ubuntu (operating system) - wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

7/29/2019 Ubuntu (Operating System) - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

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Ubuntu

Ubuntu Desktop 13.04 "Raring Ringtail" with Unity 7

Company /

developer

Canonical Ltd., Ubuntu

community

OS family Unix-like

Working state Current

Source model Free and open source

software with proprietary

components

Initial release 20 October2004

Latest stable release 13.04 Raring Ringtail /

25 April 2013[1]

Marketing target Personal computers

Servers

Tablet computers (Ubuntu

Touch)

Smart TVs (Ubuntu TV)Smartphones

Available

language(s)

Multi-lingual (more than 55

by LoCos)

Update method APT / Software Updater

Ubuntu Software Center

Package manager dpkg, Click packages

Supported platforms IA-32, X86-64,[2]

ARM[2][3][4][5][6]

Kernel type Monolithic (Linux)

Userland GNU

Default user

Ubuntu (operating system)From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Ubuntu (/bntu/uu-BUUN-too)[7][8] is an

operating system based on the Linux kernel and the

Linux distribution Debian, with Unity as its default

desktop environment. It is distributed as free and opensource software. It is named afterthe Southern African

philosophy ofubuntu, which often is translated as

"humanity towards others" or "the belief in a universal

bond of sharing that connects all humanity".[9]

According to 2012 online surveys, Ubuntu is the most

popular Linux distribution on desktop and laptop

personal computers,[10][11][12][13] and most Ubuntu

coverage focuses on its use in that market. However, it is

also popular on servers and for cloud computing.[14]

Development of Ubuntu is led by Canonical Ltd.,[15] a

company based in the Isle of Man and owned by South

African entrepreneur Mark Shuttleworth. Canonical

generates revenue through the sale of technical support

and services related to Ubuntu.[16] According to

Canonical, the Ubuntu project is committed to the

principles of open source development; people are

encouraged to use free software, study how it works,

improve upon it, and distribute it.[17][18]

Contents

1 Features

2 History and development process

2.1 System requirements

2.2 Installation

3 Package classification and support

3.1 Availability of third-party software

4 Releases

5 Variants

5.1 Ubuntu Server

5.2 Cloud computing

6 Development

7 Adoption and reception

7.1 Installed base

7.1.1 Publicized large-scaledeployments

7.2 Critical reception

7.3 Controversy
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_and_open_source_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_developerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unity_(user_interface)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ubuntu_13.04_Desktop.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ubuntu_13.04_Desktop.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ubuntu_13.04_Desktop.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ubuntu_13.04_Desktop.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ubuntu_13.04_Desktop.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ubuntu_13.04_Desktop.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ubuntu_13.04_Desktop.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ubuntu_13.04_Desktop.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ubuntu_13.04_Desktop.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Logo-ubuntu_no(r)-black_orange-hex.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source_software_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_supporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Shuttleworthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonical_Ltd.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_distributionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_and_open_source_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_and_open_source_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unity_(user_interface)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Pronunciation_respelling_keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source_software_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_supporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Shuttleworthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Manhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonical_Ltd.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_distributionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_(philosophy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_and_open_source_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unity_(user_interface)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Pronunciation_respelling_keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Core_Utilitieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Userland_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monolithic_kernelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86-64http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IA-32http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Click_packages&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dpkghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_Software_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_Updaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Packaging_Toolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_TVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_TVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_Touchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_13.04http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_release_life_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_and_open_source_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix-likehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonical_Ltd.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_developerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unity_(user_interface)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ubuntu_13.04_Desktop.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Logo-ubuntu_no(r)-black_orange-hex.svg


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interface GNOME Panel:

Versions 4.10 through

11.04

Unity: version 11.04

and later

License Mainly the GNU GPL and

various other free software

licenses

Official website www.ubuntu.com

(http://www.ubuntu.com)

7.4 China

8 Local Communities (LoCos)

9 Vendor support

10 See also

11 References

12 Bibliography

13 External links

Features

Ubuntu is composed of many software packages, the

majority of which are distributed under a free software

license. The main license used is the GNU General Public License (GNU GPL) which, along with the GNU

Lesser General Public License (GNU LGPL), explicitly declares that users are free to run, copy, distribute,

study, change, develop and improve the software. On the other hand, there is also proprietary software

available that can run on Ubuntu.

The Ubiquity installer allows Ubuntu to be installed to the hard disk from within the Live CD environment,

without the need for restarting the computer prior to installation. Beginning with 5.04, UTF-8 became the default

character encoding,[19] which allows for support of a variety of non-Roman scripts.

To provide a more secure environment, the sudo tool is used to assign temporary privileges for performing

administrative tasks, allowing the root account to remain locked, and preventing inexperienced users from

inadvertently making catastrophic system changes or opening security holes.[20] PolicyKit is also being widely

implemented into the desktop to further harden the system through the principle of least privilege.

Ubuntu Desktop includes a graphical desktop environment. In versions prior to 11.04 the default GUI was

GNOME Panel but it was dropped in favor of Unity, a graphical interface Canonical first developed for the

Ubuntu Netbook Edition.[21]

Ubuntu comes installed with a wide range of software that includes LibreOffice, Firefox, Thunderbird, Empathy,

Transmission, and several lightweight games (such as Sudoku and chess). Additional software that is not

installed by default (including software that used to be in the default installation such as Evolution, GIMP, Pidgin,

and Synaptic) can be downloaded and installed using the Ubuntu Software Center[22] or other apt-based

package management tools. Programs in the Software Center are mostly free, but there are also priced

products, including applications and magazines.

Ubuntu can close its own network ports using its own firewalls software. End-users can install Gufw (GUI for

Uncomplicated Firewall) and keep it enabled.[23] GNOME (the former default desktop) offers support for more

than 46 languages.[24] Ubuntu can also run many programs designed for Microsoft Windows (such as Microsoft

Office), through Wine or using a Virtual Machine (such as VMware Workstation or VirtualBox).

Ubuntu compiles their packages using gcc features such as PIE and Buffer overflow protection to harden their

software.[25] These extra features greatly increase security at the performance expense of 1% in 32 bit and

0.01% in 64 bit.[26]

History and development process
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86-64http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardening_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffer_overflow_protectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Position-independent_codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VirtualBoxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VMware_Workstationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_(software)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Officehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windowshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNOMEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gufwhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Package_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Packaging_Toolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_Software_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaptic_(software)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pidgin_(software)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GIMPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_(software)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GlChesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudokuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(BitTorrent_client)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empathy_(software)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla_Thunderbirdhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla_Firefoxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LibreOfficehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_Netbook_Editionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unity_(desktop_environment)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNOME_Panelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_of_least_privilegehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_focused_operating_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PolicyKithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_encodinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_CDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubiquity_(software)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Lesser_General_Public_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_software_licensehttp://www.ubuntu.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_software_licenseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_11.04http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unity_(user_interface)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_11.04http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_4.10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNOME_Panelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_interface


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Ubuntu is a fork of the Debian project's codebase. The original aim of the Ubuntu developers was to create an

easy-to-use Linux desktop with new releases scheduled on a predictable six-month basis, resulting in a

frequently updated system.[8][27]

Ubuntu's first release was on 20 October 2004. Since then, Canonical has released new versions of Ubuntu

every six months[28] with commitment to support each release for nine months (eighteen months prior to

13.04)[29] by providing security fixes, patches to critical bugs and minor updates to programs. Canonical

decided that every fourth release, issued on a two-year basis, would receive long-term support (LTS).[8] LTSreleases were traditionally supported for three years on the desktop and five years on the server. [28] However

with the release of Ubuntu 12.04 LTS, desktop support for LTS releases was extended to five years (for

example, Ubuntu 12.04 LTS is scheduled to be supported until April 2017). Support was extended to better

accommodate business and corporate IT users of Ubuntu who operate on longer release cycles and are more

conscious of the costs associated with frequent software upgrades.[30] LTS releases get point releases to ensure

that they work on newer hardware.[31] The LTS releases can get LTS release upgrades with the first point

versions. The 12.04 LTS release for instance gets the release upgrade with the 12.04.1-point release.[32]

Ubuntu packages are based on packages from Debian's unstable branch: both distributions use Debian's deb

package format and package management tools (APT and Ubuntu Software Center). Debian and Ubuntu

packages are not necessarily binary compatible with each other, however, and sometimes .deb packages may

need to be rebuilt from source to be used in Ubuntu.[33] Many Ubuntu developers are also maintainers of key

packages within Debian. Ubuntu cooperates with Debian by pushing changes back to Debian,[34] although there

has been criticism that this does not happen often enough. In the past, Ian Murdock, the founder of Debian, has

expressed concern about Ubuntu packages potentially diverging too far from Debian to remain compatible.[35]

Before release, packages are imported from Debian Unstable continuously and merged with Ubuntu-specific

modifications. A month before release, imports are frozen, and packagers then work to ensure that the frozen

features interoperate well together.

Ubuntu is currently funded by Canonical Ltd. On 8 July 2005, Mark Shuttleworth and Canonical Ltd.

announced the creation of the Ubuntu Foundation and provided an initial funding of US$10 million. The purpose

of the foundation is to ensure the support and development for all future versions of Ubuntu. Mark Shuttleworth

describes the foundation as an "emergency fund" (in case Canonical's involvement ends).[36]

On 12 March 2009, Ubuntu announced developer support for 3rd party cloud management platforms, such as

for those used at Amazon EC2.[37]

Beginning with version 10.10, Ubuntu Netbook Edition used the Unity desktop as its desktop interface.[38][39]

Starting with Ubuntu 11.04, the netbook edition has been merged into the desktop edition. [40]

Mark Shuttleworth announced on 31 October 2011 that Ubuntu's support for smartphones, tablets, TVs and

smart screens is scheduled to be added by Ubuntu 14.04.[41] On 9 January 2012, Canonical announced Ubuntu

TV at the Consumer Electronics Show.[42][43][44][45][46]

System requirements

The system requirements vary among Ubuntu products. For the main Ubuntu desktop product, the official

Ubuntu Documentation recommends a 1 GHz Pentium 4 processor with 768 megabytes of RAM

[47]

and 5gigabytes of hard drive space, or better.[48] For less powerful computers, there are other Ubuntu distributions

such as Lubuntu and Xubuntu.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xubuntuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubuntuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_Electronics_Showhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_TVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_14.04http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_11.04http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_Netbook_Editionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_EC2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_Foundationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Shuttleworthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feature_freezehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unstable_(Debian)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Murdockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_compatiblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_Software_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Packaging_Toolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Package_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_package_(installation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deb_(file_format)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian#Distributionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-term_supporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patch_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codebasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fork_(software_development)


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Ubuntu running on the Nexus S, an

Android smartphone

As of version 12.04, Ubuntu supports the ARM[2][3][4][5] and x86 (32 bit and 64 bit) architectures. There is

unofficial support for PowerPC.[2][49][50]

Installation

Installation of Ubuntu is generally performed with the Live CD or a

Live USB drive. The Ubuntu OS can run directly from the CD

(although this is usually slower than running Ubuntu from an HDD),allowing a user to "test-drive" the OS for hardware compatibility and

driver support. The CD also contains the Ubiquity installer,[51] which

can then guide the user through the permanent installation process.

CD images of all current and past versions are available for download

at the Ubuntu web site.[52] Installing from the CD requires a minimum

of 256 MB of RAM.

Users can download a disk image (.iso) of the CD, which can then

either be written to a physical medium (CD or DVD), or optionally run directly from a hard drive (via

UNetbootin or GRUB). Ubuntu is also available on PowerPC, SPARC, and IA-64 platforms, although none

are officially supported.[53]

Canonical offered Ubuntu[54] and Kubuntu[55] Live installation CDs of the latest distribution of the operating

system at no cost including paid postage for most destinations around the world via a service called ShipIt. This

service closed in April 2011. The Canonical Store offers five CDs for 5.00. Various third-party programs such

as remastersys and Reconstructor are available to create customized copies of the Ubuntu Live CDs.

Ubuntu and Kubuntu can be booted and run from a USB Flash drive (as long as the BIOS supports booting

from USB), with the option of saving settings to the flashdrive. This allows a portable installation that can be run

on any PC which is capable of booting from a USB drive.[56] In newer versions of Ubuntu, the USB creator

program is available to install Ubuntu on a USB drive (with or without a LiveCD disc).

Wubi, which is included as an option on the Live CD,[57] allows Ubuntu to be installed and run from within a

virtual Windows loop device (as a large image file that is managed like any other Windows program via the

Windows Control Panel). This method requires no partitioning of a Windows user's hard drive. It incurs a slight

performance loss and hibernation is not supported. The filesystem is also more vulnerable to hard reboots.

The desktop edition can be also installed using the Netboot image which uses the debian-installer and allows

performing certain specialist installations of Ubuntu: setting up automated deployments, upgrading from older

installations without network access, LVM and/or RAID partitioning, installs on systems with less than about

256 MB of RAM (although low-memory systems may not be able to run a full desktop environment

reasonably).[58]

Package classification and support

Ubuntu divides all software into four domains to reflect differences in licensing and the degree of support

available.[59] Some unsupported applications receive updates from community members, but not from Canonical

Ltd.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonical_Ltd.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reboot_(computing)#Cold_vs._warm_reboothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_drivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_partitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_Panel_(Windows)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wubi_(installer)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_USBhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_Live_USB_creatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_Flash_drivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstructorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remastersyshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IA-64http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRUBhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNetbootinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_Access_Memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megabytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubiquity_(software)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_drivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_USBhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_CDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86-64http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_Shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nexus_S_with_Ubuntu.jpg


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Free software Non-free software

Supported Main Restricted

Unsupported Universe Multiverse

Free software includes only software that has met the Ubuntu licensing requirements,[59] which roughly

correspond to the Debian Free Software Guidelines. Exceptions, however, include firmware and fonts, in the

Main category, because although they are not allowed to be modified, their distribution is otherwiseunencumbered.[citation needed]

Non-free software is usually unsupported (Multiverse), but some exceptions (Restricted) are made for important

non-free software. Supported non-free software includes device drivers that can be used to run Ubuntu on

some current hardware, such as binary-only graphics card drivers. The level of support in the Restricted

category is more limited than that of Main, because the developers may not have access to the source code. It is

intended that Main and Restricted should contain all software needed for a complete desktop environment.[59]

Alternative programs for the same tasks and programs for specialized applications are placed in the Universe

and Multiverse categories.

In addition to the above, in which the software does not receive new features after an initial release, Ubuntu

Backports is an officially recognized repository for backporting newer software from later versions of

Ubuntu.[60] The repository is not comprehensive; it consists primarily of user-requested packages, which are

approved if they meet quality guidelines. Backports receives no support at all from Canonical, and is entirely

community-maintained.

The -updates repository provides stable release updates (SRU) of Ubuntu and are generally installed through

update-manager. Each release is given its own -updates repository (e.g. intrepid-updates). The repository is

supported by Canonical Ltd. for packages in main and restricted, and by the community for packages in

universe and multiverse. All updates to the repository must meet certain requirements and go through the -roposedrepository before being made available to the public.[61] Updates are scheduled to be available until

the end of life for the release.

In addition to the -updates repository, the unstable -proposedrepository contains uploads which must be

confirmed before being copied into -updates. All updates must go through this process to ensure that the patch

does truly fix the bug and there is no risk of regression.[62] Updates in -proposed are confirmed by either

Canonical or members of the community.

Canonical'spartnerrepository lets vendors of proprietary software deliver their products to Ubuntu users at no

cost through the same familiar tools for installing and upgrading software.[63] The software in the partner

repository is officially supported with security and other important updates by its respective vendors. Canonical

supports the packaging of the software for Ubuntu[63][64][65] and provides guidance to vendors.[63] The partner

repository is disabled by default and can be enabled by the user.[66] Some popular products distributed via the

partner repository as of 28 April 2013 are Adobe Flash Player, Adobe Reader and Skype.

Availability of third-party software

See also: Medibuntu and GetDeb

Ubuntu has a certification system for third party software.[67] Some third-party software that does not limit

distribution is included in Ubuntu's multiverse component. The package ubuntu-restricted-extras additionally

contains software that may be legally restricted, including support for MP3 and DVD playback, Microsoft
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mscorefontshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-Videohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu-restricted-extrashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GetDebhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medibuntuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Acrobathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Flash_Playerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_regressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feature_freezehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_driverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_fonthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian_Free_Software_Guidelineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mscorefonts


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Old version Older version, st ill supported Latest version Future release

Version Code name Release dateSupported until

Desktop Server

4.10 Warty Warthog 2004-10-20 2006-04-30

5.04 Hoary Hedgehog 2005-04-08 2006-10-31

5.10 Breezy Badger 2005-10-13 2007-04-13

6.06 LTS Dapper Drake 2006-06-01 2009-07-14 2011-06-01

6.10 Edgy Eft 2006-10-26 2008-04-25

7.04 Feisty Fawn 2007-04-19 2008-10-19

7.10 Gutsy Gibbon 2007-10-18 2009-04-18

8.04 LTS Hardy Heron 2008-04-24 2011-05-12 2013-05-09

8.10 Intrepid Ibex 2008-10-30 2010-04-30

9.04 Jaunty Jackalope 2009-04-23 2010-10-23

9.10 Karmic Koala 2009-10-29 2011-04-30

10.04 LTS Lucid Lynx 2010-04-29 2013-05-09 2015-04

10.10 Maverick Meerkat 2010-10-10 2012-04-10

11.04 Natty Narwhal 2011-04-28 2012-10-2811.10 Oneiric Ocelot 2011-10-13 2013-05-09

12.04 LTS Precise Pangolin 2012-04-26 2017-04

12.10 Quantal Quetzal 2012-10-18 2014-04

13.04 Raring Ringtail 2013-04-25 2014-01[29]

13.10 Saucy Salamander 2013-10-17[70] 2014-07

TrueType core fonts, Sun's Java runtime environment, Adobe's Flash Player plugin, many common audio/video

codecs, and unrar, an unarchiver for files compressed in the RAR file format.

Additionally, third party application suites are available for purchase through Ubuntu Software Center,[68]

including many high-quality games such as Braid and Oil Rush,[69] software for DVD playback and media

codecs.

There is also Steam available for Ubuntu with a wide range of indie games as well as some AAA titles, such as

Counter-Strike: Source, Amnesia: The Dark Descent and Serious Sam 3: BFE.

Releases

Main article: List of Ubuntu releases

Each Ubuntu release has

a version number that

consists of the year and

month number of therelease.[71] For example,

the first release was

Ubuntu 4.10 as it was

released on 20 October

2004. Version numbers

for future versions are

provisional; if the release

is delayed the version

number changes

accordingly.

Ubuntu releases are also

given alliterative code

names, using an adjective

and an animal (e.g.,

"Dapper Drake" and

"Intrepid Ibex"). With the

exception of the first

three releases, codenames are in consecutive

alphabetical order,

allowing a quick

determination of which

release is newer. "We

might skip a few letters,

and we'll have to wrap

eventually." says Mark

Shuttleworth while

describing the namingscheme.[72] Commonly, Ubuntu releases are referred to using only the adjective portion of the code name; for

example, the 12.04 LTS release is commonly known as "Precise".
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_namehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliterationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_versioninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ubuntu_releaseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serious_Sam_3:_BFEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesia:_The_Dark_Descenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-Strike:_Sourcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_gamehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_(software)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_Rushhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braid_(video_game)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAR_(file_format)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_compressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unrarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codechttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Flash_Playerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Virtual_Machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Microsystemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mscorefontshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_13.10_Saucy_Salamanderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_13.04_Raring_Ringtailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_12.10_Quantal_Quetzalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_12.04_LTS_Precise_Pangolinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_11.10_Oneiric_Ocelothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_11.04_Natty_Narwhalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_10.10_Maverick_Meerkathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_10.04_Lucid_Lynxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_9.10_Karmic_Koalahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_9.04_Jaunty_Jackalopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_8.10_Intrepid_Ibexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_8.04_Hardy_Heronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutsy_Gibbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feisty_Fawnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_6.10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_6.06http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breezy_Badgerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoary_Hedgehoghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warty_Warthog


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Releases are timed to be approximately one month after GNOME releases (which in turn are about one month

after releases of X.org). As a result, every Ubuntu release was introduced with an updated version of both

GNOME and X.

Upgrades between releases have to be done from one release to the next release (e.g. Ubuntu 10.04 to Ubuntu

10.10) or from one LTS release to the next LTS release (e.g. Ubuntu 8.04 LTS to Ubuntu 10.04 LTS).[73]

Ubuntu 10.10 (Maverick Meerkat), was released on 10 October 2010 (10-10-10). This departed from the

traditional schedule of releasing at the end of October in order to get "the perfect 10", [74] and makes a playful

reference to The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy books, since, in binary, 101010 equals decimal 42, the

"Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe and Everything" within the series.[75]

Ubuntu 11.04, code-named "Natty Narwhal", was released on 28 April 2011.[76] The desktop interface of this

release significantly differs from the previous releases with the introduction of Unity as the default GUI. Users

can readily switch into "classic" GUI (GNOME Panel).[77] The new GUI has received strong criticism from

some users as too different from and less capable than the previous Gnome Panel,[78][79] while other users have

found they prefer the new approach and the minimalism compared to the older desktop paradigm.[80] However,

those positive about Unity also believed there was much room for improvement.[81]

With the release of Ubuntu 12.10, the desktop disc image no longer fits on a standard (700MB) CD, requiring a

DVD or bootable flash drive of 1GB or more. An unofficial recompressed version does fit on a CD, but does

not boot in some circumstances.[82]

Variants

See also: List of Ubuntu-based Linux distributions

Official Ubuntu editions, which are created and maintained by Canonical and the Ubuntu community and receive

full support from Canonical, its partners and the Community, are the following:[83][84]

Ubuntu Desktop (formally named as Ubuntu Desktop Edition, and simply called Ubuntu), designed

for desktop and laptop PCs using Unity Desktop interface.[85]

UbuntuKylin (formerly Ubuntu Chinese Edition), a Chinese specific version of Ubuntu Desktop.

Ubuntu Business Desktop Remix, a release meant for business users that comes with special

enterprise software including Adobe Flash, Canonical Landscape, OpenJDK 6 and VMware View,

while removing social networking and file sharing applications, games and development/sysadmin

tools.[86] The goal of the Business Desktop Remix is not to copy other enterprise-oriented distributions,

such as Red Hat Enterprise Linux, but to make it, according to Mark Shuttleworth's blog, "easier for

institutional users to evaluate Ubuntu Desktop for their specific needs."[87]

Ubuntu Server, made for use in servers.[88] The server install CD allows the user to install Ubuntu

permanently on a computer for use as a server. It does not install a graphical user interface.

Ubuntu TV, labeled "TV for human beings" by Canonical, was introduced at the 2012 Consumer

Electronics Show by Canonical's marketing executive John D. Bernard.[89] Created for SmartTVs,

Ubuntu TV provides access to popular Internet services and stream content to mobile devices running

Android, iOS and Ubuntu.[90]

Ubuntu Touch is a variant of Ubuntu for smartphones and tablets which was announced in January 2013

and is expected to be released in Q4 2013 or Q1 2014. The first version available to consumers will only

be able to run on the Galaxy Nexus.[91] Higher-end Ubuntu smartphones will be able to run a full Ubuntu
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy_Nexushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_Touchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SmartTVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_D._Bernardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_Electronics_Showhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonical,_Ltd.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_TVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Shuttleworthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linuxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VMware_Viewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenJDKhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonical_Landscapehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Flashhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UbuntuKylinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Linux_distributions#Ubuntu-basedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNOME_Panelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Answer_to_the_Ultimate_Question_of_Life,_the_Universe_and_Everythinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_numeral_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hitchhiker%27s_Guide_to_the_Galaxyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ubuntu_releases#Ubuntu_10.10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Term_Supporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.Org_Server


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Ubuntu family tree

Ubuntu TV

ByPrecise Pangolin (12.04),

Kubuntu is a community-supported

variant of the Ubuntu distribution

which uses the KDE PlasmaWorkspaces.

desktop when connected to a monitor and keyboard, a feature

pioneered in Ubuntu for Android.[92] A concept for one phone

with Ubuntu for Phones was published on Ubuntu's official

channel on YouTube: the Welcome Screen is shown to have

the standard Ubuntu background image, with digital clock on

top, and small-to-big circles in the centre, circulating

Unread/Notifications/Talk Time. Each of these parts appear

and fade each after the other, while changing the colour of thecircles in the background and the placement of the little ones.

From the Welcome screen, the user could swipe to any of the

four directions: up for notifications, left for the app menu, swipe

from the right to launch the previous app, and swipe from the

bottom to display the operations menu. Also, the user would

be able to launch Voice Control by touching the bottom-right

corner outside the interface, where the soft buttons would be

on other smartphones.[93] Demos will be released and shown

at the CES in January 2013. Developers will be able to createone app with two interfaces: a smartphone UI, and, when

docked, a desktop UI.[94] Ubuntu for Tablets was previewed

at 19 February 2013. The Ubuntu Touch Preview is listed by

the Ubuntu Wiki as "running fine" on the Nexus 10 and Nexus

7 tablets.[95] According to the keynote video, an Ubuntu

Phone will be able to connect to a tablet, which will then utilize

a tablet interface; plugging a keyboard and mouse into the

tablet will transform the phone into a desktop; and plugging a

television monitor into the phone will bring up the Ubuntu TVinterface.[96]

Ubuntu for Android, variant of Ubuntu designed to run on

Android phones. Which provides a windowing application

environment and desktop environment of the Ubuntu when the

phone is docked to Lapdock. It is expected to come pre-

loaded on several phones.[97]Ubuntu for Androidwas

revealed at Mobile World Congress 2012 by John D.

Bernard[98] and Mark Shuttleworth.[99]

There are many Ubuntu variants (or derivatives) based on the official

Ubuntu editions. These Ubuntu variants install a set of packages that

differ from the official Ubuntu distributions.

The variants recognized by Canonical as contributing significantly

towards the Ubuntu project are the following:[83]

Edubuntu, a GNOME-based subproject and add-on for

Ubuntu, designed for school environments and home users.[100]

Kubuntu, a desktop distribution using the KDE PlasmaWorkspaces desktop environment.

Lubuntu, a lightweight distribution using the LXDE desktop

environment.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LXDEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubuntuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDE_Plasma_Workspaceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubuntuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_GNONE_applications&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edubuntuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_variantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_D._Bernardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_World_Congresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_for_Androidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_TVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_10http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ubuntu_Wiki&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_Electronics_Showhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_Controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_Touch#Lock_screenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDE_Plasma_Workspaceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubuntuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kubuntu_12_04.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_TVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ubuntu_TV_screenshot.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UbuntuFamilyTree1210.svg


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A screenshot of the Ubuntu 12.04

Server installation boot menu

Mythbuntu, designed for creating a home theater PC with MythTV and uses the Xfce desktop

environment.

Ubuntu GNOME, a desktop distribution using the GNOME desktop environment.

Ubuntu Studio, a distribution made for professional video and audio editing, comes with higher-end free

editing software.

Xubuntu, a distribution based on the Xfce desktop environment, designed to run more efficiently on low-

specification computers.

Edubuntu, Kubuntu, Lubuntu, Mythbuntu, Ubuntu Studio, and Xubuntu are not commercially supported by

Canonical.[52]

Other variants are created and maintained by individuals and organizations outside of Canonical, and they are

self-governed projects that work more or less closely with the Ubuntu community. [84]

Ubuntu Server

Ubuntu also offers its operating system in a server edition. The Ubuntu 10.04 Long Term Support (LTS) release

is scheduled to receive continued updates until April 2015. Starting with 12.04 the support of the LTS desktopvariants has been extended to match the 5 years of the server variant. Long term support includes updates to

support new features of the latest computing hardware, security patches and updates to the 'Ubuntu stack'

(cloud computing infrastructure).[101]

Ubuntu 10.04 Server Edition can also run on VMware ESX Server,

Oracle's VirtualBox and VM, Citrix Systems XenServer hypervisors,

Microsoft Hyper-V, QEMU, Kernel-based Virtual Machine, or any

other IBM PC compatible emulator or virtualizer. Ubuntu uses

AppArmor security module for the Linux kernel which is turned on by

default on key software packages, and the firewall is extended to

common services used by the operating system. The home and

Private directories can also be encrypted. The 10.04 server version

includes MySQL 5.1, Tomcat 6, OpenJDK 6, Samba 3.4, Nagios 3,

PHP 5.3, Python 2.6. Many of its services only take 30 minutes to

configure.[101]

Ubuntu 10.04 LTS Server supports two major architectures: Intel

x86 and AMD64. The server edition provides features such as file/print services, web hosting, email hosting,

etc. There are a few differences between the Ubuntu Server Edition and the Ubuntu Desktop Edition althoughboth use the same apt repositories. The main difference between the two editions is the lack of a default

installation of an X window environment in the server edition, although GUIs can be installed such as GNOME

or Unity (Ubuntu 11.04), KDE (Kubuntu 11.04), XFCE (Xubuntu 11.04), as well as more resource-

economical GUIs such as Fluxbox, Openbox and Blackbox. Until Ubuntu 10.10, the kernel versions were

different. But in later versions, up to now, there are no longer different kernel versions in the Server Edition and

the Desktop Edition.[102] The server edition uses a screen mode character-based interface for the installation,

instead of a graphical installation process.

Ubuntu Server is also distributed free of charge. Users can choose to pay for consulting and technical support.

An annual support contract with 9x5 business hour support is about $750 per server, and a contract covering24x7 over a year costs $1,200.[101]

Cloud computing
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Character-based_interface&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_10.10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=X_window_environment&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMD64http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagioshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenJDKhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Tomcathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firewall_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AppArmorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PC_compatiblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel-based_Virtual_Machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QEMUhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyper-Vhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsofthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=XenServer_hypervisors&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware_virtualizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VirtualBoxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VMware_ESX_Serverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_10.04http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_12.04_LTShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Term_Supporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xfcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xubuntuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_Studiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNOMEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_GNOMEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xfcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MythTVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_theater_PChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythbuntuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_12.04http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ubuntu_12-04_Server_Installation.png


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Eucalyptus full

UDS group photo for the Ubuntu

12.04 LTS release

Ubuntu Server offers technology and resources to make a private or

public cloud called Ubuntu Cloud (formerly Ubuntu Enterprise Cloud

and formally Ubuntu Cloud Infrastructure), which provides

virtualization capability, applications and flexibility to help deploy a

cloud within an organization. It consists of the open core Eucalyptus,

libvirt, KVM or Xen virtualization technology.[103]

Ubuntu 11.04 added support for OpenStack, with Eucalyptus toOpenStack migration tools to be released by Canonical in Ubuntu

Server 11.10.[104][105] Ubuntu 11.10 is expected to focus on OpenStack as the Ubuntu's preferred IaaS

offering though Eucalyptus is also expected to be supported. Another major focus is Ubuntu Orchestra for

provisioning, deploying, hosting, managing, and orchestrating enterprise data center infrastructure services, by,

with, and for the Ubuntu Server.[106][107]

Development

The Ubuntu Developer Summit (UDS) is a gathering of software

developers which occurs prior to the release of a new public version

of Ubuntu.[108]

At the beginning of a new development cycle, Ubuntu developers

from around the world gather to help shape and scope the next

release of Ubuntu. The summit is open to the public, but it is not a

conference, exhibition or other audience-oriented event. Rather, it is

an opportunity for Ubuntu developers, who usually collaborate online,

to work together in person on specific tasks. From 2013 February,

Ubuntu Developer Summit (UDS) is organized online throughGoogle+ Hangouts, any number of participants and viewers can

participate. Online UDS is held on two different days instead of two consecutive days. The Online UDS video is

archived and is available on the website.

Adoption and reception

Installed base

Chris Kenyon, vice president for OEM at Canonical Ltd., said that because of a lack of registration, anynumber provided for Ubuntu usage is a "guesstimate".[109] In June 2009 ZDNet reported, "Worldwide, there

are 13 million active Ubuntu users with use growing faster than any other distribution".[110] In fall 2011

Canonical estimated that Ubuntu had more than 20 million users worldwide.[111]

In a 2012 Lifehacker poll for Linux distributions, Ubuntu and its variants received 51% of the overall vote,

followed by Linux Mint with 16%.[10]

User agent counting suggests Ubuntu is the most popular Linux distribution for web clients, generating between

0.5%[13] and 0.72%[11][12] of Internet traffic.

Ubuntu's popularity in web servers is rapidly increasing.[112][113][114][115] As of July 2012, Ubuntu is the third

most popular Linux distribution in that market, behind CentOS and Debian (on which Ubuntu is based).[116]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_agenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifehackerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZDNethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonical_Ltd.http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ubuntu_Orchestra&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IaaShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_11.10http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Migration_tools&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenStackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_11.04http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel-based_Virtual_Machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libvirthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_corehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20111102-145438-UDSPrecise-XL.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eucalyptus_full.jpg


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As of 2012, Ubuntu's page on DistroWatch is the second most accessed among Linux distribution pages there,

behind the page of Linux Mint.[117][118][119]

Publicized large-scale deployments

The public sector has also adopted Ubuntu. As of January 2009, the Ministry of Education and Science of

Republic of Macedonia deployed more than 180,000[120] Ubuntu based classroom desktops, and has

encouraged every student in the country to use Ubuntu-powered computer workstations;[121] the Spanish

school system has 195,000 Ubuntu desktops.[120] The French police, having already started using open source

software in 2005 by replacing Microsoft Office with OpenOffice.org, decided to transition to Ubuntu from

Windows XP after the release of Windows Vista in 2006.[122] By March 2009, the Gendarmerie Nationale had

already switched 5000 workstations to Ubuntu.[122] Based on the success of that transition, it planned to switch

15,000 more over by the end of 2009 and to have switched all 90,000 workstations over by 2015 (GendBuntu

project).[122] Lt. Colonel Guimard announced that the move was very easy and allowed for a 70% saving on the

IT budget without having to reduce its capabilities.[122]

In 2011, Ubuntu 10.04 was adopted by the Indian Justice system.[123]

The city of Munich, Germany has forked Ubuntu 10.04 LTS and created LiMux for use on the city's

computers.[124] Munich expects to have all city computers using LiMux by 2013.[citation needed]

In March 2012, the government of Iceland launched a project to get all public institutions using free and open-

source software. Already several government agencies and schools have adopted Ubuntu. The government

cited cost savings as a big factor for the decision, and also stated that open source software avoids vendor lock-

in. A 12-month project has launched to migrate the biggest public institutions in Iceland to open-source, and

help ease the migration for others.[125]

Incumbent U.S. President Barack Obama's successful campaign for re-election in 2012 used Ubuntu Linux in its

IT department.[126]

Critical reception

Ubuntu was awarded the Reader Award for best Linux distribution at the 2005 LinuxWorld Conference and

Expo in London,[127] received favorable reviews in online and print publications,[128][129] and has won

InfoWorld's 2007 Bossie Award forBest Open Source Client OS.[130] In early 2008PC Worldnamed

Ubuntu the "best all-around Linux distribution available today", though it criticized the lack of an integrateddesktop effects manager.[131] Chris DiBona, the program manager for open-source software at Google, said I

think Ubuntu has captured peoples imaginations around the Linux desktop, and If there is a hope for the

Linux desktop, it would be them. As of January 2009, almost half of Googles 20,000 employees used a

slightly modified version of Ubuntu.[120]

Ubuntu 10.04 LTS has also been criticized for its poor battery life on laptops and netbooks, even as OEM on

devices such as Asus's eeePC, when compared to Microsoft Windows 7, with Ubuntu having been shown to

use between 1456% more power.[132] Ubuntu's developers have acknowledged and sought to solve the issues

of power consumption in the 12.04 LTS release.[133]

In 2008, Jamie Hyneman, co-host of the American television seriesMythbusters, advocated Linux (giving the

example of Ubuntu) as a solution to software bloat.[134] Other celebrity users of Ubuntu include:

Science fiction writer and open content proponent Cory Doctorow[135]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cory_Doctorowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_bloathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythbustershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Hynemanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows_7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EeePChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netbookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laptophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_World_(magazine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InfoWorldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinuxWorld_Conference_and_Expohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_presidential_campaign,_2012http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obamahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vendor_lock-inhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LiMuxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munichhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GendBuntuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gendarmeriehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vistahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_XPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenOffice.orghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Officehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Macedoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Minthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DistroWatch


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Actor Stephen Fry[136]

Controversy

The October 2012 release of 12.10 (Quantal Quetzal) introduced the display of contextual advertising in Dash,

the desktop search component of the default desktop environment, Unity. A considerable volume of criticism

resulted from this development.[137][138][139] Responding in September to criticism of the beta release,

Canonical owner Mark Shuttleworth argued that "Were not putting ads in Ubuntu. Were integrating onlinescope results into the home lens of the dash."[140] Canonical staffer Jono Bacon described the advertisements as

"suggestions", arguing that the revenue they generate for Canonical is necessary "to continue to grow and

improve Ubuntu."[141]

In its default configuration, version 12.10 also assumes that users have agreed to allow Ubuntu's parent

company Canonical to collect user search data and IP addresses and to disclose this information to third parties

including Facebook, Twitter, BBC and Amazon, drawing criticism from privacy advocates.[142] According to

the FSF, the adware introduced in version 12.10 violates users' privacy and "is one of the rare occasions in

which a free software developer persists in keeping a malicious feature in its version of a program."

[143]

According to Richard Stallman, founder of the Free Software Foundation and the GNU Project, Ubuntu

contains spyware and should not be used by free software supporters.[144][145][146] Citing concerns about data

leaks, The Electronic Frontier Foundation has outlined a number of requested improvements for future versions,

asking Ubuntu developers to "make sure that you respect your users' privacy and security."[147][148][149]

Responding to criticism of the earlier beta version, in relation to privacy complaints, Shuttleworth said "Your

anonymity is preserved because we handle the query on your behalf. Dont trust us? Erm, we have root. You do

trust us with your data already."[140] The user can revoke Canonical's permission to collect and distribute such

data by modifying settings in the Privacy panel.[149]

In March 2013, Canonical announced that it had decided to develop Mir,[150] reversing an earlier plan to moveto Wayland as the primary Ubuntu display server[151] and causing widespread objection from the open source

desktop community.[152][153][154][155] X.Org contributor Daniel Stone opined: "I'm just irritated that this means

more work for us, more work for upstream developers, more work for toolkits, more work for hardware

vendors...."[156]

China

In 2013, Canonical reached an agreement with the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the

People's Republic of China to make Ubuntu the new basis of the Kylin (operating system) starting with RaringRingtail (version 13.04).[157][158] The first version of UbuntuKylin was released on 25 April 2013.[159]

Local Communities (LoCos)

In an effort to reach out to users who are less technical, and to foster a sense of community around the

distribution, Local Communities,[160] better known as "LoCos", have been established throughout the world.

Originally, each country had one LoCo Team. However, in some areas, most notably the United States, each

state or province may establish a team. A LoCo Council approves teams based upon their efforts to aid in either

the development or the promotion of Ubuntu.

Vendor support
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UbuntuKylinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kylin_(operating_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Industry_and_Information_Technology_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayland_(display_server_protocol)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir_(display_server)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spywarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Projecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Software_Foundationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.comhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_12.10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jono_Baconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Shuttleworthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_searchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contextual_advertisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_12.10_Quantal_Quetzalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Fry


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A number of vendors offer computers with Ubuntu pre-installed, including Dell,[161] Gliese IT, Hasee, Lotus

Computers,[162] Ohava Computers,[163] Sharp Corporation,[164] System76,[165] and Tesco. System76 PCs are

sold exclusively with Ubuntu. Dell and System76 customers are able to choose between 30-day, three-month,

and yearly Ubuntu support plans through Canonical.[166] Dell computers (running Ubuntu 10.04) include extra

support for ATI Video Graphics, Dell Wireless, Fingerprint Readers, HDMI, Bluetooth, DVD playback (using

LinDVD), and MP3/WMA/WMV.[167] Asus is also selling some Asus Eee PCs with Ubuntu pre-installed and

announced that "many more" Eee PC models running Ubuntu for 2011.[168][169][170] Vodafone has made

available a notebook for the South-African market called "Webbook".[171][172][173]

Dell sells computers (initially Inspiron 14R and 15R laptops) pre-loaded with Ubuntu in India and China, with

850 and 350 retail outlets respectively.[174][175] Starting in 2013 Alienware began offering its X51 model

gaming desktop pre-installed with Ubuntu at a lower price than if it were pre-installed with Windows. [176]

See also

Computer technology for developing areas

List of Ubuntu releasesFree culture movement

Linux user group

List of Ubuntu-based distributions

Open-source software

Ubuntu Certified Professional

References

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