STM JOURNALS

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Trends in Transport Engineering

and Applications

(TTEA)

Jan - April 2014

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Trends in Transport Engineering and Applications

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Dr. Bimlesh Lochab

Industrial Tribology Machine Dynamics & Maintenance

Engineering Centre (ITMMEC)

Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India.

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Alternative Energy Technology Laboratory,

Department of Physics,

Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai, India.

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Varanasi, India.

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Applied Chemistry, BIT Mesra,

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Gargi Asha Jha

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Sona Chahal

STM Journal (s) Advisory Board

Dr. Ashish RunthalaLecturer, Biological Sciences Group,

Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani Rajasthan, India.

Dr. Baldev RajDistinguished Scientist & Director,

Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research

(ICGAR)Kalpakkam, India.

Dr. Baskar KaliyamoorthyAssociate Professor, Department

of Civil Engineering National Institute of Technology Trichy, India.

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Metallurgical and Materials Engineering National Institute of Technology,

Rourkela, India.

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University, Baru Sahib, India.

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Engineering department, PEC University of Technology,

Chandigarh, India.

STM Journal (s) Advisory Board & Editorial Board

Dr. Pradeep Kumar AgarwalProfessor, Department of Civil

Engineering, National Institute of Technology Bhopal, M.P, India.

Dr. Rajat RastogiAssociate Professor, Department of Civil

Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India.

Dr. Saravanan SubbarayanAssistant Professor, Department of Civil

Engineering National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli, India.

Dr. Seyedehsan SeyedabrishamiAssistant Professor in Transportation

Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University Tehran, Iran.

Dr. Shoeb MalikAssociate Professor,Department

of Civil Engineering, A.M.U., Aligarh, India.

Dr. Sudeshna MitraAssistant Professor, Department of Civil

Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, W.B, India.

Editorial Board

Dr. Akhilesh Kumar MauryaAssistant Professor, Department of Civil

Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India.

Mr. Gobinath RavindranAssistant Professor, Department of Civil

Engineering, Jay Shriram Group of Institutions, Tirupur, Tamilnadu, India.

Dr. K.V.R. Ravi ShankarAssistant Professor Department of Civil Engineering, NIT Warangal,

Andhra Pradesh, India.

Dr. Krishna Prapoorna BiligiriAssistant Professor, Civil Engineering IIT

Kharagpur, W.B, India.

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Nagar, Mumbai, India.

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Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India.

Dr. M.S.RanadiveAssociate Professor, Civil Engineering, College of Engineering , Pune, India.

Dr. Mahabir PandaProfessor, Department of Civil Engg.

NIT Rourkela, Odisha, India.

Dr. Mizanur RahmanProfessor, Department of Civil

Engineering Bangladesh, BUET, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Dr. Moazzem HossainProfessor,Department of Civil Engineering

Bangladesh, BUET, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Dr. Norhidayah Binti Abdul HassanFaculty of Civil Engineering and Construction Research Alliance, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.

Dr. Partha Pratim DeyAssistant Professor, IIT Bhubaneswar,

India.

I take the privilege to present the print version for the Volume 1 Issue (1) of Trends in Transport

Engineering and Applications. The intension of TTEA is to create an atmosphere that stimulates

creativeness, research and growth in the area of Transport Engineering and Applications.

The development and growth of the mankind is the consequence of brilliant Research done by

eminent Scientists and Engineers in every field. TTEA provides an outlet for Research findings and

reviews in areas of Transport Engineering and Applications found to be relevant for National and

International recent developments & research initiative.

The aim and scope of the Journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for

the advancement and dissemination of Research results that support high level learning, teaching and

research in the domain of Transport Engineering and Applications.

Finally, and Authors for their continued support and invaluable contributions and suggestions in the

form of authoring I express my sincere gratitude and thanks to our Editorial/ Reviewer board write

ups/ reviewing and providing constructive comments for the advancement of the journals. With

regards to their due continuous support and co-operation, we have been able to publish quality

Research/Reviews findings for our customers base.

I hope you will enjoy reading this issue and we welcome your feedback on any aspect of the Journal..

Dr. Archana Mehrotra

Director

STM Journals

Director's Desk

STM JOURNALS

1. Sensitivity of Rigid Pavement Responses to Pavement Layer Thickness Due to Wheel Load: A Nonlinear Finite Element Study Md. Mizanur Rahman, Md. Newaz Murshed 1

2. A Review of Traffic Noise Standards and Noise Models Syed Aqeel Ahmad, P. K. Sarkar 10

3. Need for an Integrated Modelling Approach for Mixed Traffic Flow PhenomenaK.V.R. Ravi Shankar 20

4. Review of Simulation Techniques for Microscopic Mobility of Pedestrian MovementPritikana Das, M. Parida, V. K. Katiyar 27

ContentsTrends in Transport Engineering and Applications

TTEA (2014)© STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved

Trends in Transport Engineering and Applications

Volume 1, Issue 1

www.stmjournals.com

Sensitivity of Rigid Pavement Responses to Pavement

Layer Thickness Due to Wheel Load: A Nonlinear Finite

Element Study

Md. Mizanur Rahman*, Md. Newaz Murshed Civil Engineering Department, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology

Dhaka, Bangladesh

AbstractThe behavior of a jointed plain concrete pavement (JPCP) has been investigated under single wheel load for interior loading using finite element technique to predict the critical

pavement responses for both linear and nonlinear geometrical characterization. The

idealized pavement system is analyzed using 3D finite element analysis with the general

purpose finite element software ABAQUS. The developed 3D model was analyzed for

four combinations of material characterizations- (1) linear base and subgrade material, (2) nonlinear base and linear subgrade, (3) linear base and nonlinear subgrade, and (4)

nonlinear base and nonlinear subgrade. Effects of different pavement layer thicknesses

i.e. slab thickness and base course material thicknesses on the critical pavement responses were studied. The study shows that for a jointed plain concrete pavement, the

maximum values of pavement deflection of slab top, tensile stress at the bottom of

concrete slab and vertical pressure on top of subgrade are reduced significantly up to a concrete slab thickness of 225 mm (9 inch), above which the influence of slab thickness

on pavement responses reduces significantly. The effects of base course material thickness on the maximum values of pavement deflection, tensile stress and subgrade

pressure are less significant compared to effects of slab thickness.

Keywords: Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement, Pavement Responses, Nonlinear

Geomaterial, Finite Element Analysis, Abaqus

TTEA (2014)© STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved

Trends in Transport Engineering and Applications

Volume 1, Issue 1

www.stmjournals.com

A Review of Traffic Noise Standards and Noise Models

Syed Aqeel Ahmad1*, P. K. Sarkar

2

1Department of Civil Engineering, Integral University, Lucknow, India

2Department of Transport Planning, School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi, India

Abstract Traffic noise is one of the most irritating pollutions which affect human health in various

forms, be it permanent hearing loss, shifting of hearing threshold,

irritation/psychological problem, blood pressure, sleeping disorder, premature child birth, etc. The noise generated in the base year of any project may not be harmful, but it

may be harmful by horizon year. Under this condition, noise mitigation measures need to be inbuilt in the project itself. In order to suggest right noise mitigation measure for

future, noise prediction should be accurate as far as possible. Therefore, an attempt has

been made in this paper to review most of the noise prediction models in the world. The paper also presents some basics of noise and comparison of noise standards in various

countries including India.

Keywords: Noise, noise standard, noise model

TTEA (2014)© STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved

Trends in Transport Engineering and Applications

Volume 1, Issue 1

www.stmjournals.com

Need for an Integrated Modelling Approach for Mixed

Traffic Flow Phenomena

K.V.R. Ravi Shankar* Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Andhra Pradesh, India

Abstract Traffic flow modelling can be in general categorised into three broad categories. Macroscopic models are generally based on aggregate level of traffic flow; whereas

microscopic tools are more disaggregated and dynamic in nature. Benefiting from the steadily increasing availability of affordable computing power, these more detailed

models have become the tool of choice for operational studies, commonly in the form of

microscopic simulators. Among other dynamic models, mesoscopic ones are a

compromise between the macro and micro levels. With the introduction of new

technologies, data of unprecedented quantity and ultimately quality, development of next generation simulation models becomes an interesting research direction.This paper

proposes the need for next generation simulation models and presents a lead to

development of integrated models. The driver behaviour is a cause-reaction approach involving several tasks within a short time interval. Hence an integrated system

comprising of driver decision making and the inter-dependence among the decisions and

anticipation capabilities better replicates the realistic diving behaviour. These integrated models are driven by the distinct difference in driving behaviour, vehicle-type

characteristics, level of traffic etc. These kind of models are more apt particularly for Indian mixed traffic conditions where the static and dynamic characteristics of the

vehicle vary widely.

Keywords: Mixed traffic, integrated models, reaction time, vehicle-type, lateral

behaviour

TTEA (2014)© STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved

Trends in Transport Engineering and Applications

Volume 1, Issue 1

www.stmjournals.com

Review of Simulation Techniques for Microscopic

Mobility of Pedestrian Movement

Pritikana Das1*, M. Parida

1, V. K. Katiyar

2

1Centre for Transportation Systems, CTRANS, IIT Roorkee-247667, India

2IIT Roorkee-247667, India

Abstract Simulation techniques are very useful for developing models or systems over time to represent the real-world scenarios. The model represents the key characteristics or

behaviors/functions of the selected physical or abstract system or process. Simulation

techniques are useful when the real system cannot be engaged, because of inaccessibility, or dangerous or is unacceptable to engage or does not exist. Microscopic characteristics

of pedestrian traffic consider speeds, walking directions, distances between pedestrians,

relative positions, passing behavior and group behavior. In microscopic approach individual pedestrians are evaluated in the study which is required for detailed design of

pedestrian infrastructure. In this study various microsimulation models, tools and microscopic data collection techniques have been discussed briefly to encourage

designers, policy planners to implement pedestrian facilities considering the microscopic

approach. Level of service criterion and guidance for capacity manual can be implemented by including microscopic characteristics of pedestrians. Microscopic

simulation models are broadly divided into five categories named cellular-based model,

physical force-based model, behavioral modeling, queuing network model and agent-based model. Various simulation tools are basically based on these four models.

Nowadays a new model combining cellular automata and social-force model has been proposed. This study is required to update designers or planners about various

microscopic approaches and helpful for designing real situation with details of

pedestrian movement to improve pedestrian traffic facilities.

Keywords: Pedestrian flow, microscopic simulation, social force, cellular automata,

magnetic force