to 100,000 am b* thà f ktt d f l l e d nudy by expected. any govwnment looking m whm

ach 8 large number of windmilb USA: The nuclear indurn has could b* lifd. enlisted the Boy Scoutt of America in its propagandl Campaign. The new Boy Scouts Merit Badge USA: Ruponding to infm* book contains a faction called publb prsnure, the Attorney "Atomic Power fa Paece", General of New Mexico State which includes tttp-bv-ttep is taking legal action against instructions on how to build Federal Departments of EWW eÈnodÈInu~e power plant and Interior over the Wit* outofçfarg J~tÈcm two lmbtlon Pilot Project, Infndtd pbstie pH1 bontm, KKto strews, to bà the first 'pwnmmm' burkt

I

CAATalyst 1 'Alternative A&, CAAT, 5 Caledonian Road, London N1 SOX.

ANOTHER ARMS fair,enother alternatives exhibition. . . Carn- paign Against the A r m Trade (CAAT) an organising against the Royal Navy Equipment Exhibition will include ideas for socially useful work as an alternative to arnpments, and CAAT am appealing for money to make a good lob of this alternative plan. Monev to

First strike

mask the lack of nuclear onm I to continue-

-

UNhealthy ONE LITTLE-PUBLICISED ¥ftectofth*civHwvnt ¥tril w a to d m Win Key intelligence Èystem a id listening ports haw bnn unmanned or dwrt of staff, while Polaris submarina we disatmad when civil servants rafuwd t o repiece nuclear NTftwdi on the next boat due an Patrol. Navy P ~ ~ ~ n e l tried to do tha job imtwd but bungled it. Finally, they fitted obsolete conventional -heed to

Accordingtoremntanmwntn by tha UN only 11% of the tend mrfam of tho Mrth - not including the ¥ntwcti malorn - wwiubtofor MfimU* agriculture. The ren it affected by drought problwru. lack of fertility, poiiorf, lmck of top soil, (wmp condition* or ~ft~i~~fpoct*

Nearly one third of the cultivable4nrfW this planat will be destroyed by the end of the unturv. If preunt trend* of soil dÈteri~Ètl am allowed

Barrow in Furnace THREE CITIZENS of Barrowin-Furmas, Cumbrim, are challenging in court the construction by British Nudear Fuels of a £6 dock extension in the town. The three, members of the Barrow & District Action Group Against the Import of Nuclear Waste, want to test the daim of BNFL that it needs no p1annii.g permission to carry out the extension, which will remit in ships carrying nuclear waste docking lass than 2km from a gas terminal. The Action Group was formed by local residents following a reoort by the Political Ecoloov

report stated that an accident which involved a long lasting fire on a nuclear waste ship mould lead to radioactive contamination of a 60km radius from Barrow. This led t o a great deal of concern in Barrow and 14,000 people signed petitions calling for the halting of this trade. Barrow Council who in May of thia year passed a resolution opposing the shipments entering the port of Barrow, has made several r e requests to B.N.F.L. that they should be kept informed of their every move in Barrow. B.N.F.L. failed to do this and in November 1980 started t o construct their terminal without telling the local authority.

The site B.N.F.L. has chosen

Brazil nut cracks Ex-billiomke Oinnl Ludwig hnput hisfour mUlion acre jungla empire at the confluence of th8 Amazon and Jari riven in NorthEastern Brazil up for tala

In the 1960sasthe world's laroest farm. it was meant t o take advantage of the equatorial heat to produce the world's fastest growing trees, the African gmelina tree, which has been claimed to grow a foot a month.

A giant pulp mill had been towed from Japan t o the mouth of the Amazon and cemented into place on the river bank to chew up millions of tons of wood to be turned into chips. But the project misfired when the fragile iunale soil. denuded and &ted with mono-culture trees, would not yield at the expected rate.

gmelina plantations may exhaust the soil on which they ere planted in a decade or lax. I n the meantime the trees of the remaining jungle are being fed into the pulp mill and elsewhere in Jari the denuded land is being turned into open-cast bauxite mines. Gold prospectors have also stated t o mow into this part of the Amazon.

But in the meantime Mr. Ludwig, at the age of 83, teems fed up with all the hassles - thunderstorms, caterpillars end cash famine due t o lacking profi- tability of his Jari enterprise. He is cutting his losses and setting up shop on a million acres in the Chaco plain of Stroessner's Paraguay to try again.

is within a dock basin designated. also for the loading of highly in- flammable liquid gas condens- ats.8.N.F.L. have denied that an accident could happen; however, a report from the Safety and Reliability Directorate la subsidary of the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority admitted that:-

"We believe that a substantial spill of condensateduring loading could possibly result in fire ingulfment of a sh i i unloading spent nuclear fuel flasks at the B.N.F.L. facility within the lame dock basin".

The costs of the leoel action

Suffolkate ENERGY MINISTER David Howell has werely ratricfd the tun of r o f w n w for the forthcoming public inquiry into the propoÑ P r ~ i r i m d Water Rnctor at Siiwcll.

In a Commons statement on 22nd July, Howell laid down the factors he sawas relevant to the inquiry. Although he includ- ed the CEGB's requirement for the power nation, this would be "having regard to the Govern- ment's long-term energy policy", (ugoeiting that this policy is predetermined and outside the inquiry's scope. The statement also omit8 wntidTatlon oà thà economic* of the PWR waim alternatives and the neeifor the

Froth THE CURSE of doomster hath struck the Consmation Society - no sooner a mention here than they fall to bits. ConSoc is battling it out over unilateral nuclear disarmament, a motion supporting which was carried at the AGM despite (or perhaps because of) threats of resignation from many of ConSoc's senior figures. Now the membership is being ballotted on the issue. And FOE as well. . . obviously suicide is in this year.

As if to confirm this, I hear Town Twchu, a successful eco- education group in Newcastle, has lot dvnamic director MIKE PEDERSON. Thà h r d raolseed him with e retired army major, who believes In the three 'Ws and none of this trendy lefty environment nonsense. Must be the weather. . . or did someone forget t o sacrifice to the Gods?

Paeud of the monthaw-ad goes to the E++30spectus for "people are by nature inter- personal organisms" so that's

£10,000 I f the di's$6n it could damage tha iprpoiting of nuclear waste t o thb,Winds- cale plant a* well as jbbpardising B.N.F.L.'scontract business with reactors. Donations should be sent to 29 Longreins Road, Barrow, Curnbria, cheques and POs made payable t o The Barrow Rights Fund.

Footnote: Legal action seems to be spreading - Redcar Friends of the Earth ere planning to challenge the start-up of the new Hertlepool AGR on the grounds of of danger to the local ICI oetrochemical comolex. one of the largest in ~ u r o k . .

nuclear Industry and capacity. As with the major motorway inquiries, the need for the reactor will be taken as read so that no discussion of alternatives can take place. The safety of the PWR mill however be discussed.

Over 2,000 letters of object- ion t o Sizewell, had been receiv- ed by the relevant Suffolk councils by July 4, the official closing date. However, the councils will not be considering the proposal till October, so letters received up to 30 Septem- ber will be considered. The East Anglian Alliance Against Nuclear Power, the co-ordinating body for 35 groups in the region, urges all those who haven't written so far t o object, now, to Suffolk Cocutal District Council, Melton Hill, Woodbridge, Suffolk.

what happens there.. . I see the Tories have finally

discovered the environment. Bon uiwur STAN JOHNSON IMEPI and bar), well-known for an inability to make impromptu speeches has brought forth 'Caring for the Environment', published by the Conservative Political Centre. It begins: "Britain's record in the envir- onmental protection field is second t o none". Presumably the blocking of EEC environ- ment laws by fellow Tow MEPs is to keep it that way. .

The World Wildlife Fund, which recently celebrated its 20th nnniversaw in lavish style, has a >pot of staff trouble. 24 staff ¥efuse to move to Godalming From central London and have had to be replaced. At the 20th anniversary do, paid for by the Fund's backing of Fiat's new Panda car (every buyer gets a free "AA book of squashed ~ndangered species'), the Oufce of Edinburgh seemed to be presenting the Fund esan alternative to CND. Nuke the mnda, that's what I say.. .

LOONY DOOMSTER

Undercurrents 47

Leeds Other Paper, one of the longest running alternative papers in the country, has started a print shop t d provide a full community publishing service for the Leeds area. Unfortunately, in order to buy the printing equipment, they have run up a £3.50 overdraft. Any donations, or prospective work. should be sent to Leeds Alternative Publications, 59 Cookbridge St, Leeds 2

The Alternative Breakers Collective is a group dedicated to keeping CB radio free from bureaucratic and police control. They aim to provide free communication and information at open air events, to operate an alternative information exchange network, and to assist other groups. For further information write to Box ABC, ITM, 44 Albion Rd, Sutton, Surrey.

A scheme is being organised in which ecology-minded people will be able to offerlaccept hospitality all over England. To belong to this scheme, either you can be listed as a possible host on

Acorn is b -.-.. . .-.Ñ.à . ..... ch covers newt and views on small- scale activities such as arts and crafts, organic growing, recycling, wholefoods, AT, natural history and other similar subjects. It is published in N. Dorset, but it is designed t o appeal to readers everywhere. Send £ for a years subscription to Acorn, The Studio, Gold Hill, Shaftesbury. Dorset.

Cinema of Women are now distributing a powerful documentary called Radiant Future. The film looks at nuclear power across Europe, its effects on the Third World, the effects of nuclear waste, alternative energy sources, connections with the military and other issues. It is a colour film which runsfor 2 hrs and is available from COW films, 27 Clerkenwell Close, London EC.1. for £3 plus postage.

a list that goes to all members or you can be approached directly through a co-ordinator, so that strangers do not ask you directly. List entries will typically contain name, address, details of local travel services, any special features nearby, restrictions, spece, costs and length of stay. More information is available from Tim Eiloart. Rivermill House, St. Ives, Huntingdon, Cambs.

Life and Death: Facing Death is a counselling manual produced by the National Extension College, 18 Brookland Ave, Cambridge, in association with the London Weekend TV series of the same name. Sterilisation and the NHS is a report by the Birth Control Trust who say that both male and female sterilisetion is now more popular and demand hasgrown, and therefore provision should be increased rather than cut back along with other economies.

The Women's Project Employment Group are trying to push the Manpower Services Commission into broadening the scope of women's traditional employment prospects, and to build a network of people involved in non-sexist training and work preparation. They are seeking a conference with the MSC in Ociober/November; if interested in the conference1 project, contact Lindsay Williams. 26 Bedford Square, London, WC. 1, tel01-636 4066.

A detailed handbook called Setting Up a Housing Coop has been produced jointly by 2 housing coops in Brent. It costs £ per copy + 24p postage (cheques payable to Kilburn and Qron Housing Cooperatives) and is available from l a Beethoven St. London W.lO.

The 1981-82 International Vegetarian Handbook is now out. The book contains information on hotels and guest houses with vegetarianlwholefood catering, health food stores, health centres, schools, food additives, overseas addresses and a Shopper's Guide. It is available for £1.7 + 3% Post and pecking from the Vegetarian Society, 53 Marloes Rd, London W.B.

Campaign for Prem Freedom have produced a set of 6 postcards which demonstrate the power of the media in shaping public opinion. The six postcards are wild-eyed Trots; election 79 headlines; day of action 80 headlines; Fleet Streetl~nion bashers; women in print; and blindfold of trivia. Single cards cost 15peach,or lOpfor5-10 cards. Send cheques1POs to Campaign for Press Freedom. 2741288 London Rd, Hadleign, Essex. CPF have also recently produced a pamphlet on the Right to Reply, for people victimised by the worst excesses of distortion in newspapers and other media. Cost is 40p.

Hornsey CND have produced badges and T-shirts saving Lemmings Choose Cruise, in red, white and blue. Cost is 3% for badges inc. postage, less for large numbers; T-shirts are £ each. Send cheques or postal orders payable to Hornsey CND, t o 24 Mountview Rd, London N.4.

Ecological Life Style Ltd is a scheme whereby people can invest in land bonds and thus help create villages and farms for the future, with the option of living on these farmslvillages. ELS also produce a newsletter called Practical Alternatives which, like its name, details all sorts of practical hints. ELS can be contacted at Gotham House, Tiverton.Devon.

Along similar lines, the Ecology Building Society has been set up to make advances which are likely to lead to energy saving, self sufficiency and the ecologically efficient use of land; investors gat '/;%above the cartel rate. Details from EBS, 43 Main St, Crosshills, via Keighley, W Yorks.

Energy: Alternative Sources is a sound filmstrip set far schools, aimed at 12-15 year olds. It focusses on the efficiency, usage and cost of alternative sources of energy such as solar, wind and water power, biomass, geothermal and waste recycling. Each of these technologies is treated in depth. The set costs £14.5 and is available from Mary Glasgow Publications, 140 Kensington Church St, London W.8.

Spectacular Times no. 6 is called the Politics of Food. I t is a small pocketbook detailing all sorts of things that. after reading it, you'd wish you didn't know about the food industry. Copies cost 3% each (post free) and are available from Spectacular Times, Box 99, Freedom Press, 84b Whitechapel High St, London N.?, or from most alternative bookshops.

NATTA have produced an information pack called Community Action and Alternative Technology. It contains lists, advice from people involved in existing groups and descriptions of current projects and campaigns. It is available for £ from NATTA, c/o Alternative Technology Group. Faculty of Technology, Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, Bucks. Make cheques payable to NATTA. NATTA have also provided UC with a list of local alternative energy group addresses. Thew are: Nawport and N w r n Energy Group Brian John. Trefelyn. Cilgwv, Newport. Dyfed, Wales.

Lewes Energy Group Brenda Boardman, 9 Grange Rd, LMS, E. sussex.

Central Wales Energy Group Nick Talbott, Middle Starling, Bleddfa, Knighton, Powvs.

South Brant Energy Group Gilly Haves, Spriggsmoor, South Brent, Devon.

Oxford L o u l Enemy Group c/o Old Bakehouse, 87/88 Bullingdon Rd, Oxford.

The following are regional groups:

Energy Group for Wales c/o Peter Segger, Hafren, Market St, Lampeter, Dvfed.

south W n t Enemy Group c/o Bob Waller, Exeter University, Exeter, Devon.

mvon Energy Project Darlington institute of Community Studies, Totnes, Devon.

AVOII valley ~ n e m y A l l h u John Amos, 132 Bloomfield Rd, Bath.

black on whim and an Ñsiteb for20Dnch+~.or15oeachfoi 10 ii &on, from GrÑnpÑ London, 6 Endikigh St, London WC.l.

-- MtOurUt~*@oak I IavMw. film about Morthvrn Inland anU

tray*)ofthtl(MI skuttoa by

minuw.Itiç¥wittyforhit porchÑfromLondonMç , R m h G&, 36 Hilt Houw. Hfringdwi HIM. (.ondon ES.

a Tp.

Wanwiwktadk~ction~roup WAFFIRM) ha# 2 -for Mta.ThÇbMlgn.fçmAtotM inYourtmmantlUndfmuth Wf'ivMlAnsry-endaXM JÇ(ftamprfttMlhimonn ¥ndaNt20pnch+poitsii~ ~otfhbkfmmMamMwktedi* Action Groue, do A Wornm's Pteoo. 48 King WUitam IV St, LondonWC.2.

AÇnorrn.83kçboutt Commons Agricultural Policy and dm dairy in-. Entitled The GUMMilh 8fbbhyi tcomnthe -8 for increased productivity

printing co-opwrtiw of 3 women who an due to (tart trading in Sipumbf. In order to mt fun& from Lhmpool hkwr rwn t Aaency.41~ nÑ to at work (rom¥mttowtrid*o Umrpool. Thà win tr printlna ~ofure, T-ahirts, aiclurs and b t i i s as ÑI aa providing a printing Mrvic*. Future orders and/or donations ihould be mt to V i m Print, 100 Whi-1 L i i l.

In J*niwy 1M2 there wili he e onà -hou TV docummaw on th* mutr'i trÑtimn of the dll- trmrmit mownent <incÇth Dçcçm 1978 'cruto" dp&tmi, Itwillax*mpX¥mÑriof¥IIkin

r - wapons and nuclear ptfÑr Speikers include Prof. Rotblttt,

. Prof. Lindop and Colin Sweet.

conf~rçn takm ptac* from

b October If-18 at the Malvem Wtntar Gardens, Malvern, Worcs. The thema of the conference "r

- European links and ditarmament By the time you read (hit, the and, following this theme, Brim Wa@unqs kction fra oimmmnmt blonde from Francs will be the Mwch will be halfway to i ts guest apeakar. But be warmod - dMtination. Tho march atarta much of the conference will be

devoted to pawng rnolutlons etc., which can be tedious. Contact the Ecology Party,

Septembf6.Acoreof women w38 Clapham Rd, London SW.9 and children will wtk thewdoh for further details.

C*miuiçnA~huttheAmi*Tr*d w OFOMiMd vrioul wit* round the Rwet Dtavy Equipment Exhibition in '0rUinouth from tkpOrnIm3-11. In Po rwnou thWf t h w w i l l be 1 mminw on ¥luriMtiv to tfià irmttradaonSJp*5. 3ÈW of other action6are N ~ ~ ~ ~ U ~ ~ W I I I C A A T , ~ - . 5. Caledonian Road, London N.1.

:ir, -1% toumlMr 4-18 Ptilocvbtn Pair, mte Ryfed

, . ¥nm will tie *Ma* Polft/timA/tarmt nSmiUsifs for the

Eatt London R>tytfthnfc, L m l n a r on Sapmnbwleat North 1-fbout WMM is tha name of

oqpniMd fay E8i8 HHtm.n. Topic. covered inch& Là ‘ in Pwrol. Further details ire Mi labk from Mrç T. btchfotd, CdeWlic Mid Other Poisons, Hi& Oanoeri Seminar, Special Coftne Unit, NELP, Poreit Rd, London € 7.

Woman and Computing art organisiw a relaxed day of di* cuasioni and activities around the theme of women and computers. Sexism and computers is one of thçpropoM workahops; the wo&n end work hazardsgroup wili olio betaking p w n the &y'&iviti*l. TIM cttnfwanm

in Brighton Off 4 2 For mor* Wnn-

ation, Ñn an m to Corrfwnct, 49 Crofters Mud, Croydon, Surny, or phoM biz Elve on tn-4394242'Â¥~t,2Ã

London on EapMnbT 12-13. Topic* Indud* nukn bndtnrith, m i o m to OODOW n u h . tho çnr

race mid ottwrs. at wit be £ per day, £1.6 for u n w . ContactChatTodd, 60Coowriuto Rd, London E.9. f6r further ddflh.

For MODI* in the Midltndt.

~ s o d e n m which wili ahe place in +OR ~ctobw 17-18. Quniioni rtiwd at the conference will include how to create full employmtnt, how to control the activitis of multlnationali, and how to fight plant closutea and redundancy. C b f w n w fee is . £8 unwaged £3 More detail* are available from Dr. John Kelly, Connaught Hour, Department of Industrial Relations, LSE, Hwshton St. London WC.2.

The highlight of the next 2 months will be the National CND rally at Hvdn Park on Octobn 24. With 100,000 poopia at the equivalent rally Ian year, this one halÈoexpçctçdtobevrylar c o w VourlocalCND *up f o r m o m c t o u l k ~ t h à ˆ t i m e orwriMtoCNQ, ITGoodwinSt, London N.I.

F a PtIople nrioutly intamtad in promoting non-violent direct action within CNO and the peace m w ~ n t @emally, Grnn CNO ere holding a conference in London immediately following the mau CND rally. The conferanm staff on the evening of October 24 and continuos October 25. The venue is , uncertain at thamoment, but

ral. For more Tim Eiloart,

THE CONSERVATION of natuie and natural resources has, in the part 20 years, become identified more and more with the conservation of forests.

This is not surprising: forests are the world's main biological resource base -they harbour 45th of dl land based plants and animals and a t least 3/4 of the world'stotal tonnage of living matter. They are the sole source of domestic fuel for one in three of the world's inhabitants. As sources of timber, pdp, paper, pharnfceuticalg and industrial feedstock, they play an important rolein world trade. , ,. As fossil fuel resoureq diminish, the use of forests as basic feedstock for

. fuel alcohol plants and pow& &ti& is steadily becoming a reality. I In the developing wodd, the use of trees to produce foods and fuel crops in we&tion with W ~ & @ i o n a l e u r e is nowadays recognised* as one of the most feasible$t&tiorri to the p-of raising Uviag . standards in the poor but d&nq& populated tropical countries.

The search for novel foods and drugs is also concentrated in the world's forests -particularly in the tropical forests of S America and SE Asia, where a greater vAietyof d a n t l i f e m ~ -inany other known habitat. a

All these factors vi* important - not just but also from the point of view

of groups concern f the environment. For the world's fdiests are today under greater pressure from commercial exploitation, and from agricultural and urban development than every before. Yet, despite this, there is little general consensusabout forest conservation, which is viewed by many conservation groups as an area which is separate from their own concerns.

United Nations' bodies estimate that the world's tropical forests are now B h f i g at an annual rate of at least 15 million hectares, or more than the combined area of Engiand and Wales. The rate of destruction is still 'increasing, and if current trends continue the usable tropical forest will be exhausted io 40-50 years.Some experts give estimates of only 20-80 yeam ' In this special issue of UNDERCVSRBNTS we have tried to give a comprehensive picture of what is happening, in the hope that this infor-

otivate someof our r e a w t o get involved in action to à continued existence of die tropical rainforests, the bio-genetic

he W d d Forest Action group has b a n fonned to co-ordinato action and can be contacted at 21 Jackpn Road,

%C

Undercurrents 47

What times are these

The Chain Saw when talking about trees is nearly a crime

Massacre for it means silence about so many an outrage against people . .

Bertolt Brecht, 1938,

THE CHAIN saw massacre -the burning and pillaging of the great forests of the world is an outrage as horrendous as the most terrifying crimes of man against man. The onslaught against the equatorial rain forests, which is proceeding at an unprecedented rate, is the greatest destruction of life

earth & undertaken by man.

The Brazilians openly admit; that two million trees are obliterated every day in Brazil alone. One estimate b that an area of equator- id forest tee size of a football field i~ cut down or burnt every second. And yet these forests contain the greatest variety of life anywhere on earth: toees. creepers. shrubs, ferns, monkey*, birds, butterflies. An dimmaat iu the infernos planned in the head offices of some European or North American multinational: King Ranch, Liquigas, Volkswagen, Rio Tinto Zinc.

The fom#a make way for cattle ruches, the ub of trees, plants and animals becomes the fertilizer for the -for a few yeas until the thin tropical çof k washed away, or bated by the tropical sun. Forest makes way for dMWt and open cast mine so that the lndu*tli*I north may have bauxite for d~~ tin, copper, iron ore.

Mpaam in Brazil te &ad, 40% of the equatorial forest is now gono and with it many bundled* of thousands of forest people, shot dead by the adnace guud of Northern civiliz- ation, Infected by previoudy unknown 1 l&o measles and chicken pox But the for* and the for& people have no radio stations, newspapers, tanks or bombers to defend themselves. They retreat i the Caw roar thousands of feet up into the liy, the smoke is so dense tint aeroptene pilots lose their way as thtyflytromAtoR

Rwntty reporters have brought back repeat* of thew masncrei in the name of proftcn and profit. Articles have appeared in the Sunday papam? one or two documentaries have been &own on l V , ~ ~ E m ~ h ~ ~ b u been nceWng protest letters about the destruction of forest and forest people.

Scientists have held symposluir about the ecologlMl, climatic and human effect* of tropical deforestation. A number of boob have been abeut(heUtçofthe{<XMtiMftmoblit

late. Botanists are collecting seeds, taking colour photographs of plants so that they nay become eternal between the pages of a tcientiflc photograph album.

Plants and animals lost forever Many species of plants and animals are lost forever with the disappearance of the forest. Chemical companies like Dupont, Hoechst, ICI and Ciba Gei

forests to find out from the forest s have started to send scientists into e

people how plant remedies are uwd to treat ailments, so that the active ingred- ients of forest plants may be synthes- ized into expensive medicines for the treatment of heart diseases and digestive problems of highly stressed Northerners.

But it wens that we are still sworn to continue the battle against nature, and we have improved our armoury for this tattle to an outrageous level of sophistication: chain saws, flame throwers, defoliant sprays, excavators.

tree cutting machines, floating pulp milk, and even q p d m bombs. All this to advance civilization Who said that deserts are the footsteps of man on earth, ie, civilised man?

Forestry vs. ranching But did it all start with good intentions? Deforestation is a pre-condition for agriculture, and, it seems that agriculture and population growth go together. Growing populations need more land for more Gelds and so the West was won and now it is the turn of Amazonia.

The Amerindians themselves cut clearings into tht forest in order to plant crops, but this is done on a small scale and after a year or two of cuiti- vation the forest is allowed to take tee land tack again The resulting ~condtty forest is not as diverse as the jungle in its original condition, but this disturbance of the forest is far less seven than the mass destruction caused by the giant ranching companies.

Much of the beef from the Amazon- tan ranees is sold to the USA to go into hamburgers and (ranlrfurteis. Japmese firm* are also in tee business. they have their own air strips for

ou*Omphla

Undercurrents 47

of sedimerituy rocks containing imill amounts of unoxidteed carbon.

-- , , 8 . Breath of Life

WITH'SOME climatologists making Doom-watch type forecast* of new ic&qps not many years after other scientists had been predicting the ic- melting and flooding the land as the carbondioxide levels in the atmosphere rite, it's difficult to know what to think. Here Gaorye Breuer sheds some liaht on climate forecasting, the carbon-cycle and the important I forests could play. IN THE SIXTIES energy scenarios based on a continual annual growth of fossil fuel consumption of 4 to 5% led to very alarming forecasts Indeed for atmospheric carbon- dioxide concentration1 which would have caused the ice-caps to, melt in juit a very few year*.

However I t now seenu evident that fossil fuel consumption will not grow at that rate any more. Relying on scenario8 conddered realistic today with energy growth rate* of 2 to 2.5% It will take about 60 years until global warm'- ing caused by carbondioxide will amount to 1°c.

Iftherecentcoolingbendinthe global climate continw, It would be reversed by the 'greenhouse effect' caused by rising carbondioxide born fofiil fuel* by about the end of the century.

Disaster is not imminent - but unless present models are quite unrealistic, carbon dioxide is likely to become a problem sometime la the next century.

In practice, the slight winning of uerhaus 1 or 2¡ could have major

ocean mixing is (tow, and therefore carbondloxide is building up In the atmosphere quicker than It cm be removed.

One of the mdn ~urcen of orbon- dioxide is certainly tonil fuel burning. But whether the biosphere as a whole . acti a a net souroe or link of carbon- dioxide is a mutter of considerable dispute. Of muwe there is continued large-

sole circulation of carbondioxide between atmosphere and biofphere. Plants take up carbon-dioxide for photo- synthesis, liberating oxygen in the prom. In due come the plants an oxidbed again by the respiration of the plants themselves or by animals feeding on them, by microbial decomposition (lotting) and by burning.

The car&on-cvcle ooe* on Ihe vol- of Ok Gde b about tM time* Out of td-ftid conrimwtioa.

kper&idons, bearing in mind that Cubon dioxi& concentnUons may ' go down to SOOppm (parts per million)

global temperatum were Only some near w tme tom ot a fomt on a w n y lower during the last Ice-age. afternoon, and rise to 400ppm dose to Floods in low-lying regions North America would be drier and would produce lew grata, while regions of north and east Africa that are now'drought stricken, poor and dependent could be major grain producers, and a flight rise in the MB level could flood low-lying anis like Holland and Bangia Deih.

In the long run (thousands of years) all 'excels* cubon-dioxide would prob- ably be dissolved in the oceans. But

Altering the balance As long as these circulation processes an in equilibrium, no permanent change* of atmospheric carbon-dioxide concent- ration will result. Consequently burning wood or straw has no effect on ttmot- pheric composition as long u It is integrated In this circulation proceM. Only by h i n g more fuelwood thin Is regrowing in the forest will the bcloace be altered.

SImBariy any other change in total world bionuw -roughly 90% of which is contained in the f o r d - will In turn lead to change* In the carbon-dioxide and oxygen concentration of the atmotphen.

A new fomt planted on httbnto barren tend will witfadmw ctfbon-dkMddi from the atmosphere with a cotmpond- ing incremae In oxygen u long as the forest extote, dettructlon of eztettag for* h a the opposite effect. As for oxygen the atmospheric re~errolr b m large that such changes an Insignificant. However for carbon dioxide they may be Important.

Originally earth scientists had luumed that tee bioahere acb is a sink for some fad-fuel carbon-dioxide. They reamed that increased concsntrationi of carbondioxide in the atmospkm would awe increased pbotoçyntheti rates. The greenhouse effect Such an effect hm been proved in gmen- homes when plub hul all the required nutrients, and they might bo ponible on well fertilized and irrigated ¥gricultun land u well; th!~ h a yet to bo dinon- (bated for forests. However, even If there should be such an effect in soma forests, I t would loon be limited by the availability of nutrients, water and light.

To act as a dnk tor fad-fuel carbon- dioxide, the Momus would obvioudy . have to increue. Actmlly, in the list few decades it has ihrunk as a consequence of deforestation, putlculuty In Hie tropics. Indeed, mod estimate* Muuert

th the night OfWMonaloldllxtions

forest* &,it ¥bou 6ppm tor die whole of the northern hemisphere.

Only one or two thousandths of the total phohxynthetic product is buried unoxidteed labof or mubr sediments. Approximttely the unite amount of that th& is a (ouice.of conmi&&- caibon-dloxide is to the atmot- ilmportuce, pnnimably in the olderof phew by volcmw and by the wtheiinc 60 to 100% of the fad-fuel murce.

alurninium,pluticf), may present see the wood for thetrtes. . multiple benefits at leait for the period

BRITISH ~o&'pdky has.&& . , requited for the ,dÇvelopman of more. suitable energy dteroçtives an4 fWHr a highly c o ~ ~ ~ r ~ ht@ for * pone tbe pressure towards adopting the nuclear ortioB."

Mojituitablecandidate*forluge scale afforestation schemes are mount- n considerable arnou8.and hiUy'fegions in the tropics cleared-recently, for instance the

forests tor the ~ f ~ u ~ o t i o n o f wood for industry . . .;to W t çn< enh- the

the P r c ~ ~ i o * of environment) to provide teereationat the lMt *gem. facU1tiw. to stimidat* and supportthe

~ftoieitation would ~ a g many local local economy in great of depopulation benefits: inter retention; prevention of ' . . .; (and) to foster abannoaiolurelation- flooding* and droughts, landslide* and ship between forestry and agricultWm avalanches, E d and water erodon. It (Forestry ComniisgionRçport 1990). would provl ' fuel-wood in due COW N . The long interval between phntihg and and timber later on, reducingdemands harvesting oatoi ft difticult for forestry forimporpd bsdl fuels.

It of course require am lend new under precarious cultivation, '

but (haft In a proper way its benifld

the town*.

Therefore, even disregarding tee cwfaon- dloxf*ptoblem; affoieitatlon Çoul bring@& benefits to the countries concerned. It would not be astechnical- fix'. hot rtther a return to mark natural conditions. TO support afforettatlonii developing countries b one of the mod sensible forms of devçloDlttç aid à end it would be a-perfoetly wsy at helohe WtndVM fbv reducing the carbonv-dioxide danger) by helping others: *

~totte-er W

of grafit*and-tax concession*. The'remit is an even balance (about one ittillion

) of publicly - and Private& ' ownedtongt land In Britain. - Rifwnco

1. Bac<çto R and Keelimg C D 1973 In GMWoKxhwUandEVPecenledri.Carbon~Al x . . v

the Bliaphy. US AECConfwnce 720510. 2. R o w R M and Mill-land 0.1980. IN W Bach eta1 b s ) . lntsrÂ¥ctimvo E m m wid m Climate, Bec'deI, dordrecht, Holland. 3. Bolm B. 1970.90stitific American, Sapternbar 1970, p.126. 4 WoodwII Q M atal. 1978. Scimcf lW,cL p141. & Nit Aeuh.1877. In W Sturm W), Otatol Chemical Cvdtt wd Their AIwruion by mm. 0Ãhbb- 7 Konfma7+. Be* ~urthw d i n g ~heavflydqioWthattbçFonÈt Brçw G J A& In D a w : Ecolo&d PIP Commi*tioB ça mt up. is 1939, to wftcdm ef Ute ~mwtpt im. Cwnbrldg~ provide a ftrctiJB HMem Of timber in University Pma. 1960. carofWothMihf. ' area'by 2026, covering *bout one third of

and so helps to stem depopulation, is true as far as it goes; but perhaps the same

sufficiency in wood from the present 8% to 26%. The report also finds Wat forestry has a valuable role in rural devel- opment, and that by careful planning, damage to both wildlife and landscape can be kept to a minimum.

The publication of the CAS report led to a storm of opposition from several directions. The report had tended to en- dorse the Government's motives for upland afforestation, and cooddered even the more detrimental effects worthwhile, for the sake of the future political and economic advantages of greater self- sufficiency in wood.

The case against more forest* The objections of environmentalistsand upland communities to the Government's policy of continued afforestation (and particularly its more extreme form suggested in the CAS report) are nun- maris4 in the Rambler's h & a L b n booklet, Afforestation: the was against expansion.

The main problem with many of the points of controvemy is that they are essentially subjectlve. Thà effects on landscape and recreation a& the dearest examples of this. The Forestry Commission "is conscious of the leisure potential of its forests and provides facilities for informal recreation and the enjoyment of quiet pursuits"; hill walkers would contest the 'leisure potentiali of, daxk and monotonous conifer plantations.

Similarly, there is widespread public dislike of dark f o r d and 'serried row of conifers'; this is in bet many people's main impression of affqrestatiom The .

. . " m y

all the hills and uplands with conifers, and increasing Britain's level of self-

from habitat destruction, associated with the present methods used in the uplands, where planting is almost entirely of Sitka spruce monocultures, with Lodgepole pine In the wettest and most exposed areas of Scotland.

Firstly, the long-term effects on the. soil are not fully understood, and it is far from certain that the poor and acid moor- land mil will support repeated plantlngs. This is an important consideration, because if the land d o e deteriorate under forest in the future, it wffl be very difficult and expensive to restore it to grassland.

There if also the well-known danger, in any monoculture, of devastation by an insect or a disease. This is already hap- pening in Scotland, where over the last

John Nesbitt

level of public investment h,say, small- scale light industry, or improvement of existing upland ngricultuid systems, could have the same effect without the other problems associated with forestry.

The relative profitability of hill fanning and forestry, the two possible land uses for the hills, is extremely diffii cult to assess. Both are already subsidii by the Government (but in different ways) and the time inter@ between out- lay and return is BO different that either can in fact be made to look more

.

profitable if the right economic analysis is w d l .

The arguments for and against upland forestry are so complex that there are no simple answers. With Britain currently importing 92% of her wood products there is undeniably scope for a higher level of self-sufficiency.

At presest, mare than 80% of these imports come from the northern conifer- ous forests of Scandinavia, Canada and Russia, but it is now begioiung to be realised tb& these supflies are not as inexhaustible as was once thoqht; exports &om North America, for example, may well have stopped altogether by 2000. The tropical forests are already well known to be not only finite but rapidly disappearing. So it wUl certainly not be possible to look to the tropics for our future timber supplies.

The basicdilemmais t h e we have a responsibility to both n a f i a l and global terms tetry to reduce our dependence on imported wood; but the attempt to dp this seemsftaught with ecologi econ- omic and political difficulties.

It is unrealistic to deny (he value of forestry for Britain, but it is also essential to recognise its present limitations and to look for ways to minimise its adverse effects. This is already happening in some ways. Q e appearance and ecological stability of commercial plantations can be improved by mixing in a proportion of bo-dwoodaxcie*fucbu~>waaand ~ , a s d ~ b l g ~ f ~ ~ ~ U r s and avoid hard lines. Forestry systems which m i d (teal-cutting of luge areas aimultaa- are not only visually pref- el-able cause leu foil ero&~qan$ leu drastic habitat ehpges for wildlife.

The sensitive integration of fanning and forestry can @prove the remaining farmland by providing extra shelter, roads and fences, while at t h e m e time pte- serving the hill fin-ming communities id breaking down die traditional idea that there has to be a conflict between for- estry and agricultum.

Although it is +major land-use change, the decision toçffom bare laud is not subject to any planning control. Thit Is another reason for local opposition to a

forestry; the land is boueht and the ' .

Undercurnnt*i47

oftheInidwprofoundly asbuilding not conrtitute a real Baving. The forest REFEBENeS 1 a - . * l à ˆ r'v i i

conittuctton, 8nd the I d community landownen themselves do not welcome Centre for Agricuiturd Str- (1980):''" ' f would be much leu likely to object to it the move either; they are concerned Str-y tor the UK Fount Industry. OW-' ' ;t

if they had tome voice In Its piurning. about the economic effects of so much Rçpor No. 6. (Univnitv of RÑdlna) . -2 * Fantastic vision land coming on to the market at once M ~ o r ~ t r y Commission (71980): The F o m

well as the resulting loss of stability in the Commiaion's Ob&tlvr. Policy and ProonUuia The GAS report in* written with o ~ t i - industry as a whole. Paper Nb. 1. t ~ l t

mian, eminging continued economic Rambler*' ~uodation (1980): Affons~wn:, growth of 1.6-2.5%per yen (or Britain. Looking to the future+ the a m ~ i n t Emitton. The Year its publication a The general contraction of the economy, Note* deepening of the on and ~@?&w çn pattculiriy the problems in the " f

1. When comparing two dmrnativ invÑt problem* (or d r * of indus@'. The forestry industries, make the grandiose menu producing eof and returns at different Pulp and PWrind~try has not eicaped, afforestation plans of the CAS report tknu in the future, the u n d Çnalvsl usad is to with the dome of the mills at Fort mem, only a year after its publication, discount future eof and returns to 'net Wllilun md Bleamm Port. Plm for little more than fantasy. It forestry does P"Ñ" Wue/ (NWs). The further in the taCTeÑe tfforwtation are only worth- not expand in ~ ~ i t a i ~ over the next years, future ç BOç a return lk. the les is ta NW. white if supported by healthy forest this will be because of lack of public -re IS, hawtmt, choke as to what dkount

rat* is used; the higher tfr rat* (at which th* hdustrie* Providing ¥continuin market money rather than any change In environ- future ,,,,,,, ii dncounted to the pml the for the wood. mental priorities. mom stronolv à sbort-term oroflufloured ~orrhition in the our l l l e C o ~ u V e Gmmment's policy on fomtly, as outlined in a statement in the Hour of Commoni last December, is confined and ambivalent2. WhBe con- tinuthg to aaert that 'a continuing expulsion of for- I* In the national inter&' It gon on to announce that 'a detonntaed effort Will be made. . . to redua that put of the CunWliwkm's (nat-ln-lid which finances the Forestry Enterprise'. TU* ii to be done by wiling oft a proportion of the Fowrtly Commlnton a t e to private tmerton.

T h i s r n a n ~ b y t h e L e f t u a f a l s e economy, tendinf only to bur the high-income tinÑto for whom toredry tax concowion* an designed, lad ib-

This would be a negative policy, and the effects would be far from those ¥ough by the environmentalist lobby which oppoied the CAS report. This is because the ¥mphn now In ¥ Government policy, Including forestty , b OB preient ¥conomin without re@ to wider lonf-tonn con~aiwnce*. This

diort-tMrnecoaoode oUel a worthwhile imd iuitabubte policy ~teige which wffl truly benefit out children.

ovr lonaf%rm OMS. Th* chain of dtecount raw is a soura of grut controvemy in tomtry i d of criticial importtnca in determining i ts profitability (becam there is such a long gap between initid outlay and final return). At die count raft of up to 396, forÑtr appear* more profifblb fun hill-farmin#, while at a 6% . d i m n t ram the lim with h i n o (See CAS report, ~190). 5

2. Stafi~mmt muh to PTtimnont of Wedn*sdav December 10th, 1980. by George - Younger, MP, Secretary of Suu for Scotland, id Lord Mid-Id, M in l f r of SUM at the , Scottish Office. ?

BNCO &lMm MP, Socmtuy of SUM for * Scotlmd in the t a t Libour Government, Mid in the Commons of the propowd tale, "1s this ? not 8 p-I for individuals to get into privt* forestry In the United Kingdom, not a will) m y IngitiffMf interest in fmstry or in the

i

SUFFOLK AND SUDAN: what h w tbay got incommon? The is Green Dewrts. David Mulligan reports on<wr¥tfmpttocd¥fantic¥ncroschh(b~r

TO MANY of u~ in ~ngland deaerte born the Gnen DeMTtà coup bun) in bank* of the riven Nile and Atb- invoke an image of romantic oaae* Rougham, mar -'St Edmund*, ie Am& sane 60 mile* of bee* h u e with date oalmi. roOina land dunes and camel* nihouetted-agaimt the ¥ettfau nm. But to the 200.000 people who live on the banks of the Nile in northern Sudan, the real picture &I one of blowing land inundating their village* and blast- ing to bite whole field* of dçsper ably needed food crop*. Here, next to the world's second lugest river, inoneoftheffloBtfertile areasow earth, life has bttidrffe almost impoadble.

And IfrIf-in thi* refion that volunteers

helpin* TUltfem ¥to th6 mading Sahara. Thà Green Dewrti team includes an agriculturalist and two agro-foreitry

' experts, and is doing vital research on the economic vitbillty of aheltor belts, and h i begun an education progranmeto the vflbges on the value of phnting trees. Shelter belts Both these aetivttie* {Â¥ outdde the norm*l'scope of the Sud* government's JotetAffoicrtatlon Project that the team have joined, but are euential for Its overall v. So far the project has involved planting green belts of Eucdmttu awl Mesauifa tnw alou the

been planted. Thew shelter belts, planted between

the tortile ¥lluvii plains and the desert, are alio 8 lource of firewood lad fodder for mW&. Hmevmr, they requlrean- itant attention to prevent over-grazing and uncontrolled cutting.

For theçe and other re~ons, the succex of the project hinges upon the acceptance and Involvement of the local village people. Until now they hue not bete included in the planning or planting of the trees. Indeed, Mime viUafes hue even felt hostile toward* the project, saying that the trees an t a H ~ up

nluiblchd which chid be usedfor which could well provide the needed root* for late uie. If this pnms to be growing oops.

The Green Deserts group are aware of the danç that projects initiated by outiWra-whomnotpartofthe community -tan tail becauseof lick of local support, and therefor are developing in education*! profinBune to teach w e n the value of trees u a unuce of food, fodder ¥n fuel, an the lmpottuitrotetree*play inmain thotcologicalbill. Tie pmgmmme Includes a

^M BW* ¥ho (complete with a host o humorous

chmcten and hungry goat*) which b being made à put of a model to demon- rtnto how dÑert are mead by cutting down tries wxl owergr&Ing, aid how - the proceu cm be reversed. Fotestoy ' Endiuto* from Kbartoum Univenlty have helped with the dtalogw and notationinlocçldialect*

Nice, if you can afford it QmnDeÑrt*hualreadybÑnaskedb the people at Shebablt. a vfflfe hlf burbdby nnd,to helpthçuftup tree nunery and shelter belt programme. While they mç be w W q , villagers -Mo most ofhi iim.f'lmt$wd* mouth -must be a& to afforif the tree#.

As put of a PhD theite, one. of.the teambdohgmeçrchinffo-fbrd

Ate-

economic answers. Agro-forestry Is a multi-layer, multi-specie* cultivation system which imitates the structure and nutrient cycle of natural forests.

+ .E^perimeBt* an beingdope to deter- miqewhichfruitbee*Â¥ndftebl .

crop*canbegrownwithintheudsttofi shelter belt*. Theoretictlly, dingen could grow a nffety of vegetables and cÈrilarop~beftwwithe(rew.Lopgpt i ~ e à § à § tat& beenrtartod on altexpf #q Atltefrbelt *dgns which indude mixed saetjiu and native flora.

Ow promising and fit-growing tree which the team intends to study, Prosopis c~Ofenm, hu actually been able toregenerateon thedesertodeoftbe afaeJter belts. As a legume, it hu the @bUlty to Bx nitrogen, increwiog soil fertility and it also product high pro- tein p& during the leanest put of the ,

agricultural calendar. Sheep and goats happily eat the pods, and during dkertkm thehardwedsinsideareloftonedand readily gennipate in the mmme.

Exciting possibilities Somehow, theae trees are mysterioufly able t~ flourish in desert condltiou with absolutely no water. One ponibdity b thatthey¥~Imfdiinken,takingi overnight dew ,through their leaves and. ~ t l u w a t e r I n t h e l O U ~ t h e i r ' , .

n .,

h e , Prompis might be able to mtwaOy inigateothernearby cropsand butt tree*.

Most of the money to fund ill this wu raised through the mud Roughun Tree Fair held in August 1980. However, then k only enough money to allow one of we ¥gro-foreste to remain in Sudan (or in extended period.

Id onlw to keep the project going, Green Deierto is wing to iacieue its gnu-loots (dc) (upport from in-d flMrnbcnhIp SUlMcriptions and mull donations. The group cm be contacted at Row-, Bmy St Edmund*, Suffolk, IP30 9LY (tel: 0859 10265). and cm , supply more information and colour slide*.

- & r d . ~ b 8 i i o m d W o f ~ & a i m d w m u m : a i m p w - ~ ~ ~ ~ . l b o i r t 1 5 l w h o Afln'rixhwÑdootttÑrfott fOUOwRUWROIÑMM

¥RwwhÑ- InmhaOMfrtin. which MWhw a

THE LOSS OF the tropical fdnsts, and of the ~ : ~ e s , ~ e - b i - a n d a w knowledge of the forest people, would be a blow to by laig tnditlbn and hu touned a n d m a of (he richesk -, mankind. To find out why, we interviewed Conrad botanical ipflation to Or worid and b81 given hs much the

Gofinsky. Gorinsky grow up in the Amazon forests hu made hrdvOizntfawponibte. '

Tlw Am- supplied (he ottto çn hereby helped ud htt Sin~st~dfç thà mçdicà "SiBS of fram feed tbeliidwtibd revolution hi &ti$e 8s Well u proÇtdla(

*%, . . h t h e r 'taole food of Africa and troddl Ada.

foreits4 the aunih3dbn of habitats which can never be reerct#d. Sky do you we, the situation developing? -2 Hibititinespecidyimportantincli&fofeatfi ..' 4 . :

wUeMMW evolved throiafh çou~à time and have msaafd to,. . rW#&w fub~% my, lightning induced fires. These happenla the nioy-smm~w)Mn ttieie we thunderstorms

*e=fore - * putting them 2%. x :f

exirta. But man can direct his deftruction with fir greltet%+; . ,. +.

efficiencybyixnitlngtkeforesttothedryseaaon.Oncet&ese6 L * firestotraihawbeen estebtiriied over a targe area Q remoq with the conservation of tropical forests succeed until the ~ ~ < o à § d ~ ~ à § y ~ ~ t o f < ~ ~ ( r i c u l t ~ ~ , & ~ 'queitÈWtowhofey~façtodofliewoAbçBsweied~W Is-mKhmlim for the foreÇttÈfegencu itself. Aho, p h - Ç Is çai Ènddom d d (him d m . ' 4

teum driven machines, euch 87i bulldo&, tractors and chain If we want to save the tropical forests we must start by UWS, haw given w far greater potenttdfor dertruetion than a ' mnaihtog the forest peoplç The AmeiiBçç in the Amazon stoneaxeorffwnasteelaxe. fontt, for iurtuce, an worldmthavitim on this, the Ingest

and most diverse forest area on thisplanet. The forests m't suitablefor~abfe farming It re& to fee seen whether the world can accept the UO: Isitpossibletocany outOg'riei#qon the of,socçUed {Bunitive people. But their Antazonia in the same way& our wkeiton cut nn the bads of new food stuffs and new forestsoBofEurope? . -* . d be crucial for. the well being of the wo@d

relatives in the finest? Did

techniques ."Â . conscious effort oa the put

h~wevtt,tend*to-~ .. , tivation methods: I

the nine time by a kge number of VISITORS to Uttarkband, the hill. haxraonious relationship &h the fonxti in town with *try region of Uttat Pradesh, India, may breaks down. officials. still be enchanted by thebeauty of As the provision of more and more the ~imalayas, they must a h product tor commercial use , ' "UP WhW the mridaar* i r notice an eywore - the *flirt concernof the t o m When Sçrvody lnÃpiià oig>nià aUo ~a barren hills where on& dense department, there was large scale re- like the DGW had to compete at thew%

forests of oak, pine and deodar placement of natural forests with auctions with the mddMOX, it wu commercially useful species like pine, hampered by the fact that the expect-

spread greenery. Few are aware that for the bit six

However, the soil conservation value of ¥&o of profib born sUch utUuthoriterf1

years a grassroots movement has been pine is Halted, their needle-like leaven &hgS enabled the mildun to outbid

struggling against this deforestation a d cannot be a source of fodder and, It,~speclollyuIthçdpledgednott ""

resort to such dubiouspnctlcn. ore-2 trying to tun the now barren hills green - b m ~ r f i ~ ~ # f R ~ over, it w& hunpeied by a d o = short- again.& order to undeqhnd and appreci- age of funds. ate this Movement and its objectives, it is , essential to first examine tbq process uid

Neverthelam, with the help of funds,. collected ftom villagers, it wtt ale to

cam of the relentk!s@ destruction of , , forests ia this legion during* part 150 .

act up a few iflidl-de, forett-btud industrial uniti, but it continued to suffer

years or so. at the hand* of the forestry department. The advent& tJvd British ' ~ ' ' Matter*ume to a head when the During thew 15year the toswtsof "D6SS was refuied any supply of uh a

Uttarkhand have been relentha& . . trees for {he year 1971-2. For l e d

destroyed. Before this villagerswegetree reasons ash is co'nrideredmoit suitable to obtain their fuel and fodder, and alç some wood tor thek houses Mid. agri- cultural implements, torn the surround- ing forests. With the advent of the British in the early eighteenth century, however, these traditional rights were cm@@ upon to meet the needs o t J ~ r y @nd of Uttukband come in for incretsing railways. oouBMCill exploitation dutlug the part - ~ ~ 4 * * > it "

As the commercial exploitation of the ygg^g, but abo the rural economy Thç~,Oway' *contractorh*dt forests was Weeded up and the righb of this region has changed to su& a way bà pi~w~tÈdlBà f* tià es But the rtluen curtailed- the hitherto that the -ug relationship between how? White dtecuntaf their p h of husbandry dominated economy ofthis mw forest has broken down. ¥cKoa,'mridert Tfflfer got up. "When region was dllturbed by &serious short- - - ~ioopahlattackxachHd",hçÈahl,"t age of fodder. Despite the bet that the Ghandi's continuing imWfHM -- :&*takes the bartvsonslaughton conditions did not warrant extending to change for the -' her own body? l i e 0th- were tilent

n a groupo? yiitef , for 8 moment. "Yes, Oat to W, they (social workert ' . shodted, "We'll hug thetree* when

andlan movement and' ate come to axe thin." L thtb wu tee Chipko (hug in Hindi) 9 ' ' ixi^bvteiteot.

3 DOSSworkenfannedouttoneigh- . bottlevttbMstd*^twf-nMMç andseekhelp.TheyfoundtherBtefen 8yÈp*theticbçtifhddtohel "What cm wedo when the GovnmMiit h*i

Undflrairrents 47

the v i l W m declared. The &tractor, who had never faced

such *situation before, was non-plud. Deciw-that it would be prudent to seek furtheiwders, he *drew.

Literfie forestry department tried to mollify the DGSS by offering them the ash treesback and alloting the Simon company.trees from another forest furtheraway at Ramput Phata. But by now.the DGSS's aims had widened and they were not content to protect the beef at one place at the expense of another. Rejecting the forestry depart- ment's offer, they sent their workers to mobilize the villagers at Rampur Phata. Again the Simon Company had to back down, and although a few trees were felled when, later on, it resorted to sub- terfuge, the villagers prevented all further atteqipts to cut down the trees. Soon #e company's contract to cut down the trees lapsed.

These successes spurred the Chipko activists to cam more intensively amongst villagers. % ey found women particularly keen, since they weze the main victims of deforestation, having to trudge long distance8 up and down steep hillsides every day for fuel rod fodder.

The next confrontation took p b i n the villsge of h n i neà tee Indo-Tibet border. The Reni forest is put of the badly denuded catchment of the -""an& and its tributaries when

lea than 2.000 bees were to be auctioned by the forestry department. Landslides and floods Deforestation wu the major factor behind the disastrous Alaknanda floods of 1970. A mass!ve landslide resulted in the formation of an artificial lake in a tributaly of the Alaknanda. When this lake bunt, there was tretnend6w flood- ing, resulting in massive destruction. BUMS were wnshed away, bridges shattered and severalhundred miles downstream a canal silted up and large areas of oops were destroyed in the now parched fields.

The workers of the DGSS had toured this region with relief supplies and teen how deforeitatkm in the catchment areas had contributed to the landdldea ¥a floods. Knowing this, they decided that they couldn't remain silent about the proipect of further deforestation in the distant Rent forest, and"so contacts were established with the viUigen living

--

had assembled 27 women together they rushed nfter the labourers.

Women show the way "Brothers", Gaura Devi addressed the labourers, "this forest is our maternal home. From this we satisfy so many of our weds. Do not cut It down. If you do so, landslides will ruin our homes and fields".

The labourers were from Himachi Prfdeah, where their families lived in similar conditions in the hills. They understood the agony of these women and so they agreed to go back home, and the contractor and some officials had to follow suit. That night the women of Reni mounted guard over ill routes leading to the forest.

Next day the menfolk of Reni returned. People born surrounding villages had also fathered. There was no chance of the contractor sad his labour- e n venturing into the forest again. The endangered trees of Rent had been saved.

Soon after this, the state government appointed an official committee headed by a botanist from Delhi, Dr Virendra Kumu, to uiquim into (he validity of the demands of the Chipko movement. This committee recommended a moratorium on the commercial exploitation of the Reni sad other forests in the Alaknanda catchment for a decade. This recommend- ation was accepted by the State Govern- ment and subsequently a moratorium on trç telling was imposed over an area of nearly 1$00 4uue kilometres.

Notable achievements More recently e f f h by the Chipko movement have resulted in similar pro- tection being given to other forests. And it (cored its first s u b s s in the eastern region of Uttttkhand recently when per- mission to cut down 6,000 trees was withdrawn.

The auction of forests in the catch- ment areas of three other riven has also been cancelled became of their efforts, and in s e h l pnrt~ of Vttarkhand the Cbipko activists have reduced the &age to the forests by making un- authorised cuttings known to the authorities and therefore a riskier ature for potential offenders.

At the same time Chipko activists have also undertaken afforestation programmes in various parts of Uttar- khand.

The spate of 'natural' disasters - landslides and flood* - that struck Uttukhand in 1978 helped to m o b i i public opinion again& further felling of trees on these hills.

Bribery and corruption However the movementhas often succeeded only after a long, hard struggle. ' For instance, although the initial reiponse of the villagers In the Malgaddi foncta to the mesgaee of the Chioko movement was

Underqqrents 41 tf

d", . . -,

oerform anv useful e c o k x i d function Thirdlv, the Chioko icthrfsia-he b d ikmay hamper younger trees that fore& spread &large areas'of growing near them. Why not cut down ecologically crucial catchment areas in these old trees so that they cç serve the Himalaya* are ao badly damaged that

encouraging, later on their nipport w*s undermined by the devious tactics retorted to by forestry department officials.

They covertly bribed influentlil locç people, rentingtheir houses at h@ rates or providing them jobs and offering better facilities like drinking water and education, to the village. They alio threatened to bring legal actions against people such as mflituy personnel on leave in the village*. If they participated in the Chipko movement.

In these ways they were able to buy off some local people and break the morale of others.

Con6equently the Chipko activists had a lot of difficulty in mobilizing support and even inmeeting their bade needs of food and shelter. For the flirt few days there were only two activists preent, aftd they often remained hungry and un- sheltered in the bitter cold of the forest to prevent the trees being cut down in their absence.

But gradually their undauntedefforts started to bear fruit, and their mewage spread. Slowly more and more people from surrounding viltagei joined in the Chipko processions, and bulged trees to protect them.

Holding fast Momentum picked up after the arrival of Sunderial Bahuguna, a wteran Sa-rodayb leader, who stnted an indefinite fast, demanding a moratorium on the feffinit of green trees. People from&-oft came t o a e e h i m , a n d t o H i t à ‘ t o t h e of the Chipko movement. Subwquently he was melted and taken to jail. (He broke his bat after 21 days when the state government agreed to hold talks with him on the question of amomtor- ium, but little emerged out of them talks.)

MeanwhUe Chipko activists kept visit- ing the villagers regululy, and this griped to break the communication barrier. Not only men, but also women and chffdien hugged the trees. One otherwise timid woman openly confronted her brother- in-law who bad sided with the con-' tnctor and took him to task.

Hunks to this continuous activity the government eventually cancelled the auction of the Badiyar Gad and Amarsa forests.

Misguided flak OMpite ità growing ~opululty, the Chipko movement ha* been subjected to much, lometime* bitter, critician, mainly by officlsis of the forertry department. BasicçU these criticisms have centred around the premise that the forestry

After ill, they lay, forestry science tells w that trees which grow beyond a certain ice. or ovennatuie trees. do not

some useful purpose? ~ f t & all, the nation needs substantial amounts of forest bawd products to support the industries based on it. . Furthet, they ask the mipko activists why they don't protest against illegal lopping by villagers if they are so con- cerned about saving trees?

In reply to these criticisms, the Chipko movement first of all question the claim that scientific guidelines an fully adhered to in the management of forests. "Such guidelines may indeed be sent from above," said Sunderld Bahuma, a prominent leader of the movement, "but in the forest the petty Nick Hmns

only a very limited number of over- mature trees can be felled. Who, they ask, his a greater claim to this forest-produce -the big indurtries outride, or the local people whose very lives depend on it for fuel and fodder?

Satisfying the demand This inevitably leads one to wonder how India's demands for forest produce can be satisfied. Firstly, the Chlpko activists suggest, by putting some restraint on demand. Fot example, railway deepen should be W e of cement and not timber. Secondly, at least pot of the country's demand can, and should, be satisfied by setting up small-scale indust- . . . -. . . . -. . . - rial units within the hill region;. Even if these annot manufacture all the finished goods needed, they can at least process the raw wood before it is transported out of the forests.

When it comes to the question of lopping and axing by villagers, they point out that. because It Is done In a dispersed and disguised way, it is Impossible k~ opposein an organised manner as can the fellinebv contractors.

accrue to the landowners, '~ ''a$#@ none to them. .. , ..

Looking ahead aent.

SteonaY, flu Chipko mofment Clearly, unless the forestry system b changed so that the people feel dirctly ,

question the ictontificb&d8 cornme'- involved in forest protection, no amount '- Of Ove*atum trees in of l&lation or persuasion can bring -d but w'ww . & o ~ t the transformation of the mms of 1 -- arc. They admit that 9 population from a

-I* nothing wren< la felling ow- . a I - taeet, but - they are felled

to meet the need* of outside industry, huge logs haw to be rolled to the milt motor-road. This results in to protect the forOte*Mow it Istime mwv m d o n of the land over which for b w the they in rolled. forestry lava that they pr-a , ~isripiifi t th t t th iswasoned hmttOBtoB.i&HWthipbe* .tatl*mth w h m P k P M . --, ,Çà o>md

Komar's co- to suggestamoratoriumonteecommercial ,

exploiWbaof f-ts in th -a. a catchmkntareaeventhoughthetie**to be cut had be6H scientlficdly selected. - ,

THE IDEA of the 'winnable' atomic war ha* gained eonsiderabk d a n c e recently in military and government circles But a*

I Hugh Middleton reminds us in this article, we shouldn't be footed.

THERE is little doubt that nuclear some 35% as heat, and some 20% as war would lead to a great deal of ionising radiation, of which about Vi is destruction, loss of life and human Immediate radiation and about %is' suffering. What is not so dearly deposited as fallout.

hi simple terms, the blast would understood Of - damage buildin$i and other structures, suffering and this contributes to the belief that a kiWf and injMng people in them or

nuclear war can be fought and nearby, the heat would give exposed persons skin bums, and would also

n. In fact estimates of the lead to fires of susceptible materials, damage likely after a nudear and ionising radiation in the first a-k can be made, the expected instance would lead to varying degree! number of casualities estimated, of radiation sickness among the exposed. and some of the effects of ionising 1 Attemots to assess the immediate

uliation predicted t -

effects of~nuclear attack are based upon A nuclear explosion is a sudden ,- estimates of the numbers of people likely

lease of energy: some 45% as blast to be affected by these influences. The

longer term consequences, no less important in gauging the overall effect of nuclear war, can be surmised from an estimate of the damage to public health services such as sewerage and water supplies, the amount of reconstruct- ion possible, and the severity of the long term effects of enhanced radiation exposure. Blast Of the immediate effects the most important is blast Buildings would be destroyed and damaged and many would be killed and injured by the effects of

Overpressure rings After a 1 megaton explopion the 12 psi overpresture effect would extend for 3 kilometres, the 5 psi effect a further 1.5 kilometres from that. the 2 mi effect would extend a further 3 kilometres, and as far away as 10.25 kilometres there would be an overpressure effect of 1 psi.

It is generally accepted, and these are probably conservative estimates, that in the 12 psi overpressure ring 98% would die and 2% would be injured. In the 5-12 psi ring some 50% would be killed, , some 40% injured, and some 10% would be safe,& the 2-5 psi riqg the figures are 5% dead, 45% injured and 50% safe; and , in the 2-1 psi ring It is estimated that 25% would be injured and the remainder would be safe - from the effects of blast

falling masonry and fragments of debris flying in the wind The blast effects can be quantified in terms of 'peak overpressure' which is a measure of the Intensity of the shock wave gener- ated by the rapid expansion of gases at the site of the explosion.

Peak overpressure' is the pressure of air within the shock wave in excess of atmospheric pressure and it represents tee force exerted upon the walls of buildings and other structures as it travels away from the site of the explosion at speeds of several hundred miles per hour. To some extent the degree of damage sustained by a building is related to the peak overpressure of the shock wave that hits it.

If the peak overpressure exceeds 12 pounds per square inch (psi), then most buildings except some reinforced con- crete structures can be expected to be levelled. If the peak overpressure lies between 12 and 5 psi, then most lightly constructed buildings, and that includes most dwellings, would be destroyed; between peak overpressures of 2 and 5 psi, the walls of steel frame buildings are (down-away, and even at a peak overpressure of 1 psi, there would be flying glafs and other debris.

As it is possible to predict we way in which the shock wave dies out, It is possible to predict the areas around a nuclear explosion which would receive a shock wave of a given Intensity.

Enormous number* of fatalitins All ttut renudns to turn them fifium Into numbers of immediate wuiltlei is to apply them to estimates of population density in the area* concerned. This varies considerably from place to p b , reaching lome 10,000 per square kilo- metre in densely populated puts of London to only a few in the HIghUmds.

If we use a figure of 2,000 per squue kilometre -probably a coumrvatim estimate for an avenge urban tea - then, out of a total population of 646,000 living within 10.26 kllometw* of the expimion of a 1 uegitoo bomb, 101,468 would be killed, 200,892 would be injured by Mart, and 844,140 would be nfe.

In t~riation'nicfa flgum an meçniog leu. White important b th* t num- her of injured. Most of thm % be people who him suffered broken bow, severe cut* (rom flying gilt and injuries from telling debril.

underno<m*ç nlwmlçw^ç~~**à iniuries reouire hoç~ita care. blood tnuuAuioos, surge+, anti-tetuu* bmo- dilations and antibiotic*, ¥a in -MB numbers cm be deçl with quite effectively by the ci i idty oentmi that are available; but there are no pmbiou for dealing with them in the numbers that would uiw under thew circum- stance*.

Terrible bums A similarly ownrtulming number of casualties can be expected due to the heat. For wvenI seconds the fireball of a nuclear explosion n d an intense amount of heat - su aL2ntb-e partial twc- (-g) bum* asfaras12kilometre*ttomalmefaton explosion. ThU mean* that Tittutlly everyone caught in the open If tbu 10.25 kilometres away would differ severe skin bums.

The effects of h u t on the victim of Hiroçhim and Nagaiaki were hontMflg, and as anyone who has been sew* burned knows, are pirticuluty painful, r id distreidng.

It if conceivable that facilities to deal withadbuteroftbUicalecouldbe developed, but to do so would be impouibly expendw. Secure flnt aid beltem, equipped with stada of anti- Wa i d inftuion fluids, would have to be eftabHdud on virtually every skeet comer, and dmmt every member of the population would have to be trained in not only advanced first ald, but abo in quite advaqced singled techBlquea.

Civil defence imaosdbte

dty in the worid that* mount an effective medical leipd to the injuries Inflicted by a nuclear attocfc.

Any attempt at aulstinf the Injured would be even further limited by the effect! of ndioactiw tillout.iA onall amount of the ionidng radiation born a nudwr expiosion b ndiated dbwctly fromthe fireball, but thteeffect b usiully ignored.

A greater put takw th* form of radioactive dust that settles to the ground in the houa foliowhg the - explodon.

The amount of dust depdted and the inteiuity of tt* ndiation data&ldnw the dom mcrivd by Â¥xpo~ people i d thil in turn determines the mverity of the ÑÑJÃaÇ olakM*à hftfllÇMd

X n ~ e ~ ~ m ~ ~ ~ expoiuntand*.Adoçeofuptol6 red* reduce* theability of the body to combat infection; 150 to 400 ndi ca~aiçcowbleIllneaduringwhic

PrioritywouldhavetobegiventoMni- tation, the deitnictkm of fresh n t e r i i ~ d l e s and wwea would undoubtedly lead to epidemics of gmtro- enteritis and posnlbly cholera and

4 typhoid. ,ItadlaUon and malnutrition would

Â¥fttounC them and othen such as tuberculosis and pneumonia; there might well be epidemic* of pest carried dbeue such as typhuz i d plague; and with Inadequate medied supplies, fn particular of vaccinitiom, there might be outbreaks of now rare conditions such m polio and @the* ' In ttu loafer term, provided organiied

çodç could be reconstructed, which Is bynomenucbrtaiaadby mmy thought to be unllMy after an ill out nuclear wu, the effect8 of mbanced background radiation would come to the fore. st kl

Malformed infant* VI .-asy-i

-%I &Â¥iriiWbIIlghIy~~fpHUet inbctteor. betwn 400 and 1000 ndi

.. . We know thabawkg the survlvom of ~ i a ~ u a n d ~ - ~ m > b a n ' f ^ _ incmued incidence of a number of ~ ! ,;fi mcem and of leuhemla, we dm know $w that many of the pregnanda ex-

' to the bomb* in Japandeveloped into malformed infanf,and that the amount+rs

Conddenble areas would huted with ndiocctive fallout

A a b n d h e t k l W ~ * e * become 1Ñ8 but to ha to nredlct of Man d a scecies a n d m the whole .;,

marly thb is out of the q&tion, but.. &ort of doing thit4bmust be accepted that my loon after a nuclear attack the number*. of injured and burned would totally overwhelm my nirvlving medical m o w s and pemonneL There is not a to

? But is it Tk-apy . ART HAS itttherapeutic uses, but there are people who believe that its benefits should go far beyond the wards, as John Ford explains.

FOR THOSE who have never heard of it, art therapy may sound like just one more of the many 'radical' alternatives to the accepted medical model that still exceqims 80 much power over current psychiatric practice under the NHS. However, there are marked dirtinctioni between art th- and certain* ethically dubious fringe therapies, that rightly receive adverse publicity. Art therapirts don't participate in the commercial exploitation of people with pro- blem, most are working within the Health Service playing some part in changing the system.

Art ind plychopathology (jargon for the at of the mentally 111) in a very young ana of study, and it* application through it therapy in ç even more recent development. Art therapy owe* something to change* beginntaf in the middle qf the lut century, a time which h n been deicribed a* the New En.

One of the founden of this New Era we Fnud. Htohmatigttions Into the un-

conscious imagery of dreams coupled with psychody t i c studies of Michielangelo and Leonardo were to pave the way for others who began to see that images produced by psychiatric patients could be: 1. Accepted as art; 2. seen to serve as a means of self

therapy; 3. used as a means of understanding

better the dynamics of an individuals mind. Art could in fact be seen to be a non-

verbal language that might serve as a more fruitful means of communication than talking; not just communication with others, but also with our own innerdost feelings.

The Limitations of Language We am entrenched In language to the extent that It may actually determine our experience. "People ire d l too apt to take their concepts for data, their words for actual things" (Aldous Huxley).

Languace a n also limit our definitions of our world and ourselves. We are in- dined to define ownelves as being of a certain type and character, and to a considerable extent these definitions are self-fulfilling. (I remember a woman

saying how she 'intended to worry' - she meant to say 'tended to'.)

In the light of this "cool web of language that hems us in" it can be seen that a visual approach might cut through the tendency of language to polarise feelings, to see the world in terms of black or white, and ourselves likewise. Visual language deals in symbols which bring together composite meanings. Symbols are conducive to theexpression of ambiguity, a picture can be a symbol of the felt self, a fusion of inner and outer experience.

Part of the art therapists role is to help people to understand themselves better, to throw light on the unconscious. It is worth considering just what this concept of the unconscious means. Freud talked of the 'seething cauldron of emotion* as if it were some tangible organ within our heads. It is perhaps more illuminating to conceive of it as being that of which we are unaware, or 'ignore- ant' of, in our social relations and ourselves.

Vmm the moment We're born we're bombarded with messages telling us who we are and who we are to be. "Other people teach us who we are. Their attitudes to us are the mirror in which we

Undercurrents 47

, fashion" - ia, as if concern over human suffering is a matter of passing trends? if m, I couldn't care leu I stffl like to listen to Beatlei Ricoids, don't you know!

*tam *ppinicxiand int: exploitation do- t stop short

to my article "Life without at S.A It exists everywhere. In

teleridon?" (UC43) I outlined someofthek¥yIdeasinlen But oh! the fflustratioru The Minder's bookF&r Arguments for the Eli&uation of Television, in particular the role of television increatingartificialrealities, inducingpasilv*,dcorn- rwont, Jsay Mmda'a views

puts to veggies is one that most iouiiatfaà ia a onÈ4lfcectbBa ~ a ~ i o n . of us robably come to sooner or manna in die intaerts of later.!certainhrhive-anii~ powerful groups in mcfety. I

haven't yet found the a m .

that went on to compam the tion The fact that we can't always

characttriitici of televirion, as a that live up to our ideals does not

technology, with thoatof mdcar mean that we should modify them (but pa havinfl ideals at all im't mod%eno2 for A. Harris's l&ins). We ouM

Australia haminas, or fliecxiitence of simply do whatever we can to , r t -

3 .

Unuptothan-admitting 7 .

failure when approixjate and

f N O ~ ~ S / N Q @ & E S ' feelings trying againlregrets are, of course, and counter- guilt-

technology, or indeed any mcial produb).

institution, isneutral .

ent in nuclear power '

_ * w * . . , -:, * < -

Undercurrents 47

Society in Edinburgh and other "Local Enterprise ,Trustsv.

~ e b i l s are to be found in the Found- ation for Alternatives publication Local

Small is Possible, George McRobie; Jonathan Cape 331pp. £7.95 Local Initiatives in Greot Britain, ed. Stan Windass; Foundation for Alternatives, The Rookery, Adderbury, Banbury, Oxon. 126pp. £ post free. MY father remembers a Fabian school during the war at which an economist gave a talk recommending the large-scale organisation of business, as a means of achieving economies of scale and hence lower costs for the consumer. The economist was E F Schumacher, later to become rather well-known for holding precisely the opposite views; as with many converts, his later views are more famous than his former ones, and go marching on while their author's body lies doing its organic fanning bit under the soil.

Small is Possible is the latest work in the Schumacher canon: it is in fact written by Schumacher's right-hand man (the temptation is to say disciple) George McRobie, but you'd hardly know it. His name and Schumacher's appear on the cover the same size, and the blessed Fritz's photo appears on the back, along- side McRobie's.

The book is an attempt to show that Small is not only Beautiful, but Possible, with reference to the Intermediate Technology Development Group's own work in various regions and to the "Alternatives Movement" here and in the US and Canada.

In the Third World there can be no doubt that ITDG's work has completely changed the current of thinking. Instead of the rigid theories of Rostow and others prescribing a single path to "development", poor countries have been shown a more pragmatic path, with choices of technology open to them.

McRobie emphasises, more than Schumacher did, the existence of similar exploited colonies within 'developed* countries. That the periphery of the UK suffers from the centralisation of the economy and politics is a main- spring of nationalism in Wales and Scotland.

But it's not just the periphery: the rundown inner city areas also suffer, and even the London and Liverpool docklands have third-world style shanty towns, with exploited labour and make- shift housing, while the inhabitants wait

for the all-providing state to collude with others to rip them off some more.

McRobie provides examples of Canadian initiatives which have fought this colony status, and made themselves more self-sufficient. Prince Edward Island has an Institute of Man & Resources [now defunct: ed. ] developing comprehensive alternative plans for renewable energy, agriculture, aqua- culture and housing. Sudbury, Ontario. Chamber of Commerce produced an alternative to the official economic development plan for the area.

co-ops and 20 other initiatives; many of them are excellent: the Leeds Meanwood Valley Urban Farm, the various C D h (Co-operative Development Agencies), and Rhondda Enterprises. So why do I have doubts (apart from being a nasty suspicious mean-minded cynic)?

One problem with both these public- ations & that they're too undiscriminat- ing; organisations with a lot of genuine community control and broad-based support are set alongside extensions of multi-nationals like the London Enter- prise Agency or the St. Helen's Trust (prop: Pllkingtons) and other large local emnlovers such is Rockware). which offer no opportunity for contributions from those outside the institutional framework that McRobie rightly attacks.

Others are extensions of Individual egos: beware the wandering community entrepreneur promising to "deliver participation" as part of new industrial development. Information-sharing, yes: "transferring experience", "field officers". "community entrepreneurs", no thanks.

Community control is the vital ingredient in new local enterprises: the other road tends to finish outside the gates of Grunwick and the East End sweatshops and other unsavoury places. ITDG and their friends overseas need to recognise this. Sony folks, technology

ORSON WIM as J P M o m in The Secret of Nikola Testa IZnmb Film 19801; still no new of when this epic will be screened in Britain but w hnr that a new dbtribution company financed by Monty Python money is much more ready to try to handle moviu thought to ba too outre by the dimwitsthtt d o m i n f the industry. So Tole fmdu, k e q your fin- c r o w . . .

Community groups in Britain have sometimes drawn up alternative plans but usually only in reaction to the development plans they objected to. The new initiative by Trades Councils to prepare plans for their areas may lead

Politics and sheer hunger tends to take a hand, and since those chaps aren't as civi l id as what we are, the same road - change forced from above - ends up against a wall with rather high-tech bullets heading for you. I'm being rather unfair here, especially to McRobie who seems to have a certain amount of political nous; even he, however, some- times gives a good impression of a small boy at a circus, wide-eyed and open mouthed at the sheer wonder of it all.

Stiil, thii reviewer's Dr JekyU wins out at the last. "Small is Possible" is a good book, though not so much for the regular Undercurrents reader who knows it all already, but for the same people, new to the ideas, who made Small is Beautiful into a best seller.

to more comprehensive positive planning. In the introduction, taken from the On the alternatives movement in speech Schumacher made the day before

Britain, McRobie is on more familiar his death, Big S says he's often asked ground; he outlines the Lucas Aerospace whether he works with academia, saga, the new co-ops, community business or governments. "None of them initiatives like the Cra i iUa r Festival - they're all committed to monster

Undercurrents . , 47 . a

technology", he answers. "1 work with people from business, academia mid government." The point Schumacher grasped is that there are people in the most monolithic system who sympa- thise wi those outside and who have useful s SÃ ; it is to those people that McRobie's book will appeal, giving them hope that the living death they suffer st work is not a permanency.

Local Initiatiues is definitely for the alternatives connoisseur, and It has a slightly rough bouquet in picaes. Self- help is all very well, but it can sound too much like Thatcherism, especially when you get comments like "comfortable assumption that society owes wall a living". So go and work for that flrm supplying nice Mr Wetastock. Self help? yes, he's helping himself very nicely '

thanks. Small i* pervertable too, you know.

Amazon Jungle: Green hell to red desert! R J A Goodland and H S Irwin. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company.

AMAZONIA suppott* the world's largest and richest tropical forert, and until recently most of this Irreplaceable biological resource has been so in- accessible n to be safe from the predations of Western Man.

O W the last decade this security has been eroded as the Brazilian Government

exploitation until sustainable resource management methods have been developed, and a concentration of agri- culture on fertile or repeatedly-flooded soils. The great untapped potential of the rivers for fish production is also examined.

My only criticism of the book concerns the authors' excessive fondness for long word*. Unless the reader already knows what nosogeography, prolepsis and lixiviatedmean, I recommend keeping a

Stephen Joseph

. . . . . - - - -, . . ; .. ..- .'.' " . .

The South-West Book: a Tmmanian Wlltiemest. Written and published by the Australian Conservation Foundation, 672B Glenferrie Road. Hawthorn, I Victoria 3122, ~ u s d a . AS16 pb or Mhbpost face from ACE. AMONG conservationists in Australia. South-West Tasmania first became import- ant at the end of the dxttes/eady seventies when Lake Redder wu flooded for hydro-electric power against wide- snread nubile 6~~0si t ion . Not long after-

I wards &me a campaign to prevent a milling company from Drofpecting on Precipitous Bluff. These issues Mcted Tasmanians and were the starting point for the production of this book.

For the minority of our read? who live in Tasmania, this is an essential book. ~t is a compendium of articles on the history of the area; the natural environ- ment (geology, flora and fauna); recreational aspects such as skiing, caving, dtobfau and hiking: industry (mainly

has embarked on an ambitious pro- gramme of highway construction, apparently with little rçgu for the profound ecological and sociological consequences of such a disturbance.

In Amazon JungIe: Green hell to red desert! Goodland and Irwin combine field observations with a comprehensive review of the available literature in an attempt to ptedlct the envitonmental impact of the new highway construction promimme.

mining,forestry and hydr&ie-&city); t h e book is intended to be a summary and a section entitled Conservation and of the cutrent state of knowledge (which ~ - . - ~ ~

the 1970s which details the campaigns is repeatedly pointed out to be kdly and reports which have attempted to lacking in many areas), and u a source-

South-West Tasmania at a major book for further ma&. scenic and ecological resource. Although short, it is crammed with

The book is beautifully presented, but facts and figures about the history, more Importantly it is a comprehensive anthropology, zoology and botany of study of the natural habitat of South- Amazonla, as well as on the progress of West Tasmania. It would be worthwhile deforertation and of industrial to get your local library to buy the book development. -ado conservation groups may like to Predictably, most of this makes order a copy as a model on which to bate depresdn reading. The only ray of hope i book about t hKÑ ie are81 in their is In the Lrt à ˆ t t b d[Kaaing the

alternatives to presenttends, where the Lowana Veal authors advocate a curtailment of

dictionary near to hand, although even the Concise Oxford was baffled by allochthonous! Nevertheless, the study as a whole is unquestionably of enormous value as a starting-point for anyone wanting to know more about the pressing environment@ problems now confronting Ammonia.

, Janet Stewart t"S? ^ .?, ?'ttW'"'ti'?<w. -3 . . - -'¥^i-afr's'< " ,<: "P.5 ... ,."> ... * , . .-".L*..L-*-"., -, - ~ ~ . . . . . . . .

Apt Tech Ken Darrow and co. at Volunteers in have just published their second volume of their Appropriate Technology Source- book. It lilts and evaluates some 500 more publications on "village and small community technology* not in Vol 1 (which they've also updated). The set is easily the best buy among general AT books. (Vol2: 496 pp. $8 post free from AT Project, Via PO Box 4543, Stanford, CA 94305, USA or £3.6 post bee from ITD Books. 9 Kinest. London WC2).

Adam Piani

ence that apples for elder should be picked from the trees, not collected from the grass after falling naturally.

cider apple varieties grown ~ c " ~ f o r their cider making qualiiies most definitely should be allowed to fall. Only then are they ripe, and their flavour fully developed.

Besides a number of cider based cooking recipes the art of distilling in your kitchen is described simply, with diagrams good enough t o give the Excise men a headache.

Julian Temneriev M -

(Julian Temperley's Real Cider is & sate ' where it's made, Pass Vale Farm, r m - m  a Burrow Hill, Kingsbury Episcopi, Ã

Martock, Somerset and at two London - - - ar --- ------- pubs: the Bitter End, Mason'~ Hill, ,

Brornley and the Bitter Suite, 129 Lee Beyond the Green Revolution. The Rd. SE3. Ecology and Politics of Global Agri-

Up Yours Up Your Street: Youth Environmental Action. Stephen Joseph (editor) John Howes and Justin Cwke. 108 pages. £1.20

THIS BOOK provides an ideal starting point for young people who want to do something about environmental pollution but don't know where to begin. It rhetorically asks its readers if thewave ever wondered what to do about such '

problems as polluted air and water, endangered wildlife, energy shortages, lack of public transporfetc, or if they would like to channel their energies into organising street theatre, creatmg gardens in abandoned wasteland or promoting cycling or recycling. It also includes a practical day-to-day guide on how each of us can minimise the waste we all create as consumers in a consumer-oriented society.

Chapter subjects include group action, environmental planning, re-use of resources, cycling, conservation, is well as step-by-step techniques for setting up your own group, utiilising the media, fundraising and political lobbying. The book is liberally illustrated with cartoons, and, perhaps most helpfully of all, contains an extensive list of publications and organisations to satisfy the reader's

cultural Development. Kenneth A Dahlberg. Plenum Press (New Yo*, London). 266pp. $17.95.

THE GREEN revolution - the package deal of hiyielding varieties (HYVs) of grain, togetherwith fertilisers, irrigation, machinery and pesticides that f o t h ~ the core of modem 'industrial* agriculture - has cd@ to be accepted as the solution to the problems of world food shortage all round the world.

However, in his book, Dahlberg argues convincingly that the assumptions behind the green revolution package are not universally applicable; they have evolved within a largely %uropean cultural frame- work and within a no less specific 'time-frame'.

He sets the green revolution f i y within its own limits of place and time, tracing its history born the discovery of the New World and the subsequent worldwide diffusion of American crop- plants, through the Irish Famine of the mid-19th century (a classic case-study of green revolution gone wrong by reason of over-dependence on monocultures of a failure-prone introduced crop - in this case the potato), to the steady spread of hybrid 'new seeds' round the Third World, beginning with the Rockefeller programme in Mexico in the 1940s.

Dahlberg points out that the biologists involved in developing the new RYV seeds weie not nearly aware enough of cultural &ations in farming practice. They tilted to realise that the success of the new seeds depended almost

special>terests. absolutely OR tee kind of backup that Some parents might find that this could be taken for granted only in a

could serve as the perfect gift for their Western industrial setting. teenage children who are complaining Unfortunately, one of the most about the inequalities of a society con- dmnetting effects of the green revolution trolled by insensitive adults. Other in many poor countries has been an oarentsmttht just want to leave It Mng incte*stOgly unequal dtetributton of real

estate and capital. A few benefit, but thousands are squeezed off the land into urban limbo, where slow industrial growth rates fall to provide them with jobs. The small, barely-efficient fanner thus has to pick up the bill for general agricultural modernisation.

Moreover, the necessary inputs for HYV agriculture may not be reliably available: Dahlberg reasons that fertiliser may well become the limiting factor of HYV production. And there is evidence of long-term damage to the agricultural environment which may be directly caused by green revolution tactics. For example, irrigation can permanently lower the water-table and may even give rise to unwelcome changes in weather- patterns. .

Is there really no alternative to the green revolution but famine? Dahlberg prefers to think that ecologically-sound solutions can be found that will allow the green revolution to proceed on less mono- polistic lines, and that will take into account the magnificent diversity of f-g techniques practised around the globe.

He advocates the 'contextual' approach - a concern for scale, location and the time factors in different agri- cultural contexts, and a rejection of the notion that these factors can be somehow neutralised by chemical or mechanical wizardry.

If we export our technology and management theory without adapting them to local circumstances we are - in the long run - doing nobody any favours: the shifts and changes necessary to get the world fed are required just as much in the industrial countries as in the agricultural Third World.

Beyond the Green Revolution says much that needs saying - and says it forcefully.

Clare Oxby

Undercurrents 47

SMALL ADS Now just 5p a word; box nos £1.25 Copydate for UC48 is Wednesday, October 7. All ads must be PREP AID^^^^^^.

COMMUNITY WOMAN with smail child seeks a place on commune. Preferably agricultural co-opwith crafts, whole-food, child care etc. Box number 104.

WOMAN and man with large house North London, seek other compatible committed people to live communally. Feminist1 anarchist leanings, children planned. Nonsmokers. 01 -808 9826.

BEAUTIFUL 44 acre organic farming community with pottery and workshops seeks new members with capital and/or alternative loans. Sae to Glaneirw House Community, Blaenporth, Dyfed, Wales.

COMMUNITYIcommune of sen- sitivity and a little compassion. Male wishes to join with others for mutual growth, and aiming for selfsufficiency. Some personal influences being: music, Reich, post.Reich, Friedrichshof, medi- t u n , ' ~u iu j ie r~ , bcientology, Rajneesh, Kurt Vonnegut and my mum! Write 'Jack Straw' Box number 105.

WE WOULD like to hear from people interested in communes who would like to visit us and help out with all the work needing to be done here. Please write to: 'Crabapple', Berrington Hall, Shrewsbury.

. UHURU collective in Oxford needs radical people to help set up resources centre and run community cafe and whole- food shop. Hard work, low pay, but lots of room for energy, and ideas. Contact: 35 Cowley Road, Oxford. Tel: OX 48249.

PARSONAGE farm commune has space for 2 or 3 people (no young children please). We are anon- income sharing group of 7 adults and 5 children with a three acre organic garden and can offer workshop space for a craft. Phone Newmarket 741 584.

HARDWARE I'LL DESIGN, build and run wind energy systems up to, say, 10kW (electrolmechenical~power for almost anyone (preferably corn- munes), using locally available materials (scrap), tools and help at little or no labour cost. Material costs about 10-ZOp/W (aerogenerator only). Please send me sae to Undercurrents giving details of requirements (and wind regime) under 'Buzzard and Crow' - let 1000 windflowers blossom.

HEDGEHOG equipment for carders, spinning wheels. Natural fleece-. £ .10 - 1.90llb. Carded wool sliver £2.2 - 3.00llb. Complete handcarder repair kits

£4 DIY drum carder construc- tion booklet £3 Tussah silk E5.501250gm. Upper Hartfield. East Sussex, England.

TRAVELLERS CAPABLE male, 32, planning extensive, low-profile journey

HANDWEAVING. Pembrokeshire residential courses on organic small holding. Small groups, individual tuition. Beginners and experienced. Rugs, hangings, belts, tapestry, spinning. Sac to Martin Weatherhead, Penwenallt Farm, Cilgerran, Cardigan, Oyfed.

ETCETERA SOON I'LL be moving to York. Can anyone help me find contact in York with an undogmatic voae-nrouo. a non-reliaious third . - - world group, or a prac-tically active, socially orientated gar-

across USICanada bv surface transport (but no hitching!), seeks company of intelligent, like-minded female. Box US.

WORK OFFERED IMAGINATIVE, energetic and enthusiastic cook needed for veoetarian restaurant in ~hrewsbury. Write to Oelaney's, St Julian's Craft Centre. St Alkmund's Square, Shrewsbury.

THIRD WORKER wantedfor printing co-op in Cambridge. No experience asked for. Please write for information to Cambridge Free Press, 56 Fitzrov Street, Cambridge.

WORK WANTED 'TWO FRIENDS (male and female) offer part-time help with odd jobs, gardening, care-taking, animals, cooking, driving . . . in exchange for basic self-contained accommodation for six months (possibly longer) as from begin- ning of October. Anything, any- where considered. Box 103.

PROPERTY FREEHOLD land, 1% acres be-. side salmon/tr.out River Inny in sheltered wooded valley Cornwall, between Launceston and Callington. No caravan or plan- ning permission likely. Landrover or foot access. £3,00 ono. Please contact: Paul Vallack, 60 Cambridge Street, Godmanchester, Huntingdon, Cambs. Tel: 0480 55700.

SHELTER HOUSING co-operative, mixed, in SE London. Own room in shared houses for single people, 18-35. For more information send sae to Membership, 6 Sanford Walk, London SE14 6NB.

COURSES INSIGHT meditation retreats - towards greater awareness. September 5-12, 12-19, con- ducted by Christopher Titmuss, Christine Feldman. £4.5 per day all inclusive. Contact Secretary, Gilletts, Stnarden, Kent. Tel: 023 377 224.

BORED? Depressed? Escape the rat race by becoming a WWOOFERI WWOOF is ten years old. Learn organic gardening and farming at weekends. For further details, write to Working Weekends on Organic Farms, 19 Bradford Road, Lewes, Sussex.

PUBLICATIONS SPLAT! Disarmament comic, very jolly. 35 Hyde Park Terrace, Leeds 6 . 2 0 ~ each plus 14p stamp.

UFOsI Worldwide Directory of UFO groups, organisations, and publications. £ from: UFO Network, 39 Birkbeck Road, London NW7.

FIRST BRITISH Whole Earth Catalogue and Alternative England and Wales sequel1 update (adding Scotland). Comprehensive national catalogue and directory in the making. Information now needed fromlabout local alter- native papers, smail press publications and bookshops1 other retailers carrying these. Please write: Earthworks Intakes, 12 Garnet Street, Lancaster LA1 3PN.

THE COMING Age: magazine of the living matriarchial tradition, 45p, Lux Madriana (Ul, 40, St John St, Oxford.

ANTI-Nuclear power1 disarmament catalogue: Please send sae to: Corner Bookshop. 162 Woodhouse Land, ~ e e d ~ 2, W Yorks.

PEACE NEWS for nonviolent revolution. Reports. analvsis. news, of non-"iolent action for social change, building) alternativesand resisting the mega- machine. Covers anti-militarism, sexual polities, ecology, decentral- isation, etc. 25p fortnightly, £9.5 for a year's sub, from 8 Elm Avenua, Nottingham.

NUCLEAR Weapons and disarmament - books and pam- phlets available by mail order. Write for our free catalogue (send sac). List of non-stereotyping children's books also avaiable. First of May Bookshop, 43 Candlemaker Row, Edinburgh EH1 208,.

ALTERNATIVE TIMES. A monthly run-down of alternative enemv news and views. olus items on nuclear power, information, resources, dates. Sub £ including cost from 35 Wedmore Street. London N19 4RU.

THERE is a lively undercurrent tilted The Nursery Rhymes Restored to their Adult Originals. 18 rhymes freed from the censor- shio that made them childish. £ (returnable if disappointed), to Norman lies, 381 Marina Road, Morecambe, Lanes.

deninal farmina arouo (cf citv - - . farm etc.)? Please contact arti in, Fairthorn, Townhead Road, Dore, Sheffield 17.

LURCHER pups for sale. Solve your rabbit problem. Collie grey- hound crones. Both parents catch rabbit, hare, fox, phemant, etc. £2 each. Also one trained adult dog. Write now: Hilly, Green Box, Gautby, Near Wragby, Lines

HOROSCOPES drawn and inter- i re ted from a radical, anti-sexist, therapeutic perspective - etnphasising our power to change, to take control of our own fate. £7 down to £ for low income. Time, date and place of birth to Nick Totton, Beech Cottage, High Bentham, via Lancaster.

'WHALES are disappearing' tea towel. 100% cotton. Effective message and pleasing design in blue on white. Make excellent ecoprezzies. £1.3 (including post and packing) from Earthcare, 33 Sadler St. Durham, (0385) 45837. Wholesale enquiries (10 or morel welcome.

SINGERIguitarist seeks partner - any voicelinstrument. Work at fairs, festivals, busking, schools, etc. Phone Gilly - Potton 26021 (Bedfordshire).

CARDIGAN 12m: two families with four children (1, 3,5,B) on beautiful smallholdina Km sea invite third; separate living; approx £15,00 unfortunately re- quired. Llangranog (0239871 216.

WOOL. Oiled, hardwearing, non- dyed, natural fibre. Herdwick, Swaledale, Welsh. Also 100% Pure 'New Wool Aran. clean scoured. . cream colour. And "Arctica", a blend of Icelandic and other pure 'new wools. All make excellent heavy duty garments at an eco- nomical price. Sae for samples: Homespun Supply Co, 34, Richmond Avenue, Leeds LS6 1BZ.

COLIGNUM L t d Woodworkers' Co-operative for woodmachinina in hard or softwoods; batch

- production facilitiesfor wood design. furniture etc; also our- pow made joinery. Colignum Ltd, Atlas Street, Feeder Road. St Philips. Bristol 2. Tel: 0272

ASTROLOGER' offers personal individual birth chart and charact- er analvsis with two vear future trends £10 Written or on tape: John Wiilmott, Millbrae, Bunessan, Mull, Argyll.

P R O P O S E D ~ ~ ~ ~ & + ~ & ~ learning wntre weks founder mem- willing to (tart fmq yratch. An interest in promo$nfl naturalappmachoi to childbirth,

Â¥chil dnelopment, human relatlonihlpi,k-lth,texurtity, - etc; it emntM. For more details plow Mnd en ~e to: Bob White, 26 Clifton Gardens, London W9

H U à ‡ R ~ A ' B ~ ~ ~ ' .~imIn. Southern Soain. &started as a qiwp, now.w~are only two, and we waad brio. q ~ ~ i d l y skillad md/or hardworking poopta. We WCOKMViifor*HbrtbNCm@ pwiodi.Ourmain Â¥cthlH k&iw farming, other proJKta: horti- :, culture, various l i i o c k , re- construction of farm buildings

1AU. and installations. Alutiir and yakfflteok, HuçrtaBorrÈauar

LAVENDER BOOKS, a pr-d Amrtttio 36* Ayamcntt* à lesbian and gay community hock- (H"va'"). -. . , , shop in Edinburgh, nwAyour N u ~ ~ s music am n;ifHIuf help. Slid tor businw. promeetua tourn ~ p ~ ~ h ~ -% % to: Box 42,43 CÈ>dlamak Row, - from - y * , ~ + Edinbuiflh EHI 208. Telephone 4th wM R à ‡ M ~ ~ +. 031-226 2612. eppearing in "~reedom~m' t n ~ " 5 '- THE HOT CLUB at the Edinburgh Bowl of-UyrrKs" @political, Festival, at the Atorin, Abbey- mutical comedy. Jhà MM~~.$I(Aà !" mount, Aug 30-Sapt 5. "If there's the relationih~ between nuclear no dancing at the Revolution, I'm power and the b p s r a d ,- ' not mmina." A week of movies. Politics and the multietional' workihon, p*rformçnce bwi&, bonks. and exÇrram the tint <> with cafÈen dancing Â¥vr night. strikepotturn with ktthrwi to Wednmday Sepi 2, Women only, world Alw on tour we with film "Dora" 7pm. lid Poiton Girls with a support act. ' . woman's band "The Mistokos". All procaeds from both tour8 will A FARM b6oksby port. SPl~itUl midwiflw £6.80 Co-OperttW method of birth control C3.76S Fawn m w i ~ cook book £4.36 ThIq mion's people £2.66 Mind at.play £3.76 Shut down (nuclearpower on trial) £4.36 Price* include p&p. Money ordan to Eire Farm, Lmercolum How, Bandon. Co. Cork. Eire.

go to antbuclaar groups. For .'- ?: further details and dates lee the Music Pmst. i.< 2 - '&

ANTI-N UCLEAR mç order A

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page Index of articles, authors, subject areas and books from No. 1 (Spring 1972) to No. 43 (Dec 80/Jan 81). At ooly £1.2 (£ to Institutions) It's the Ideal gift for the alternative person who has everythlngi Just tear out the form below and return It fc UC Index, 27 Clerkenwell Close, London ECI.

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1 REGULAR DELIVERIES TO LONDON AND ,HE HOME COUNTIES I l THE OLD CONVENT STROUD GLOS

STROUD 79414 1 1 ~ l k rush me my copy of the UC Index. I enclose a chequelpostal orderlG1ro Transfer tor £1.25/£3.0

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Undercurrents 47

Any ten of the back numbers listed below for only £3.50 Or, even better, all thirty-two plus a free copy of our new index for only£10.50 surface mall, worldwide. We regret mat Nos. 1 to 7,9,11,13,19 and 20 are completely out of print.

Lucas Aemspai'e; Crabapple; Biofeedback; Community Technoloey, 1 2 Comtek Ti: Alternative Culture (3): Alternative Health Sewice. 1 4 Lucas & AT: Jack Mundey; Overwas AT: Hilbide C&p; Building & natural energy Shutter denin; Altanutiw Tuhnolocy in India. "Who Needs Nuke*?": Biodymmic mdubin~ Wind rwntor 1 5 -a)i remrt- Invertordesiffir Inaulati(m&iob~ Production formod.

InnarTechnology: Save yourowwd; Computerleyhuntinr, 17th 1 7 century radical science; Dowring Kirtian photokit: Women & AT. AT 6 t h e Third World: Irrelevant technology; 2nd clean opitaliun; 1 8 Chinese science; Supermacker, Green ban; Hydroponice. Ley line*. .Good squat guide; Dangem of counterculture; Brcudcutiw Rich; 2 1 Nuclear policy; ~mnage farm: ~ a u r i a t o k peace conversion; DIY print.

22 A doctor wr!tes; Ireland; Paranoia power (1); Stonehenfe; Primal therapy; Cod war, Fish fanning (1); Ripple revolutionurn; Frw ndio. Seahpmk; Nukes & unions;, Fish fanning (2); Wart~aver. Lorem 2 3 atoveç Charles Fort; Solarcollector. VHFtraiiçnutt ParÇiioiçPo~w(2 Chicken's lib: Namibian health; Windscale; VHF tniumittor (2); 24 DuncanChmnbeU on the E a v e s d n i ~ ~ e r ~ Fore- C h w & d d w R . . - Emotional plague, Fmdhom. Compost& c o d a f a (2); Waterpowr 2 5 ~ m u r ~ e h e a m ; Oz community radio: Punk; Tluibnd; P d w Scbotam. AT & the Portuguese revolution; The Ruuiani aren't coming; Boat 26 repairs; . New Age Access; Orkney crafting: Growingdon,PacmELF. Soft energy: hard politic;; Fast breeders, Twls for anull fuaa, 27 BrooldloustAmpeniandco-op;FiahftnnineTlltShriMll.DIYWood-ovt. Windncale: Tund; Allantn; Mondragon; AT& the SUM; Cuudim AT; 28 BehaviourMod: Bicycle olannini; UrbulwttlJnd: Can Wdeanuk*iC W o m a n 6 Energy: Windscale; NewClearEmmy; Femin&tsm@ut 29 nukci;Women&Science;Wo~ianthought:Allcç&ATllBn;Ska Windscale; Ecofeminism; Solarcel. AT & the Britiab SUU, Alh 30 Muscle poweredrevolutionary sçimdhi Gmaing>ocidi>lK Plri*hpolitlc& Food politics: Factory fanning; Additiv; Wholefood co'ow; Corn- 3 1 modity campaigns; Common agricultural policy; Pota to~; Gnin dÑlinc Ecopolltics: British road to l$cotopia;'Lunc; Nuba & th* uniqm; 32 Workers' plans; UKAEA; DIY VHF UwumitUr, S- MImx. Planning; Garden citieh; L'rhan wasteland; National park*; Shetland; 33 Country life; WWOOFing. ATworkshop;Energyoptioaa&çmploymçi

Comtok 79: Wave power, Teamwork Training True Campah for 35 the North: DIY Wimdstove defim: Decentralisini AT: Greentown. 36 Children 6 t ho Environment: Future perfect: City jungle% Alice; Flyshe& cdmp*i. Ma Gaia, Community achmls & Ñrvice Free acboolk, 37 Third world energy: F A 0 food conference; Street fightin' nun; DIY biogas; cnmpnst; Ecotopoly; Environmentaleducation; KuenSiUmood.

38 Antl-nuciearCotitpaign: Denmark SeahmoGue"11*tacti0*'Tba Englihh F.arthquake;TheRunniansandNicolaTe~AnimalaorEthlei. Communas: <'n--ipentivework,Furground;Chriituuua;C~a 39 ft anarchism: i'mce's polemic; US Windpowerlnc.; Scuidimv+~AT.

4 1 C0-0peratorS Fair: s u m Winds of change-. Working collectively: Orgasmic labour Macho nations: Capitalism and Co-ops Delta-T: Co-oplit

42 Pro l~p l a : Convivial computing: Manifesto for the 80s EN& Kyshtync NATTA; Tcsli Darricus windmill design. Pirate Radio. h b s into windmills; Atoms for peace, Land reform - no thanks; 6 Greentown; Life without T.V.: E3.T.; Propertarians. Media SPÇCIÇ hkwhiine, 4th world; Arts council; Open 44 radio d m m a n interview M T u f f C m u n hfY.

- - ~ ,.- ,7

ZIMBABWE 1 - - -

1 Two bullderft o~archltecia with building experiencearà r ~ ~ d e d to teach and upervim at two returned-refuflee xhools In rural Zimbabwe. The tchools enwurwa practical and vocational training IE pan of their inching and as part of their conaruaiion of dwprateiv-needed accommodation. PwplBtra needud with skills In teaching e l e m t u v building theory (pion k i t~e ta tk tn , stock-keeping) and comtrufction practim (%impie brick ¥n concrete work and roofing).

TERM& Two war contract); return fare to the U. K.; equipment mllowaoa befofn tesving; rnld-tam grant and m rsmttienmnl gram on t m i m t l o n of contract; medical insurance; tonguaw OTinwH -tiat% orientation: a baak 1~Iarv Is w id which

for recruitment particularly In the anasof hearth, *lcu(tufà non-formal education and c o m m ~ ~ ~ w l l l ~ l w production of materials b.9. tape/dklktt, pBnr>phlt<) Information gained from pW~@+iovrÑ ?ha involve building up and maintalnlme (Mworkof conttctitr> tha icc lB lMtbn i In which GiIR wWk*OçÑÃ

exparie& in the ~ h i r d World 0 experience of reining to community groups, tride ufiion*Â¥fl

pressure groups ftxperience in administration and office procedum ability to write clearly and amtiwlv

1 experience inproduction of visual and written nrtarieit f f t h t g m: £648 plu* criild atlomncu For furthw dMiW aontui: CI IR 1 CJinhridaT-rxf. Landan. NWl.a

IVS is looking for people who: Have a vision of a world-wide community

based on justice, equality and co-operation. Want genuinely to assist those disadvantaged by

international competitive and exoloftative structures, and 1 ' * Have useful skills, training and experience to utilize and pass on. I

Volunteer vacancies in Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland exist for:

PLUMBE WHANDY MAN'' with plumbing experience tor small-scale domestic supply in Swaziland,

INSTRUCTORS in BUILDING id MOTOR MECHANICS/BODY REPAIRS to teach South African Refugees in Swaziland.

ENGINEERS for design and construction of footbridges, school ¥sanitatio scheme

and for labour-intensive road building and repair in Lesotho.

AQRICULTURALIST/HORTICULTURALIST .; i to work with handicapped in Swaziland. . -Jl

ã FOOD for an

L

accident can only be averted by beingfore-warned. Butwanting Uuca~$~ 'oiWal' channe&may come too late, and we must take action to protect +ulves. The best means of individual protection is the pocket dosimeter which can be

manufacturers for a little over j£2 (and worth every penny of it butwe have taken step to I o tain supplies of these instruments at a substantially reduced price, i.e. £12.9 each. There are only a few available, so please let us know at once if youwould like one. We haveall data on how to use them, and technical details too. View

~ro~ical-fowim, (fee world's d&t habitat, are under tfartatiof virtual iHubSation

experienced it for yourself. a complete Bio Feedback package including the Monitor, Skin pads,

~ ~ ~ ~ h k d t o r p h o ~ l c , and full immctionsforonIy~~3.95. Free detailswUbe supplied on request.

THEmNoGEN

uk. An ioniserfor

make lil-ciicqwpayable to ..................... 'W* @+Action " - . . . . . . WFAandrcccivc the .......................... Nmax. .. .:, .. .!...%

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