tu dien anh-viet_gis

8/9/2019 Tu Dien Anh-Viet_GIS

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T in Anh Vit cho lnh vc GIS

A

AAT (Arc attribute table - bng thuc tnh ng)

L bng cha cc thuc tnh ca cc i tng ng. Ngoi cc thuc tnh c nh ngha bingi s dng, AAT cn cha cc nt n v nt i, cc vng k phi v k tri, di, mt sth t trong v mt b nh danh i tng. Xem thm feature attribute table (bng thuc tnhi tng).ACCESS directory (Th mc ACCESS)

L th mc h thng c LIBRARIAN dng lu cc file qun l truy cp vo th vin. Mith vin c mt th mc ACCESS c t trong th mc DATABASE ca th vin.

accessibility (kh nng truy cp)

L tp hp s o kh nng nh v t mt v tr chi trc. Lnh ACCESSIBILITY tnh ton ccgi tr cho kh nng truy cp nh mt hm ca khong cch gia cc v tr v mt thng s phnr khong cch.

access rights (quyn truy cp)

L cc c quyn, theo ngi dng c th c, ghi, xo, cp nht v chy cc file trn a.Quyn truy cp c cc dng "khng c truy cp", "ch c", v "c/ghi".

ACODE file

L file d liu INFO lu cc thuc tnh ng cho cc lp i tng c to t cc file TIGER,DIME, IGDS v Etak. ACODE l vit tt ca `Arc CODE'. File ACODE lin h vi bng thuctnh ng (AAT) ca lp i tng nh b nh danh Cover-ID.

address matching (kt ni a ch)

L k thut kt ni hai file dng a ch nh thuc tnh lin kt. Cc to a l v thuc tnhc th truyn t a ch trong file ny sang file khc. V d, mt file d liu cha a ch ca ccsinh vin c th c kt ni vi lp ng ph c km a ch, to ra mt lp biu din nisng ca sinh vin.

ADS

1. Arc Digitizing System - H thng s ho ng. L h thng s ho v bin tp n gin,c dng thm ng v im nhn vo mt lp i tng.

2. L mt lnh ti Arc: li nhc bt u mt ADS session.


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allocation (qu trnh phn phi)

L qu trnh phn phi cc cung trong mt mng li duy tr trung tm cho n khi tr khngt ln nht hay l dung lng ti nguyn ca trung tm c t n.

AML (ARC Macro Language - Ngn ng lp trnh pht trin ca ARC/INFO)L ngn ng cp cao vit cc ng dng cho ngi s dng. Ngn ng ny bao gm kh nngto menu trn mn hnh, s dng v gn cc bin, iu khin qu trnh thc hin lnh, chn vdng cc n v to trang hoc bn . AML c mt b lnh ln c th c dng tng tcnh mt lnh, hoc trong cc lnh macro ca AML v cc lnh trong mi trng ARC/INFO.

analysis (phn tch)

Phn tch l qu trnh nh danh mt cu hi hoc mt vn c quan tm; m phng vn ;nghin cu m hnh kt qu; din gii cc kt qu; v c th a ra cc gi . Xem model (m

hnh) v spatial analysis (phn tch khng gian).annotation (ch thch)

1. L mt on vn bn m t dng gn nhn cho cc i tng. N c dng cho hin th,khng dng cho phn tch.

2. Mt dng i tng trong mt lp, c dng gn nhn cho cc i tng khc. Thng tinlu cho mt ch thch bao gm mt chui vn bn, v tr hin th ca ch thch, v kiu k thin th (mu, kiu ch, kch c,...). Xem thm TAT.

ANSI (American National Standards Institute - Vin Tiu chun Quc gia M)

L mt iu phi vin Quc gia cho cc hot ng chun ho t gic, v l mt t chc, mtngn hng cc tiu chun consensus c nht tr M. ANSI lm vic cht ch vi cc t chcquc t, c bit l ISO, pht trin v ph chun cc tiu chun quc t. Cc tiu chun caANSI p dng cho mi vn ca th gii ngy nay, v trong lnh vc SQL, hng pht trinca h tp trung vo GIS.

Application program interface (API) (giao din chng trnh ng dng)

API l mt tp hp cc li gi h thng hoc cc th tc cho cc chng trnh ng dng truy cpcc dch v ca cc h iu hnh hoc cc chng trnh khc. API cho php mt chng trnhlm vic vi cc chng trnh khc, c th trn mt my tnh khc. API l nn tng cho tnh tonkhch/ch. ArcView cung cp dch v ny cho ngi dng ARC/INFO.

arc (cung)

1. L mt chui c trt t cc im (cp to x,y), bt u t mt v tr v kt thc v tr khc.S kt ni cc nh ca cung to nn mt ng. im tn cng ca cung cn gi l nt.


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2. L mt kiu i tng c dng biu din i tng dng ng v bin gii vng. Mti tng dng ng c th cha nhiu cung. Cc cung c lin kt topo vi cc nt (cu trclin kt cung-nt) v vi cc vng (cu trc lin kt vng-cung). Cc thuc tnh m t ca cungc lu trong bng thuc tnh cung (AAT). Xem thm node (nt).

arc-node topology (cu trc lin kt cung-nt)L mt dng cu trc d liu theo thut ton topo c ARC/INFO dng biu din mi linkt gia cc cung v nt. Cu trc lin kt cung-nt h tr cho vic nh ngha i tng ngv bin gii vng, h tr cc hm phn tch nh tracing mng. Xem thm topology (cu trc linkt).archive (lu tr)

L s tp hp lu gi nhng thng tin c c xo i t mt c s d liu ArcStorm.

ArcStorm (ArcStorageManager)

ArcStorm l mt h qun tr cc ton tc v lu gi d liu cho d liu ARC/INFO. ArcStormqun l mt c s d liu hng i tng, c th kt hp cht ch vi cc h c s d liu ch tr bi b tch hp c s d liu ca ARC/INFO (ARC/INFO's DATABASEINTEGRATOR).

ArcStorm database (c s d liu ArcStorm)

C s d liu ArcStorm l mt tp hp cc th vin, cc lp, cc bng INFO v bng DBMSngoi. D liu ca mt h CSDL ArcStorm nhn c li th t cc kh nng qun l ton tc vlu tr d liu ca ArcStorm.

ArcTools

ArcTools l tp hp cc cng c ca ARC/INFOR c cung cp thng qua mt giao din ho trn c s AML (ARC Macro Language). ArcTools cung cp mt hng tip cn thn thinvi ngi s dng s dng ph bin cc thao tc v cc hm ca ARC/INFO.

area (din tch)

1. L mt phm vi ng nht ca b mt qu t c gii hn bi mt hoc nhiu i tngng (vng) hoc c biu din nh mt tp hp cc vng (min). V d: cc bang, quc gia,cc h, cc vng s dng t v vng phn b dn c.

2. Kch c ca mt i tng a l, c o bng n v vung (mt vung, dm vung).ARC/INFO lu s liu din tch cho mi vng hoc min.

ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange - B m chuyn i thng tinchun ca M)


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L b m m mi k t tng ng vi mt m nh phn duy nht (chng hn, mt byte vi gi trl 77 biu din ch M hoa). Cc file vn bn c to thnh t b son tho vn bn ca hthng my tnh thng c biu din di dng file ASCII.

aspect (hng)

L hng ca mt b mt dc, c o theo hng la bn, o bng t pha Bc theo chiukim ng h.

ASRG (ARC Standard Raster Graphic)

D liu ho raster c chuyn sang Equal ARC-second Raster Chart/Map (ARC) ProjectionSystem. Xem SRG. ASRG (dng RGB) rt ging vi DMA (Defense Mapping Agency) ADRG(ARC Digitized Raster Graphic). File ADRG c th c nhp vo ARC/INFO vi lnhADRGGRID. ASRG (dng RGB) c th chuyn i bng lnh ADRGGRID nu n c nhdng DMA ADRG thc s. ASRG tha nhn cc m mu m lnh ADRGGRID khng thc

hin.attractiveness ( hp dn)

L mt hoc nhiu c tnh ca mt v tr, to nn ng c cho chuyn i n v tr . V d, hp dn ca mt kho bn l l mt hm c xc nh t mt hoc kt hp cc thng s: khnggian bn hng, s lng im ng gi, nh gi sn phm.

attribute (thuc tnh)

1. L c tnh ca mt i tng a l c miu t bng s, k t, nh v bn v CAD, thngc lu di dng bng v c kt ni vi i tng nh b nh danh c xc nh bingi s dng (chng hn thuc tnh ca mt ging khoan bao gm su v cng sut bm - sgallon/pht).

2. L ct trong bng c s d liu. Xem thm item (mc tin).attribute table (bng thuc tnh)

L file INFO hoc file dng bng khc c cha cc hng v cc ct. Trong ARC/INFO, bngthuc tnh c kt hp vi mt kiu i tng a l, nh ging khoan hay ng giao thng.Mi hng biu din mt i tng a l, mi ct biu din mt thuc tnh ca cc i tng.Xem thm feature attribute table (bng thuc tnh i tng).

azimuth (phng v)

L phng ngang ca mt vector, c o bng theo chiu kim ng h quay t trc ydng. V d trong la bn.

B


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backup (ghi lu)

L bn copy ca mt hoc nhiu file, hoc ton b a, c lu an ton phng trng hpbn gc b mt hoc b hng.

band (bng thng, bng tn)Mt lp ca nh a ph, biu din gi tr d liu mt khong ph in t c trng ca nh snghoc nhit phn x (nh cc tm, lam, lc, , hng ngoi, m nng, sng radar,...). Cc gi trkhc xc nh bi ngi s dng nhn c t cc thao tc trn di ph gc. NH A PH LS PHI HP CA BA DI mu chun: , lc v lam. Cc h thng chp nh v tinh nhLANDSAT TM v SPOT cung cp cc nh a ph v tri t, mt s gm by di mu hocnhiu hn.

band separate (phn tch di ph)

L khun dng nh lu tng bng tn ca d liu nhn c t cc my qut nh v tinh a phtrong tng file ring l.

bandwidth ( rng bng tn)

L s o kch thc d liu c th truyn qua mt lin kt truyn thng. D liu nh thng lnhng tp hp d liu ln, do truyn d liu nh t my tnh ny sang my tnh khc i hi rng bng tn cao, hoc qu trnh thc hin s chm. Cn c gi l lu tc truyn (nngsut truyn).

base map (bn c s)

L bn cha cc i tng a l c dng cho tham chiu v tr. V d, ng giao thngthng c trong cc bn c s.

base table (bng c s)

L bng c lu gi vt l trong c s d liu. So snh vi view (khung nhn).

baud rate (tc truyn)

L s o tc truyn d liu gia my tnh v cc thit b khc, o bng bit trn giy (bps).

bit

n v nh nht ca thng tin m my tnh c th lu gi v x l. Mt bit c hai gi tr 0 hoc1, cng c th hiu l YES/NO, TRUE/FALSE, hoc ON/OFF. Xem thm byte.

BLOB (Binary Large Object)


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L kiu d liu ca mt ct trong bng RDBMS, c th lu nh ln hoc d liu vn bng nhnhng thuc tnh.

BND

L file trong mt lp i tng hoc li, cha phm vi ca lp .Boolean expression (biu thc logic)

L dng biu thc quy v iu kin ng hoc sai (logic). Mt biu thc logic c th cha ccbiu thc logic (chng hn, DEPTH > 100) v cc ton t logic. Ton t logic l t kho xcnh cch kt hp cc biu thc logic n gin thnh mt biu thc phc tp. Cc ton t logic lph nh (NOT), kt hp (AND), la chn/loi tr (OR). V d, DEPTH > 100 ANDDIAMETER > 20. Xem thm logical selection (php chn logic).

border arcs (ng vin)

1. L ng to ra ra ngoi bin gii ca mt lp i tng vng.

2. Trong LIBRARIAN, l ng bin gii tch mt lp i trng vng thnh cc tile.breakline

L i tng dng ng xc nh v iu khin dng b mt ca mt li tam gic bt chnhquy (tin) trong gii hn phng v lin tc. Breaklines lun c duy tr nh mt i tng dngng trong mt tin. i tng c s ho ba chiu vi cc gi tr x, y, z, chng hn nh sngsui hay ng b bin c thuc tnh cao, u c lu nh i tng breakline .buffer (vng m)

L vng xc nh quanh cc i tng. C vng m c rng c nh v bin thin u c thc to ra cho mt tp hp i tng treen c s cc gi tr thuc tnh ca tng i tng.Vng m c to thnh s xc lp cc vng bn trong hoc bn ngoi vng m ca mi itng. Vng m rt hu ch i vi phn tch xp x (chng hn, tm tt c cc khc sng, suitrong vng 300 feet t mt vng xc nh).

bug (li)

L li trong mt chng trnh my tnh hoc mt li v in c pht hin nh chng trnhkim tra li.

byte

L n v b nh v lu d liu gm mt s bit k nhau, thng l 8. V d, kch thc filethng c tnh bng byte hoc megabyte (mt triu byte). Cc byte cha cc gi tr t 0 n255 v phn ln biu din cc s nguyn hoc k t ASCII (v d, mt byte vi gi tr m ASCIIl 77 biu din ch M hoa). Mt tp hp cc byte (thng 4 hoc 8) biu din cc s thc v snguyn ln hn 255.


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C

CAD (Computer-aided design - tr gip thit k bng my tnh)

L h thng t ng h tr thit k, phc tho v hint h cc thng tin a l c hng.CAD drawing

L mt bn v, mt s hoc gin s c to ra nh h thng CAD. V d, mt file bn vhoc file DWG trong AutoCAD.

calibration (cn chnh)

L qu trnh chn cc gi tr thuc tnh v cc thng s tnh ton, sao cho mt m hnh biu dinchnh xc mt tnh hung thc t. V d, trong tm ng dn v nh v, cn chnh thng c

ngha l nh gi v tnh ton cc gi tr xp x c nhp vo trng tin tr khng v yu cu.capacity (sc cha, dung tch, nng lc)

L tim lc ti a c th c phn phi hoc c phc v t mt trung tm. V d, sc chaca mt trng hc l s lng hc sinh c th tuyn vo.

Cartesian coordinate system (H to ct)

L h to phng, hai chiu, c xc nh bi khong cch phng ngang theo trc x vphng thng ng theo trc y. Mi im trn mt phng c xc nh bi to x,y. S otng i v khong cch, din tch v hng l khng i trn mt phng to ct.

CASE (Computer-Aided Software Engineering - tr gip k thut phn mm nh my tnh)

Cng c CASE c nh ngha l cc lut chng trnh p dng cc nguyn tc, phngphp, cng ngh v khi nim k thut. Nhng cng c ny tr gip thc hin mt nhim v kthut c th nh ngha trong qu trnh thit k phn mm t ng nh mu c cu trc. Cngngh ny lm gim thi gian thit k tu bin, cung cp b m ph hp v h tr ton b qutrnh pht trin phn mm.

CCITT (Comit Consultatif Internationale de Tlgraphique et Tlphonique / ConsultativeCommittee on International Telephone and Telegraph) (U ban Phi hp Quc t v in tn vin thoi)

CCITT l mt u ban k thut ca Hip hi Vin thng Quc t, mt t chc Lin hp quc Geneva. U ban ny a ra cc khuyn ngh trong truyn thng quc t v vic chun ho giaodin d liu, modem v mng d liu. ARC/INFO hon ton theo Chun nn d liu raster,CCITT nhm IV. ARC/INFO h tr cc s nn TIFF sau: CCITT nhm 4 cho d liu en,trng (ch c), CCITT nhm 3 m ho mt chiu khng gian cho d liu en, trng; v


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PackBits.

CD-ROM (Compact Disk-Read Only Memory / a Compact - b nh ch c)

CD-ROM l mt thit b quang hc. Mt a CD-ROM 5.25-inch c th lu 650 megabytes d

liu. Chun ISO 9660 xc nh khun dng d liu c lu gi trn CD-ROM.cell

Xem grid cell ( li).

center (trung tm)

L mt v tr ring bit, ni cung cp mt ngun ti nguyn hoc hng ho. Trong tng tckhng gian, trung tm l v tr c hp dn (attractiveness).

CGM (Computer Graphics Metafile - Chun lu tr v truyn hnh nh)CGM l chun trao i nh ho, ANSI: x3.122-1986, ISO: 8632-1986, cho khun dng fileu ra ho. ARC/INFO, ArcView Version 2, v PC ARC/INFO c h tr CGM.

character (k t)

1. L ch ci (v d, a, b, c, d), s (v d, 1, 2, 3), hoc mt k hiu ho c bit (v d, *, /, -)c coi l mt n v d liu n.

2. L khun dng d liu thuc tnh m d liu ca n c biu din dng k t. V d, dngd liu "character" (k t) c dng cho thuc tnh COUNTRY (tn quc gia), vi cc gi tr lUnited States, Brazil, Canada, Thailand,...

checkin (ng nhp)

Checkin l hot ng a d liu ArcStorm quay tr li sau khi d liu ny c "checkout" chomc ch cp nht. Khi d liu sa i c "checkin", tt c cc kho trn d liu ny ctho b.

checkout

Checkout l qu trnh a nhng d liu c chn la t mt h c s d liu ca ArcStorm,a vo mt lp i tng c th cho mc ch cp nht. Khi d liu c "checkout", n sc kho li trnh s cp nht t nhng ngi s dng khc. D liu ArcStorm khng thtrc tip sa i, m trc tin phi c "checkout".

client/server (khch/ch)

L h thng phn mm c cu trc khch/ch, vi mt b x l trung tm (ch) p ng cc yu


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cu t cc b x l trm (khch). ArcStorm l mt v d ca cu trc client/server trongARC/INFO.

clip (php tch)

L th tc tch khng gian ca cc i tng t mt lp i tng, khi chng hon ton nmtrong bin gii c xc nh bi cc i tng trong mt lp i tng khc (c gi l lptch). Qu trnh ny cng ging nh ct bnh.

COGO

1. L t vit tt ca COordinate GeOmetry (hnh hc to ). Nhng ngi lp bn mt tdng cc hm COGO nhp d liu trc a, tnh ton v tr v bin gii chnh xc, xc nhcc cung, ...

2. L tn ca mt sn phm phn mm hnh hc to ARC/INFO.

column (ct)

L khng gian dc ca bng. Mi ct u c tn v kiu d liu c p dng cho mi gi trtrong ct.

command (lnh)

L cu trc c bit trong chng trnh my tnh, c a ra t ngi s dng din t mthnh ng c thit k.

command line interface (giao din dng lnh)

L sn phm phn mm cho php ngi s dng nh cu lnh ti du nhc. Ngc vi giaodin thit lp (forms interface).

commit

Thc hin bt k thay i thng trc no c to thnh trong mt ton tc c s d liu. Sosnh vi roll back (phc hi).

concurrency management (qun tr trng hp)

L tnh nng qun tr c s d liu duy tr s n nh d liu khi c s truy nhp ng thica nhiu ngi s dng. Mt k thut in hnh l cho php mt s lng bt k ngi s dngc quyn c, nhng ch cho php mt ngi s dng quyn ghi. Ngi s dng th hai munc quyn ghi phi ch cho n khi ngi th nht hon thnh ton tc ca h.

conditional operator (ton t iu kin)


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L k hiu hoc t kho xc nh cch so snh cc gi tr. Cc ton t iu kin c dng hi p c s d liu. V d trong SQL, c cc ton t : = (bng) BETWEEN < (nh hn) LIKE> (ln hn) CONTAINING< /FONT >conflation (hp nht)

L tp hp cc hm v th tc, sp xp cc ng trong hai lp i tng, sau chuyn ccthuc tnh t lp ny sang lp kia. Qu trnh sp xp din ra trc qu trnh chuyn thuc tnh vthng c biu din bng cc thao tc rubber-sheeting.

connectivity (kh nng lin kt)

L qu trnh nh danh cc cung lin kt theo thut ton topo bng cch ghi li cc nt n v nti cho mi cung. Cc cung thng c chung mt nt lin kt. Xem thm arc-node topology (cutrc lin kt cung-nt).

constraints (cc rng buc)

L gii hn nht nh c quy nh cho mt m hnh. V d, trong mt m hnh ton tc xcnh s lt tin xut pht t mt im gc n nhiu im ch, s lt tin khng th vt qukh nng pht tin ca im gc.

contiguity (lin k)

L qu trnh nh danh theo thut ton topo cc i tng vng k nhau bng cch ghi li ccvng bn tri hoc bn phi ca mi cung. Xem thm polygon-arc topology (cu trc lin ktvng-cung).

continuous data (d liu lin tc)

L b mt trn mi v tr u c gi tr xc nh hoc gi tr dn xut. Biu din in hnh cad liu lin tc l li tam gic bt chnh quy (tin) hoc li vung.

contour (ng bnh )

L ng ni cc im c gi tr cao b mt.

contour interval (khong cch ng bnh )

L s sai khc v gi tr cao b mt gia cc ng bnh .

coordinate (to )

L b s xc nh v tr trong mt h thng tham kho nht nh, chng hn cp s x,y trong hto phng hoc b s x,y,z trong h to khng gian ba chiu. To c th biu din ccv tr trn b mt qu t tng i so vi cc v tr khc. Xem thm vector v Cartesiancoordinate system (h to ct).


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coordinate geometry (hnh hc to )

Xem COGO.

coordinate system (h to )L h thng tham kho c dng xc nh cc khong cch theo phng ngang v phngng trn mt bn hnh hc phng. H to thng c xc nh bi mt php chiu bn, mt mc tnh ton, mt hoc nhiu ng song song chun, mt kinh tuyn trung tm, v slun phin c th trong hng x, y nh v v tr x,y ca i im, ng, vng. TrongARC/INFO, h thng vi cc n v v cc k t c xc nh bi php chiu bn . Mt hto chung c dng ghi nhn v khng gian ca cc d liu a l ca cng mt vng.

Cover#

L s th t duy nht c ARC/INFO to ra t ng cho mi i tng. S trong ny cdng truy nhp trc tip i tng v miu t mi quan h topo gia cc i tng. Nthng c biu din nh "s bn ghi".

Cover-ID

L b nh danh c a ra bi ngi s dng lin kt cc i tng a l vi cc d liuthuc tnh tng ng. Cover-ID l mt trng tin trong bng thuc tnh i tng, trong t`Cover' c thay bi tn lp i tng (v d, vi lp th nhng (soils), Cover-ID c thayl SOILS-ID). Feature-ID v User-ID l nhng khi nim ng ngha vi Cover-ID.

coverage

1. Lp i tng: L mt dng s ho ca cu to bn trn c s n v d liu vector lutrong ARC/INFO. Mt lp i tng lu cc i tng a l di dng i tng s cp (nhng, nt, vng, im nhn) v i tng th cp (nh TIC, gii hn bn , lin kt, chthch). Cc bng thuc tnh i tng kt hp s miu t v lu cc thuc tnh ca cc i tnga l.

2. Lp chuyn : L tp hp d liu c kt hp theo ch , c coi nh mt n v. Milp chuyn thng biu din mt ch ring bit nh th nhng, sng sui, ng giaothng v s dng t.coverage extent (gii hn lp i tng)

L cc to xc nh mt khung gii hn hnh ch nht ti thiu (xmin,ymin v xmax,ymax)ca mt lp i tng hoc mt li vung. Mi to ca lp hoc li u phi nmtrong bin gii ny. Trong ARCPLOT v ARCEDIT, gii hn bn thng c thit lp tgii hn lp i tng. Xem thm BND.

coverage units (cc n v lp i tng)


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L cc n v (nh feet, met, inche) ca h to trong lp i tng c lu gi.

cross-tile indexing

L phng php c dng ch s ho cc i tng vt ngang qua bin gii tile. Cc itng ngang qua ng bin gii c lu nh mt hoc nhiu i tng trong mi tile thay chomt i tng n nht.

CSSM (Content Standards for Spatial Metadata - Chun Metadata khng gian)

L ti liu do U bang D liu a l Lin bang (Federal Geographic Data Committee / FGDC)a ra, m t metadata khng gian.

cursor (con tr)

1. L con tr ho c dng cng vi chut tr vo v tr xc nh trn mn hnh.2. L con tr, tr vo mt bn ghi trong bng d liu, l mt k thut h tr cho qu trnh x lmt tp hp cc bn ghi c la chn. Con tr c chuyn t bn ghi ny sang bn ghi khctrong tp hp khi thc hin cc thao tc x l nh hin th, hi p v cp nht.

cycle

1. Chu trnh: Trong tm ng dn, chu trnh l mt ng i m im bt u v kt thc ticng mt nt.

2. Vng khp kn: Trong tracing, vng khp kn l tp hp cc ng to nn mt vng khp kn.Cc hng, xui hay ngc, khng c xc nh trong vng khp kn.

DDAL (Data Access Language - Ngn ng truy cp d liu)

L chun trc kia ca Apple cho php cc ng dng giao tip vi cc c s d liu quan h.DAL l phn chung trong mt mng. y l chng trnh c ci vo my ch cung cpSQL truy cp tt c c s d liu my ch trn mng. Apple c cp ng k cng ngh ny choIndependence Technologies, Inc.

dangle length ( di chnh)

L chiu di ti thiu ca mt cung chnh trong qu trnh x l CLEAN. CLEAN s loi bnhng cung chnh ngn hn di chnh.

dangling arc (cung chnh)

L cung c tn ti cng mt vng c bn phi v bn tri v c t nht mt nt khng lin kt vi


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cc cung khc. N thng c xut hin khi mt vng khng ng kn (thiu), cc ng linkt khng hp l, hoc mt ng c s ho b qua giao im ca n vi cc ng khc(tha). ng chnh khng phi lun l mt li. V d, cung chnh c th biu din nhng ngct trong bn ng giao thng. Xem thm dangling node (nt tha).

dangling node (nt tha)L im kt thc ca mt cung chnh, khng lin kt vi cung khc.

data access security (an ton truy cp d liu)

L nhng phng php c a ra kim sot nhng kh nng ca ngi s dng: xem hocbin i d liu. Nhng phng php ny c th bao gm cc khung nhn logic v cc quyntruy cp thc ca nhm hoc c nhn ngi s dng. Xem thm access rights (quyn truy cp).

database

L tp hp logic ca cc thng tin c lin kt, c qun l v lu nh mt n v, thng clu trn mt s b lu tr th cp, nh bng t hoc a. C s d liu GIS bao gm d liu vv tr khng gian v hnh dng ca cc i tng a l, c ghi li nh nhng im, ng,vng, li, hoc li tam gic bt chnh quy, cng nh cc thuc tnh ca chng.

database design (thit k c s d liu)

L qu trnh x l hnh thc nhng phn tch v th gii thc, a vo m hnh c s d liu ccu trc. Thit k c c d liu c c trng bi nhng pha sau: phn tch yu cu, thit klogic v thit k vt l.

DATABASE directory (th mc DATABASE)

Ging vi workspace Th vin tra cu (Library Reference). y l th mc h thng mLIBRARIAN dng qun l thng tin v mt th vin bn . Mi th vin bn c mt thmc c tn DATABASE.

data conversion (chuyn i d liu)

L qu trnh chyn d liu t khun dng ny sang khun dng khc. ARC/INFO h tr chuyni d liu t nhiu khun dng d liu a l nh DLG, TIGER, DXF, v DEM.

data dictionary (t in d liu)

L bn lit k tt c cc d liu c trong mt c s d liu, hoc l danh sch cc mc tin a ratn v cu trc d liu. Cn c gi l DD/D i vi t in d liu/th mc d liu (datadictionary/directory). Cc RDBMS thng mi c cc t in d liu trc tuyn lu trong ccbng khng gian, gi l bng h thng.


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data integrity (tnh ton vn d liu)

L s duy tr cc gi tr d liu v m hnh d liu v kiu d liu. V d, duy tr tnh tonvn, cc ct s s khng nhn cc d liu dng ch ci. Xem referential integrity.

data model (m hnh d liu)1. L kt qu ca qu trnh thit k mc quan nim. L khung nhn d liu c khi qut ho,xc nh bi ngi s dng, c quan h vi cc ng dng.

2. L phng php hnh thc miu t hnh vi ca cc thc th ca th gii thc. Mt m hnh dliu pht trin y s nh r tt c cc lp, mi quan h gia cc thc th, cc quy lut tonvn v cc thao tc trn cc thc th.

3. Cc lp i tng v li vung ca ARC/INFO s dng m hnh d liu a l quan h,m hnh d liu lai kt hp d liu khng gian (trong lp i li hoc li ) v cc d li

thuc tnh (trong bng). Cc m hnh d liu khc c dng trong ARC/INFO bao gm litam gic bt chnh quy, nh v li.data set (b d liu)

L tp hp c tn ca cc mc tin quan h logic c t chc trong mt kiu quy nh.

data type (kiu d liu)

L c im ca cc trng thuc tnh v cc bin, xc nh kiu gi tr d liu m chng lugi. V d, kiu character (k t), floating point (du phy ng) v integer (nguyn).

DATABASE INTEGRATOR (DBI)

L lin kt ca phn mm ARC/INFO vi H qun tr c s d liu quan h (RDBMS). DBI chophp ngi s dng ARC/INFO truy cp cc c s d liu thng mi hin c v tn dng ccu im v cc kh nng ca RDBMS.

database lock (kho c s d liu)

Kho l k thut m nh h c s d liu trnh c xung t trong truy cp d liu khi mnhiu ngi s dng cng c yu cu i vi cng d liu. Xem thm persistent lock (kho bnvng).

database management system (DBMS) (H qun tr c s d liu)

L tp hp cc chng trnh my tnh v t chc cc thng tin trong mt h c s d liu.DBMS h tr vic cu trc c s d liu trong mt khun dng chun v cung cp cc cng ccho nhp, kim tra, lu, hi p v thao tc d liu.

datum


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L tp hp cc thng s v im iu khin c dng xc nh chnh xc hnh dng ba chiuca tri t (hnh cu). Datum l c s cho mt h to phng. V d, North American Datum1983 (NAD83) l datum cho cc php chiu v to bn trong ton nc M v vng BcM.

DBI

Xem DATABASE INTEGRATOR.

DBMS

Xem database management system (h qun tr c s d liu).

DBMS table

Xem attribute table (bng thuc tnh).DCW ("Digital Chart of the World"- Bn s Th gii)

L bn Th gii dng s ho t l 1:1.000.000 u tin. DCW cha cc d liu vector s hoc s theo thut ton topo c cung cp t U.S. Defense Mapping Agency's OperationalNavigation Charts.

DDE (Dynamic Data Exchange - Trao i d liu ng)

L mt giao thc IAC c Microsoft pht trin cho cc ng dng Windows. DDE cho php mtng dng gi v nhn thng tin vi cc ng dng khc trong Windows. y l mt chc nngc bit ca Windows (RPC - Remote Procedure Calls - gi th tc t xa), c dng trong mitrng UNIX. DDE c h tr trong ArcView Version 2 cho trao i d liu vi cc ng dngthng mi khc m khng cn phi chuyn dng d liu hoc thot khi ArcView. (Xem IAC)

DDL (Data definition language - ngn ng nh ngha d liu)

L cc cu lnh SQL c th c dng tng tc vi m ngun ngn ng chng trnh hocdng bn trong m ngun nh ngha c s d liu hoc cc thnh phn ca n.

DEM

Xem digital elevation model (m hnh cao s ho).

demand (yu cu)

1. Trong phn phi, l tim nng s dng mt phn cung cp ca mt ngun ti nguyn hochng ho.


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2. Trong tng tc khng gian, l s nhu cu i vi mt kiu dch v hay hng ho nht nhca mt chuyn i ti mt dim ch. V d, yu cu mt gallon sa to nn mt chuyn i nkho thc phm.

denormalization (tiu chun ho li)

L qu trnh t chc li mt m hnh d liu c tiu chun ho ph hp vi nhng quytc thao tc hoc vi nhng hn ch h thng.

densify

L qu trnh thm cc nh vo mt ng ti nhng khong cch xc nh, khng lm bin ihnh dng ng. So snh vi spline v grain tolerance (sai s grain).descriptive data (d liu miu t)

L d liu dng bng miu t c im ca cc i tng a l. C th bao gm cc d liu

dng s, text, nh v bn v CAD v i tng. ARC/INFO lu cc d liu miu t trong bngthuc tnh i tng v trong cc bng c lin quan. Cn c gi l d liu thuc tnh.

destination (im ch)

Trong tng tc khng gian, im ch l v tr kt thc ca chuyn i. V d, mt ca hng hocmt c quan ni m khch hng hoc nhn vin i n. Cc im ch c biu din nhnhng trung tm trong lp mng, hay nh nhng im trong lp i tng im, v nh nhngim nhn trong lp i tng vng.

digital elevation model (m hnh cao s ho)

1. L biu din s ho ca mt bin lin tc trn mt mt phng hai chiu bng mt mng chnhtc gi tr z biu din mt gi tr chung. M hnh cao s ho thng c dng biu dina hnh. Cn c gi l m hnh a hnh s ho ('digital terrain model' - DTM).

2. L c s d liu cao cho bn ca Phng Bn Quc gia, S o c a cht M(USGS).

3. L khun dng b d liu cao s ho ca USGS.

DGM (Digital Geospatial Metadata - Metadata a l khng gian s ho)

DGM c U ban D liu a l Lin bang (Federal Geographic Data Committee / FGDC) phchun vo thng 6 nm 1994. DGM miu t chi tit v ni dung, cht lng, iu kin v mt sc im khc ca metadata (d liu v d liu). DGM l tiu chun cung cp mt b thut ngv nh ngha cho cc ti liu v d liu a l. DGM xy dng tn, nh ngha cc phn t dliu, cc nhm phn t d liu v cc thng tin v gi tr ca cc phn t d liu.

DIGEST (Digital Geographic Information Exchange Standard - Chun trao i thng tin a l


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s ho)

DIGEST c xy dng NATO's Digital Geographic Information Working Group. DIGEST lchun cho thng tin a l s ho cho php tng thch gia nhng ngi s dng v cc hthng quc gia v a quc gia. DIGEST bao gm cc chun cho hai khun dng d liu a l s

ho: Chun ho raster ARC (ARC Standard Raster Graphic / ASRG) v khun dng quan hvector (vector relational format / VRF). ASRG rt ging vi ADRG v c th nhp voARC/INFO nh mt file ADRG vi lnh ADRGGRID. Cc b chuyn i ARC/INFOVPFIMPORT v VPFEXPORT s x l cc d liu VRF.

digital terrain model (m hnh a hnh s ha)

Xem digital elevation model (m hnh cao s ho).

digitize (s ho)

1. m ho cc i tng a l thnh dng to x,y.2. L qu trnh s dng bn s ho m ho cc v tr ca cc i tng a l bng cchchuyn v tr trn bn ca cc i tng ny sang chui cc to x,y, v lu trong cc filemy tnh. Mt ng s ho c to thnh bng mt chui cc to x,y.

digitizer

1. Bn s ho: L thit b bao gm mt bn v mt con tr vi crosshairs and keys, dng sho cc i tng a l.

2. Ngi s ho: L ngi s dng thit b s ho.

digitizing (s ho)

Xem digitize.

DIME

Xem GBF/DIME.

directed network (mng c hng)

L mng trong mi cung c mt hng truyn. Hng truyn c th c xc nh nhhng ca cung (c ngha l mi cung khi c s ho th l hng xui chiu), hay nh mtgi tr trong mt mc tin ca AAT, hoc nh mt file xc nh.

directory (th mc)

L mt khi nin trong my tnh xc nh mt v tr trn mt a cha mt tp hp cc file d


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liu hoc cc th mc khc (th mc con). Cc h iu hnh dng the mc t chc d liu. Vtr ca mt th mc c nh r nh tn ng dn.

discrete data (d liu ri rc)

L cc i tng a l c ng bin gii: bin gii im, ng v vng.disk (a)

L phng tin lu gi c dng mt a trn c ph mt lp t ghi cc thng tin dng s.

diskette (a mm)

l phng tin lu gi dung lng nh, r tin, thng c ng knh 3,5 inche, cn gi lfloppy disk.

dissolveL qu trnh loi b ranh gii gia cc i tng vng k nhau c cng gi tr i vi mt thuctnh xc nh.

distance-decay function (hm phn r khong cch)

Trong tng tc khng gian, l biu din ton hc nh hng ca khong cch i vi kh nngnh hng v s lng tng tc gia cc v tr. y l mt hm lu tha hay hm m.

DLG (Digital Line Graph file - File ho ng dng s)

1. L cc file ho ng dng s ca S o c a cht M (Digital Line Graph files fromthe U.S. Geological Survey / USGS), bao gm cc d liu t cc danh mc bn c s nhgiao thng, thu vn, ng bnh , bin gii hnh chnh v bin gii trc a).

2. L cc chun khun dng s ho do USGS a ra dnh cho trao i cc file d liu bn vUSGS dng chun ny phn phi cc b d liu ho ng dng s.

DML (Data manipulation language - ngn ng thao tc d liu)

L nhng cu lnh SQL c dng lin kt vi hoc bn trong m ngun ngn ng chng trnh truy cp v tm kim d liu lu trong mt h qun tr c s d liu.

domain (min)

Trong c s d liu, l min xc nh cc gi tr ca mt ct trong bng quan h, chng hn ccs nguyn dng.

double precision ( chnh xc kp)


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L chnh xc cao v to trn c s s ch s c ngha c dng lu to . D liuARC/INFO c th c lu dng to chnh xc n v chnh xc kp. Cc lp i tngchnh xc kp lu n 15 ch s c ngha cho to (thng thng, 13 n 14 ch s c ngha),tc l sai s nh hn 1 mt ngoi thc t. Xem thm single precision ( chnh xc n).

downstream (xui dng)

L hng dc theo ng cng hng truyn. Hng truyn c xc nh theo quy c cangi s dng. Xem thm directed network (mng c hng).

drape

A perspective or panoramic rendering of two-dimensional features superimposed on a surface.DTM (Digital terrain model - M hnh a hnh s ho)

Xem digital elevation model (m hnh cao s ho).DXF (Data Exchange Format - Khun dng trao i d liu)

L khun dng lu d liu vector bng m ASCII hoc m nh phn. S dng trong AutoCAD vcc phn mm CAD khc cho trao i d liu. Cc file DXF c kh nng bin i sangARC/INFO.

dynamic segmentation (phn on ng)

L qu trnh tnh ton v tr cc s kin trn cc i tng dng ng ti thi gian chy, datrn c s cc bng s kin . Cc i tng route-system v cc lnh event-handling cung cpkh nng phn on ng trong ARC/INFO.

E

edge matching (hp bin)

L th tc hiu chnh m bo tt c cc i tng trn cc t bn k nhau c v tr ngbin trng nhau. ng lin kt c dng khi tin hnh hp cc i tng trong cc lp itng k nhau.edit (hiu chnh)

sa cha li hoc bin i mt file my tnh, mt b d liu a l, hoc mt file dng bngcha d liu a l.

embedded SQL (SQL nhng)

L cc lnh SQL c nhng trong mt chng trnh ch.


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entity (thc th)

L tp hp cc i tng (con ngi, a im, vt) c miu t bi cng cc thuc tnh.Cc thc th c nh danh trong giai on thit k mc quan nim v thit k ng dng.

entity relationship diagram (S mi quan h thc th)L biu din ho v cc thc th v mi quan h ca chng. Cc s quan h thc th lphng tin hu dng tm kim cch hiu chung v d liu gia nhng ngi s dng vnhng nh pht trin ng dng.

environment (mi trng)

L tp hp cc thng s nh ngha cc iu kin hin th, hiu chnh v thao tc d liu khcnhau c kch hot trong giai on cho n khi ngi s dng thay i. V d, mi trng vtrong ARCEDIT c th l cc trng thi 'arcs on, labels off, annotation.streets on'.

EOS (Earth Observation Satellite - V tinh quan st tri t)

L phng tin nghin cu tri t v nhng thay i lu di trn phm vi ton cu. EOS, thucC quan hng khng v khng gian Hoa K (National Aeronautics and Space Administration /NASA), s a ra hng petabytes (1,000 terabytes) d liu nh v tinh v thao thc, phn tch ccb d liu t l ln (hng terabytes [1,000 gigabytes] mt ngy).

equation item

L biu thc s hc dng v tr tn trng thuc tnh trong mt lnh ARC/INFO. V d, ara danh sch cc vng, ngi s dng c th ch r LIST AREA; a ra danh sch cc vngc din tch sch nh, lnh c vit l LIST AREA / 43560.

Ethernet (chun Ethernet)

L giao thc mng nh ngha phng thc thc hin c trng ca tng vt l v tng lin ktd liu trong m hnh OSI (IEEE 802.3). Ethernet c dng rng ri trong mng cc b, sdng m hnh lin kt bus, cung cp nhng truyn thng tc ln ng tin cy (cc i 10million bit trn giy) trong mt vng a l gii hn (chng hn, mt c quan, mt trng ihc).

Equator (xch o)

L v tuyn 0 bc hoc nam.

event (s kin)

L i tng a l xut hin trn hoc trong mt i tng dng ng. C ba kiu s kin:dng ng, dng lin tc v dng im. V d, mt ng hm chy bn tri trn tuyn ng


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I-10 t dm 1,5 n dm 2,1 l mt s kin dng ng. S kin lin tc l mt s kin dngng khi m v tr bt u trng vi v tr kt thc ca tin trnh s kin, chng hn cho gii hnvn tc. S kin dng im xut hin ti mt im trn tuyn ng, v d mt v tai nn xy ra v tr dm 6,3 trn tuyn ng I-10. Trong ARC/INFO, s kin c xc nh trong trngthuc tnh ca route. Xem thm route-system.

event source (ngun s kin)

L tn c n nh bi ngi s dng biu din mt bng DBMS cha cc d liu s kintrong qu trnh s dng cc lnh phn on ng. N ging vi tn quan h. Xem thm relate(quan h).

extended character set (b k t m rng)

B k t m rng h tr cc ngn ng yu cu 8 bit k t, chng hn nh ting Trung Quc vting Php. So snh vi b k t POSIX.

external file (file ngoi)

INFO lu d liu trong cc file thuc c s d liu. Tuy nhin, cc thng tin c s d liu c thlu trong cc file bn ngoi c s d liu. Nhng file ny c gi l file ngoi. V d, c bngthuc tnh i tng c lu nh nhng file d liu INFO ngoi trong th mc lp i tng.

external polygon (vng ngoi)

Xem universe polygon (vng ton th).

F

feature attribute table (bng thuc tnh i tng)

L bng lu cc thng tin thuc tnh cho mt kiu i tng xc nh. ARC/INFO duy tr mt strng thuc tnh u tin cho nhng bng ny. Cc bng thuc tnh i tng h tr cho cc lpthng tin bao gm: .PAT cho i tng vng v im; .AAT cho i tng ng; .RAT choroute; .SEC cho on ct; PAT cho min; TAT cho ch thch.

FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface

L giao thc mc iu khin truy cp (truyn) vi cu trc mng tip sc vng trn, rng ditruyn thng l 100 Mbps v c h tr trn cc phng tin mng cp. cung cp nhngtrao i ARC/INFO yu cu, phn mm giao tip mng my trm phi c cc giao thc traoi TCP/IP v NFS, c h iu hnh UNIX cung cp. Cc gi tin trong truyn thng TCP/IPcho truyn FDDI c h tr bng mt card giao din mng ti trm gi v nhn, v cc gi nyl trong sut vi cc ng dng v d liu ARC/INFO.

feature class (dng i tng)


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1. L s phn loi m t nh dng i tng a l v cung cp d liu trong mt lp i tng.Cc dng i tng a l bao gm im, ng, nt, route-system, route, on ct, vng vmin. Mt hoc nhiu dng i tng c th c dng cho m hnh i tng a l; v d,ng v nt c th c dng cho m hnh i tng dng ng (chng hn nh dng giao

thng). Cc dng i tng TIC, ch thch, lin kt v bin gii cung cp cc d liu h tr choqun l v tra cu d liu lp i tng.

2. L s biu din mc quan nim ca cc i tng a l. Trong biu din cc i tng a l,cc kiu i tng bao gm im, ng, vng, v b mt.

Feature-ID

L thut ng ng ngha vi Cover-ID v User-ID.

feature selection by attribute (chn i tng bng thuc tnh)

Xem logical selection (php chn logic).

FGCC (Federal Geodetic Control Committee - U ban iu khin o c lin bang)

L U ban v cc chun lin quan n chnh xc trong iu khin o C. M, NH VTO da trn cc im kim sot ca S o c trc a quc gia v l c s cho vic thuthp d liu. Cc d liu c thu thp c s dng cc im to c s ny u c th cc bng ARC/INFO.

FGDC (United States Federal Geographic Data Committee - U ban d liu a l M)

Bao gm mt s c quan thuc chnh ph lin bang v cc i l GIS, FGDC c vai tr lnh otrong vic xc nh chun metadata khng gian, nhng chun ny c miu t trong "ContentStandards for Spatial Metadata" (Ni dung chun cho metadata khng gian). Xem CSSM, DGM,v SDTS.

field (trng)

Trong c s d liu, l mt thut ng khc cho ct.

field data collector

L thit b in t thu thp v lu cc thng tin quan st t cc phng tin o c. C hai loithit b: mt loi ghi li cc to x,y,z s dng h thng nh v ton cu (GPS) trn c s vtinh; v loi thit b th hai ghi li khong cch v phng hng. ARC/INFO GENERATEthng c dng chuyn i to GPS , trong khi ARC/INFO COGO c mt chngtrnh chuyn i FIELDDATA.

file


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l tp hp cc thng tin c quan h vi nhau m my tnh c th truy cp bi mt tn duy nht(chang hn, file vn bn, file d liu, file DLG). File l cc n v logic c qun l trn abi h iu hnh ca my tnh. File c th c lu trn bng hoc a.

file transfer (chuyn file)L qu trnh sao chp d liu t my tnh ny sang my tnh khc hoc t DBMS ny sangDBMS khc.

FIPS (Federal Information Processing Standards - Chun x l thng tin Lin bang (M))

FIPS c quan h n rt nhiu cc thnh phn ca h thng my tnh, bao gm cc thnh phnca phn ln cc h GIS: phn cng, phng tin lu gi, file d liu, m, giao din, truyn dliu, mng, qun tr d liu, ti liu, ngn ng chng trnh, thit k phn mm, hiu sut, anton,v.v. FIPS 173 tin thn ca SDTS (Spatial Data Transfer Standard - chun truyn d liu

khng gian), bao gm cc nh ngha c chun ho cho rt nhiu cc thut ng trong ngnhbn s, cc yu cu cho chnh xc cp Lin bang v nh a ch. FIPS cung cp m chunnh danh cc bang v thnh ph trong Lin bang, cung cp cc chun dng trong cc c quanchnh ph. FIPS 152-2 bao gm POSIX.1 Compliance.

font

L tp hp logic cc mu biu din k t hoc k hiu im. Courier, Helvetica v Times l badng font in hnh.

foreign key (kho ph)

L mt hoc nhiu thuc tnh bng c th nh danh duy nht mt bn ghi trong mt bng khc.Mi quan h kho chnh - kho ph xc nh mi lin kt quan h. Xem thm relate (quan h).

format (khun dng)

L kiu mu trong d liu c t chc mt cch c h thng trn my tnh. Khun dng filel mt thit k xc nh v cch thng tin c t chc trong file. V d, ARC/INFO c cckhun dng c trng, xc nh dng cho lu cc lp i tng. DLG, DEM, v TIGER l ccb d liu a l vi cc khun dng file khc nhau.

forms interface (giao din thit lp)

L giao din ho ngi - my c xc lp c tnh bng vic ngi s dng chuyn con trt trng d liu ny sang trng d liu khc. Ngc vi giao din dng lnh (command lineinterface).

from-node (nt i)


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L mt trong hai u ca ng, l im u tin c s ho.

functional surface (b mt hm)

L biu din b mt, lu cc gi tr z n (ngc vi cc gi tr z a) cho bt k v tr x,y no .

TIN (li tam gic bt chnh quy) biu din d liu di dng mt b mt hm. B mt ny cth coi l mt b mt 2,5 chiu.

fuzzy tolerance ( chnh xc m)

chnh xc m l mt khong cch rt nh, c dng gii php giao cc v tr khng chnhxc do hn ch bi chnh xc s hc ca my tnh. chnh xc m xc nh lp i tngkt qu trong php ton CLEAN hoc php ton chng xp topo nh cc php i s bn UNION (hp), INTERSECT (giao), CLIP (ct).

G

gazetteer (t in a l)

L mt cng c cung cp thng tin v tn v v tr ca cc a im. Nu bit tn ca a im, tin a l c th cung cp to ca a im . Phn ln cc atlase u c t in a l.Nhng t in a l s ho ni ting l USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)v Digital Chart of the World (DCW). Trong ARCINFO, ch s khng gian trong t in a ll mt gm ch v s biu din mt i tng vng. Cc a im (im v vng) c phbi li ny, sau c sp xp theo alphabe. Qu trnh ny to ra mt danh sch tn cc aim sp xp theo c alphabe v theo s li.

GBF/DIME

Nhm phc v iu tra dn s 1980, Cc iu tra dn s M xy dng Geographic Base Files(GBF) v cc file Dual Independent Map Encoding (DIME), bao gm cc m thng k a l viu tra dn s v to ng phn chia ca phn ln cc vng trung tm. Cc file DIME cungcp bn di dng gin cc ng ph ca thnh ph, phm vi a ch, m thng k a lc quan h vi d liu thng k ca Cc iu tra dn s. DIME c thay th bi TIGER trongiu tra dn s 1990.

generalization (tng qut ho)

Thng thng, y l s rt gn s lng im biu din ng. Trong ARC/INFO, y l qutrnh chuyn ch cc nh thuc ng theo mt sai s nht nh.

geocode

L th tc nh danh to ca mt v tr khi a ra a ch ca n. Chng hn, khi c mt ach thuc mng li ng ph TIGER s xc nh c v tr ca mt ngi nh. Cn gi l mho a l cc a ch.


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geographic data (d liu a l)

L d liu v v tr v c im ca i tng a l, bao gm d liu khng gian v d liuthuc tnh.

geographic database (CSDL a l)

L tp hp c t chc ca d liu khng gian v d liu thuc tnh c lin quan, nhm lu trhiu qu v c th truy cp bi nhiu ngi s dng.

geographic data set (dng d liu a l)

Trong ARC/INFO c by dng d liu a l, bao gm: lp i tng, li vung, bngDBMS (bng trong H qun tr CSDL), tin (li tam gic bt chnh quy), nh, li, v bn vCAD.

geographic feature (i tng a l)

L mt i tng c ngi s dng nh ngha trong d liu ca ARC/INFO. Cc i tnga l chng hn nh ng ph, h thng cng, manhole covers, accidents, lot lines, andparcels.

geographic information system (h thng thng tin a l)

Xem GIS.geometry (biu din hnh hc)

Biu din hnh hc l hnh thc th hin nhng s liu o lng v thuc tnh ca cc i tngim, ng v vng. Trong ARC/INFO, biu din hnh hc c dng miu t thnh phnkhng gian ca cc i tng a l.

georeference

L th tc thit lp mi quan h gia to bn v to qu t thc.

georelational model (M hnh quan h a l)

L m hnh d liu a l qun l cc i tng a l di dng mt tp hp quan h cc d liukhng gian v d liu thuc tnh. M hnh quan h a l l m hnh d liu c bn dng trongARC/INFO.

GIRAS (Geographic Information Retrieval and Analysis data files from the U.S. GeologicalSurvey - Kho d liu Phn tch v Tm kim Thng tin a l ca S o c a cht M)

Cc file GIRAS cha thng tin v s dng t / t che ph ca cc vng trong nc M, bao


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gm cc thuc tnh ca s dng t, t che ph, thu h, n v hnh chnh, dn c, s hu tthuc bang v thuc lin bang. Nhng d liu ny bao gm c bn giy v bn s.

GIS (Geographic information system - H thng thng tin a l)

L mt tp hp c t chc ca phn cng, phn mm, d liu a l v cc chng trnh ngdng vn hnh, lu tr, cp nht, phn tch v hin th cc dng thng tin a l mt cch hiuqu.

GOSIP (Government Open System Interconnection Protocols)

L nhng quy nh ca chnh ph M cho cc giao thc OSI (xem OSI). Chnh ph quy nh ttc cc c quan lin bang phi c chun ho theo m hnh OSI v cng c l GOSIP. Phn lncc hng (Sun, IBM, HP, DEC, etc.) cng hoc s tun theo.

global positioning system (GPS) (h thng nh v ton cu)

L h thng v tinh v cc thit b tip nhn nhm xc nh cc v tr trn qu t. GPS vinhng s liu chnh xc thng c dng trong hng hi v a chnh.

GPS

Xem global positioning system (h thng nh v ton cu).

grain tolerance (sai s cho php grain)

L thng s iu chnh s lng nh v khong cch gia chng trn cc ng biu dinng cong. Sai s Grain cng nh, ng cong cng kp kn. Khng ging nh densifytolerance, sai s Grain c th nh hng n dng ca ng cong.

graphical user interface (GUI) (giao din ho ngi - my)

L phng php ho iu khin tng tc gia ngi s dng v my tnh thc hin ccnhim v khc nhau. Thay cho vic a ra cu lnh ti du nhc h thng, ngi s dng c tha ra lnh bng cch dng chut chn t `a dashboard' ca cc la chn c hin th trnmn hnh. Cc la chn ny c th dng cc icon v cc danh sch. Mt s cng c GUI dng ng v ngi s dng phi thao tc vi cc i tng ho trn mn hnh gi mtchc nng no , chng hn di chuyn thanh trt t cc thng s (v d t t l bn ).

graphics display terminal (thit b u cui hin th ho)

L thit b u cui ca my tnh dng hin th v thao tc vi cc thng tin ho. Chngcng c th c dng trong la chn ho (chng hn nhn dng mt c im c hinth), s ho v son tho.

graphics page (trang ho)


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L vng trn thit b hin th ho dnh cho hin th bn hoc m phng trang ho camy v. n v trang thng l centimet hoc inch thay th cho n v trn qu t tht nh methoc feet. Nhiu bn c th kt hp trn mt trang ho.

GRASS (Geographical Resource Analysis Support System)Mt sn phm thuc lnh vc cng cng ca USA theo m hnh GIS raster. Army Corp ofEngineers' Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (USACERL).

gravity model (m hnh tng h)

L phng php dng trong a l hc, k thut v khoa hc x hi m phng nhng thay ica dn c. Mt tha nhn c bn ca m hnh tng h l nh hng gia dn c vi mt yut khc t l nghch vi khong cch gia chng. iu ny tng t nh nhng quan st v lchp dn trong vt l Newton.

GRID

H thng x l a l dng li tch hp y dng cho ARC/INFO. GRID cung cp mtngn ng khng gian i s bn cho php phn tch v m hnh ho i tng khng gianphc tp.

grid (li vung)

M hnh d liu a l qun l thng tin di dng mt mng theo hng v theo ct cc vungc kch thc bng nhau. Mi li c biu din bi v tr to a l x, y ca chng. Xemthm raster v grid cell.

grid cell ( li)

Mt n v thng nht biu din quy c cho mt vng trn qu t, nh mt mt vung hay mtdm vung. Mi li nhn mt gi tr tng ng vi c trng ca v tr , chng hn nhkiu t, vng dn c hoc lp thc vt. Nhng gi tr thm vo ca cc c th c lu trtrong mt bng thuc tnh s liu (value attribute table - VAT).

GUI

Xem graphical user interface (giao din ho).

H

hardware

Nhng thnh phn vt l ca h thng my tnh, nh my tnh, my v, my in, thit b u cui,bn s ho ...


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heuristic

L phng php tip cn bng cm tnh, mang tnh kinh nghim, dng trong phng php "thv sai" gii quyt tng i cc bi ton kh. (i lp phng php tip cn bng thut ton -

algorithmic)historical view

Trong ArcStorm, y l ca s hin th mt d liu nht nh ti mt thi gian xc nh. Trongmt historical view, c s d liu khng th c s thay i no, khng c d liu no c tothnh, n gin y ch l ca s "ch c".

history

Mt k thut trong ArcStorm cho php theo du nhng thay i c thc hin i vi mt

ngun d liu. K thut ny cho php to ra cc ca s history v h tr "phc hi" d liu timt giai on trc .

hub (thit b phn chia mng)

Hub l mt nt trong mng chuyn tin t ni gi n ni nhn. Hub thng c dng nhng v tr quan trng trong mng gim chi ph ng truyn.

I

IAC (Interapplication communication)

y l kh nng lin kt gia cc chng trnh. Vi IAC, hai (hay nhiu) chng trnh c thc thc hin ng thi, chia x d liu v a ra cc yu cu i vi cc chng trnh khc.ARC/INFO Version 7 v ArcView Version 2 u h tr IAC. Cc cng c IAC trong AML(ARC Macro Language) h tr GIS thi gian thc, mt server x l GIS mng, kh nng thaotc tng tc, v m ra hng kt hp gia ARC/INFO v cc ng dng khc. Trong mi quanh khch/ch (client/server), cc lnh t my khch l IACCONNECT, IACDISCONNECT, vIACREQUEST.

identity (php ng nht)

L php chng xp topo ca mt lp i tng (u vo) vi mt lp i tng vng (c ngnht). Vi mi i tng ca lp u vo, thc hin php giao vi cc i tng trong lp cng nht, to ra cc i tng mi cng kiu i tng vi lp u vo. V d, mt tuynng (kiu i tng ng, lp u vo) i qua hai thnh ph (lp c ng nht) s tchthnh hai i tng ng, mi i tng c thuc tnh ca tuyn ng v ca thnh ph mn i qua. So snh vi intersect (giao) v union (hp).

identity link (lin kt ng nht)


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L lin kt lp i tng m v tr i ging vi v tr n. c dng iu khin rubbersheeting v cc thao tc cp pht. Cc lin kt ng nht gi li v tr im trong qu trnh thaotc. Xem thm link (lin kt).

IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers - Vin K thut in v in t)Tiu chun IEEE 1003.1-1990 (aka POSIX.1) nh ngha tng thch ngn ng C cho h iuhnh, do cho php m ngun linh ng hn nhiu so vi nh ngha ngn ng C ca ANSI(xem POSIX). ARC/INFO v ArcView tng thch hon ton vi cc giao thc mng h tr ccchun truyn thng IEEE 802.5, FDDI v X.25.

IGDS (Interactive Graphics Design Software - Phn mm thit k ho tng tc)

Cc nh dng file IGDS v ARC/INFO c th chuyn i vi nhau.

IGES (Initial Graphics Exchange Specification -IGES l mt khun dng d liu chung dng cho truyn d liu trong CAD. Cc file IGES c thc chuyn i khun dng vi ARC/INFO.

image (nh)

L hnh thc biu din hoc miu t ho ca mt hnh nh c to ra bi mt thit b quanghc hoc in t. Chng hn nh cc d liu vin thm (v d nh v tinh), nh qut v nh chp.NH C LU DNG RASTER L MT B s liu dng nh phn hay dng s nguynbiu din cng nh sng, nhit hoc rng quang ph in t.

image catalog

L mt tp hp c t chc ca cc nh, chng xp nh khng gian c th truy cp nh mt nhvt l. Mt catalog nh l mt tp hp cc nh trn a, mi nh c biu din bi mt bn ghitrong mt file d liu INFO. Ti thiu trong file d liu ny phi c trng cha tn ng dnca nh v to gii hn xmin, ymin v xmax, ymax.

image integrator (tch hp nh)

L s kt hp ca cng c qun l v hin th nh trong ARC/INFO, cho php hin th ng thic d liu raster v vector. Cc lnh tch hp nh s thit lp quan h gia to nh v to qu t thc, hin th nh v qun l catolog nh.

impedance (tr khng)

L s lng in tr (hoc ph tn) bt buc phi chuyn ti trn ng t nt gi n nt nhnhoc quay tr li. in tr c th l tr s ca qung ng, thi gian, vn tc chuyn ti... Trkhng cng cao in tr cng nhiu (gi tr 0 biu din khng c ph tn). Thng th c mt gi


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tr tr khng m l gii hn. Tr khng c dng trong truyn d liu mng v nh v. ngtruyn ti u trong mng l ng t in tr nht (hoc tr khng thp nht).

index (ch s)

L cu trc d liu c bit dng trong CSDL tm kim nhanh cc bn ghi trong cc bnghoc cc thuc tnh khng gian trong cc tp hp d liu a l. ARC/INFO cung cp c ch skhng gian v ch s thuc tnh. Xem thm item indexing, cross-tile indexing v spatial indexing.

index coverage (lp ch s)

L tp hp cc polygon c s dng lm ch s khng gian cu trc tile ca mt lp. Mipolygon trong lp ch s biu din mt tile.

INFO

L mt h qun tr CSDL (DBMS) dng bng c ARC/INFO s dng lu tr v x l ccbng thuc tnh v cc bng khc c lin quan.

INFO database

L ni dung ca mt b cc file d liu, cc bng thuc tnh v cc file c lin quan c lu giti mi workspace ca ARC/INFO trong mt th mc con c tn l INFO.

INFORMIX

L mt h qun tr CSDL quan h c ARC/INFO s dng truy cp vo DATABASEINTEGRATOR.

INGRES

L mt h qun tr CSDL quan h c ARC/INFO s dng truy cp vo DATABASEINTEGRATOR.

integer (s nguyn)

L s khng c phn thp phn (0, 1, 25, 173, 1032, ...). Gi tr s nguyn c th b hn, bnghoc ln hn 0.

interaction (tng tc)

L s lng ln truyn c pht ra gia im gc v im ch trong mt hot ng nht nh.Tng tc ph thuc vo c tnh ni pht tin, ni nhn tin v hao ph ng truyn gia chng.

interaction matrix (ma trn tng tc)


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L mt file INFO pht sinh cha s tng tc to thnh gia im gc v im ch. Ma trntng tc c th c phn tch to nn cc bn trade-area.

inter-application communication (IAC) (thng tin lin kt ng dng)

L tnh nng k thut cho php cc ng dng phn mm cc my trm c th lin lc vi nhau.IAC to kh nng pht trin cc ng dng kt hp cc kh nng ca mt s cc chng trnhbng cch cung cp cho cc ng dng ngoi kh nng yu cu s phc v ca ARC/INFO vcung cp cho ng dng AML cch khai thc cc kh nng ca cc ng dng khc.

interface (thit b ghp ni)

L phn cng v phn mm lin kt trong truyn d liu lin h hai h thng my tnh vinhau hoc gia my tnh vi thit b ngoi vi ca n.

internal number (s trong)

Xem Cover#.

Internet

An international consortium of wide area networks that operate using a standard set of addressesallowing machine-to-machine connectivity on a global scale. The Internet is an outgrowth of aDefense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) research project in the early 1970s toprovide connectivity between scientists running computer simulations in different locations.Additional regional, private, and public networks have joined the Internet over time. At this pointthere are over two million computers that now have direct access to the resources on the Internet.ESRI operates a discussion group on the Internet called ESRI-L. ESRI-L is open to the generalpublic and is available to any Internet subscriber. It was established to give ARC/INFO users away to exchange technical questions and information.

interpolation (php ni suy)

Php c lng gi tr z ca mt im khng c ly mu ti mt b mt da c s trn cc gitr z bit ca cc im xung quanh.

intersect (php giao)

L s tch hp theo thut ton Topo ca hai tp hp d liu khng gian, gi li nhng thuc tnhchung ca cc tp hp u vo. Xem thm identity (php ng nht) v union (php hp).

ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network - Mng s dch v tch hp)

ISDN cung cp mng WAN (xem WAN) kt hp cc dch v truyn tn hiu tng t v s.ISDN l mt Basic Rate Service trn mt hoc hai knh 64 Kbps hoc 128 Kbps cho cc dch vWAN. Cc dch v ISDN c cung cp t mt cng ty in thoi ng di.


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ISO (The International Organization for Standardization - T chc chun ho quc t)

L mt tp on c tnh ton cu ca cc hi ng tiu chun quc gia (chng hn ANSI caM) c nhim v xy dng cc tiu chun quc t. Mt U ban K thut (ISO/TC211) ang xy

dng cc tiu chun quc t v Thng tin a l / a hnh. Trong s nhiu tiu chun my tnhkhc, ISO c chun SQL v ang pht trin mt version m rng, SQL3, cung cp cc cu hitrong cc b d liu a l.

ISO 8211

L phn th ba trong s ba phn ca SDTS (xem SDTS) xc nh vic thc thi chuyn d liu(phng php m ho). ISO 8211 l chun trao i c lp phng tin, a nng, v cc bn ghi di bin ca chng c th c ghi li trn bt k phng tin no c th truy cp cchng, bao gm c ng truyn thng.

ISO 9000c n hnh nm 1987, ISO 9000 l b 5 chun quan h quc t cho tiu chun chuyn mnca bo m cht lng ton cu v tiu chun kim tra cht lng. S tham gia c thc hinnh mt ng dng cp giy chng nhn ISO 9000 cho cc tiu chun cng ty trong vic thanh tracc tin trnh sn xut, cp nht bo co, bo qun thit b, o to nhn lc v qun l cc miquan h khch hng. Consortium (lin kt tm thi) quc t ch o c cng nhn trn tonth gii.

ISO 9660

Mt chun cho t chc d liu ca CD-ROM (d lng v cu trc file cho trao i thng tin),c a ra bi T chc tiu chun Quc t.

isoline (ng ng tr)

L ng trn mt b mt, lin kt cc im c gi tr ngang nhau.

item (mc tin)

L mt ct thng tin trong mt bng thuc tnh. V d mt thuc tnh n ca mt bn ghi trongmt file d liu INFO

item indexing (ch s ho mc tin)

L bin php tng tc hi p logic v cc lin kt dng bng bng vic to mt ch s trnmt mc tin trong bng d liu.

ITUM (Integrated Terrain Unit Mapping)


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ITUM l mt h qun tr d liu tch hp, c chc nng hiu chnh bin gii cc i tng ahnh lm tng trng kht gia cc ng bin gii v tng s lng bin s quan h ph thucgia cc i tng a hnh, nh thu h, a cht, t v thm thc vt.

J

join

Xem relational join (lin kt quan h).

L

label point (im nhn)

Xem point (im).

LAN (Local area network - Mng cc b)K thut truyn thng lin kt nhiu my tnh ti mt thi im. Cc my tnh v thit b ucui trong mt mng LAN c th chia s d liu v cc thit b ngoi vi nh my in, my v. Ccmng LAN c lin kt nh h thng cp v cc phn cng, phn mm truyn thng c bit.

Landsat

L h thng v tinh chp nh tri t. Chng trnh vin thm Landsat c pht trin biNASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration - C quan hng khng v khng gianHoa K). D liu Landsat c lu gi dng file .BIL (Band Interleaved by Line) hoc .BIP(Band Interleaved by Pixel). BIL and BIP c h tr bi ARC/INFO v ArcView.

latitude-longitude (v - kinh )

L h thng biu din hnh cu xc nh v tr trn b mt qu t. V v kinh l s ogc xin tnh t trung tm qu t ti cc v tr trn b mt tri t. V c xc nh xin gctheo hng bc - nam. Kinh c tnh xin gc theo hng ng - ty.

lattice (li)

L biu din b mt s dng mt mng ch nht ca cc im li t cch nhau mt khong thumu khng i theo cc chiu x, y tng i so vi mt im gc chung. Mt li c lu nhmt grid (li vung), nhng ch biu din cc gi tr b mt ti cc im li, ch khng phigi tr ca ton b li.

layer (lp)

L tp hp theo ch ca d liu khng gian c miu t v lu gi trong CSDL ArcStormhoc th vin bn LIBRARIAN. Mi lp th hin mt ch (nh t ai, ng giao thng,


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ngun nc...). Mt cch khi qut, cc lp trong mt CSDL hoc trong mi trng th vin bn chnh l cc lp i tng. Xem thm ArcStorm database (c s d liu Arc Storm) v maplibrary (th vin bn ).

layer index (ch s lp)

Xem cross-tile indexing.

least-cost path (ng i ti u)

L ng i c chi ph thp nht trong s nhiu ng i gia hai im. Chi ph y l mthm ca thi gian, khong cch hoc cc yu t khc c ngi s dng xc nh. Xem thmimpedance (tr khng).

left-right topology (cu trc lin kt tri-phi)

L cu trc d liu lin kt c ARC/INFO s dng biu din tnh k ca cc vng(polygon). Cu trc ny c h tr cc hm phn tch, chng hn nh phn tch tnh k. Xem thmtopology (cu trc lin kt).

legend (ch thch)

1. L mt phn trn bn lit k v gii thch cc mu, biu tng, k hiu v cc ch giic trn bn . Ch thch thng bao gm ngun gc, t l, phng hng v cc thng tin bn khc.

2. K hiu, biu tng dng gii thch bn .

LIBRARIAN

L mt tp hp cc cng c phn mm qun l v truy cp cc b d liu a l ln trong thvin bn . Cc lnh LIBRARIAN bao gm to v nh ngha mt th vin bn , ly d liuvo, ra khi th vin, hi p d liu trong th vin bn , hin th cc kt qu hi p .

library (th vin)

L mt tp hp cc lp d liu khng gian ArcStorm hoc LIBRARIAN. Mi th vin c mtphm vi khng gian c p dng cho mi lp trong th vin.

line (ng)

1. L tp hp cc im to theo trt t nht nh biu din hnh dng ca mt i tng al qu hp khng th biu din di dng vng ti t l hin ti (chng hn ng ng mc,sui...) hoc cc i tng ng (nh ng bin gii quc gia).


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2. L mt cung n trong mt lp.

3. L mt ng trn bn (v d neatline).

line-in-polygon (ng trong vng)

L qu trnh mt lp i tng ng c chng lp vi mt lp i tng vng khc, sao choi tng ng hoc mt phn ca ng nm trong i tng vng. Cc thuc tnh ca vngc kt hp vi cc ng tng ng trong lp ng (kt qu).

line symbol (biu tng ng)

L biu tng dng trong v i tng ng.

linear event (s kin dng ng)

Xem event (s kin).linear feature (i tng dng ng)

L i tng a l c th biu din dng ng hoc tp hp ng. V d: sng, ng ph,mng li in v in tn u l nhng i tng dng ng. i tng ng c biu dintrong ARC/INFO bi cc cung.

link (ng lin kt)

L mt dng i tng; ng lin kt l on ni hai im biu din v tr i v v tr n chox l cp pht rubber sheeting.literal (chui k t)

L mt chui k t dng string, number, hoc date biu din trc tip mt gi tr c th. V d`XYZ123', `1234' v `6/10/57'.

local area network (mng cc b)

Xem LAN.

log file (file nht k)

L file cha danh sch tt c cc lnh dng trong mt lp i tng hoc mt workspace.

logical connector (t ni logic)

L nhng t nh AND, OR v XOR c dng trong nhng biu thc logic phc tp ca mtcu lnh.


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logical expression (biu thc logic)

L tp hp ca cc s hng, bin s h thng, cc ton t logic s hc v i s t nhn gitr TRUE hoc FALSE. V d, $RECNO LE $NUM1 HRS-WRKD * HRLY-WAGE GE 600AND $MONTH EQ 5 $NUM1 LE 100

logical operator (ton t logic)

Mt tn gi khc l Boolean operator. L mt k t hay mt t m t cc tc ng logic cn thchin (cc ton t logic thng thng l AND, NOT, OR). Xem Boolean expression (biu thclogic).

logical selection (php chn logic)

L qu trnh lc ra mt tp hp con cc c im t mt lp i tng bng cch s dng biuthc logic tc dng trn cc thuc tnh ca lp i tng . (chng hn AREA GT 16000). Ch

c nhng c tnh tho mn iu kin mi c lc ra.long transaction

Long transactions support applications where changes to a database might span several days,weeks or months and may involve several sessions. Many planning and design activities, such assubdivision development, require long transactions.

longitude (kinh )

Xem latitude-longitude (v - kinh )

lookup table (LUT) (bng t in)

1. L mt file d liu dng bng c bit, cha cc thuc tnh c thm vo cho cc i tng,c lu gi trong mt bng thuc tnh kt hp. LUT c th l mt bng thuc tnh ngoi hocmt bng INFO miu t cc i tng ca lp i tng.

2. L mt bng c bit, trong gi tr cc trng s c sp xp theo mt trt t nht nh.Chng hn, su ca mt ging c th c nhp trc tip vo bng thuc tnh, nhng chin th v s dng di dng mt tp hp c phn lp, chng hn t 0 n 250 feet, t 251 n500 feet, ... Mt bng t in INFO cha t nht hai trng: trng quan h v mt trng c tnhoc l SYMBOL hoc l LABEL.

M

macro

L mt file dng text cha mt dy lnh, c th c dng nh mt lnh. Cc lnh macro c thc to ra s dng thng xuyn nh nhng php ton phc tp. ARC Macro Language


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(AML) l ngn ng c dng to ra cc macro cho ARC/INFO.

many-to-one relate (quan h nhiu - mt)

L quan h trong nhiu bn ghi ca mt bng c quan h vi mt bn ghi ca mt bng khc.

map (bn )

L s biu din tru tng nhng c trng vt l ca mt vng trn b mt tri t, hin thbng ho trn mt mt phng. Bn c biu din bi cc k hiu, biu tng v mi quanh khng gian gia cc c im. Mi bn thng nhn mnh, khi qut ho mt s c tnhno v b qua mt s c tnh khc tu theo mc ch thit k (chng hn, ng xe la ca vo bn giao thng, nhng li c b qua trong bn ng quc l).

map extent (kch thc bn )

1. L gii hn trong mt khung ch nht (xmin,ymin v xmax,ymax) ca din tch b mt qut c hin th bng ARC/INFO. Kch thc bn c nh r trong h thng to calp i tng hoc ca dng d liu a l c dng. Thng thng, gii hn ca CSDL a l,hoc mt phn ca n (nh ngha bi zoomed-in view), s xc nh gii hn bn c hinth.

2. L gii hn a l ca mt b d liu a l c xc nh bi mt khung ch nht bao quanhnh nht (xmin,ymin v xmax,ymax).

map library

L mt tp hp c t chc, thng nht ca cc d liu khng gian, vi n v thnh phn l ccsection bn gm c cc lp bn v tile ca n. Th vin bn t chc d liu a l hoccc lp i tng theo khng gian di dng tp hp cc tile, v theo ch di dng tp hpcc lp bn . Cc d liu trong th vin bn c nh ch s v tr qu trnh truy cpt ti u.

map limits (gii hn bn )

L mt din tch hnh ch nht trn trang ho, trong hin th cc c im a l. Ch cnhng d liu a l trong phm vi gii hn bn mi c hin th, cn ngoi phm vi khng c hin th. Tiu v ch thch bn c th hin th bn ngoi gii hn bn .

map projection (php chiu bn )

L mt m hnh ton hc c dng chuyn i v tr thc ca cc i tng trn qu tsang v tr trn mt mt phng hai chiu. Bi l qu t l mt khng gian ba chiu nn phidng mt s phng php v bn trong khng gian hai chiu. Mt s php chiu bo luhnh dng, mt s khc bo lu chnh xc v din tch, khong cch hoc phng hng.Xem thm coordinate system (h to ). V cc php chiu bn chiu b mt tri t ln mt


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mt phng, nn bt k cch no cng lm bin i cc thng s ca b mt qu t thc nhkhong cch, din tch, hnh dng hoc phng hng.

map query (hi p bn )

L qu trnh chn lc thng tin a l t mt h GIS bng cch a ra cc cu hi logic hockhng gian. Hi p khng gian (spatial query) l qu trnh chn lc cc i tng da c strn mi quan h v v tr hoc khng gian (v d, chn tt c cc i tng trong phm vi 300feet t mt mc no ). Hi p logic (logical query) l qu trnh chn lc cc i tng m ccthuc tnh ca n tho mn mt iu kin logic no (v d, chn tt c cc polygon c gi trdin tch (AREA) ln hn 10000 hoc tt c cc ph c tn `Main St.'). Sau khi chn, cc phpton ny c th c hin th di dng hnh nh hoc bng lit k cc thuc tnh hoc tng gitr thuc tnh.

map scale (t l bn )

S thu nh cn thit c th hin th c b mt qu t trn mt bn . T l bn chobit s tng ng gia mt n v o khong cch trn bn vi bao nhiu n v o ny ngoithc t, c biu din di dng mt phn s, chng hn 1:24.000 (mt n v khong cchtrn bn tng ng 24.000 n v ngoi thc t). T l bn cng c th c biu dindi dng s tng ng ca hai n v o khc nhau, chng hn 1 inch = 1 mile hoc 1 inch =2,000 feet.

map section (section bn )

L n v lu gi d liu trong th vin bn . Mt section bn l d liu ca mt lp bn trong mt tile ca th vin bn . Section bn c s dng nh mt lp i tng trongARC/INFO. Xem thm map library (th vin bn ), layer (lp) v tile (?).

map-to-page transformation

L qu trnh nh v v v bn theo mt t l xc nh trn mt trang ho. Qu trnh nyiu khin qu trnh chuyn to ca mt lp i tng sang mn hnh hin th hoc hohay sang trang my v. (Lp i tng khng phi l bn , nhng n cha cc to cARC/INFO dng v bn ).

map units (n v bn )

L nhng n v ca to lu cc dng d liu a l (nh lp i tng) trong ARC/INFO.n v bn c th l inch, centimet, feet, met, hoc bc thp phn.

marker symbol (biu tng im)

L biu tng c dng biu din v tr ca mt im, chng hn nh sn bay.

mass point (im hi t)


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L nhng im c phn phi mu khng u. Mi im c xc nh bi mt v tr x,y v mtgi tr z, c coi l thnh phn c bn xy dng mt li tam gic bt chnh quy (TIN). Miim hi t c ngha quan trng ngang nhau trong vic xc nh b mt ca TIN. Mt cch ltng, v tr ca mi im hi t phi th hin c s bin thin trong hnh thi hc ca b mt.

MDI (Multiple Document Interface - giao din a vn bn)

MDI c pht trin bi Microsoft, vi h thng cc thc n (menu), nt bm (button), cng c(tool), v cc ca s (windown) c gi l cc vn bn. ArcView da trn chun MDI, a racc kiu a vn bn: Project View, Table, Layout, Chart, and Scripts. Vn bn c th c tchc v thao tc theo nhiu phng thc chun: tiled, cascaded, iconified, resized, hoc closed.

meridian (kinh tuyn)

L ng chy theo chiu dc t cc bc xung cc nam, i qua tt c cc v tr c cng kinh .

KInh tuyn gc (0) chy qua Greenwich, Anh. T ng Kinh tuyn gc, cc kinh nhn gitr t 0 n -180 nu i v pha ng v 0 n +180 nu i v pha ty.

mesh point (im li)

L mt im mu trong mng cc im mu ca mt mng li. Mi im li c nh vtheo mi khong cch xc nh tnh t im gc theo cc chiu x,y, v c mt gi tr z xc nh.im li nu nm ngoi b mt, hoc biu din cc hc trn b mt, c th hin vi gi tr z= null.

minimum bounding rectangle (khung gii hn nh nht)

L mt khung ch nht, nh hng theo trc x v y, gii hn cho mt nh hoc mt dng dliu a l no . N c xc nh bi hai to : xmin,ymin v xmax,ymax. V d, BND snh ngha khung gii hn nh nht cho mt lp i tng.

minimum mapping units (n v biu din ti thiu trong v bn )

Vi mt t l bn xc nh, mt i tng c c tnh kch thc v khng gian hp, di sc biu din dng ng, cn i tng c din tch nh s dng im. V d, sng, suis c biu din dng ng nu chiu rng nh hn .10 inch v mt polygon nh hn .125inch c biu din dng im.

model (m hnh)

L s biu din theo ng thc t vi mc ch ti to mt qu trnh, hiu r v mt tnh hung,d bo mt kt qu hoc phn tch mt vn . Mt m hnh c cu trc nh mt tp hp cclut v cc th tc, bao gm c cc cng c m hnh ho khng gian trong H thng thng tin al (GIS). Xem thm spatial modeling (m hnh ho khng gian), data model (m hnh d liu),analysis (phn tch) v spatial analysis (phn tch khng gian).


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modeling

Xem model.

moment (mmen)Mmen l khong thi gian hon thnh mi tc nhim ca mt ton tc. S to thnh hay xai mt i tng hoc cp nht ngy thng u bt u mmen ca mt ton tc.

morphology (hnh thi)

L hnh dng v cu trc ca mt b mt. Trong TIN (li tam gic bt chnh quy), hnh thi camt b mt c xc nh da trn cc im mu v cc i tng ng gii hn c dng xy dng TIN. Cc ng gii hn khi c nh v chnh xc ti nhng v tr quan trng trnb mt, s a ra nhng quy tc chnh trong vic xc nh hnh thi. Trong li, hnh thi ca

mt b mt c th khng c biu din trc tip t cc im mu v cc i tng ng, mphi c xc nh t cc gi tr z ca im mt li.

Mosaic

L phn mm truy cp cc ngun ti nguyn trn Internet. D n Mosaic C TRUNG TMQUC GIA NG dng Siu tnh ton (NCSA) ca Illinois iu khin. Phn mm ny cung cpmt giao din ngi s dng cho nhiu dch v thng tin. Mc ch l biu din cch a ra yucu, cch ly kt qu t cc ngun thng tin khc nhau trn mt phng thc tng t nhaunhm ti thiu s lng h thng c th gn gi vi Internet. Mosaic da vo s tn ti camy ch, nhng khng cung cp thng tin ca chnh n. Phn mm Mosaic c th chy trn XWindows, Macintosh v Microsoft Windows. My tnh phi c ni vo Internet dngMosaic.

mouse

L thit b phn cng iu khin bng tay cho s tng tc ca mt thit b u cui hoc chovic nhp d liu t mt bn s ho. Chc nng n gin nht ca chut l nh v con tr, acon tr ti v tr cn thit trn mn hnh giao din, thit lp s tng tc. Chut s ho c dng ho li hnh nh cc i tng v nhp to x, y ca cc i tng .

Multispectral scanner (MSS) (My qut a ph)

L thit b trong mt s v tinh chp nh tri t. Mt nh MSS c d liu c my qut ghi lit ba hoc nhiu di quang ph nh in t. ARC/INFO c th c cc nh a ph cc khundng khc nhau.

N

NAT (Node attribute table - Bng thuc tnh nt)


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L bng cha cc thuc tnh ca lp i tng nt. Vi mi nt, NAT cha thng tin v itng ng c lin quan, s th t ca nt trong v b nh danh i tng nt. Xem thmfeature attribute table (bng thuc tnh i tng).

native mode usage (cch dng ch ring)L c php cu lnh trong ARC/INFO dng cho ngn ng ca h thng ngoi. V d v cchdng SQL ch thc: trong php chn SQL ch ring c v iu kin WHERE; hay phpkhai bo ca mt con tr h qun tr CSDL (DBMSCURSOR).

NBS (National Bureau of Standards - Cc Tiu chun Quc gia)

Hin nay l NIST (xem NIST).

neatline (ng r nt)

L ng bin gii thng c v xung quanh gii hn ca mt bn .

network (mng)

1. L mt tp hp lin kt cc cung biu din ng i ca s di chuyn ti nguyn t v tr nyn v tr khc.

2. L mt lp biu i tng dng ng gm cc cung hoc h thng ng. Cn c gi llp mng.

3. Trong h thng phn cng ca my tnh, l mng cc b (LAN) hoc mng din rng (WAN).

NETWORK

L phn mm ca ARC/INFO thc hin m ho a l/nh a ch, phn phi cung, routing, vtm ng dn trn cc mng dng ng.

network coverage (lp i tng mng)

Trong ARC/INFO, y l mt lp ng trong cc cng c mng nh PATH v ALLOCATEc th c tc dng.

network element (thnh phn mng)

Cc thnh phn ca mng trong ARC/INFO bao gm lin kt mng, nt mng. Mi thnh phnc ba dng: stops, centers, and turns.

network link (lin kt mng)


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Lin kt mng l nhng thc th dng ng lin kt vi nhau biu din mng li giao thng(nh ng xe t, ng ng dn cht lng hoc kh, ng in) v cc mng truyn thng.Trong ARC/INFO, cc lin kt c biu din dng ng vi cc thuc tnh c lu trongAAT (bng thuc tnh ng).

network node (nt mng)Nt mng l nhng im cui v cc im ni ca lin kt mng. V d, im giao nhau v ccng ba trong mng li ng giao thng; im hp dng ca cc dng chy trong mng thuh; hoc im chuyn mch trong mng li in. Trong ARC/INFO, nt mng c cc dng:stops, centers, and turns. Nt mng c biu din dng nt vi cc thuc tnh c lu trongNAT (bng thuc tnh nt).

networking protocols (giao thc mng)

Giao thc mng l phn mm cung cp cng ni truyn thng (mng) cho php trao i d liu

gia cc h thng mng khc nhau. Giao thc l mt tp hp c nh cc quy tc nh dng vtrao i d liu.

NFS (Network File System (NFS) - H thng file mng)

Giao thc NFS cho php mt my tnh no truy cp mt a hoc mt my tnh khc trongcng mt mng ch trong sut. C ngha l a cng c th b truy cp mt cch d dngnu a cng thuc mt my a phng trong mng. truy cp mt a cng thng quamng, a cng phi c ci t NFS trn my a phng .

NIST (National Institute of Standards & Technology - Vin Tiu chun v Cng ngh Quc gia)

NIST l c quan a ra Tiu chun Lin bang v x l thng tin (FIPS) cho tt c cc c quanchnh ph M ngoi tr Department of Defense.

NMAS (National Map Accuracy Standards - Tiu chun chnh xc Bn Quc gia)

NMAS l nhng c im k thut v cc tiu chun chnh xc cho cc im bn cnh ngha. Nhng im ny c xc nh S o c a cht M v c Bureau of theBudget duyt.node

1. V tr bt u v kt thc ca mt ng. Mt nt c lin kt topo vi tt c cc ng gpnhau ti nt . Xem thm network node (nt mng).

2. Trong l thuyt ho, nt l v tr giao nhau ca ba hay nhiu ng thng.

3. L ba nh ca mi tam gic trong li tam gic bt chnh quy (TIN). Tt c cc im muu vo ca TIN u tr thnh nt trong qu trnh tam gic ho. Mt nt tam gic c lin kttopo vi tt c cc tam gic gp nhau ti nt .


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node match tolerance (sai s hp nt)

Khong cch ti thiu gia hai nt c th hp hai im thnh mt nt.

normalization (tiu chun ho)L thit k CSDL mc quan nim bao gm vic p dng cc ph thuc d liu cho mt m hnhd liu ngn chn s d tha, trnh nhng mu thun d liu.

NTF (National Transfer Format - Khun dng truyn Quc gia (British Standard BS 7567))

NTF l khun dng trao i cho php truyn d liu vector theo nm mc ca phc tp. NTFl khun dng c S o c Anh.

null value (gi tr rng)

C ngha l khng cha s liu. Nu mt ct no trong mt hng ca mt bng l rng, cngha l n khng cha mt gi tr no. Rng (null) khc vi trng (blank) hoc gi tr 0 (zero).

O

OCR (Optical Character Recognition - Nhn dng k t kiu quang hc)

L chng trnh t ng nhn v bin dch vn bn.

ODBC (Open Database Communication - truyn thng CSDL m)

L chun API (application program interface - giao din chng trnh ng dng) c dng giao tip vi h qun tr CSDL (DBMS). ODBC c Microsoft pht trin, v c kt hp chtch trong ArcView Version 2. ArcView h tr ODBC cho DBMS trn nn Microsoft Windows.

OGC (Open GIS Consortium)

OGC l mt t chc ca cc i l phn mm, cc c quan chnh ph, cc vin nghin cu, ccchuyn gia chuyn v x l a l i vi cc h thng m. D n u tin ca t chc l phttrin Open Geodata Interoperability Specification (OGIS).

OGIS (The Open Geodata Interoperability Specification

OGIS c pht trin bi OGC nhm h tr cc kh nng lin kt ca h thng GIS trong mitrng tnh ton khng ng nht.

OLE (Object Linking and Embedding - Lin kt v nhng i tng)

OLE c pht trin bi Microsoft. OLE cho php i tng c to thnh t mt trnh ng


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dng c th nhng (chn) vo mt trnh ng dng khc (chng hn mt bng tnh Excel c thc chn vo mt vn bn Word). ArcView Version 2 khng h tr chun OLE, m thc s htr DDE (xem DDE). Vic h tr OLE s c hin i vi cc phin bn sau ca ArcView.

OMG (The Object Management Group - nhm qun l i tng)

OMG l mt s kt hp cng nghip tnh ton y mnh kh nng thao tc tng tc hngi tng trong mi trng tnh ton khng ng b. OMG tip tc pht trin mt s c imk thut v vic nh a ch, thng dng nht l Common Object Request Broker Architecture(CORBA).

one-to-many (quan h mt - nhiu)

L quan h trong mt bn ghi trong mt bng lin kt vi nhiu bn ghi trong mt bng khc.

OPEN LOOK

L giao din ho ngi - my (Graphical User Interface - GUI) cho h X Window, c phttrin bi AT&T (Open Look) v Sun Microsystems (OPEN LOOK). (Xem thm OSF/Motif).

online access (truy cp trc tuyn)

L truy cp d liu trc tip, khng i hi truyn file.

optical disk (a quang)

L cng ngh lu tr d liu dng s dng phng tin quang hc lu thng tin. So vi a t,a quang chm hn, nhng cha c nhiu thng tin hn v gi thnh cho mt n v lu githng tin thp hn. Mt s a quang c th c ci t trong mt thit b n (gi l jukebox).a quang thng c dng khi cn lu mt lng d liu ln.

operating system (h iu hnh)

L phn mm my tnh c thit k cho php giao tip gia my tnh v ngi s dng. Hiu hnh kim sot lung d liu, cc trnh ng dng khc nhau, t chc v qun l file v hinth thng tin.

ORACLE

L h qun tr CSDL quan h. Vi ORACLE, ARC/INFO c th truy cp vo DATABASEINTEGRATOR.

OS

Xem operating system.


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OSF (Open Software Foundation

L mt consortium quc t xc tin vic tiu chun ho h iu hnh UNIX.

OSF/MOTIF

L giao din ngi - my chun cng nghip, c OSF pht trin cho mi trng my trmUNIX.

OSI (Open Systems Interconnect - Kt ni cc h thng m)

M hnh giao tip truyn thng ca cu trc phn cp by tng c ISO a ra nm 1984, cnc gi l OSI Reference Model: tng 7 - tng ng dng (applications), tng 6 - tng biu din(presentations), tng 5 - tng hi (session), tng 4 - tng vn ti (transport), tng 3 - tng mng(network), tng 2 - tng lin kt d liu (data link), tng 1 - tng vt l (physical). M hnh nyc kt hp cht ch mc h iu hnh. M hnh OSI c s dng pht trin kh nng

giao tip v tch hp hai h thng my tnh khng ng dng (chng hn, PC v UNIX hocUNIX v my tnh ln).

origin (gc)

1. L mt v tr nht nh trong h to bn , thng biu din bng gi tr 0,0.

2. L im xut pht ca mt hnh trnh, thng l nh i phn ln khch hng. Trong nhmdn c, im gc c th l vng iu tra dn s hoc mt thnh ph. im gc c biu dinnh nt trong mt lp i tng mng, nh im trong mt lp i tng im v nh imnhn trong lp i tng vng.

overlay

Xem topological overlay (chng lp topo).

overshoot (ng tha)

L mt phn ca ng c s ho tha ra sau khi giao vi mt ng khc. Xem thmdangling arc (ng chnh).

P

page extent (gii hn trang)

nh ngha vng gii hn trang ho c hin th.

pan

di chuyn mn hnh hin th ln, xung hoc sang ngang nhm hin th nhng phn d liu


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a l c t l hin thi nhng nm bn ngoi mn hnh hin th. Xem thm zoom.

parallel

1. Song song: Mt tnh cht ca hai hay nhiu ng thng cch u nhau mi v tr.

2. V tuyn: ng vng quanh qu t theo chiu ngang ti mt v nht nh. ng xcho l mt v tuyn ti v 0. Cc v tnh t 0 n 90 o Bc v t 0 n 90 o Nam so ving xch o.

PAT (Point attribute table hoc polygon attribute table - Bng thuc tnh im hoc bng thuctnh vng)

Mt lp i tng c th c hoc bng thuc tnh im (point) hoc bng thuc tnh vng(polygon), nhng khng th c ng thi c hai. Ngoi cc thuc tnh c nh ngha bi ngis dng, PAT cn cha d liu v din tch v chu vi ca mt vng (i vi im gi tr ny

bng 0), s biu th pha trong v b nh danh ca vng. PAT cng c th c dng cho min(region) v cng c chc nng lu gi cc thuc tnh. Tn ca bng thuc tnh c lu l PATv cng l tn ca min. Cc bng thuc tnh ca mt vng (polygon) v nhiu min (region) cth c lu trong cng mt lp i tng. Xem thm feature attribute table (bng thuc tnh itng).

path (ng dn)

L tp hp c trt t ca cc nt v cc lin kt mng kt ni t im gc n im ch

pathfinding

L qu trnh tm kim ng dn gia im gc v im ch, i hi xc nh c ng dnti u.

pathname (tn ng dn)

L ng dn n mt file hay mt th mc c th trn a. Tn cc ng dn ny lun ctrng cho mi h iu hnh ca tng my tnh.

Paul Revere tour

L chuyn i ca mt thng gia c im xut pht khng trng vi im kt thc. Paul Reverel tn ca mt tr s ni ting, c ngun gc t lch s nc M.

peak (nh)

L mt im m tt c dc xung quanh n u nhn gi tr m (c ngha l i xung).

peripheral device (thit b ngoi vi)


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L thit b phn cng khng thuc b x l trung tm ca my tnh (nh my v, my in, bn sho).

persistent lock (kho bn vng)

Kho CSDL vi chu k di m ngi s dng mun gi nht qun trong sut qu trnh x l,bin i d liu trn cc tc nhim di.

petabyte (PB)

L mt n v kch thc d liu. Mt petabyte tng ng 1000 terabyte (TB).

pit (hc)

L mt im m tt c dc xung quanh n u nhn gi tr dng (c ngha l i ln).

pixel (im nh)

L phn t nh, n v nh nht ca thng tin trong mt nh hoc mt bn dng raster. cbiu din nh mt trong h thng li.

point (im)

1. L cp to x, y biu din mt i tng a l qu nh khng th hin th di dng nghay vng, v d v tr ca mt nh ni hoc mt to nh trong bn t l nh.

2. Mt lp i tng dng biu din i tng im hoc nh danh vng. Trn cng mt lpkhng th c c i tng im v vng. Khi biu din i tng im, to x, y ca imnhn s miieu t to ca i tng . Khi nh danh vng, im nhn c th nm v tr btk thuc vng . Cc thuc tnh ca im c lu tr trong mt bng PAT.

point-in-polygon (im trong vng)

L th tc chng lp theo thut ton Topo, xc nh s trng kht khng gian ca im v vng.Cc im c gn cc thuc tnh ca vng m n nm trong.

point event (s kin im)

Xem event.

polygon (vng)

Biu din vng khp kn. Mt vng c xc nh bi cc cung khp kn lm thnh bin gii vmt im nh danh bn trong bin gii . Cc vng c cc thuc tnh (PAT) miu t cc cim a l ca i tng c biu din.


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polygon-arc topology (cu trc lin kt cung - vng)

Mt cu trc d liu dng lin kt (topology) trong ARC/INFO biu din kh nng lin kt giacung v vng. Cu trc ny cung cp kh nng xc nh vng v cc chc nng phn tch khc

nh chng lp theo thut ton Topo. Xem thm topology.polygon overlay (chng lp polygon)

L th tc chng lp theo thut ton topo, xc nh s trng khp khng gian ca hai lp itng vng, to ra mt lp i tng vng mi trn c s php ng nht, giao hoc kt hp.

POSIX character set (b k t POSIX)

B k t POSIX cung cp ngn ng vi cc k t 7 bit (chng hn US English). Xem thmextended character set (B k t m rng).

POSIX 1003.1A

Bn sa cha ca chun POSIX 1003.1, nh ngha cc giao din h iu hnh chun v mitrng cho cc chng trnh ng dng vit bng ngn ng C.

POSIX 1003.4a

Xc nh vic cung cp cc dch v cho cc thao tc a nhim, c bit cho cc ng dng camy ch.

PostScript

PostScript l mt ngn ng my nh trang, c hng Adobe System, PostScript pht trinv thng mi ho, dng trong phn ln cc my in Laser. PostScript c bit hu ch trong ccng dng son tho trn my tnh v cc giao din ho. Cc file PostScript c th c vbng my v non-PostScript nh phn mm Raster Image Processor (RIP).

precision ( chnh xc)

Biu din bi s ch s c ngha c dng lu d liu dng s, c bit l gi tr to . chnh xc rt quan trng i vi vic biu din, phn tch i tng c tnh chnh xc v lp bn. ARC/INFO cung cp c chnh xc n v chnh xc khp.

preliminary topology

L mt cu trc lin kt min khng hon chnh. Cu trc lin kt min xc nh c quan hmin - ng (region-arc) v quan h min - vng (region-polygon). Mt min c cu trc linkt hon chnh c c hai quan h trn. Trong khi , mt min c cu trc lin kt khng honchnh ch c quan h min - ng, khng c quan h min - vng. Ni cch khc, min c cu


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trc lin kt khng hon chnh khng c cu trc lin kt vng.

primary key (kho chnh, kho s cp)

Mt hay nhiu thuc tnh c gi tr duy nht nh danh mt hng trong bng CSDL. Xem thm

foreign key (kho ph).production

The property of an origin which produces a trip for a particular activity. This is usually afunction of the population at the origin. For example, a household production for two adults andone child might be one trip per week for groceries, two trips per day for work, three trips per sixmonths to see a dentist, and so on. Interactions between an origin and a center are estimatedbases on how much of an origin's production will be attracted to a particular center.

profile (mt nghing)

L mt ct theo chiu thng ng, nhn c t cc gi tr b mt dc theo mt ng ct.

projection (php chiu)

Xem map projection (php chiu bn ).

projection file (file hnh chiu)

1. L file lu tr cc thng s ca php chiu bn v h thng to ca mt tp hp d liua l).

2. L mt file dng text, cha cc thng s u ra v u vo ca php chiu, c dng bini mt file d liu a l t h to ny sang h to khc.

proximal tolerance ( chnh xc cn k)

L mt n v khong cch ti thiu phn cch v tr cc im trn mt phng. Nu hai hay nhiuim c xc nh trong khong cch ca " chnh xc cn k" i vi mt im no thch c im u tin mi c c trong vic x l tip theo.

pseudo node (nt gi)

Nt giao giao ca hai v ch hai ng, hoc l mt ng giao vi chnh n.

Q

quadrangle (quad) (t gic)

Xem topographic map (bn a hnh).


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quadtree (cy t phn)

L ch s khng gian c dng phn chia quy mt tp hp d liu (chng hn, mt nh)thnh cc vung cho n khi mi vung c mt gi tr thun nht. Cy t phn thng c

dng lu d liu raster. Xem thm spatial indexing (ch s ho khng gian).query (hi p)

Xem map query (hi p bn ).

R

raster

L cu trc d liu dng sp xp theo hng v ct lu nh. Tp hp cc c cng gi tr

biu din mt i tng. Xem thm grid ( li).RAT

Xem route attribute table (bng thuc tnh route).

RDBMS (Relational database management system - h qun tr CSDL quan h)

L h qun tr CSDL c kh nng truy cp d liu c t chc thnh cc file dng bng v clin kt vi nhau bi mt trng thuc tnh chung. Mt RDBMS c kh nng kt hp cc trngd liu t cc file khc nhau, cung cp nhng cng c rt hu ch cho x l d liu. Xem thmrelate (lin kt).

real numbers (s thc)

L nhng s thuc h thp phn (chng hn, 3.1417, 0.25, 1.8992, 6.0).

record (bn ghi)

1. Trong mt bng thuc tnh, bn ghi l mt hng n trong cc bn ghi chuyn . Trong SQL,mt bn ghi tng t mt tuple.

2. L n v d liu logic trong mt file. V d, trong file ARC, c mt bn ghi cho mi ngtrong mt lp i tng.

rectification (hiu chnh)

L qu trnh chuyn mt nh hoc mt h li t h to nh sang h to qu t thc.Hiu chnh thng bao gm qu trnh xoay v iu chnh thang t l cc li v do i hily li mu cc tr s.


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referential integrity (tnh ton vn tham chiu)

L kh nng m bo nhng thay i ca mt bng c nh hng n cc bng khc s ctruyn n cc bng ny. V d, mt bng s khng nhn mt gi tr kho ph nu kho ny

khng phi l kho chnh ca mt bng khc.region (min)

Min c dng biu din mt i tng khng gian bao gm mt hay nhiu polygon (vng).Nhiu min c th c nh ngha trong mt lp n. Min c cc thuc tnh (PAT) miu t ccc trng a l m min biu din.

registered table (bng ng k)

L mt bng ca DBMS, l phn ca CSDL ArcStorm c dng ng k vi CSDL.

relate (lin kt)

L qu trnh thit lp mi quan h tm thi gia cc bn ghi tng ng trong hai bng nh mttrng thuc tnh chung ca c hai (kho lin kt). Mt bn ghi trong bng ny c lin kt vicc bn ghi trong bng khc khi trng thuc tnh chung ca chng c cng mt gi tr. So snhvi relational join (lin kt quan h).

relate key (kho lin kt)

L tp hp cc ct chung dng lin kt hai bng thuc tnh. Xem thm relate (lin kt),primary key (kho chnh) v foreign key (kho ph).

relation (quan h)

Xem table (bng).

relational database (CSDL quan h)

L cu trc d liu dng tp hp bng c quan h logic vi nhau bi cng chia x cc thuc tnh.Bt k yu t d liu no cng c th c tm thy nu bit tn ca bng, tn thuc tnh (ct) vgi tr ca kho chnh. Xem thm relate (lin kt), relate key (kho lin kt), v relational join(lin kt quan h).

relational join

L qu trnh lin kt v kt hp vt l hai bng thuc tnh nh trng thuc tnh chung.

remote sensing (vin thm)


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L thng tin v mt i tng thu c m khng c s tip xc vt l. Phng thc bao gmnh chp trn khng, nh raa v nh v tinh.

resampling (ly mu li)

L qu trnh thu gn kch thc tp hp d liu nh bng cch thay th mt nhm cc im nhbi mt im nh n. Do , s lng im nh gim, nhng kch thc ca tng im nhtng, nn ton b gii hn A L CA NH KHNG THAY I. nh c ly mu lithng km hn v t thng tin hn so vi nh ban u. Qu trnh ny cng c th tin hnh theochiu ngc li. Trong ARC/INFO, hm RESAMPLE cho php ly mu li d liu raster dngCubic Convolution, Bilinear Interpolation, Nearest Neighbor Assignment, and custom "NearestData" assignment methods.

resolution ( phn gii, chnh xc)

1. L chnh xc m ti mt t l bn nht nh c th m t v tr v hnh dng ca i

tng a l. T l bn cng ln, chnh xc cng cao. Khi t l bn gim, chnh xccng gim theo v bin gii ca i tng cng n gin ho v c lm nhn, hoc khngc th hin ton b. V d, mt din tch nh c th ch c biu din nh mt im.

2. L khong cch gia cc im thu mu trong mt li.

3. L kch c ca i tng nh nht c th biu din c trn mt b mt.

4. L s im theo trc x v y trong mt mng li (chng hn, phn gii ca a U.S.Geological Survey one-degree DEM l 1201 x 1201 im mt li). (S o c a cht M)

restore (phc hi, ghi li)

a mt CSDL v trng thi trc bng cch ly li mi thay i thc hin trong thiim nht nh. ArcStorm c cung cp k thut phc hi.

RMS error (li RMS)

Li trung bnh ton phng (Root mean square - trung bnh ton phng). y l gi tr ctnh ton khi s ho mt bn , th hin s khng nht qun gia v tr thc ca cc im bit v v tr c s ho ca chng. Li RMS cng thp, chnh xc ca qu trnh s ho vbin i cng cao. Xem thm tic.

roll back (phc hi)

Hu b bt k thay i no trn CSDL c thc hin trong ton tc hin ti. So snh vicommit.

route (l trnh, ng truyn)


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L mt lp i tng trong ARC/INFO, l mt phn ca m hnh d liu route-system dng biu din i tng ng. Routes da c s trn lp ng v c nh ngha nh mt tphp c t chc cc on ct. Bi v on ct l mt phn ca mt ng c s dng trongroute, nn route khng bt u v kt thc ti cc nt. Bng thuc tnh route (RAT) lu cc thuctnh route. Xem thm route-system v route measure.

route attribute table (RAT) (bng thuc tnh route)

RAT lu cc thuc tnh route. Ch c mt RAT cho mi route-system trong mt lp. Ngoi ccthuc tnh c nh ngha bi ngi s dng, RAT cn cha s th t v b nh danh itng cho mi route. Xem thm route-system, section, SEC, v feature attribute table (bngthuc tnh i tng).

route measure

A location along a route, defined as a measure from a start point, where measures include

distance, time, milepost, address range. Measures are useful for locating events along a route.There may be more than one start or end within a route, in which case, the measures may not beunique within a route-system. For example, there are many places that are within a one-minuteresponse time from a fire station.

route-system

A collection of routes representing separate instances of a common linear entity, for example, allschool bus routes in a city. A single line coverage can contain many route-systems, differentiatedby name. For example, a road coverage can contain a bus route-system, a highway route-systemand a pizza delivery route-system. Both an RAT and an SEC exist for each route-system. Seealso event.

row (hng)

1. L mt bn ghi trong bng thuc tnh. Hng l tp hp theo chiu ngang cc phn t d liuca bng bao gm mi ct mt gi tr.

2. L mt nhm cc theo chiu ngang trong mng li, hoc nhm cc im nh trong mtnh.

RPC (Remote Procedure Call - gi th tc t xa)

RPC l k thut truyn thng cho php mt tin trnh UNIX lin lc vi mt tin trnh UNIXkhc. Cc tin trnh ny c th c cc my tnh khc nhau trn mt mng. Cc my ch v mycon trong ArcStorm dng RPC lin lc vi nhau.

rubber sheeting

A procedure to adjust coverage features in a nonuniform manner. Links representing from- and

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