types of motorcycles of motorc… · 4 2 off-road designedtoenteroff-roadsituations.[1]...

9
Types of motorcycles Sport bikes, cruisers, scooters, and touring bikes are some of the many types of motorcycles. There are many systems for classifying types of motor- cycles, describing how the motorcycles are put to use, or the designer’s intent, or some combination of the two. [1] Six main categories are widely recognized: cruiser, sport, touring, standard, dual-purpose, and dirt bike. [2][3][4][5] Sometimes sport touring motorcycles are recognized as a seventh category. [1] Strong lines are sometimes drawn between motorcycles and their smaller cousins, mopeds, scooters, and underbones, [6] but other classifi- cation schemes include these as types of motorcycles. [7] There is no universal system for classifying all types of motorcycles. There are strict classification systems enforced by competitive motorcycle sport sanctioning bodies, or legal definitions of a motorcycle established by certain legal jurisdictions for motorcycle registration, emissions, road traffic safety rules or motorcyclist licens- ing. There are also informal classifications or nicknames used by manufacturers, riders, and the motorcycling me- dia. Some experts do not recognize sub-types, like naked bike, that “purport to be classified” outside the six usual classes, because they fit within one of the main types and are recognizable only by cosmetic changes. [8] 1 Street Street motorcycles are motorcycles designed for being ridden on paved roads. They have smooth tires with a light tread pattern and engines generally in the 125 cc (7.6 cu in) and over range. Most are capable of speeds up to 100 mph (160 km/h), and many of speeds in excess of 125 mph (201 km/h). The Ducati Monster 696 naked bike 1.1 Standard Standards, also called naked bikes or roadsters, are ver- satile, general purpose street motorcycles. [1] They are rec- ognized primarily by their upright riding position, part- way between the reclining rider posture of the cruisers and the forward leaning sport bikes. [3] Footpegs are below the rider and handlebars are high enough to not force the rider to reach far forward, placing the shoulders above the hips in a natural position. [2] Because of their flexibility, lower costs and their engines of moderate output, stan- dards are particularly suited to motorcycle beginners. [1] Standards usually do not come with fairings or wind- screens, or if they have them, they are relatively small. [1] Standard is often a synonym for naked bike, a term that became popular in the 1990s in response to the prolifer- ation of fully faired sport bikes. The standard seemed to have disappeared, fueling nostalgia for the return of the Universal Japanese Motorcycle, [1] which were admired for their simplicity, quality, and versatility. [3][4][6] Muscle bike is a nickname for a motorcycle type, derived from either a standard or sport bike design, that puts a disproportionately high priority on engine power. [1][9][10] Roadster is equivalent to standard or naked. [11] 1.2 Cruiser Main article: Cruiser (motorcycle) Cruisers are styled after American machines from the 1930s to the early 1960s, such as those made by Harley- Davidson, Indian, and Excelsior-Henderson. [1] Harley- Davidsons largely define the cruiser category, and large- displacement V-twin engines are the norm, although 1

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Page 1: Types of motorcycles of motorc… · 4 2 OFF-ROAD designedtoenteroff-roadsituations.[1] Typicallybased onadirtbikechassis,theyhaveaddedlights,mirrors, signals,andinstrumentsthatallowthemtobelicensedfor

Types of motorcycles

Sport bikes, cruisers, scooters, and touring bikes are some of themany types of motorcycles.

There are many systems for classifying types of motor-cycles, describing how the motorcycles are put to use, orthe designer’s intent, or some combination of the two.[1]Six main categories are widely recognized: cruiser, sport,touring, standard, dual-purpose, and dirt bike.[2][3][4][5]Sometimes sport touring motorcycles are recognizedas a seventh category.[1] Strong lines are sometimesdrawn between motorcycles and their smaller cousins,mopeds, scooters, and underbones,[6] but other classifi-cation schemes include these as types of motorcycles.[7]

There is no universal system for classifying all typesof motorcycles. There are strict classification systemsenforced by competitive motorcycle sport sanctioningbodies, or legal definitions of a motorcycle establishedby certain legal jurisdictions for motorcycle registration,emissions, road traffic safety rules or motorcyclist licens-ing. There are also informal classifications or nicknamesused by manufacturers, riders, and the motorcycling me-dia. Some experts do not recognize sub-types, like nakedbike, that “purport to be classified” outside the six usualclasses, because they fit within one of the main types andare recognizable only by cosmetic changes.[8]

1 Street

Street motorcycles are motorcycles designed for beingridden on paved roads. They have smooth tires with alight tread pattern and engines generally in the 125 cc (7.6cu in) and over range. Most are capable of speeds up to100 mph (160 km/h), and many of speeds in excess of125 mph (201 km/h).

The Ducati Monster 696 naked bike

1.1 Standard

Standards, also called naked bikes or roadsters, are ver-satile, general purpose streetmotorcycles.[1] They are rec-ognized primarily by their upright riding position, part-way between the reclining rider posture of the cruisersand the forward leaning sport bikes.[3] Footpegs are belowthe rider and handlebars are high enough to not force therider to reach far forward, placing the shoulders above thehips in a natural position.[2] Because of their flexibility,lower costs and their engines of moderate output, stan-dards are particularly suited to motorcycle beginners.[1]

Standards usually do not come with fairings or wind-screens, or if they have them, they are relatively small.[1]Standard is often a synonym for naked bike, a term thatbecame popular in the 1990s in response to the prolifer-ation of fully faired sport bikes. The standard seemed tohave disappeared, fueling nostalgia for the return of theUniversal Japanese Motorcycle,[1] which were admiredfor their simplicity, quality, and versatility.[3][4][6]

Muscle bike is a nickname for a motorcycle type, derivedfrom either a standard or sport bike design, that puts adisproportionately high priority on engine power.[1][9][10]Roadster is equivalent to standard or naked.[11]

1.2 Cruiser

Main article: Cruiser (motorcycle)Cruisers are styled after American machines from the1930s to the early 1960s, such as those made by Harley-Davidson, Indian, and Excelsior-Henderson.[1] Harley-Davidsons largely define the cruiser category, and large-displacement V-twin engines are the norm, although

1

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2 1 STREET

Harley-Davidson cruisers and a touring bike (red)

other engine configurations and small to medium dis-placements also exist.[1] Their engines are tuned for low-end torque, making them less demanding to ride becauseit is not necessary to shift as frequently to accelerate ormaintain control.[12]

The riding position places the feet forward and the handsare up relatively high, so that the spine is erect or lean-ing back slightly.[1][3] At low to moderate speeds, cruis-ers are more comfortable than other styles,[3][4] but ridingfor long periods at freeway speeds can lead to fatigue frompulling back on the handlebars to resist the force of thewind against the rider’s chest.[13] Cruisers have limitedcornering ability due to a lack of ground clearance.[3][12]

Peter Fonda rides a chopper used in Easy Rider.

Choppers are a type of cruiser, so called because theyare a “chopped”, or cut-down, version of a productioncruiser. Choppers are usually custom projects that re-sult in a bike modified to suit the owner’s ideals, and, assuch, are a source of pride and accomplishment. Stereo-typically, a chopper may have raked-out forks, small fueltanks and high handlebars. Choppers were popularisedin the Peter Fonda film Easy Rider. Being designed pri-marily for visual effect, choppers will not usually be themost efficient riding machines.Power cruiser is a name used to distinguish bikes inthe cruiser class that have significantly higher levels ofpower. They often come with upgraded brakes andsuspensions, better ground clearance, and premium sur-face finishes, as well as more exotic or non-traditional

A Ducati Diavel power cruiser

styling.[14][15][16][17][18][19][12]

1.3 Sport bike

Main article: Sport bikeSport bikes emphasize top speed, acceleration, braking,

A Suzuki GSX-R sport bike at Deals Gap

handling and grip on paved roads,[3][5][20][21] typically atthe expense of comfort and fuel economy in compari-son to less specialized motorcycles.[1][6] Because of this,there are certain design elements that most motorcyclesof this type will share. Sport bikes have comparativelyhigh performance engines resting inside a lightweightframe. Inline-four engines dominate the sport bike cat-egory, with V-twins having a significant presence, andnearly every other engine configuration appearing in smallnumbers at one time or another.[1] The combination ofthese elements helps maintain structural integrity andchassis rigidity.[1] Braking systems combine higher per-formance brake pads and multi-piston calipers that clamponto oversized vented rotors.[1] Suspension systems areadvanced in terms of adjustments and materials for in-creased stability and durability.[1] Most sport bikes havefairings, often completely enclosing the engine, and wind-screens that effectively deflect the air at very high speeds,or at least reduce overall drag.[1]

Sport bikes have high footpegs that position the legs closer

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1.5 Sport touring 3

to the body to improve ground clearance when cornering,and a long reach to the hand controls, which positions thebody and center of gravity forward, above the fuel tank.The rider leans forward into the wind, the force of whichcan comfortably support the rider’s weight at speeds near100mph (160 km/h), but at lower speeds leaves too muchweight on the arms and wrists, causing fatigue.Streetfighters are derived from sport bikes, originallybeing customized sport bikes with the fairings re-moved and higher handlebars replacing the low clip-onhandlebars.[22][23] Since the 1990s, factory streetfightershave been produced.[24] As with naked bike and musclebike (below), the name streetfighter is used to help clar-ify the middle ground occupied by designs that blend el-ements of both sport bikes and standards.[25]

1.4 Touring

Main article: Touring motorcycleAlthough any motorcycle can be equipped and used

Honda Gold Wing GL1800 touring motorcycle

for touring, touring motorcycles are specifically designedto excel at covering long distances.[1] They have large-displacement engines, fairings and screens that offer goodweather and wind protection, large-capacity fuel tanks forlong ranges between fill-ups, and a relaxed, upright seat-ing position.[1] Passenger accommodation is excellent andexpansive luggage space is the norm for this class.[1] Suchbikes can have wet weights of 850–900 lb (390–410 kg)and top 1,300–1,400 lb (590–640 kg) fully loaded with arider, passenger and gear.[12]

Bagger, full dresser, full dress tourer, or dresserare various names for touring motorcycles, sometimesused disparagingly or jocularly, and originally refer-ring to a Harley-Davidson or other cruisers with fullsets of saddlebags. This can now refer to any touringmotorcycle.[12][26][27][28]

1.5 Sport touring

Main article: Sport touring motorcycleSport touring motorcycles combine attributes of sport

A BMW R1100RS sport-touring motorcycle

bikes and touring motorcycles. The rider posture is lessextreme than a sport bike, giving greater long-distancecomfort.[1] Accommodation for a passenger is superiorto a sport bike as well, along with increased luggagecapacity.[1] Being lighter, at 550–720 lb (250–330 kg)wet,[12] than a pure touring bike and often having racierengines, suspensions, and brakes, sport tourers cornerbetter and are more at home being aggressively ridden oncurvy canyon roads.[1] The distinction between touringand sport touring is not always clear as some manufactur-ers will list the same bike in either category in differentmarkets. The Honda ST1300 Pan-European, for exam-ple, was listed by Honda as a sport touring motorcycle inthe United States and Australia, but as a touring motor-cycle in Europe.

1.6 Dual-sport

Main article: Dual-sport motorcycleDual-sports, sometimes called dual-purpose or on/off-

BMW R1200GS dual-sport motorcycle

road motorcycles, are street legal machines that are also

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4 2 OFF-ROAD

designed to enter off-road situations.[1] Typically basedon a dirt bike chassis, they have added lights, mirrors,signals, and instruments that allow them to be licensed forpublic roads.[3] They are higher than other street bikes,with a high center of gravity and tall seat height, allowinggood suspension travel for rough ground.[1]

Adventure motorcycles are motorcycles with touring ca-pability on paved and unpaved roads. As a dual-sport theyhave a significant on-pavement bias and perform well onpavement at higher speeds unlike most dual-sports.[3][29]Their size, weight and sometimes their tires, however,limits their off road capability. Most adventure motor-cycles function well on graded dirt and gravel roads butare less than ideal on more difficult off-pavement terrain.Supermoto motorcycles were designed to compete ona single course that alternated between three genresof motorcycle racing: road racing, track racing, andmotocross. This increasingly popular type of motorcy-cle is often a dual-sport that has been fitted by the man-ufacturer with smaller rims and road tires. Supermo-tos are quickly gaining popularity as street bikes due totheir combination of light weight, durability, relativelylow cost, and sporty handling.

1.7 Scooters, underbones and mopeds

Road racing a Lambretta scooter

Scooter engine sizes range smaller than motorcycles, 50–850 cc (3.1–51.9 cu in), and have all-enclosing bodyworkthat makes them cleaner and quieter than motorcycles, aswell as having more built-in storage space.[12] Automaticclutches and continuously variable transmissions (CVT)make them easier to learn on and to ride.[12] Scootersusually have smaller wheels than motorcycles. Scootersusually have the engine as part of the swingarm, so thattheir engines travel up and down with the suspension.Underbones are small-displacement motorcycle with astep-through frame, descendants of the original HondaSuper Cub. They are differentiated from scooters by theirlarger wheels and their use of footpegs instead of a floor-board. They often have a gear shifter with an automatic

Modenas Kriss 120cc underbone

clutch.The moped used to be a hybrid of the bicycle and themotorcycle, equipped with a small engine (usually a smalltwo-stroke engine up to 50 cc, but occasionally an electricmotor) and a bicycle drivetrain, and motive power can besupplied by the engine, the rider, or both. There is alsoSport mopeds – a type of moped that resembles a sportbike.In many places, mopeds are subject to less stringent li-censing than bikes with larger engines and are popularas very cheap motorbikes, with the pedals seeing nextto no use. Mopeds were very popular in the UnitedStates during the fuel-crisis of the late 1970s and early1980s, but their popularity has fallen off sharply since themid-1980s. In response to rising fuel prices in the firstdecade of the 2000s, U.S. scooter and moped ridershipsaw a resurgence.[12] Sales of motorcycles and scootersdeclined 43.2% in 2009, and continued to decrease in thefirst quarter of 2010, with scooter sales doing worst, down13.3% compared to a 4.6% drop for all two-wheelers.[30]

Other types of small motorcycles include the monkeybike, Welbike, and minibike.

2 Off-road

There are various types of off-road motorcycles, alsoknown as dirt bikes, specially designed for off-roadevents. The term off-road refers to driving surfaces thatare not conventionally paved. These are rough surfaces,often created naturally, such as sand, gravel, a river, mudor snow. These types of terrain can sometimes only betravelled on with vehicles designed for off-road driving(such as SUVs, ATVs, snowmobiles and mountain bikes)or vehicles that have off-road equipment. Compared toroad-going motorcycles, off-road machines are simplerand lighter, having long suspension travel, high groundclearance, and rugged construction with little bodyworkand no fairings for less damage in spills. Wheels (usually21” front, 18” rear) have knobby tires, often clamped to

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5

A KTM dirt bike with a paddle tire

the rim with a rim lock.[1]

There are specialized motorcycles for a variety of off-road motorcycle sports:

• Motocross— Such bikes (once called “scramblers”)are raced on short, closed off-road tracks with a va-riety of obstacles. The motorcycles have a small fueltank for lightness and compactness. Long-travel sus-pension allows riders to take jumps at high speed.Motocross engines are usually single-cylinder two-stroke or four-stroke units, which vary in size from50cc up to about 650cc. Motocross sidecar out-fits have bigger engines, usually four-stroke and of-ten twin-cylinder. Motocross bikes are also used infreestyle motocross.

• Enduro — A modified and road-legal motocrossbike, having the addition of a horn, lights, effectivesilencing and a number plate. Enduro riders com-pete over a longer course (whichmay include roads);and an enduro event may last between one day andsix days (such as the International Six Days Enduro).Some enduro events (known as “multi-lappers”) areheld on rather shorter circuits, not unlike scrambletracks. “Multilappers” are especially popular withnovice riders.

• Rally raid, or “rallies” — A special type of endurobike with a significantly larger fuel tank for verylong distance racing, typically through deserts (e.g.Paris-Dakar rally). Engine capacities tend to belarger, usually between 450 cc and 750 cc.

• Trail — A trail bike is a dual-purpose bike, madefor on-road and recreational off-road riding. A trailbike may resemble an enduro bike, but since a trailbike is not intended to be used for competition, itmay be less rugged, and equipped with dual-purposetires and with more road legal equipment, such asindicators, mirrors and extra instruments.

• Trials — Trials riding is a specialized form of off-road competition testing balancing skills and preci-

sion rather than speed. For a trials bike, low weightand crisp throttle response power are the priorities,so trials bikes tend to have a small (125 cc to 300cc) engine, with two-strokes being common. Dur-ing the trial, the rider stands on the footpegs, so atrials bike will have only a vestigial seat, or no seatat all.[31] Fuel tanks are very small, giving a very lim-ited range.

• Track racing — High-speed oval racing, typicallywith no brakes, nor rear suspension. The engines,fuelled by methanol, are long-stroke four-stroke sin-gles, such as JAP and Jawa. They have at most twogears. Some types, such as speedway, and grass-track bikes, are designed to take left turns only.

3 Enclosed and feet forwards

Zerotracer, winner of the Zero Emissions Race competition, is anelectric feet forwards cabin motorcycle

Enclosed motorcycles include cabin motorcycles andstreamliner motorcycles.Feet forwards motorcycles include the 1911 WilkinsonTMC and the 1918 Ner-A-Car. Contemporary examplesinclude the Quasar, and the Peraves range.

4 Utility

Some motorcycles are specially adapted for specific jobfunctions, such as those used by the ambulance, bloodbikes, fire, and military services, and for specialized de-livery services, such as pizza deliveries. Beginning in the1960s with the Mountain Goat specialized motorcycleswere developed for use on farms.A derny is a motorized bicycle used for motor-paced cy-cling events.

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6 7 NOTES

Police motorcycles are job-related motorcycles

5 Tricycles

While motorcycles typically have two wheels, somemotorized tricycles are classed as three-wheeled motor-cycles. Some brands have made various types of three-wheelers direct from the factory. Most of these vehiclesare treated as motorcycles for registration or licensingpurposes.Tilting three-wheelers keep all three wheels on the groundwhen they lean to negotiate curves. These includeHonda’s Gyro range, all of which have a front wheel thatleans and a pair of rear wheels that do not, and the PiaggioMP3, which has two front wheels and a single rear wheel,all of which lean.

6 See also• Motorcycling

• Outline of motorcycles and motorcycling

• List of motorized trikes

7 Notes[1] Maher, Kevin; Greisler, Ben (1998), Chilton’s Motorcycle

Handbook, Haynes North America, pp. 2.2–2.18, ISBN0-8019-9099-8

[2] Kresnak, Bill (2008), Motorcycling for Dummies,Hoboken, New Jersey: For Dummies, Wiley Publishing,p. 63–64, 66–70, 132–141, ISBN 0-470-24587-5

[3] Domino, Kevin (2009), The Perfect Motorcycle: How toChoose, Find and Buy the Perfect New Or Used Bike, 671Press, pp. 47–58, ISBN 0-9821733-3-4

[4] Holmstrom, Darwin (2001), The Complete Idiot’s Guide toMotorcycles (2nd ed.), Alpha Books, pp. 20–21, 33–41,334–358, 407, ISBN 0-02-864258-9

[5] McCraw, Jim (July 2005), “About That Bike…", PopularMechanics, Hearst Magazines, vol. 182 no. 7, pp. 68–70,ISSN 0032-4558, retrieved 2010-06-04

[6] Bennett, Jim (1995), The Complete Motorcycle Book: AConsumer’s Guide, Facts on File, pp. 15–16, 19–25, ISBN0-8160-2899-0

[7] The MAIDS report, using the OECD Road Transport Re-search Programme methodology, uses the following nineclassifications for motorcycles, mopeds, and scooters, pro-viding one illustration of each:

• Conventional street example: Triumph BonnevilleT100

• Sport example: Triumph Daytona 955i• Cruiser example: Suzuki Marauder• Chopper example: a Harley-Davidson chopper inDavid Mann red

• Touring example: Honda Gold Wing GL1800• Scooter example: Vespa Granturismo 200• Step-through example: a moped• Sport Touring example: Ducati ST4s• Enduro example: KTM 950 Adventure S

See:

• International Coordinating Committee of the Ex-pert Group for Motorcycle Accident Investiga-tions (2001), Motorcycles: Common Interna-tional Methodology for On-Scene, In-Depth Ac-cident Investigation, Paris: Road Transport Re-search Programme; of the Directorate for Sci-ence Technology and Industry; of the Organiza-tion for Economic Cooperation and Development,OECD/DSTI/RTR/RS9/ICC

• MAIDS (Motorcycle Accidents In Depth Study) Fi-nal Report 2.0, ACEM, the European Associationof Motorcycle Manufacturers, April 2009, pp. 15–20

[8] Broughton, Paul; Walker, Linda (May 6, 2009),Motorcycling and Leisure; Understanding the RecreationalPTW Rider, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., p. 7, ISBN9780754675013, retrieved September 14, 2013

[9] Stermer, Bill (December 2002), “The Next Wave; Thefuture of motorcycling is on display at Germany’s Iter-mot Show”, American Motorcyclist, American Motorcy-clist Association, pp. 32–35, 55, retrieved 2010-06-04

[10] “Monster Ducati”, American Motorcyclist, American Mo-torcyclist Association, p. 29, February 1993, retrieved2010-06-04

[11] Henshaw, Peter (2012), How Your Motorcycle Works:Your Guide to the Components & Systems of Modern Mo-torcycles, Veloce Publishing, p. 8, ISBN 9781845844943,retrieved July 23, 2014

[12] Stermer, Bill (2006), Streetbikes: Everything You Needto Know, Saint Paul, Minnesota: Motorbooks Work-shop/MBI, pp. 8–17, ISBN 0-7603-2362-3

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7

[13] Ash, Kevin (1 May 2011), “Ducati Diavel UK road test”,Ash on Bikes, retrieved 2011-05-01

[14] 2015 EICMA: Ducati reveals XDiavel power cruiser mo-torcycle

[15] FIRST LOOK: 2016 DUCATI XDIAVEL FROMEICMA 2015 | MOTORCYCLIST

[16] Yamaha V Max - Motorcycle.com

[17] 2009 Yamaha/Star Vmax Road Test | Rider Magazine |Rider Magazine

[18] 2015 Ducati Diavel First Ride - Motorcycle USA

[19] COMPARISON TEST: Ducati Diavel Carbon vs. HondaGold Wing Valkyrie vs. Star VMAX

[20] Hough, David L. (2003), More Proficient Motorcycling:The Ultimate Guide to Riding Well (2nd ed.), USA:BowTie Press, p. 253, ISBN 1-931993-03-3, sportbike:a motorcycle designed for aggressive performance, espe-cially cornering

[21] “sport bike”. Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). OxfordUniversity Press. September 2005. (Subscription or UKpublic library membership required.) ("…a powerful,lightweight motorcycle, designed for optimal speed andhandling” )

[22] Wallis, Michael; Clark, Marian (2004), Hogs on 66: BestFeed and Hangouts for Road Trips on Route 66, CouncilOak Books, ISBN 9781571781406, Streetfighter --Alsoknown as a 'hooligan' cycle, this is a sports-bike strippedof all superfluous bodywork.

[23] Doeden, Matt; Leonard, Joe (2007), Choppers, LernerPublications, ISBN 9780822572886, streetfighter: atype of superbike customized for maximum speed andperformance.

[24] Inman, Gary (June 2008), “Freedom Fighter; Triumph’sstripped-down sportbike came from the street”, CycleWorld, pp. 36–7, ISSN 0011-4286

[25] Fraser, Colin (May 12, 2000), “It may be naked and astreet fighter, but don't call Buell a UJM”, National Post,Don Mills, Ontario, p. F.4

[26] Kelly, Howard, Custom Motorcycles: Choppers, Bobbers,Baggers, p. 161, ISBN 9781616730994

[27] Duglin Kennedy, Shirley (2005), The Savvy Guide to Mo-torcycles, Indy Tech Publishing, p. 232, ISBN 978-0-7906-1316-1

[28] Joans, Barbara (2001), Bike lust: Harleys, women, andAmerican society, Univ of Wisconsin Press, p. 259, ISBN9780299173548

[29] Duke, Kevin (January 15, 2006), “2006 Adventure Tour-ing Comparo”, MotorcycleUSA, retrieved 2011-11-19

[30] Carpenter, Susan (May 18, 2010), “Motorcycle dealersstill scrambling to find customers; Sales fall 4.6% in thefirst quarter compared with a year earlier”, Los AngelesTimes, retrieved 2010-06-14

[31] What is MotoTrials, AMA/NATC USA National Cham-pionship MotoTrials Series, 2013

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8 8 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

8 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

8.1 Text• Types of motorcycles Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_motorcycles?oldid=747506409 Contributors: Robert Merkel,Charleschuck, Michael Hardy, Liftarn, Ahoerstemeier, Bogdangiusca, Pigsonthewing, TimothyPilgrim, Vanished user oijhowintoiew534f,Mboverload, Bobblewik, Fallerd, Antandrus, Discospinster, Brianhe, Andrew Maiman, ESkog, Jstjohn, Euyyn, Bobo192, Longhair,Tronno, Hooperbloob, Jjron, ReconTanto, Storm Rider, Alansohn, Interiot, Nasukaren, Rayslinky, Fourthords, Mikeo, Wadems, Ceyockey,Dennis Bratland, Firsfron, Camw, Scjessey, Pol098, Graham87, Fcoulter, Rjwilmsi, SMC, Gudeldar, Vegaswikian, Bhadani, Sango123,Jorvis, Tedder, LeCire~enwiki, DVdm, RussBot, Bhny, AKADriver, Gaius Cornelius, UCaetano, Grafen, RazorICE, Howcheng, Mikeblas,DeadEyeArrow, Bruce2, Ninly, Willirennen, AGToth, Staxringold, DVD R W, Luk, SmackBot, Hydrogen Iodide, C.Fred, Cheesy mike,Gilliam, Chris the speller, Bluebot, Stubblyhead, Trekphiler, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Ww2censor, Veej, Aldaron, Pickle UK, Pis-sant, SamBlob, Roguegeek, Evenios, JoshuaZ, Saturn V~enwiki, George The Dragon, RMHED, KJS77, Focomoso, BranStark, Iridescent,JoeBot, Skapur, Scribner, Tawkerbot2, CmdrObot, Ale jrb, Tamarkot, Orsoni, Fireblade, NE Ent, Karenjc, Daniel J. Leivick, Odie5533,Clovis Sangrail, DumbBOT, Pi3832, Epbr123, AndrewDressel, Marek69, Aquishix, Druiloor, Dawnseeker2000, Salavat, AntiVandalBot,Alanlarue, Seaphoto, IrishPete, Seasalt, Rob Kennedy, The Transhumanist, Hut 8.5, MegX, Rwscid, Bongwarrior, Jeff dean, Catgut, A75,KirinX, EagleFan, Nposs, Battleaxe1973, LeMarsu, MartinBot, J.delanoy, Arrivisto, Uncle Dick, Katalaveno, Ignatzmice, Gabrielzorz,Hondasaregood, Juliancolton, Evb-wiki, Vanished user 39948282, Num1dgen, Flexjandro, M-72, Tbearz57, Soliloquial, Barneca, PhilipTrueman, Oshwah, Maximillion Pegasus, Gregg the Reaper, Vinay412, Martin451, Sanfranman59, Cataclasite, LeaveSleaves, Wiae, Au-dioslave71, Madhero88, Bluegoblin7, Ceranthor, Kehrbykid, Uriahman, Motorrad-67, Scarian, Lucasbfrbot, Breawycker, Flyer22 Reborn,5033R5995, Oxymoron83, Faradayplank, Tombomp, Techman224, Shaykai, Anchor Link Bot, Mygerardromance, ImageRemovalBot,Martarius, ClueBot, The Thing That Should Not Be, SuperHamster, Boing! said Zebedee, Theodaniel1, Excirial, Msbles, Muhandes,842U, Isthisthingworking, The Red, Laurephant, Teleomatic, Heyzeuss, Egmontaz, Apparition11, DumZiBoT, HooperBandP, TimTay,XLinkBot, Fastily, Addbot, Some jerk on the Internet, Vishnava, Thruxton, Bassbonerocks, Arex107, OrlinKolev, Tide rolls, Light-bot, Krano, Tensiomyography, Asdt2ewt, Bettersilk, Yobot, Cflm001, Eric-Wester, Backslash Forwardslash, AnomieBOT, Jim1138,Kenya242, Kingpin13, Materialscientist, Danno uk, Citation bot, Ggeer24, JimVC3, Capricorn42, Kmkmkm93, Kxman61, 10civerso,Blacknipples101, R69S, Bellerophon, Amaury, Sexyz, Wolf-17x, Kx100guy1, Mobbindeepinaz, Mojo1254, Erik9bot, Weaponz96, Fres-coBot, Ballin55555, Ryryrules100, Cdw1952, Logan Howell, Onjacktallcuca, Biker Biker, I dream of horses, Edderso, Digiovine, Pps4 life, RedBot, Serols, Cramyourspam, Bobiguanabob, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, Obankston, RjwilmsiBot, 14082009aug, Jackehammond,Tuckerlogansmith, Salvio giuliano, Lyle Swann, NealeFamily, FlipperMAN2001, Wikipelli, Dcirovic, Booba96, John Cline, Hdbin59,Subtropical-man, M4 work, Artyy12, Brandi highlund, Makecat, Wayne Slam, Rcsprinter123, Willrulz11, Puffin, ClueBot NG, Ki-kichugirl, Primergrey, Widr, Jangod223, Helpful Pixie Bot, Buttda, Mxweingart, Ymblanter, Mysterytrey, Mark Arsten, Tommyno1,Roudabout6, GhostlyPancake, Writ Keeper, Wheelerv, Versys guy, Newtechpulse, BattyBot, David.moreno72, ChrisGualtieri, Khazar2,Viiru-, Makecat-bot, Lugia2453, D3VIN M 911, Eagleash, Swagjello, Jwblow, Jgross6, Jakeak1103, Akseli9, Deerhunter1999, Sova-lik, Changer3232, Mainegamewarden123, Lekmouy, Chucho101, FrMurphy1798, AntonioGramsci2011, Dxo64, GeneralizationsAreBad,Amccann421, Bab2787234, Farticle particle, Spacecowboy420, 72bikers, Qzd, IsaiahHeath, JudgeRM, CatNoir12, Allahhhhhhz, Benderthe Bot, Tylllllllllllllllllller, Braap53, Daltonsingleton and Anonymous: 386

8.2 Images• File:BMW_1200_GS_right_side_view.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/BMW_1200_GS_right_side_view.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: originally posted to Flickr as BMW 1200 GS Original artist: “S de Santi”

• File:BMW_R1100RS_on_twisty_road.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/BMW_R1100RS_on_twisty_road.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: Twisties Original artist: Geoff from UK

• File:Carabinieri.motorcycle.in.rome.arp.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Carabinieri.motorcycle.in.rome.arp.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Adrian Pingstone (Arpingstone)

• File:Ducati_Monster_696_at_Ducati_Tour_09.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Ducati_Monster_696_at_Ducati_Tour_09.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: Ducati Tour 09 Original artist: m.caimary from Sant Boi, Catalunya

• File:DumontDunes_2005-04-25_paddle-tire.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/DumontDunes_2005-04-25_paddle-tire.jpg License: CC BY 2.5 Contributors: Self-made. SLORider.com Original artist: Doug Fackiner

• File:Hond_GL1800_Goldwing_in_Paris.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Hond_GL1800_Goldwing_in_Paris.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: Hond GL1800 Goldwing Original artist: “S de Santi” from Madrid, SPAIN

• File:Kriss2.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Kriss2.JPG License: Public domainContributors: Trans-ferred from en.wikipedia to Commons. Original artist: Hezery99 at English Wikipedia

• File:Lambretta_scooter_racing_at_3_sisters.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Lambretta_scooter_racing_at_3_sisters.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: scooter racing at 3 Sisters- www.pure-photography.org Original artist: TimSimpson from Manchester, England

• File:Paris_-_Salon_de_la_moto_2011_-_Ducati_-_Diavel_AMG_-_001.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Paris_-_Salon_de_la_moto_2011_-_Ducati_-_Diavel_AMG_-_001.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own workOriginal artist: Thesupermat

• File:PeterFondaCaptainAmerica-side.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/PeterFondaCaptainAmerica-side.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: originally posted to Flickr as Peter Fonda riding CaptainAmerica Original artist: Brian Snelson

• File:Rattle_the_Runway_Ride_2009-1.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Rattle_the_Runway_Ride_2009-1.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: IMG_2865_edited-1 Original artist: James Fitterer

• File:Ride_for_the_Hills_group_of_motorcyclists.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Ride_for_the_Hills_group_of_motorcyclists.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: Ride for the Hills Original artist: Tom Reynolds from Melbourne,Australia

Page 9: Types of motorcycles of motorc… · 4 2 OFF-ROAD designedtoenteroff-roadsituations.[1] Typicallybased onadirtbikechassis,theyhaveaddedlights,mirrors, signals,andinstrumentsthatallowthemtobelicensedfor

8.3 Content license 9

• File:Suzuki_GSX-R_at_Deals_Gap.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Suzuki_GSX-R_at_Deals_Gap.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: DWD Original artist: Wild Hare from Orlando

• File:Zerotracer_in_its_hometown_Winterthur.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Zerotracer_in_its_hometown_Winterthur.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mukitil

8.3 Content license• Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0