tuesday, may 20, 11:00:40 am topic one similarities and differences among living organisms

Tuesday, May 20, Tuesday, May 20, 11:00:40 AM11:00:40 AM

Topic OneTopic One

Similarities and Differences Similarities and Differences Among Living OrganismsAmong Living Organisms


A. All living things must maintain A. All living things must maintain homeostasis.homeostasis.

B. HomeostasisB. Homeostasis the ability of an organism the ability of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment to maintain a stable internal environment even when the external environment even when the external environment changeschanges


....

Fishbowl Model

Fishbowl Human body Function

Water Body fluid Internal environment

Glass bowl

SkinBarrier (internal vs. external)

Fish Cells Stay alive

Air pump LungsKeep O2 level constant (high)

Filter KidneysKeep nitrogen wastes constant (low)

Heater MusclesKeep temperature constant (high)

FeederDigestive system

Keep nutrient levels contant (high)

Everything working together

Relatively constant conditions

Click on the fishbowl to see video


1. To maintain homeostasis, organisms 1. To maintain homeostasis, organisms

carry out the same basic life functions:carry out the same basic life functions: aa. nutrition . nutrition provides the body with the provides the body with the

materials and energy needed to carry out materials and energy needed to carry out the basic life of cells. the basic life of cells. Autotrophs Autotrophs make make their own food, while their own food, while heterotrophs heterotrophs eat eat other organisms.other organisms.


bb. excretion . excretion the removal of all the wastes the removal of all the wastes produced by the cells of the bodyproduced by the cells of the body


cc. transport . transport process in which substances process in which substances pass into or out of a cells and circulate pass into or out of a cells and circulate within the organism.within the organism.


dd. respiration . respiration organisms get energy by organisms get energy by breaking the bonds of sugar molecules. breaking the bonds of sugar molecules. The released energy is used to make a The released energy is used to make a molecule of molecule of ATPATP, which gives all , which gives all organisms their energy organisms their energy


ee. growth . growth an increase in the size or an increase in the size or number of cellsnumber of cells


ff. synthesis . synthesis a life process that involves a life process that involves combining simple substances into more combining simple substances into more complex substancescomplex substances


gg. Regulation: . Regulation: coordination and control of coordination and control of other life functions.other life functions.

1). A is a change in the 1). A is a change in the environment that you environment that you respond respond to.to.

2). A 2). A neuron neuron is a nerve cell.is a nerve cell.

stimulusstimulus


3). An 3). An impulse impulse is the electrical signal is the electrical signal carried by the nerves. Neurotransmitters carried by the nerves. Neurotransmitters are chemicals that help carry the impulse.are chemicals that help carry the impulse.


4). A 4). A hormone hormone is a chemical signal is a chemical signal secreted by different glands in the body. secreted by different glands in the body. Examples of hormones include Examples of hormones include insulininsulin, , adrenalineadrenaline, , testosterone testosterone and and estrogenestrogen


5). 5). Receptor molecules Receptor molecules are proteins on are proteins on the surface of the cell membrane that the surface of the cell membrane that receive signals from the nervous and receive signals from the nervous and endocrine system. These are needed for endocrine system. These are needed for your cells to communicate and work your cells to communicate and work together.together.


hh. reproduction . reproduction the process by which the process by which organisms produce new organisms of the organisms produce new organisms of the same typesame type

A Paramecium dividing, taken through my microscope at 400x


2. All of lifes chemical processes that make 2. All of lifes chemical processes that make up an organism’s up an organism’s metabolismmetabolism..

3. Failure to maintain homeostasis causes 3. Failure to maintain homeostasis causes disease and death.disease and death.

Looks complicated , but you only have to remember that it is


B. ClassificationB. Classification-- 1. Organisms are classified mostly by 1. Organisms are classified mostly by

evolutionary history. Those with common evolutionary history. Those with common ancestors are grouped together.ancestors are grouped together.


2. 2. Kingdoms Kingdoms are large groups of related are large groups of related organisms (fungi, bacteria, protists, organisms (fungi, bacteria, protists, animals, plants).animals, plants).

3. A 3. A species species is able to successfully is able to successfully reproduce amongst its members.reproduce amongst its members.

4. A scientific name is made up of an 4. A scientific name is made up of an organism’s organism’s Genus Genus and and speciesspecies..

Canis familiaris Felis concolor Orcinus orca


C. ChemistryC. Chemistry 1. The most common elements in living 1. The most common elements in living

things are (in order) Carbon, Hydrogen, things are (in order) Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen (CHON).Oxygen and Nitrogen (CHON).

2. 2. Organic Compounds Organic Compounds have Carbon have Carbon AND Hydrogen (ex: CAND Hydrogen (ex: C66HH12OO66 is organic, is organic, HH22O, COO, CO22, and NO, and NO33 are not). Organic are not). Organic molecules are also larger than inorganic molecules are also larger than inorganic molecules.molecules.


3. 3. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are sugars and starches. are sugars and starches. All carbohydrates are made from simple All carbohydrates are made from simple sugars (like glucose) and they supply sugars (like glucose) and they supply energy.energy.

4. 4. Lipids Lipids store energy and include fats, oils store energy and include fats, oils and waxes. They are made from fatty acids and waxes. They are made from fatty acids and glycerol.and glycerol.


5. 5. Proteins Proteins are made from are made from amino acids. amino acids. Proteins Proteins also make hormones and many also make hormones and many body and cell structures, so body and cell structures, so as far as your as far as your body is concerned, proteins are by far the body is concerned, proteins are by far the most important of these three organic most important of these three organic molecules.molecules.


a. It is the SHAPE of proteins and how a. It is the SHAPE of proteins and how they fit together that determines whatthey fit together that determines what

proteins can do.proteins can do.


. Four specific jobs of proteins:. Four specific jobs of proteins: 1) make 1) make enzymesenzymes

2) make 2) make receptor molecules receptor molecules on the cell on the cell membrane. These are used to receivemembrane. These are used to receive

chemical messages (like hormones).chemical messages (like hormones). 3) make 3) make antibodiesantibodies

4) make 4) make hormoneshormones


6. 6. pHpH: The pH scale measure the : The pH scale measure the strengths of strengths of acids acids and and basesbases. A low pH . A low pH (0-6.9) is a acid, a high pH (7.1-14) is a (0-6.9) is a acid, a high pH (7.1-14) is a base, and 7 is neutral (water).base, and 7 is neutral (water).


H. Organization:H. Organization: 1. Cells are 1. Cells are specialized specialized into tissues.into tissues. a. a. Tissues Tissues are groups of cells specialized are groups of cells specialized

to do certain jobs. Examples of tissues to do certain jobs. Examples of tissues include muscle tissue and nerve tissue.include muscle tissue and nerve tissue.

Smooth muscle tissue nerve cell


b. b. Specialization Specialization or or differentdifferentiationiation occurs occurs because only some genes in the nucleus of a because only some genes in the nucleus of a cell are “turned on”. Almost every cells has a cell are “turned on”. Almost every cells has a complete set of genes, but on those needed for complete set of genes, but on those needed for the cells particular job are active. So while a red the cells particular job are active. So while a red blood cell has all the genetic information blood cell has all the genetic information needed to make nerves cells, bone cells and needed to make nerves cells, bone cells and skin cells, all those genes are turned off, and skin cells, all those genes are turned off, and only the red blood cell genes are turned on.only the red blood cell genes are turned on.


Click on the cells below to go to the video site.

Then click VIEW and watch the video on

Cell Differentiation


2. 2. Tissues Tissues work together work together to form to form organs organs (heart, (heart, lungs, kidney)lungs, kidney)

3. 3. Organs Organs work together work together in in organ systems organ systems (digestive system, (digestive system, nervous system, etc).nervous system, etc).

liver


I. CellsI. Cells Cells are the basic unit of life. All living Cells are the basic unit of life. All living

things (except viruses) are made of cells.things (except viruses) are made of cells. 1. 1. Cell theoryCell theory (all living things are made (all living things are made

of cells).of cells).


2. 2. OrganellesOrganelles structures within the cell structures within the cell that carry out specific functionsthat carry out specific functions

a. a. cell wallcell wall rigid structure that encloses rigid structure that encloses the cells of plantsthe cells of plants


b. b. nucleus nucleus a large structure within a cell that a large structure within a cell that controls the cell's metabolism and stores controls the cell's metabolism and stores genetic information, including chromosomes genetic information, including chromosomes and DNAand DNA


c. c. chloroplast chloroplast the green organelle that the green organelle that contains chlorophyll; where photosynthesis contains chlorophyll; where photosynthesis takes placetakes place


d. d. cytoplasmcytoplasm the jellylike substance that the jellylike substance that is between the cell membrane and the is between the cell membrane and the nucleus and that contains specialized nucleus and that contains specialized structuresstructures


e. e. ribosomeribosome one of the tiny structures in one of the tiny structures in the cell that is the site of protein the cell that is the site of protein productionproduction

ribosomes


f. f. vacuolevacuole storage sacs within the storage sacs within the cytoplasm of a cell that may contain either cytoplasm of a cell that may contain either wastes or useful materials, such as water wastes or useful materials, such as water or foodor food


. . mitochondria mitochondria pod shaped organelles pod shaped organelles that contain enzymes used to extract that contain enzymes used to extract energy from nutrients energy from nutrients


h. h. cell membranecell membrane the thin boundary the thin boundary between the cell and its environmentbetween the cell and its environment


3. 3. The cell membrane The cell membrane is made of is made of lipidslipids and and proteinsproteins. It shows selective permeability – that . It shows selective permeability – that is only some molecules can pass through it is only some molecules can pass through it

( small molecules like water and oxygen).( small molecules like water and oxygen). Large molecules (like starch or protein) need to Large molecules (like starch or protein) need to

be moved by active transport.be moved by active transport.


a. a. DiffusionDiffusion: movement of molecules from : movement of molecules from high concentrations to low concentrations.high concentrations to low concentrations.

Requires no energy (passive transport).Requires no energy (passive transport).


c. c. Osmosis Osmosis is the diffusion of water into or is the diffusion of water into or out of the cell. If water diffuses into the out of the cell. If water diffuses into the cell, the cell swells (get larger) and may cell, the cell swells (get larger) and may burst. If it loses water (being put in salt burst. If it loses water (being put in salt water for example) it will shrivel up.water for example) it will shrivel up.


b. b. Active Transport Active Transport requires the use of requires the use of energy, usually moving molecules from a energy, usually moving molecules from a low concentration to a high concentration low concentration to a high concentration (against the flow of diffusion).(against the flow of diffusion).


1). 1). NOTENOTE: Students often assume cells : Students often assume cells have a cell wall OR a cell membrane. ALL have a cell wall OR a cell membrane. ALL cells have a cell membrane, including cells have a cell membrane, including those with cell walls (plants, fungi, some those with cell walls (plants, fungi, some bacteria and protists). The cell wall is bacteria and protists). The cell wall is mostly for protection; the cell membrane is mostly for protection; the cell membrane is needed to control movement into and out needed to control movement into and out of the cell. The animal kingdom is the only of the cell. The animal kingdom is the only kingdom that completely lacks cell walls.kingdom that completely lacks cell walls.


J. Multicellular Organism J. Multicellular Organism Digestive System:Digestive System:

1. 1. Food is broken down so that it is small enough Food is broken down so that it is small enough to enter the body tissues/cells.to enter the body tissues/cells.

2. The digestive system is a one way passage through 2. The digestive system is a one way passage through the body that includes the the body that includes the mouth,mouth,

stomach and intestines.stomach and intestines. 3. Food is moved through the digestive system by 3. Food is moved through the digestive system by

muscular contractions (peristalsis).muscular contractions (peristalsis). 4. Food is broken down mechanically and chemically.4. Food is broken down mechanically and chemically. 5. Undigested food is eliminated as solid waste. 5. Undigested food is eliminated as solid waste. This This

is not excretion.is not excretion.


Click on the intestines


K. Multicellular Organism K. Multicellular Organism Transport/Circulatory System.Transport/Circulatory System.

1. Moves material (water, nutrients, 1. Moves material (water, nutrients, hormones, wastes) through the body.hormones, wastes) through the body.

2. 2. Red blood cells Red blood cells carry oxygen. carry oxygen. White White blood cells blood cells fight disease.fight disease.

3. 3. Plasma Plasma is the fluid of the blood. It is the fluid of the blood. It transports everything transports everything except oxygenexcept oxygen..

4. 4. Platelets Platelets clot the blood.clot the blood.


Red blood cellswhite blood cells

platelets

Click on blood cells to see video


L. Multicellular Organism L. Multicellular Organism Respiratory System:Respiratory System:

1. Physical respiration (breathing) provides oxygen 1. Physical respiration (breathing) provides oxygen needed for chemical respiration (whichneeded for chemical respiration (which

releases energy from sugar).releases energy from sugar). 2. The 2. The diaphragm diaphragm is the muscle that allows breathing is the muscle that allows breathing

to occur.to occur. 3. You breathe faster when CO2 builds up in the blood 3. You breathe faster when CO2 builds up in the blood

(not when you need oxygen).(not when you need oxygen). 4. The 4. The alveoli alveoli are very important because it is here are very important because it is here

that the oxygen enters the blood and CO2that the oxygen enters the blood and CO2 leaves. The alveoli took like microscopic sacs leaves. The alveoli took like microscopic sacs

surrounded by capillaries.surrounded by capillaries.


Click on the image below to see video


M. Multicellular Organism M. Multicellular Organism Excretory System:Excretory System:

1. Removes metabolic waste from your body.1. Removes metabolic waste from your body. 2. Your body excretes 2. Your body excretes salt, water, urea and salt, water, urea and

CO2CO2.. 3. 3. Lungs Lungs excrete CO2 and water and the skin excrete CO2 and water and the skin

excretes sweat.excretes sweat. 4. The 4. The kidneys kidneys filter waste from blood and filter waste from blood and

reabsorb nutrients.reabsorb nutrients. 5. The 5. The liver liver filters toxins and dead red blood filters toxins and dead red blood

cells from the blood.cells from the blood.


N. Multicellular Organism N. Multicellular Organism Skeletal Muscle SystemSkeletal Muscle System

1. Skeletal Muscle System1. Skeletal Muscle System the body the body system that contains the bones, provides system that contains the bones, provides shape and support, and protects internal shape and support, and protects internal organs. Muscles only pull and must work organs. Muscles only pull and must work in pairs.in pairs.


O. Multicellular Organism The O. Multicellular Organism The Nervous SystemNervous System

1. The nervous system regulates your 1. The nervous system regulates your body along with the endocrine system.body along with the endocrine system.

2. The 2. The spinal cord spinal cord controls reflexes and controls reflexes and brings impulses from the nerves to the brings impulses from the nerves to the brain.brain.


P. Multicellular Organism P. Multicellular Organism Endocrine System:Endocrine System:

1. Regulates body along with nervous system. Slower 1. Regulates body along with nervous system. Slower but with longer lasting effects.but with longer lasting effects.

2. The 2. The pancreas pancreas makes makes insulin insulin which controls blood which controls blood sugar.sugar.

3. Adrenal glands make 3. Adrenal glands make adrenaline adrenaline when the body is when the body is under stress.under stress.

4. 4. Testosterone Testosterone (male), (male), estrogen estrogen and and progesterone progesterone (female) are the sex hormones.(female) are the sex hormones.

5. Hormone levels are controlled by 5. Hormone levels are controlled by feedback;feedback; a cycle a cycle in which the output of a system either modifies or in which the output of a system either modifies or reinforces the first action taken by the systemreinforces the first action taken by the system


Q. Interaction between Systems:Q. Interaction between Systems:

1. Different systems of the body work 1. Different systems of the body work together to maintain homeostasis. together to maintain homeostasis. Ex. Ex. Nutrients from the digestive system are Nutrients from the digestive system are transported to cells by the circulatory transported to cells by the circulatory system.system. Wastes from respiration are Wastes from respiration are removed by the excretory system.removed by the excretory system. The The nervous and endocrine systems work nervous and endocrine systems work together to control the body.together to control the body.

tuesday, may 20, 11:00:40 am topic one similarities and differences among living organisms

Documents

living organisms

organisms genus

new organisms

organisms metabolism

respiration organisms

life process

released energy

basic life of cells