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Treatment of Poor Responders
Pathophysiology of Poor Responders
• Deficiency in systemic IGF‐1 levels (Bahceci, 2007)
• Lower intra‐ovarian T levels
• Reduced FSH receptor expression (Cai, 2007)
Bahceci, 2007, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 130:93–98Cai, 2007,Fertil Steril;87:1350–1356
Definition of Poor Responder
• There is no consistent definition of poor responder in the literature, although ESHRE established the Bologna criteria
• Lack of Uniform Criteria in publications‐makes comparison of outcomes from various trials difficult
• 9‐26% of ART cycles
ESHRE consensus on the definition of ‘poor response' to ovarian stimulation for in vitro
fertilization: the Bologna criteria
• At least two of the following three features must be present:
– Advanced maternal age (≥40 years) or any other risk factor for POR;
– A previous POR (≤3 oocytes with a conventional stimulation protocol);
– An abnormal ovarian reserve test (i.e. AFC <5–7 follicles or AMH <0.5–1.1 ng/ml).
Live‐birth rates in very poor prognosis patients, who are defined as poor responders under the Bologna criteria, with non‐elective single embryo,
two‐embryo, and three or more embryos transferred
Gleicher, F&S, September, 2015
Patient/cycle characteristics
Gleicher, F&S, September, 2015
Live‐birth ratesAdjusted for cancellation
Gleicher, F&S, September, 2015
• Patients with 1 embryo had 8/129 divided by 2= <4% live birth rate
• With 2 embryos ‐ 8/111 divided by 2= 4% live birth rate
• With 3 embryos ‐14/141 divided by 2= 5% live birth rate
Comparison of pregnancy rate in poor responders to normal responders.
TextText
Oudendijk, Hum. Reprod. Update (January/February 2012) 18 (1): 1-11.
Female age category and pregnancy rate per cycle started
Oudendijk, Hum. Reprod. Update (January/February 2012) 18 (1): 1-11.
Potential Treatments for the Poor Responder
• Increase Gonadotropin dose
• Low dose luteal GnRHa or GnRHa stop
• Microdose Agonist Flare
• GnRH antagonists
• Luteal estrogen priming
• Luteal antagonist
• Addition of LH
• Aromatase inhibitors
• Clomiphene
• Adjunctive treatment with Testosterone or Growth hormone
• Minimal stimulation/natural cycle
450 IU versus 600 IU gonadotropin for controlled ovarian stimulation in poor responders: a randomized controlled trial
Lefebvre, F&S, December 2015:104; 6, 1419
Stimulation and cycle outcome
Antagonist/Letrozole vs Microdoselupron Flare (CCRM)
Comparison of microdose flare‐up and antagonist multiple‐dose protocols for poor‐responder patients: a randomized
study
Demirol, Fertility and sterility 2009;92:481-5.
Summary of Micro‐flare Literature
• Microdose flair protocols result in improved ovarian response in poor responders compared to mid‐luteal GnRH‐a and standard flair protocols
• OCP pre‐treatment avoids follicular increase in LH, P, A, and T and there effects on oocyte and embryo quality as well as the endometrium
• Microdoses of GnRH‐a result in sustained pituitary release of FSH>LH yet prevent premature LH surges
Antagonists for Poor Responders
• Avoid desensitization and thereby the eliminate the suppression of endogenous gonadotropins during the start of stimulation
Evolution of luteal Estrogen and Antagonist Protocols Fanchin, F&S, 2003
Luteal E-2 administration reduces the size and improves the homogeneity of early
antral follicles on day 3
Luteal GnRH antagonist administration reduces size disparities of early antral follicles on day 2, likely through the
prevention of luteal FSH elevation and early follicular development
anchin, F&S, 2004:
Weitzman, F&S, 2008
Comparison of luteal estradiol patch and gonadotropin‐releasing hormone antagonist suppression protocol before gonadotropin stimulation versus microdose gonadotropin‐releasing hormone agonist protocol for patients
with a history of poor in vitro fertilization outcomesWeitzman, F&S, 2008
LPG group Microdose group P
No. of cycles 45 76
Peak E‐2 1533 2141 <.05Oocytes 9.1 8.9 NSEmbryos Transferred 2.5 2.7 NSCancellation Rate 29% 30% NSImplantation Rate 15% 12.5% NSOngoinng Pregnancy 30% 26% NS
Retrospective analysis of E alone vs E/Ant for luteal priming
• Retrospective: 313 pts
– < 43 yrs
– ≤ 5 oocytes with prior cycle
– Prior cancellation(<4 follicles or peak E‐2 <500pg
Elassar, F&S, 2011
Luteal phase estradiol (LP) versus luteal phase estradiol and antagonist (LPG)protocol for controlled ovarian stimulation prior to IVF in poor
responders Elassar, F&S, 2009, Volume 92, Issue 3, Supplement, Page S55
Clomid and Antagonist
Down‐reg CC/Antagonist
#Ampules 50 83
No. follicles 3..76 5.8
Peak E‐2 744 833
Oocytes 3.4 5.7
PR 15 22
IR 8 14
D’Amato, F&S, 2004
RCT of Luteal agonist(unspecified doses) vs FSH(600IU) and CC 100(2‐6), Antagonist
More oocytes but no SD in PR or IR, but trend favoring CC
Aromatase Inhibitors
• Increased gonadotropin secretion
• Increase in intraovarian androgens‐increase FSH receptors
Weil, 1998
Aromatase Inhibitors and Antagonist
• MDL vs Ant + 2.5mg d2‐6
• More oocytes with MDL, but higher IR with Letrozole
MF AL P
No. of metaphase II oocytes 5.3 ± 3.9 3.1 ± 2.7 <.01
Implantation rate, % 9.8 14.5 .01
Yarali, F&S, 2009:92; 231
Letrozole and gonadotropins versus luteal estradiol and gonadotropin‐releasing hormone antagonist protocol in women with a prior low
response to ovarian stimulation
Elassar, F&S, 2011
Is High dose gonadotropin treatment detrimental?
• In animal models, COH results in a dose dependent affect on oocyte and embryo quality(Van der Auwera, Hum Reprod. 2001)
• Comparing natural vs stimulated cycles in humans, no difference has been seen in embryo quality or aneuploidy(Labara, 2012, 2014)
Modified natural in vitro fertilization cycle in patients with “genuine” poor response
• 111 patients who fulfilled two of the three Bologna criteria and also yielded a maximum of three oocytes after COH
• MNC‐IVF: natural cycles with GnRH antagonist supplementation (0.25 mg/day; started when a follicle of 13 mm was present. 150‐225 IU of hMG were co‐administered daily during the antagonist treatment
Kedem, F&S, 2014, 101:1624
Kedem, F&S, 2014, 101:1624
A controlled trial of natural cycle versus microdosegonadotropin‐releasing hormone analog flare cycles in poor
responders undergoing in vitro fertilizationMorgia, F&S, 2004
Parameters Natural cycle COH P
No. of patients 59 70 —
No. of cycles 114 101 —
Cycles with oocytes (%) 77.2 82.2 —
Cycles with transfer (%) ` 41.2 68.3
NS
No. of embryos/transfer 1.8 NS
Pregnancy/cycle (%) 6.1 6.9NS
Pregnancy/transfer (%) 14.9 10.1NS
Implantation rate (%) 14.9 5.5
Natural‐cycle in vitro fertilization in poor responder patients: a survey of 500 consecutive
cycles
• Inclusion criteria in the study were patient < 44, and a previous IVF cycle performed in our IVF center that was canceled due to no follicle activation or only one follicle recruited
• Mean age was 39.3 years (range: 30 to 43 years), their duration of infertility was 4.6years
Schimberni, IVF with natural cycle in poor responder women. Fertil Steril 2008.
Natural‐cycle in vitro fertilization in poor responder patients: a survey of 500 consecutive cycles
Conventional vs. minimal ovarian stimulation in poor responder women according to the Bologna criteria.
• Poor responders(Bologna criteria) underwent both one conventional antagonist (cOS) (n=46) and one mininalstimulation (mOS) protocol (n=46)
• mOS was performed with 50mg daily clomiphene citrate and low amounts of gonadotrophins every other day from 4th day of stimulation
• Mean age was 40.4 years, FSH of 11.3, AFC: 5.3, AMH: 0.79
abarta, F&S, September, 2015
Labarta, F&S, September, 2015
Strategies to manage poor responders:
• Increase FSH levels(increased FSH dose, letrozole, Clomiphene, Agonist flare, Antagonists
• Increasing follicle sensitivity to FSH
– Testosterone
– DHEA
– Dexamethasone
– Growth Hormone
•
Why Would Androgens Impact Folliculogenesis?
• Circulating DHEA‐SO4 levels, which reflect androgen production, decrease by 50% between ages 25‐45
• 50% of follicular androgens are produced from circulating DHEA
• DHEA may act by increasing IGF‐1 expression to enhance gonadotropin actionCarson et al, Fertil Steril 1998;70:107‐10
• Impact on FSH receptors
– FSH receptor density is reduced in low responders
– Local androgens induce FSH receptor up‐regulation
Weil et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83:2479-85
Vendola in the subhuman primate model showed that an amount of systemically applied T (50 mg/kg per day for 5 days), which raised the circulating T concentration into the low male range, was capable of
increasing preantral and antral follicles
Basal Day 3 Testosterone Level and IVF Outcome
11.1
53.1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
< 20 > 20
Frattarelli et al., Fertil Steril 2004;81:1713-4
Testosterone (ng/dL)
N=43* p<.05
Pre
gnan
cy r
ate
(%)
*
The follicular hormonal profile in low‐responder patients undergoing unstimulated cycles: is it
hypoandrogenic?
De los Santos, Hum. Reprod. (2013) 28 (1): 224‐229.
Dehydroepiandrosterone administration does not increasepregnancy rates in poor responders: a meta‐analysis
Kolibianakis, O‐084,Eshre abstract, 2016
DHEA administration in poor responders undergoing ovarian
stimulation for IVF is not associated with an increase in the probability of
pregnancy.
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating DHEA administration exclusively
in poor responders
Seven eligible RCTs evaluating a total of 576 patients were meta‐analyzed
DHEA did not improve the probability of clinical pregnancy (RR: 1.10; 95% CI: 0.81–1.50) or live birth (RR: 1.18; 95% CI: 0.36–3.88) as compared to no DHEA treatment Although
No significant differences were observed in the number of COCs retrieved, in the number of 2‐pronuclei oocytes and in the number of embryos
transferred
Transdermal testosterone may improve ovarian response to gonadotropins in low‐responder IVF patients
Fábregues et al, Hum Reprod 2009 24:349‐359
• RCT of 62 infertile women whose first IVF cycle was cancelled due to poor follicular response.
• Group 1 (n = 31): Transdermal application of testosterone precedingstandard gonadotropin ovarian stimulation with GnRHa suppression. Daily single patch with 2.5 mg/day nominal testosterone delivery rate (Androderm 2.5 mg) applied on the thigh at night and removed at 9:00 each morning (20 mcg/kg per day for 5 days)
• Group 2 (n = 31): High‐dose gonadotropins with a mini‐dose GnRHa protocol.
Transdermal Testosterone in Poor Responders (cont.)‐Fabregues et al, Hum Reprod 2009;24:349‐59
• Percentage of cycles with poor response lower in Gr. 1 (32.2% vs. 71%, p<.05)
• Trend towards lower cancellation rate in Gr. 1 (19.4% vs. 41.9%, p=.09)
• Lower cancellation rate in Gr. 1 among subset of patients with normal baseline FSH levels (18.8% vs. 58.9%, p<.05)
Transdermal Testosterone Priming
‐Kim et al, Fertil Steril 2011;95:679‐83
• Prospective randomized trial of 110 low responders (≤3 oocytes retrieved despite use of >2500 IU gonadotropins in prior cycle)
• Study group: E2 valerate 1 mg/d + norethindrone 5mg/d x 21 days + transdermal testosterone gel (TTG) (Testo gel 1%) 12.5 mg daily beginning day 6 of E+P x 21 days prior to FSH 300 IU daily with flexible GnRH ant protocol
• Control group: E+P and COH as above without TTG
• No differences in patient characteristics between groups
• Significant ↑ in # mature and fer lized oocytes, good quality embryos (all p<.001), implantation and clinical pregnancy rates (both p<.05) with TTG
• No adverse effects with TTG use
• Despite no adequately powered clinical trials, there are already three meta‐analyses advocating the benefits of Testosterone pre‐treatment(Bosdou, 2012, Gonzalez‐Comadran, 2012, Sunkara, 2011)
Growth Hormone for Poor Responders
• GH stimulates granulosa cell proliferation and ovarian response to FSH through IFG‐1 synthesis
• Higher intrafollicular GH levels have been correlated with oocyte and embryo competence
• Poor responders have low IFG‐1 levels
GH and Poor Responders: Meta‐Analysis
● 6 RCTs including 169 patients
● 17% ↑ live birth rate (95% CI: 5-30); NNT: 6 (95% CI: 3-20)22% ↑ % in patients undergoing ET (95% CI: 7-30)
● High degree of heterogeneity makes interpretation difficult: Definition of poor responders, GH dose, ovarian stimulation protocol
Kolibianakis et al, Hum Reprod Update 2009; 15:613-22
Comparison of rLH and rFSH versus rFSH alone for COH in GnRHagonist dowregulated IVF/CSI cycles in poor responders,Outcome: Ongoing pregnancy per woman randomized.
Lower apoptosis rate in human cumulus cells after administration of recombinant luteinizing hormone to women undergoing ovarian
stimulation for in vitro fertilization proceduresRuvolo F&S, 2007
Patients with poor oocytes yield, (<50%) number of oocytes retrieved per number of follicles > 14 mm in diameter on day of hCG administrationGiven double trigger(hcg and agonist) in subsequent cycle
Haas J, J Ovarian Res. 2014 Aug 2;7:77.
doi: 10.1186/1757-2215-7-77
Dual trigger with gonadotropin‐releasing hormone agonist and standard dose human chorionic gonadotropin to improve oocyte maturity rates
Griffin, Fertility and Sterility, Vol. 102, Issue 2, p405–409
Follicular versus luteal phase ovarian stimulation during the same menstrual cycle (DuoStim) in a reduced ovarian reserve population results in a similar euploid blastocyst formation rate: new insight in
ovarian reserve exploitation
• Patients with reduced ovarian reserve—AMH level of ≤1.5 ng/mL, AFC ≤6 follicles, and/or ≤5 oocytes retrieved in a previous cycle
• Blastocyst stage CCS
• Mean age: 39.2
• Mean FSH: 12.3 Mean
• AMH 0.7
• Mean antral follicle count: 5.2
Ubaldi, F&S, 2016
Ubaldi, F&S, June 2016, 105, 6, 1488–1495
Data according to follicular and luteal phase stimulation.
Follicular Luteal P value
Days of stimulation 9.6 10.3 NS
Oocytes 5.1 5.7 NS
Blastocysts 1.2 1.4 NS
Euploid Blastocyst 0.6 0.7 NS
Euploid Blast/M‐2 oocyte
16.2% 15% NS
Implantion Rate 71.4% 62.5%
Ubaldi, F&S, June 2016, 105, 6, 1488–1495
Poor Responders: Summary
• The lack of a uniform definition of the poor responder makes comparison of results from trials difficult
• Among GnRH agonist protocols, microdose agonist flare with brief OC pre‐treatment seem most effective
• Whether microdose flare protocols are more effective than specific GnRH antagonist protocols is unclear
• Growth hormone appears to improve outcomes although the ideal patient population has not been defined
• More data are needed on the role of androgen pre‐treatment (DHEA, T)
Conclusions
• No evidence to support luteal estrogen priming, luteal antagonist, or Aromatase inhibitors
• LH, Testosterone and growth hormone are adjuncts that demonstrate benefit
• Clomid protocols may hold promise in the era of vitrification/embryo banking