tropical montane cloud forests science for conservation...
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Tropical Montane Cloud Forests
Science for Conservation and Management
This volume represents a uniquely comprehensive overview of our current knowledge on
tropical montane cloud forests. It comprises 72 chapters divided into seven sections covering a
wide spectrum of topics including cloud forest distribution, climate, soils, biodiversity,
hydrological processes, hydrochemistry and water quality, climate change impacts, and cloud
forest conservation, management, and restoration. The final chapter presents a major synthesis
by some of the world’s leading cloud forest researchers, which summarizes our current
knowledge and considers the sustainability of these forests in an ever-changing world.
This book is a must-have for anyone interested in the study, conservation, management, or
restoration of tropical montane cloud forests. It represents the state of the art with respect to
our knowledge of cloud forest occurrence and status, as well as the biological and hydrological
value of these unique forests. The presentation is academic but with a firm practical emphasis.
It will serve as a core reference for academic researchers and students of environmental
science and ecology, as well as practitioners (natural resources management, forest conser-
vation) and decision makers at local, national, and international levels.
Leendert Adriaan (Sampurno) Bruijnzeel is a Professor of Land Use and Hydrology
based at VU University, Amsterdam. He has 35 years of experience with forest hydrological
research in the humid tropics, mostly in South-East Asia, the Caribbean, and Latin America.
His main research interests include the water and nutrient dynamics of tropical forests, above
all montane cloud forests; his other main research topics include the hydrological impacts of
land-cover change (deforestation/reforestation) and erosion and sediment transport processes.
Professor Bruijnzeel is the author of two other books and the co-editor of Forests, Water and
People in the Humid Tropics (2005) also published by Cambridge University Press and
UNESCO as part of the International Hydrology Series. In 2005 he received the prestigious
Busk Medal from the Royal Geographical Society.
Frederick N. Scatena is Professor and Chair of the Department of Earth and Environ-
mental Science at the University of Pennsylvania. Since 1988 he has served as the Principal
Co-PI of the National Science Foundation’s Luquillo Long-Term Ecological Research Project
and since 2009 as the Lead PI of the NSF Luquillo Critical Zone Observatory, both in Puerto
Rico. Professor Scatena has worked in tropical forest hydrology for the past 32 years, on topics
ranging from water supply to the influence of hurricanes on the biogeochemistry and water
quality of Caribbean streams. He has been awarded the International Institute of Tropical
Forestry Puerto Rican Ecology Award (2008), and various USDA Research Scientist Awards.
Lawrence S. Hamilton is a Professor Emeritus (Cornell University) and former Senior
Fellow at the East–West Center in Hawai’i. He has authored over 300 publications throughout
his career and is known popularly as the “father of cloud forests” due to his successful
campaign over many years to get these unique forests on the international conservation agenda.
His awards include Forest Conservationist of the Year from the New York State Conservation
Council (1969); the Environmental Achiever Award from Friends of UNEP (1987); the
Packard International Parks Merit Award from the International Union for Conservation
of Nature (IUCN) World Commission on Protected Areas (2003); and the prestigious King
Albert Gold Medal for Mountain Conservation Leadership (2004). In 2008 he was named an
Honorary Member of IUCN, and in the same year was profiled as one of the 20 global “Earth
Movers” by IUCN.
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-76035-5 - Tropical Montane Cloud Forests: Science for Conservation and ManagementL. A. Bruijnzeel, F. N. Scatena and L. S. HamiltonFrontmatterMore information
international hydrology series
The International Hydrological Programme (IHP) was established by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization (UNESCO) in 1975 as the successor to the International Hydrological Decade. The long-term goal of the IHP is to
advance our understanding of processes occurring in the water cycle and to integrate this knowledge into water resources management.
The IHP is the only UN science and educational programme in the field of water resources, and one of its outputs has been a steady
stream of technical and information documents aimed at water specialists and decision-makers.
The International Hydrology Series has been developed by the IHP in collaboration with Cambridge University Press as a major
collection of research monographs, synthesis volumes, and graduate texts on the subject of water. Authoritative and international in
scope, the various books within the series all contribute to the aims of the IHP in improving scientific and technical knowledge of
freshwater processes, in providing research know-how and in stimulating the responsible management of water resources.
editorial advisory board
Secretary to the Advisory Board
Dr Michael Bonell Division of Water Science, UNESCO, I rue Miollis, Paris 75732, France
Members of the Advisory Board
Professor B. P. F. Braga Jr Centro Technologica de Hidraulica, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Professor G. Dagan Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Israel
Dr J. Khouri Water Resources Division, Arab Centre for Studies of Arid Zones and Dry Lands, Damascus, Syria
Dr G. Leavesley US Geological Survey, Water Resources Division, Denver Federal Center, Colorado, USA
Dr E. Morris Scott Polar Research Institute, Cambridge, UK
Professor L. Oyebande Department of Geography and Planning, University of Lagos, Nigeria
Professor S. Sorooshian Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
Professor K. Takeuchi Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yamanashi University, Japan
Professor D. E. Walling Department of Geography, University of Exeter, UK
Professor I. White Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
titles in print in this series
M. Bonell, M. M. Hufschmidt and J. S. Gladwell Hydrology and Water Management in the Humid Tropics: Hydrological Research
Issues and Strategies for Water Management
Z. W. Kundzewicz New Uncertainty Concepts in Hydrology and Water Resources
R. A. Feddes Space and Time Scale Variability and Interdependencies in Hydrological Processes
J. Gibert, J. Mathieu, and F. Fournier Groundwater/Surface Water Ecotones: Biological and Hydrological Interactions and
Management Options
G. Dagan, and S. Neuman Subsurface Flow and Transport: A Stochastic Approach
J. C. van Dam Impacts of Climate Change and Climate Variability on Hydrological Regimes
D. P. Loucks, and J. S. Gladwell Sustainability Criteria for Water Resource Systems
J. J. Bogardi, and Z. W. Kundzewicz Risk, Reliability, Uncertainty and Robustness of Water Resource Systems
G. Kaser, and H. Osmaston Tropical Glaciers
I. A. Shiklomanov, and J. C. Rodda World Water Resources at the Beginning of the Twenty-First Century
A. S. Issar Climate Changes during the Holocene and their Impact on Hydrological Systems
M. Bonell, and L. A. Bruijnzeel Forests, Water and People in the Humid Tropics: Past, Present and Future Hydrological Research for
Integrated Land and Water Management
F. Ghassemi, and I. White Inter-Basin Water Transfer: Case Studies from Australia, United States, Canada, China and India
K. D. W. Nandalal, and J. J. Bogardi Dynamic Programming Based Operation of Reservoirs: Applicability and Limits
H. S. Wheater, S. Sorooshian, and K. D. Sharma Hydrological Modelling in Arid and Semi-Arid Areas
J. Delli Priscoli, and A. T. Wolf Managing and Transforming Water Conflicts
L. A. Bruijnzeel, F. N. Scatena, and L. S. Hamilton Tropical Montane Cloud Forests
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-76035-5 - Tropical Montane Cloud Forests: Science for Conservation and ManagementL. A. Bruijnzeel, F. N. Scatena and L. S. HamiltonFrontmatterMore information
Tropical Montane Cloud Forests
Science for Conservation and Management
L.A. BruijnzeelVU University, Amsterdam
F.N. ScatenaUniversity of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
L. S. HamiltonCharlotte, Vermont
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-76035-5 - Tropical Montane Cloud Forests: Science for Conservation and ManagementL. A. Bruijnzeel, F. N. Scatena and L. S. HamiltonFrontmatterMore information
cambridge university press
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Published in the United States by Cambridge University Press, New York
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# Cambridge University Press 2010
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without
the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 2010
Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge
A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Tropical montane cloud forests : science for conservation and management / edited by
L.A. Bruijnzeel, F. N. Scatena, L. S. Hamilton.
p. cm. – (International hydrology series)
ISBN 978-0-521-76035-5 (Hardback)
1. Cloud forest conservation. 2. Cloud forest ecology. 3. Cloud forests. 4. Mountain ecology–Tropics.
I. Bruijnzeel, Leendert Adriaan. II. Scatena, F. N. III. Hamilton, Lawrence S.
QH541.5.C63T765 2010
577.34–dc22
2010036467
ISBN 978-0-521-76035-5 Hardback
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred
to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-76035-5 - Tropical Montane Cloud Forests: Science for Conservation and ManagementL. A. Bruijnzeel, F. N. Scatena and L. S. HamiltonFrontmatterMore information
Contents
List of contributors page ix
Foreword xxii
M. Kappelle
Preface xxv
Acknowledgements xxvii
Part I General perspectives 1
Section editors: L. A. Bruijnzeel, F. N. Scatena,
and L. S. Hamilton
1 Setting the stage 3
F. N. Scatena, L. A. Bruijnzeel, P. Bubb, and S. Das
2 Modeling the tropics-wide extent and distribution
of cloud forest and cloud forest loss, with implications
for conservation priority 14
M. Mulligan
3 The climate of cloud forests 39
A. Jarvis and M. Mulligan
4 Changes in mist immersion 57
P. Foster
5 Ecology and ecophysiology of epiphytes in tropical
montane cloud forests 67
P. Hietz
6 Global and local variations in tropical montane
cloud forest soils 77
L. Roman, F. N. Scatena, and L. A. Bruijnzeel
7 Nutrient cycling and nutrient limitation in tropical
montane cloud forests 90
J. Benner, P.M. Vitousek, and R. Ostertag
8 What is the state of tropical montane cloud forest
restoration? 101
T.M. Aide, M. C. Ruiz-Jaen, and H. R. Grau
Part II Regional floristic and animal diversity 111
Section editors: L. A. Bruijnzeel and L. S. Hamilton
9 Tropical montane cloud forests in Malaysia: current
state of knowledge 113
S. Kumaran, B. Perumal, G. Davison, A. N. Ainuddin,
M. S. Lee, and L. A. Bruijnzeel
10 Montane cloud forests on remote islands
of Oceania: the example of French Polynesia
(South Pacific Ocean) 121
J.-Y. Meyer
11 Tropical lowland cloud forest: a neglected forest type 130
S. R. Gradstein, A. Obregon, C. Gehrig, and J. Bendix
12 Altitudinal zonation and diversity patterns in the
forests of Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania 134
A. Hemp
13 The outstandingly speciose epiphytic flora of a single
strangler fig (Ficus crassiuscula) in a Peruvian
montane cloud forest 142
D. J. Catchpole and J. B. Kirkpatrick
14 Comparative structure, pattern, and tree traits
of laurel cloud forests in Anaga, northern Tenerife
(Canary Islands) and in lauro-fagaceous forests
of Central Japan 147
M. Ohsawa, T. Shumiya, I. Nitta, W. Wildpret,
and M. del Arco
15 Temperature and humidity as determinants of the
transition from dry pine forest to humid cloud forests
in the Bhutan Himalaya 156
P. Wangda and M. Ohsawa
16 The importance of cloud forest sites in the conservation
of endemic and threatened species of the Albertine Rift 164
I. Owiunji and A.J. Plumptre
17 The mountain tapir (Tapirus pinchaque) and Andean
bear (Tremarctos ornatus): two charismatic, large
mammals in South American tropical montane
cloud forests 172
J. Cavelier, D. Lizcano, E. Yerena, and C. Downer
v
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18 Cloud forests in East Africa as evolutionary motors for
speciation processes of flightless Saltatoria species 182
C. Hemp
19 Diversity of geometrid moths in two Neotropical rain
forests 192
G. Brehm
Part III Hydrometeorology of tropical montane
cloud forest 197
Section editor: L. A. Bruijnzeel
20 Hydrometeorological patterns in relation to montane
forest types along an elevational gradient in the
Yungas of Bolivia 199
M. Schawe, G. Gerold, K. Bach, and S. R. Gradstein
21 Structure and dynamics of tropical montane cloud
forests under contrasting biophysical conditions
in north-western Costa Rica 208
A. Hager and A. Dohrenbusch
22 Quantitative measures of immersion in cloud and the
biogeography of cloud forests 217
R.O. Lawton, U. S. Nair, D. Ray, A. Regmi,
J. A. Pounds, and R.M. Welch
23 Understanding the role of fog in forest hydrology:
stable isotopes as tools for determining input and
partitioning of cloud water in montane forests 228
M. Scholl, W. Eugster, and R. Burkard
24 Using stable isotopes to identify orographic
precipitation events at Monteverde, Costa Rica 242
A. L. Rhodes, A. J. Guswa, and S. E. Newell
25 Using “biosensors” to elucidate rates and mechanisms
of cloud water interception by epiphytes, leaves, and
branches in a sheltered Colombian cloud forest 249
M.Mulligan, A. Jarvis, J. Gonzalez, and L. A. Bruijnzeel
26 Water dynamics of epiphytic vegetation in a lower
montane cloud forest: fog interception, storage,
and evaporation 261
C. Tobon, L. Kohler, K. F. A. Frumau, L. A. Bruijnzeel,
R. Burkard, and S. Schmid
27 Epiphyte biomass in Costa Rican old-growth and
secondary montane rain forests and its hydrological
significance 268
L. Kohler, D. Holscher, L. A. Bruijnzeel,
and C. Leuschner
28 Comparison of passive fog gages for determining fog
duration and fog interception by a Puerto Rican elfin
cloud forest 275
F. Holwerda, L. A. Bruijnzeel, and F. N. Scatena
29 Fog interception in a Puerto Rican elfin cloud
forest: a wet-canopy water budget approach 282
F. Holwerda, L. A. Bruijnzeel, A. L. Oord,
and F. N. Scatena
30 Fog gage performance under conditions of fog
and wind-driven rain 293
K. F. A. Frumau, R. Burkard, S. Schmid,
L. A. Bruijnzeel, C. Tobon, and J. C. Calvo-Alvarado
31 The wet-canopy water balance of a Costa Rican
cloud forest during the dry season 302
S. Schmid, R. Burkard, K. F. A. Frumau, C. Tobon,
L. A. Bruijnzeel, R. Siegwolf, and W. Eugster
32 Measured and modeled rainfall interception in a lower
montane forest, Ecuador 309
K. Fleischbein, W. Wilcke, R. Goller, C. Valarezo,
W. Zech, and K. Knoblich
33 Measuring cloud water interception in the Tambito
forests of southern Colombia 317
J. Gonzalez
34 Relationships between rainfall, fog, and throughfall
at a hill evergreen forest site in northern Thailand 324
N. Tanaka, K. Kuraji, C. Tantasirin, H. Takizawa,
N. Tangtham, and M. Suzuki
35 History of fog and cloud water interception research
in Hawai’i 332
J. K. DeLay and T.W. Giambelluca
36 Interpreting canopy water balance and fog screen
observations: separating cloud water from wind-blown
rainfall at two contrasting forest sites in Hawai’i 342
T.W. Giambelluca, J. K. DeLay, M. A. Nullet,
M. Scholl, and S. B. Gingerich
37 Historical background of fog water collection
studies in the Canary Islands 352
M.V. Marzol-Jaen
38 Effects of fog on climatic conditions at a sub-tropical
montane cloud forest site in northern Tenerife (Canary
Islands, Spain) 359
M.V. Marzol-Jaen, J. Sa ´nchez-Megıa,
and G. Garcıa-Santos
Part IV Nutrient dynamics in tropical montane
cloud forests 365
Section editors: L. A. Bruijnzeel and F. N. Scatena
39 Spatial and temporal dynamics of atmospheric water
and nutrient inputs in tropical mountain forests of
southern Ecuador 367
R. Rollenbeck, J. Bendix, and P. Fabian
vi CONTENTS
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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-76035-5 - Tropical Montane Cloud Forests: Science for Conservation and ManagementL. A. Bruijnzeel, F. N. Scatena and L. S. HamiltonFrontmatterMore information
40 Fog deposition and chemistry in a sub-tropical montane
cloud forest in Taiwan 378
S. C. Chang, C. F. Yeh, M. J. Wu, Y. T. Chen,
Y. J. Hsia, C. P. Wang, and J. T. Wu
41 Fog and rain water chemistry in the seasonal tropical
rain forest of Xishuangbanna, south-west China 387
W. J. Liu, H.M. Li, Y. P. Zhang, C.M. Wang,
and F. R. Meng
42 Spatial heterogeneity of throughfall quantity and
quality in tropical montane forests in southern Ecuador 393
M. Oesker, J. Homeier, H. Dalitz, and L. A. Bruijnzeel
43 Effect of topography on soil fertility and water
flow in an Ecuadorian lower montane forest 402
W. Wilcke, J. Boy, R. Goller, K. Fleischbein,
C. Valarezo, and W. Zech
44 Human impacts on stream-water chemistry in
a tropical montane cloud forest watershed, Monteverde,
Costa Rica 410
A. L. Rhodes, A. J. Guswa, S. Dallas, E.M. Kim,
S. Katchpole, and A. Pufall
45 Is there evidence for limitations to nitrogen
mineralization in upper montane tropical forests? 418
W.L. Silver, A.W. Thompson, D. J. Herman,
and M. K. Firestone
46 Fine root mass and fine root production in tropical moist
forests as dependent on soil, climate, and elevation 428
D. Hertel and Ch. Leuschner
Part V Cloud forest water use, photosynthesis,
and effects of forest conversion 445
Section editors: L. A. Bruijnzeel and F. N. Scatena
47 Transpiration and microclimate of a tropical
montane rain forest, southern Ecuador 447
T. Motzer, N. Munz, D. Anhuf, and M. Kuppers
48 Physiological variation in Hawaiian Metrosideros
polymorpha across a range of habitats: from dry
forests to cloud forests 456
L. S. Santiago, T. J. Jones, and G. Goldstein
49 Environmental controls on photosynthetic rates of
lower montane cloud forest vegetation in south-western
Colombia 465
M.G. Letts, M. Mulligan, M. E. Rincon-Romero,
and L. A. Bruijnzeel
50 Comparative water budgets of a lower and an
upper montane cloud forest in the Wet Tropics
of northern Australia 479
D. L. McJannet, J. S. Wallace, and P. Reddell
51 Effects of forest disturbance and regeneration
on net precipitation and soil water dynamics in
tropical montane rain forest on Mount Kilimanjaro,
Tanzania 491
M. Schrumpf, H. V.M. Lyaruu, J. C. Axmacher,
W. Zech, and L. A. Bruijnzeel
52 Changes in soil physical properties after conversion
of tropical montane cloud forest to pasture in
northern Costa Rica 502
C. Tobon, L. A. Bruijnzeel, K. F. A. Frumau,
and J. C. Calvo-Alvarado
53 Hydrology and land-cover change in tropical montane
environments: the impact of pattern on process 516
M. Mulligan, J. Rubiano, and M. Rincon-Romero
Part VI Effects of climate variability and climate
change 525
Section editors: L. A. Bruijnzeel and L. S. Hamilton
54 Meso-scale climate change due to lowland deforestation
in the maritime tropics 527
M.K. van der Molen, H. F. Vugts, L. A. Bruijnzeel,
F. N. Scatena, R. A. Pielke Sr., and L. J.M. Kroon
55 The impact of deforestation on orographic cloud
formation in a complex tropical environment 538
U. S. Nair, D. K. Ray, R. O. Lawton, R.M. Welch,
R. A. Pielke Sr., and J. Calvo-Alvarado
56 Meso-scale climate change in the central mountain
region of Veracruz State, Mexico 549
V. L. Barradas, J. Cervantes-Perez, R. Ramos-Palacios,
C. Puchet-Anyul, P. Vazquez-Rodrıguez, and
R. Granados-Ramirez
57 Potential effects of global climate change on
epiphytes in a tropical montane cloud forest:
an experimental study from Monteverde, Costa Rica 557
N.M. Nadkarni
58 Climatic change impacts on tropical montane cloud
forests: fire as a major determinant in the upper zones
of Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania 566
A. Hemp
59 Historical 14C evidence of fire in tropical montane
cloud forests in the Chimalapas region of Oaxaca,
southern Mexico 575
Y. Ward, A. Malmer, and H. Asbjornsen
60 Biennial variation in tree diameter growth during
eight years in tropical montane cloud forests on
Mount Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia 579
S. Aiba, M. Takyu, and K. Kitayama
CONTENTS vii
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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-76035-5 - Tropical Montane Cloud Forests: Science for Conservation and ManagementL. A. Bruijnzeel, F. N. Scatena and L. S. HamiltonFrontmatterMore information
61 Modeling the dynamics of tropical montane cloud
forest in central Veracruz, Mexico 584
N. Ruger, G. Williams-Linera, and A. Huth
Part VII Cloud forest conservation, restoration,
and management issues 595
Section editors: L. S. Hamilton, L. A. Bruijnzeel,
and F. N. Scatena
62 Environmental history and forest regeneration
dynamics in a degraded valley north-west
Argentina’s cloud Forests 597
H.R. Grau, J. Carilla, R. Gil-Montero, R. Villalba,
E. Araoz, G. Masse, and M. de Membiela
63 Impact of deforestation and forest regrowth on
vascular epiphyte diversity in the Andes of Bolivia 605
T. Kromer and S. R. Gradstein
64 Ecology and use of old-growth and recovering
montane oak forests in the Cordillera de Talamanca,
Costa Rica 610
D. Holscher, L. Kohler, M. Kappelle, and Ch. Leuschner
65 Forest restoration in the tropical montane cloud forest
belt of central Veracruz, Mexico 618
G. Williams-Linera, C. Alvarez-Aquino,
and R. A. Pedraza
66 Ecological and social bases for the restoration of a High
Andean cloud forest: preliminary results and lessons
from a case study in northern Ecuador 628
S. Baez, K. Ambrose, and R. Hofstede
67 Biodiversity-based livelihoods in the ceja andina forest
zone of northern Ecuador: multi-stakeholder
learning processes for the sustainable use of
cloud forest areas 644
R. Hofstede, K. Ambrose, S. Baez, and K. Cueva
68 Embracing epiphytes in sustainable forest
management: a pilot study from the Highlands
of Chiapas, Mexico 652
J. H.D. Wolf
69 Fire dynamics and community management of fire
in montane cloud forests in south-eastern Mexico 659
H. Asbjornsen and Z. Garnica-Sanchez
70 Assessment needs to support the development of
arrangements for Payments for Ecosystem Services
from tropical montane cloud forests 671
S. S. Tognetti, B. Aylward, and L. A. Bruijnzeel
71 Conservation strategies for montane cloud forests in
Costa Rica: the case of protected areas, payments for
environmental services, and ecotourism 686
J. C. Calvo-Alvarado, G. A. Sanchez-Azofeifa,
and A. Mendez
72 Tropical montane cloud forests: state of knowledge
and sustainability perspectives in a changing world 691
L. A. Bruijnzeel, M. Kappelle, M. Mulligan,
and F. N. Scatena
The color plates will be found between pages 100 and 101.
viii CONTENTS
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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-76035-5 - Tropical Montane Cloud Forests: Science for Conservation and ManagementL. A. Bruijnzeel, F. N. Scatena and L. S. HamiltonFrontmatterMore information
Contributors
Aiba S.
Faculty of Science,
Kagoshima University,
Kagoshima 890-0065,
Japan
Aide T. M.
Department of Biology,
P.O. Box 23360,
University of Puerto Rico,
San Juan,
Puerto Rico 00931,
USA
Ainuddin A. N.
Faculty of Forestry,
Universiti Putra Malaysia,
43400 UPM Serdang,
Malaysia
Alvarez-Aquino C.
Instituto de Genetica Forestal,
Universidad Veracruzana,
Apartado Postal 51,
Xalapa,
Veracruz 91000,
Mexico
Ambrose K.
Formerly with Ecopar, Quito,
Ecuador; presently at CARE Canada,
9 Gurdwara Road,
Ottawa,
Ontario K2E 7X6,
Canada
Anhuf D.
Department of Physical Geography,
University of Passau,
Innstrasse 40,
94032 Passau,
Germany
Araoz E.
CONICET-Laboratorio de Investigaciones Ecologicas
de las Yungas,
Universidad Nacional de Tucuman,
Casilla de Correo 34 (4107),
Yerba Buena,
Tucuman,
Argentina
Arco M. del
Universidad de La Laguna,
La Laguna,
Tenerife,
Canary Islands,
Spain
Asbjornsen H.
Formerly with Iowa State University, Ames, USA;
presently at the Department of Natural Resourcer and the
Environment University of New Hampshire,
Rudmah Hall,
46 College Road,
Durham, NH 03824,
USA
Axmacher J. C.
Terrestrial Ecology Research Unit,
Department of Geography,
University College London,
Pearson Building,
Gower Street,
London WC1E 6BT,
UK
ix
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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-76035-5 - Tropical Montane Cloud Forests: Science for Conservation and ManagementL. A. Bruijnzeel, F. N. Scatena and L. S. HamiltonFrontmatterMore information
Aylward B.
Ecosystem Economics LLC,
P.O. Box 2062, Bend,
OR 97709,
USA
Bach K.
Faculty of Geography,
University of Marburg,
Deutschhausstrasse 10,
35032 Marburg,
Germany
Baez S.
Formerly with Ecopar, Quito,
Ecuador; presently at CONDESAN,
Digo de Brieda Clemonte Celi,
Quito,
Ecuador
Barradas V. L.
Instituto de Ecologıa,
Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico,
Apartado Postal 70-275,
Circuito Exterior,
Ciudad Universitaria,
04510 Mexico, D. F.,
Mexico
Bendix J.
Faculty of Geography,
Laboratory for Climatology and Remote Sensing,
University of Marburg,
Deutschhausstrasse 10,
35032 Marburg,
Germany
Benner J.
Department of Biological Sciences,
Stanford University,
371 Serra Mall,
Stanford, CA 94305,
USA
Boy J.
Geographical Institute,
Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz,
Johann-Joachim-Becherweg 21,
55099 Mainz,
Germany
Brehm G.
Formerly with the University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth,
Germany; presently at the Institute for Special Zoology
and Evolutionary Biology of the Phyletic Museum,
Erbertstrasse 1, 07743 Jena,
Germany
Bruijnzeel L. A.
Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences,
VU University,
De Boelelaan 1085,
1081 HV Amsterdam,
the Netherlands
Bubb P.
United Nations Environmental Programme – World
Conservation Monitoring Centre,
219 Huntingdon Road,
Cambridge CB3 0DL,
UK
Burkard R.
Formerly with the Institute of Geography,
University of Bern,
Hallerstrasse 12,
CH-3012 Bern,
Switzerland
Calvo-Alvarado J. C.
Escuela de Ingeniera Forestal,
Instituto Tecnologico de Costa Rica,
Apartado 159-7950,
Cartago,
Costa Rica
Carilla J.
CONICET-Laboratorio de Investigaciones Ecologicas de las
Yungas,
Universidad Nacional de Tucuman,
Casilla de Correo 34 (4107),
Yerba Buena,
Tucuman,
Argentina
Catchpole D. J.
School of Geography and Environmental Studies,
University of Tasmania,
Private Bag 78, Hobart,
Tasmania 7001,
Australia
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Cavelier J.
Formerly with the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation,
Washington DC, USA; presently at The Global
Environmental Facility,
1818 H Street NW,
Washington, DC 20433,
USA
Cervantes-Perez J.
Centro de Ciencias de la Tierra,
Universidad Veracruzana,
Francisco J. Moreno 207, Colonia Emiliano Zapata,
91090 Xalapa,
Veracruz,
Mexico
Chang S. C.
Institute of Natural Resources,
National Dong Hwa University,
974 Hualien,
Taiwan
Chen Y. T.
Institute of Natural Resources,
National Dong Hwa University,
974 Hualien,
Taiwan
Cueva K.
Ecopar,
Casilla 17-11-6706,
Quito,
Ecuador
Dalitz H.
Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden,
University of Hohenheim,
Garbenstrasse 30,
70599 Stuttgart,
Germany
Dallas S.
Monteverde Institute,
Monteverde,
Puntarenas,
Costa Rica
Das S.
Formerly with UNEP-WCRC,
Cambridge, UK; presently at Climate Change Division,
The Energy and Resources Institute,
Darbari Seth Block,
IHC Complex,
Lodhi Road,
New Delhi 110 003,
India
Davison G.
Formerly with WWF-Malaysia,
Petaling Jaya,
Malaysia; presently at National Parks Board Singapore,
1 Cluny Road,
Singapore 259569,
Singapore
DeLay J. K.
Department of Geography,
University of Hawai’i at Manoa,
2424 Maile Way,
Honolulu,
HI 96822,
USA
Dohrenbusch A.
Silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones,
Burckardt Institute,
University of Gottingen,
Busgenweg 1,
37077 Gottingen,
Germany
Downer C.
Andean Tapir Fund,
P.O. Box 456,
Minden, NV 89423,
USA
Eugster W.
ETH Zurich, Animal and Agroecosystem,
Institute of Plant Sciences,
Universitatsstrasse 2,
CH-8092 Zurich,
Switzerland
Fabian P.
Institute for Bioclimatology and Immission Research,
Technical University of Munich,
Am Hochanger 13,
85354 Freising,
Germany
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Firestone M. K.
Ecosystem Science Division,
Department of Environmental Science,
Policy, and Management,
151 Hilgard Hall,
University of California,
Berkeley,
CA 94720,
USA
Fleischbein K.
Formerly with the Justus Liebig University of Giessen,
Giessen, Germany; presently at the Leibniz Institute for
Agricultural Engineering, Department 2,
Technology Assessment and Substance Cycles,
Max Eyth Allee 100,
14469 Potsdam,
Germany
Foster P.
Department of Earth Sciences,
University of Bristol,
Wills Memorial Building,
Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK
Frumau K. F. A.
Formerly with the VU University Amsterdam,
the Netherlands; presently with the Air Quality and Climate
Change Group,
Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands,
P.O. Box 1, 1755 ZG Petten,
the Netherlands
Garcıa-Santos G.
Formerly with the VU University Amsterdam, the Netherlands;
presently at the Department of Geography,
University of Zurich,
Winterthurerstrasse 190,
CH-8057 Zurich,
Switzerland
Garnica-Sanchez Z.
Rainforest Alliance,
Smartwood Programme,
Oaxaca,
Mexico
Gehrig C.
Department of Systematic Botany,
Albrecht von Haller Institute of Plant Sciences,
Untere Karspule 2,
University of Gottingen,
37073 Gottingen,
Germany
Gerold G.
Department of Landscape Ecology,
Institute of Geography,
University of Gottingen,
Goldschmidtstrasse 5,
37077 Gottingen,
Germany
Giambelluca T. W.
Department of Geography,
University of Hawai’i at Manoa,
2424 Maile Way,
Honolulu,
HI 96822,
USA
Gil-Montero R.
CONICET,
Instituto de Estudios Geograficos,
Universidad Nacional de Tucuman,
Tucuman,
Argentina
Gingerich S. B.
Water Resources Division,
United States Geological Survey,
677 Ala Moana Boulevard,
Suite 415, Honolulu,
HI 96813,
USA
Goldstein G.
Department of Biology,
University of Miami,
1301 Memorial Drive,
Coral Gables,
FL 33124,
USA
Goller R.
Formerly with the University of Bayreuth, Germany; presently
at Bayerisches Landesamt fur Umwelt (Referat 104),
Hans Hogn Strasse 12,
95030 Hof/Saale,
Germany
xii LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
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Gonzalez J.
c/o Environmental Monitoring and Modelling Research Group,
King’s College London, Strand,
London WC2R 2LS,
UK
Gradstein S. R.
Department of Systematic Botany,
Albrecht von Haller Institute of Plant Sciences,
Untere Karspule 2,
University of Gottingen,
37073 Gottingen,
Germany
Granados-Ramirez R.
Instituto de Geografıa,
Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico,
Circuito de la Investigacion Cientıfica,
Ciudad Universitaria,
04510 Mexico, D. F.,
Mexico
Grau H. R.
Laboratorio de Investigaciones Ecologicas de las Yungas,
Universidad Nacional de Tucuman,
Casilla de Correo 34 (4107),
Yerba Buena,
Tucuman,
Argentina
Guswa A. J.
Picker Engineering Program,
Smith College,
Northampton,
MA 01063,
USA
Hager A.
Formerly with the University of Gottingen, Germany;
presently at the School for Field Studies,
Centro de Estudios sobre Desarrollo Sostenible,
P.O. Box 150 4013,
Atenas,
Costa Rica
Hamilton L. S.
342 Bittersweet Lane,
Charlotte,
VT 05445,
USA
Hemp A.
Ecological Botanical Garden,
University of Bayreuth,
95440 Bayreuth,
Germany
Hemp C.
Department of Animal Ecology II,
University of Bayreuth,
95440 Bayreuth,
Germany
Herman D. J.
Ecosystem Science Division,
Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management,
151 Hilgard Hall,
University of California,
Berkeley,
CA 94720,
USA
Hertel D.
Plant Ecology,
Albrecht von Haller Institute of Plant Sciences,
University of Gottingen,
Untere Karspule 2,
37073 Gottingen,
Germany
Hietz P.
Institute of Botany,
University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences
(BOKU),
Gregor Mendel Strasse 33,
1180 Vienna,
Austria
Hofstede R.
Ecopar,
Casilla 17-11-6706,
Quito,
Ecuador
Holscher D.
Tropical Silviculture and Forest Ecology,
Burckhardt Institute,
University of Gottingen,
Busgenweg 1,
37077 Gottingen,
Germany
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Holwerda F.
Formerly with the VU University Amsterdam, the Netherlands;
presently at Department of Natural Resource Ecology and
Management,
Iowa State University,
234 Science II, Ames,
IA 50010,
USA
Homeier J.
Plant Ecology,
Albrecht von Haller Institute of Plant Sciences,
University of Gottingen,
Untere Karspule 2,
37073 Gottingen,
Germany
Hsia Y. J.
Institute of Natural Resources,
National Dong Hwa University,
974 Hualien,
Taiwan
Huth A.
Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, UFZ,
Department of Ecological Modelling,
Permoserstrasse 15,
04318 Leipzig,
Germany
Jarvis A.
International Centre for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT)
and Biodiversity International,
AA 6713, Cali,
Colombia
Jones T. J.
Department of Biology,
University of Miami,
1301 Memorial Drive,
Coral Gables,
FL 33124,
USA
Kappelle M.
Formerly with The Nature Conservancy,
San Jose, Costa Rica;
presently with WWF-NL,
P.O.Box 7, 3700 AA Zeist,
the Netherlands
Katchpole S.
Department of Geology,
Smith College,
Northampton,
MA 01063,
USA
Kim E. M.
Department of Geology,
Smith College,
Northampton,
MA 01063,
USA
Kirkpatrick J. B.
School of Geography and Environmental Studies,
University of Tasmania,
Private Bag 78, Hobart,
Tasmania 7001,
Australia
Kitayama K.
Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University,
509-3 Hirano 2-chome, Ohtsu,
Shiga 520-2113,
Japan
Knoblich K.
Institute of Applied Geosciences,
Justus Liebig University of Giessen,
Diezstrasse 15,
35390 Giessen,
Germany
Kohler L.
Plant Ecology,
Albrecht von Haller Institute of Plant Sciences,
University of Gottingen,
Untere Karspule 2,
37073 Gottingen,
Germany
Kromer T.
Centro de Investigaciones Tropicales, Universidad Veracruzana,
Interior de la Exhacienda Lucas Martın,
Privada de Araucarias s/n,
Colonia 21 de Marzo, Xalapa,
C.P. 91019,
Veracruz,
Mexico
xiv LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
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Kroon L. J. M.
Meteorology and Air Quality Group,
Wageningen University and Research Centre,
P.O. Box 47,
6700 AA Wageningen,
the Netherlands
Kumaran S.
Formerly with WWF-Malaysia, Petaling Jaya,
Malaysia; presently at EnviroLogic Consulting,
18 Jalan 20/2,
Paramount Garden,
46300 Petaling Jaya,
Selangor,
Malaysia
Kuppers M.
Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden,
University of Hohenheim,
Garbenstrasse 30,
70599 Stuttgart,
Germany
Kuraji K.
University Forest in Aichi,
University Forests,
Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences,
The University of Tokyo,
Seto, Aichi,
Japan
Lawton R. O.
Department of Biological Sciences,
National Space Science Technology Center,
University of Alabama in Huntsville,
Huntsville,
AL 35899,
USA
Lee M. S.
WWF-Malaysia,
49 Jalan SS23/15,
47300 Petaling Jaya,
Selangor,
Malaysia
Letts M. G.
Department of Geography,
Water and Environmental Science Program,
University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge,
Alberta T1K 3M4,
Canada
Leuschner Ch.
Plant Ecology,
Albrecht von Haller Institute of Plant Sciences,
University of Gottingen,
Untere Karspule 2,
37073 Gottingen,
Germany
Li H. M.
Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla,
Yunnan Province 666303,
P. R. China
Liu W. J.
Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden,
Chinese Academy of Sciences,
88 Xuefu Road,
Kunming 650223,
P. R. China
Lizcano D.
Formerly with the University of Kent, Canterbury, UK; presently
at Facultad de Ciencias Basicas,
Universidad de Pamplona,
Pamplona,
Norte de Santander,
Colombia
Lyaruu H. V. M.
Department of Botany,
University of Dar es Salaam,
Dar es Salaam,
Tanzania
Malmer A.
Department of Forest Ecology and Management,
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences,
Umea SE 90183,
Sweden
Marzol-Jaen M. V.
Department of Geography,
Universidad de La Laguna,
La Laguna, Tenerife,
Canary Islands,
Spain
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Masse G.
Instituto Nacional de Estadısticas y Censos,
Buenos Aires,
Argentina
McJannet D. L.
CSIRO Land and Water,
120 Meiers Road,
Indooroopilly,
Queensland,
Australia
Membiela M. de
Departamento de Dendrocronologıa e Historia
Ambiental,
Instituto Argentino de Nivologıa,
Glaciologıa y Ciencias Ambientales,
Mendoza,
Argentina
Mendez A. R.
Fondo de Financiamiento Forestal (FONAFIFO),
Apartado 594-2120 San Jose,
Costa Rica
Meng F. R.
Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management,
University of New Brunswick, Fredericton,
New Brunswick E3B 6C2,
Canada
Meyer J.-Y.
Delegation a la Recherche,
Gouvernement de la Polynesie Francaise,
B.P. 20981,
Papeete, Tahiti,
French Polynesia
Molen M. K. van der
Formerly with the VU University Amsterdam,
Amsterdam, the Netherlands; presently at the Meteorology
and Air Quality group, Wageningen University and
Research Centre,
P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen
the Netherlands
Motzer T.
Formerly with the University of Mannheim,
Mannheim, Germany; presently at PE International,
Bebelstrasse 68, 70193 Stuttgart,
Germany
Mulligan M.
Environmental Monitoring and Modelling Research Group,
Department of Geography,
King’s College London, Strand,
London WC2R 2LS, UK
Munz N.
Department of Physical Geography,
University of Mannheim, L 9, 1-2,
68131 Mannheim,
Germany
Nadkarni N. M.
The Evergreen State College, Olympia,
WA 98505, USA
Nair U. S.
Earth Science System Center,
National Space Science Technology Center,
University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville,
AL 35806,
USA
Newell S. E.
Department of Geology,
Smith College,
Northampton,
MA 01063,
USA
Nitta I.
Institute of Environmental Studies,
Graduate School of Frontier Sciences,
The University of Tokyo,
7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo 113-0033,
Japan
Nullet M. A.
Department of Geography,
University of Hawai’i at Manoa,
2424 Maile Way,
Honolulu, HI 96822,
USA
Obregon A.
Faculty of Geography,
Laboratory for Climatology and Remote Sensing,
University of Marburg,
Deutschhausstrasse 10,
35032 Marburg,
Germany
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Oesker M.
Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden,
University of Hohenheim,
Garbenstrasse 30,
70599 Stuttgart,
Germany
Ohsawa M.
Institute of Environmental Studies,
Graduate School of Frontier Sciences,
The University of Tokyo,
7-3-1 Hongo,
Tokyo 113-0033,
Japan
Oord A. L.
c/o Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences,
VU University Amsterdam,
De Boelelaan 1085,
1081 HV Amsterdam,
the Netherlands
Ostertag R.
Department of Biology,
University of Hawai’i–Hilo,
200 W. Kawili Street, Hilo,
HI 96720,
USA
Owiunji I.
Formerly with the Wildlife Conservation Society,
Kampala, Uganda;
presently at the School of Environment,
University of Manchester,
Oxford Road, Manchester M13, PL, UK
Pedraza R.A.
Instituto de Genetica Forestal,
Universidad Veracruzana,
Apartado Postal 551,
Xalapa, Veracruz 91000,
Mexico
Perumal B.
Formerly with Wetlands International,
Petaling Jaya, Malaysia; presently at the Global
Environment Centre,
78 Jalan SS2/72, 47300 Petaling Jaya,
Selangor,
Malaysia
Pielke Sr. R. A.
CIRES, University of Colorado,
Stadium 255-10, Boulder,
CO 80309,
USA
Plumptre A.
Albertine Rift Programme,
Wildlife Conservation Society,
P.O. Box 7487,
Kampala,
Uganda
Pounds J. A.
Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve,
Monteverde,
Puntarenas,
Costa Rica
Puchet-Anyul C.
Instituto de Ecologıa,
Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico,
Apartado Postal 70-275,
Circuito Exterior,
Ciudad Universitaria,
04510 Mexico, D.F.,
Mexico
Pufall A.
Department of Geology,
Smith College,
Northampton,
MA 01063,
USA
Ramos-Palacios R.
Instituto de Ecologıa,
Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico,
Apartado Postal 70-275,
Circuito Exterior,
Ciudad Universitaria,
04510 Mexico, D.F.,
Mexico
Ray D. K.
Formerly with the University of Alabama in Huntsville, USA;
presently at the Department of Forestry and Natural Resources,
Purdue University,
West Lafayette, IN 47907,
USA
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Reddell P.
Formerly with CSIRO Land and Water,
Tropical Forest Research Centre, Atherton,
Queensland,
Australia
Regmi A.
Formerly with the University of Alabama, Huntsville, USA;
presently at the Department of Forestry and Natural Resources,
Purdue University,
West Lafayette,
IN 47907,
USA
Rhodes A. L.
Department of Geology,
Smith College,
Northampton,
MA 01063,
USA
Rincon-Romero M. E.
Universidad del Valle,
Facultad de Ingenierias,
Escuela de Ingenierıa Civil y Geomatica,
Grupo de Investigacion en Geomatica Aplicada,
Calle 13 – Carrera 100,
Valle de Lili, Cali,
Colombia
Rollenbeck R.
Faculty of Geography,
Laboratory for Climatology and Remote Sensing,
University of Marburg,
Deutschhausstrasse 10,
35032 Marburg,
Germany
Roman L.
Formerly with the University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, USA;
presently at ESPM,
University of California Berkeley,
McBride Laboratory,
140 Mulford Hall,
Berkeley,
CA 94720,
USA
Rubiano J.
Formerly with King’s College London,
United Kingdom; presently at the Universidad Nacional de
Colombia,
Carrera 32 Chapinero,
Vıa Candelaria Palmira,
Valle del Cauca,
Colombia
Ruger N.
Formerly with UFZ Centre for Environmental Research,
Leipzig, Germany; presently at the Department of Forest
Biometry and Systems Analysis,
Institute of Forest Growth and Computer Sciences,
Dresden University of Technology,
P.O. Box 117,
01735 Tharandt,
Germany
Ruiz-Jaen M. C.
Department of Biology,
University of Puerto Rico,
San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931 3360,
USA
Sanchez-Azofeifa A.
Earth and Atmospheric Sciences Department,
University of Alberta,
Edmonton,
Alberta T6G 2E3,
Canada
Sanchez Megıa J.
National Meteorological Institute,
San Sebastian 77,
Santa Cruz de Tenerife,
Tenerife, Canary Islands,
Spain
Santiago L. S.
Department of Botany and Plant Sciences,
University of California,
2150 Batchelor Hall, Riverside,
CA 92521,
USA
Scatena F. N.
Department of Earth and Environmental Science, Hayden Hall,
University of Pennsylvania,
240 South 33rd Street,
Philadelphia,
PA 19104,
USA
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Schawe M.
c/o Department of Landscape Ecology,
Institute of Geography,
University of Gottingen,
Goldschmidtstrasse 5,
37077 Gottingen,
Germany
Schmid S.
Formerly with the Institute of Geography,
University of Bern,
Hallerstrasse 12,
CH-3012 Bern,
Switzerland
Scholl M.
Water Resources Discipline,
United States Geological Survey,
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive, Reston,
VA 20192,
USA
Schrumpf M.
Formerly with the University of Bayreuth,
Germany; presently at the Max Planck Institute for
Biogeochemistry,
07745 Jena,
Germany
Shumiya T.
The Nature Conservation Society of Japan,
5-24 Sanbancho,
Tokyo 102-0075,
Japan
Siegwolf R.
Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry,
Stable Isotopes and Ecosystem Fluxes,
Paul Scherrer Institute,
CH-5232 Villigen,
Switzerland
Silver W. L.
Ecosystem Science Division,
Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management,
151 Hilgard Hall,
University of California,
Berkeley,
CA 94720,
USA
Suzuki M.
Department of Forest Sciences,
Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences,
The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku,
Tokyo,
Japan
Takizawa H.
College of Bioresource Sciences,
Nihon University, Fujisawa,
Kanagawa,
Japan
Takyu M.
Faculty of Regional Environmental Science,
Tokyo University of Agriculture,
Sakuragaoka 1-1-1, Setagaya-ku,
Tokyo 156-8502,
Japan
Tanaka N.
University Forest in Aichi,
Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences,
The University of Tokyo,
11-44 Goizuka, Seto City,
Aichi 489-0031,
Japan
Tangtham N.
Department of Conservation,
Faculty of Forestry,
Kasetsart University,
Bangkok,
Thailand
Tantasirin C.
Department of Conservation,
Faculty of Forestry,
Kasetsart University,
Bangkok,
Thailand
Thompson A. W.
Ecosystem Science Division,
Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and
Management,
151 Hilgard Hall,
University of California, Berkeley,
CA 94707,
USA
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Tobon C.
Formerly with the VU University Amsterdam,
the Netherlands; presently at the Departamento de Ciencias
Forestales,
Universidad Nacional de Colombia,
Calle 59a, no. 63-20,
Medellın,
Colombia
Tognetti S.
Environmental Science and Policy Consultant,
10211 Menlo Avenue,
Silver Spring,
MD 20912,
USA
Valarezo C.
Universidad Nacional de Loja,
Centro de Estudios de Postgrado,
Area de Desarrollo Rural,
Unidad Operativa de la Facultad de Ciencias Agricolas,
Loja,
Ecuador
Vazquez-Rodrıguez P.
Instituto de Ecologıa,
Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico,
Apartado Postal 70-275,
Circuito Exterior,
Ciudad Universitaria,
04510 Mexico, D.F.,
Mexico
Villalba R.
Departamento de Dendrocronologıa e Historia Ambiental,
Instituto Argentino de Nivologıa,
Glaciologıa y Ciencias Ambientales,
Mendoza,
Argentina
Vitousek P.
Biogeochemistry Laboratory, Stanford University,
Stanford, CA 94305,
USA
Vugts H. F.
Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences,
VU University Amsterdam,
De Boelelaan 1085,
1081 HV Amsterdam,
the Netherlands
Wallace J. S.
CSIRO Land and Water,
Davies Laboratory,
Townsville, QLD 4811,
Australia
Wang C. M.
Southwest Forestry College,
Kunming 650224,
P.R. China
Wang C. P.
Taiwan Forestry Research Institute,
100 Taipei,
Taiwan
Wangda P.
Formerly with The University of Tokyo, Chiba,
Japan; presently at the Renewable Natural Resources Research
Centre – Yusipang, Council for RNR Research of Bhutan,
Ministry of Agriculture,
P.O. Box 212,
Thimpu,
Bhutan
Ward Y.
Formerly with the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences,
Umea, Sweden; presently at Boliden Mineral AB,
Boliden Omradet, Kontorsvagen 1,
SE 993681 Boliden,
Sweden
Welch R. M.
Department of Atmospheric Science,
National Space Science Technology Center,
University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville,
AL 35806,
USA
Wilcke W.
Formerly at University of Mainz,
Germany; presently at Institute of Geography,
University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12,
CH-3012 Bern,
Switzerland
Wildpret W.
Universidad de La Laguna,
La Laguna, Tenerife,
Canary Islands,
Spain
xx LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-76035-5 - Tropical Montane Cloud Forests: Science for Conservation and ManagementL. A. Bruijnzeel, F. N. Scatena and L. S. HamiltonFrontmatterMore information
Williams-Linera G.
Instituto de Ecologıa, A.C.,
Apartado Postal 63, Xalapa,
Veracruz 91000,
Mexico
Wolf J. H. D.
Faculty of Science,
Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED),
Universiteit of Amsterdam, Kruislaan 318,
1098 SM Amsterdam,
the Netherlands
Wu J. T.
Research Center for Biodiversity,
Academia Sinica,
115 Taipei,
Taiwan
Wu M. J.
Institute of Natural Resources,
National Dong Hwa University,
974 Hualien,
Taiwan
Yeh C. F.
Institute of Natural Resources,
National Dong Hwa University,
974 Hualien,
Taiwan
Yerena E.
Departamento de Estudios Ambientales,
Universidad Simon Bolıvar,
Caracas,
Venezuela
Zech W.
Institute of Soil Science and Soil Geography,
University of Bayreuth,
95440 Bayreuth,
Germany
Zhang Y. P.
Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden,
Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Mengla,
Yunnan Province 666303,
P. R. China
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS xxi
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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-76035-5 - Tropical Montane Cloud Forests: Science for Conservation and ManagementL. A. Bruijnzeel, F. N. Scatena and L. S. HamiltonFrontmatterMore information
Foreword
While studying tropical ecology in the early 1980s I became
fascinated by the intriguing lectures Tom van der Hammen and
Antoine Cleef gave on the exuberance of cloud forests in the
Tropics – it all sounded so magical, mythical, Shakespearean
even; it seemed like one was part of the story of Macbeth,
observing the three witches disappearing in the mist! I felt priv-
ileged when my teachers in Amsterdam subsequently sent me out
to Colombia and Costa Rica to study the structure and compos-
ition of a special kind of tropical montane forests, the highland
oak forests of the American Tropics.
I felt even more fortunate when colleagues at Costa Rica’s
Universidad Nacional took me out to get to know the cloud forest
paradise of Monteverde. Just like Nalini Nadkarni and Nathaniel
Wheelwright, who, back in the year 2000, edited their amazing
book on the ecology and conservation of this lush cloud forest
preserve, I was amazed by the extraordinary richness and com-
plexity of the gnarled elfin woodlands at Monteverde. Only then
did I begin to grasp the tremendous diversity of the different
kinds of tropical mountain forests; whilst the Monteverde cloud
forest has a relatively low stature, the Talamancan oak forests
harbor trees reaching over 50 m tall. This sense of diversity and
complexity became even stronger after visiting montane cloud
forests in Puerto Rico, southern Mexico, Guatemala, Nicaragua,
Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia, northern Argentina, and
Cuba – all these places belonging to only one continent. Now, try
to imagine the added diversity and differences found among the
cloud forests of Africa, South East Asia and Oceania! During my
visit to Cuba it was a great honor for me to accompany the late
Alwyn Gentry, one of the world’s most knowledgeable botanists
of tropical floras of all times. Alwyn died tragically in 1993
during an airplane crash, ironically when flying over montane
cloud forest in Ecuador doing an assessment for conservation
purposes.
In May of that same year, 1993, dozens of scientists from
around the globe gathered in Puerto Rico to participate in the
first-ever worldwide symposium on tropical montane cloud
forests. Experts shared their research experiences and results
which were published in 1995 as a 400þ page volume edited
by Larry Hamilton, Jim Juvik, and Fred Scatena – two of whom
are co-editors of the present volume as well. Just a few weeks
later, in June 1993, over 50 scientists met at the New York
Botanical Garden to attend the first Neotropical Montane Forest
Biodiversity and Conservation Symposium. The proceedings of
this meeting were also published in 1995 as a 700þ page book
edited by Steve Churchill, Henrik Balslev, Enrique Forero, and
Jim Luteyn and include much material on cloud forests. Only six
years later I was happy to publish a 700-page volume in Spanish
together with Alejandro Brown as part of the global International
Mountain Year (2001), bringing together chapters on tropical
cloud forests from all Spanish-speaking Latin American coun-
tries and the Caribbean.
In the new millennium, the time had come to present an
updated state-of-knowledge review of tropical mountain cloud
forests worldwide, meant to inform future research, biodiversity
conservation, and sustainable development for nature’s and
humans’ well-being. To make that happen, Jim Juvik, Sampurno
Bruijnzeel, Fred Scatena, Larry Hamilton, and Philip Bubb teamed
up to organize the Second International Symposium on Tropical
Montane Cloud Forests, building on the 1993 Puerto Rico experi-
ence and taking into account the many subsequent scientific publi-
cations, regional meetings, and global policy efforts. This second
worldwide symposium took place in Waimea, Hawai’i, July 27 –
August 1 2004, and was attended by some hundred participants
from 25 countries around the globe. The symposium’s title was
Mountains in the Mist: Science for Conserving and Managing
Tropical Montane Cloud Forests. The present book is the prime
concrete product stemming from this important gathering. It brings
together a total of 72 chapters authored by over 170 scientists and
reviewed by some 60 colleagues. The book includes chapters on
such diverse topics as floristic and animal diversity, altitudinal
zonation, hydrometeorology, nutrient cycling, ecophysiology and
photosynthesis, climate change – exemplified by changes in cloud
cover – conservation of endemic and threatened species, and
restoration and management of cloud forest fragments.
As a scientist and conservationist, I am particularly happy to
see that this new book not only summarizes current knowledge
but also combines science and conservation practice in a single
volume. The editors have done a wonderful job in providing
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a comprehensive and up-to-date look at tropical cloud forests by
integrating purely biological/ecological case studies with
research on the role of humans in these fragile ecosystems. Too
often, scientific and conservation issues are published in separate
volumes, illustrating the divergence between those who study
cloud forest evolution and ecology, and those who try to con-
serve them. Clearly, however, we can only succeed in conserving
these diverse and fragile ecosystems if we understand the under-
lying patterns and processes governing their structure and func-
tioning, as well as cloud forest response to such global threats
like forest conversion, climate change, fire, and invasive species.
Now, thanks to the conviction and commitment of the editors,
with the current volume in hand we can start to make a difference
and develop science-based conservation strategies that take into
account the ecological specifics of different kinds of cloud
forests. The creation and consolidation of protected areas, the
controlled development of ecotourism, as well as arrangements
to ensure payment for environmental services from tropical
montane cloud forests are just three promising strategies that
should be implemented to help conserve cloud forests in the long
run. These three conservation strategies, and several others, are
discussed in this volume and should help set the stage for a
global movement to protect, use, and even restore the world’s
remaining cloud forests. This will benefit both nature and
humankind as people depend more and more on biodiversity
and water resources for their continued survival.
I am convinced that the holistic approach of this book will
stimulate greater worldwide awareness of all aspects of tropical
cloud forests. For that reason, I would like to invite researchers,
teachers, managers, practitioners, and students across the
globe to carefully read this book and the messages it contains,
and learn about the beauty, the complexity, the diversity, and
the uniqueness of these forests; and learn about the extent to
which we depend on tropical montane cloud forests for their
water, plants, and animals, and the various regulatory eco-
system services they provide, such as erosion control, flood
reduction, and pollination services. Hopefully, the book will be
translated into the languages of the countries where most of the
remaining tropical cloud forests are found: in Latin America,
the Caribbean, Africa, Asia, and Oceania, thereby enabling
wider access to this opus magnum for interested scientists,
educators, extension workers, NGO personnel as well as forest
and land managers.
Maarten Kappelle
(Lead Scientist for Latin America, The Nature Conservancy)
FOREWORD xxiii
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Preface
Just below an area of cloud forest on the Island of Hawai’i, an
outstanding cadre of the principal cloud forest researchers and
managers from around the world gathered from July 27 to
August 1, 2004. Their purpose was to bring forward before peers
the latest information on the occurrence, site conditions, eco-
logical functioning (especially in terms of water, nutrient, and
carbon dynamics), as well as threats to and management of these
special ecosystems. As well as providing valuable interchange
among cloud forest colleagues, and providing new partnerships
in research, this event has subsequently resulted in this book.
It presents much of the current state-of-the-art knowledge about
cloud forests.
Only once previously had such an international convocation
been effected. This was organized by the East–West Center and
the International Institute of Tropical Forestry of the United
States Forest Service, with support from the UNESCO Inter-
national Hydrological Programme in 1993. It was held in
San Juan, Puerto Rico and brought together some 44 scientists
who were working in cloud forests on every continent, in
20 countries. The collected papers and a synthesis chapter were
published in Tropical Montane Cloud Forests in 1995 by
Springer-Verlag, edited by Lawrence Hamilton, James Juvik,
and Fred Scatena. This event and this book stimulated several
new university, governmental, and intergovernmental programs
of research and education.
Some ten years later, the three conveners and editors, aug-
mented by the energy of Sampurno Bruijnzeel, were moved into
action at the insistence of Jim Juvik, to attempt the convening of
another symposium, a “Puerto Rico Plus 10” event. Its purpose
would be to capture previously omitted research and manage-
ment, and to provide a vehicle for presentation of new work
since 1993. This would also serve as a checkpoint to assess the
progress that was called for in the 1995 IUCN publication,
A Campaign for Cloud Forests: Unique and Valuable Ecosys-
tems at Risk. This campaign called for the following actions:
(i) worldwide inventory and mapping; (ii) raising awareness as to
values, based on science; (iii) increased monitoring and bench-
mark establishment, especially in the face of global climate
change; (iv) integrated and long-term research on ecosystem
processes and elements; (v) applied research to answer manage-
ment needs, plus management plans and sustainable land use
practices; and (vi) more protection through their designation as
formal Protected Areas. A significant milestone along the way to
the Hawai’i Symposium was the publication for international
awareness-raising of Decision Time for Cloud Forests in the
IHP Humid Tropics Programme Series (no. 13). Moreover, the
World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC) in Cambridge,
UK began the compilation of a directory of major cloud
forest sites.
The four Symposium planners, augmented by Philip Bubb
from WCMC, met in Vermont in October 2002 to lay the foun-
dation for this event. They were not able to implement a summit
gathering of cloud forests aficionados in 2003, but the following
year the Second International Symposium became a reality on
the island of Hawai’i, at the base of cloud forests. It bore the title:
Mountains in the Mist: Science for Conserving and Managing
Tropical Montane Cloud Forests. While three of the Symposium
planners concentrated on program contents and participants, to
Jim Juvik of the University of Hawai’i at Hilo must go the kudos
for a superb job of all aspects of local organization, from field
trips to Hawaiian luaus. One hundred and two participants bene-
fited from the organizational skills of Jim and his support team as
we met at an excellent venue, the Hawaiian Preparatory Acad-
emy at Waimea. It was a superb site for the exchange of infor-
mation and ideas. The (mostly invited) participants came from
25 countries, but reported on work in many more. As well as four
full days of formal papers being presented, two effective poster
sessions brought in additional project participation. These con-
tributions, supplemented by a few solicited additional chapters
and minus ten chapters that did not pass muster upon peer
review, made this book a reality. Acknowledgment of the fine
work of the more than 60 peer reviewers – some of whom
assessed and commented upon as many as five manuscripts – is
given at the end of this Preface. The editors wish to thank
Maarten Kappelle in particular for his substantial input to the
Synthesis chapter in the arena of cloud forest management and
conservation, and Mark Mulligan for adding his modeling skills
to the chapter.
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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-76035-5 - Tropical Montane Cloud Forests: Science for Conservation and ManagementL. A. Bruijnzeel, F. N. Scatena and L. S. HamiltonFrontmatterMore information
During the meeting two individuals were recognized for lead-
ership by being presented with Distinguished Scientist Awards
by the University of Hawai’i, Hilo: Robert Schemenauer and
Lawrence Hamilton. Furthermore, a new DVD documentary
calledMountains in the Mist: Discovering Cloud Forest, directed
by Sampurno Bruijnzeel and produced by Halsundbeinbruch
Film from Switzerland, and featuring cloud forest research at
Monteverde, Costa Rica, was screened for the first time. Since
then it has been viewed by around one million people all over
the world while part of the proceeds go to the upkeep of the
Monteverde Preserve. An all-day field excursion around the
island of Hawai’i (led by Jim Juvik with the help of Tom
Giambelluca), and early morning or late afternoon trips to a
nearby cloud forest research site under the enthusiastic guidance
of John DeLay kept participants linked to the ground.
The Symposium was sponsored by the UNESCO International
Hydrology Programme, by IUCN’s World Commission on
Protected Areas (Mountain Biome) and by the Gordon and Betty
Moore Foundation. Additional support enabling people from
various parts of the world to participate in the Symposium was
provided by the Department for International Development of the
United Kingdom. (Forest Research Project R 7991), the United
States National Science Foundation (project EAR-0309731), the
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (project FOR 402), and the
International Institute of Tropical Forestry of the United States
Forest Service. Funding from the Gordon and Betty Moore
Foundation and VU University Amsterdam has made financially
possible the publication of the results of the Symposium by
Cambridge University Press. To all of these, the editors express
their deep gratitude. The junior editors also thank on behalf of
all the authors, the massive effort of Sampurno Bruijnzeel, who,
as lead editor, deserves the lion’s share of the credit.
It is clearly displayed in the various chapters and syntheses in
this book, that a great deal has been accomplished over the past
decade, in implementing the six actions called for in the 1995
Campaign for Cloud Forests. The quality of the research and
number of projects has increased greatly, and this volume repre-
sents an attempt to capture most of the relevant new material. It is
pertinent to state that, prior to submission of the final book manu-
script to the publishers, Sampurno has (single-handedly) updated
all of the chapters to Spring 2010 with new relevant published
research. Thus, although the meeting was held more than five
years ago, this volume is truly up to date. More, however, remains
to be done. It is hoped that this bookwill stimulate greater attention
to, and more action for the amazing cloud forests of the world.
Lawrence S. Hamilton
Charlotte, Vermont, USA
xxvi PREFACE
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Acknowledgements
List of chapter reviewers
S. Aiba M.K. van der Molena
T.M. Aidea T. Motzer
R. Bain D. Mueller-Dombois
J. Bendixa M. Mulliganb
H. J. Boehmer N.M. Nadkarnia
J. Boy U. S. Naira
G. Brehm M. Oesker
P. Bubb B. Ostertag
J. C. Calvo-Alvarado I. Porras
A. Cleefa R. Rollenbeck
J. K. DeLay N. Rueger
C. Downer L. Santiagoa
W. Eugstera F. Sarmientoa
P. Fabian J. Schellekens
J. Fallas R. S. Schemenauerb
K. Fleischbein M.A. Scholl
G. Garcıa-Santos W. L. Silvera
J. H. C. Gash C. J. Still
T.W. Giambellucaa A. Taber
A. Hemp E.V. J. Tanner
D. Hertela C. Tobona
P. Hietza S. Tognetti
D. Hoelschera P.M. Vitousek
R. Hofstede M. J. A. Werger
F. Holwerdaa B. Wickel
J. O. Juvik W. Wilckea
R.O. Lawtona J. H.D. Wolfb
Ch. Leuschner K. Zaal
M. Lubczynski G. Zotz
M. Kappelle
a Two or more reviews.b Five or more reviews.
xxvii
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