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Treatment of Poor Responders Pathophysiology of Poor Responders Deficiency in systemic IGF‐1 levels (Bahceci, 2007) Lower intra‐ovarian T levels Reduced FSH receptor expression (Cai, 2007) Bahceci, 2007, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 130:93–98 Cai, 2007,Fertil Steril;87:1350–1356

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Page 1: Treatment of Poor Responders - Amazon S3 · Treatment of Poor Responders Pathophysiology of Poor Responders • Deficiency in systemic IGF‐1 levels (Bahceci, 2007) • Lower intra‐ovarian

Treatment of Poor Responders

Pathophysiology of Poor Responders

• Deficiency  in systemic IGF‐1 levels (Bahceci, 2007)

• Lower intra‐ovarian T levels 

• Reduced FSH receptor expression (Cai, 2007)

Bahceci, 2007, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 130:93–98Cai, 2007,Fertil Steril;87:1350–1356

Page 2: Treatment of Poor Responders - Amazon S3 · Treatment of Poor Responders Pathophysiology of Poor Responders • Deficiency in systemic IGF‐1 levels (Bahceci, 2007) • Lower intra‐ovarian

Definition of Poor Responder

• There is no consistent definition of poor responder in the literature, although ESHRE established the Bologna criteria 

• Lack of Uniform Criteria in publications‐makes comparison of outcomes from various trials difficult

• 9‐26% of ART cycles

ESHRE consensus on the definition of ‘poor response' to ovarian stimulation for in vitro

fertilization: the Bologna criteria

• At least two of the following three features must be present: 

– Advanced maternal age (≥40 years) or any other risk factor for POR;

– A previous POR (≤3 oocytes with a conventional stimulation protocol);

– An abnormal ovarian reserve test (i.e. AFC <5–7 follicles or AMH <0.5–1.1 ng/ml).

Page 3: Treatment of Poor Responders - Amazon S3 · Treatment of Poor Responders Pathophysiology of Poor Responders • Deficiency in systemic IGF‐1 levels (Bahceci, 2007) • Lower intra‐ovarian

Live‐birth rates in very poor prognosis patients, who are defined as poor responders under the Bologna criteria, with non‐elective single embryo, 

two‐embryo, and three or more embryos transferred

Gleicher, F&S, September, 2015

Patient/cycle characteristics

Gleicher, F&S, September, 2015

Page 4: Treatment of Poor Responders - Amazon S3 · Treatment of Poor Responders Pathophysiology of Poor Responders • Deficiency in systemic IGF‐1 levels (Bahceci, 2007) • Lower intra‐ovarian

Live‐birth ratesAdjusted for cancellation 

Gleicher, F&S, September, 2015

• Patients with 1 embryo had 8/129 divided by 2=  <4% live birth rate

• With 2 embryos ‐ 8/111 divided by 2=  4% live birth rate

• With 3 embryos ‐14/141 divided by 2=  5% live birth rate

Comparison of pregnancy rate in poor responders to normal responders.

TextText

Oudendijk, Hum. Reprod. Update (January/February 2012) 18 (1): 1-11.

Page 5: Treatment of Poor Responders - Amazon S3 · Treatment of Poor Responders Pathophysiology of Poor Responders • Deficiency in systemic IGF‐1 levels (Bahceci, 2007) • Lower intra‐ovarian

Female age category and pregnancy rate per cycle started

Oudendijk, Hum. Reprod. Update (January/February 2012) 18 (1): 1-11.

Potential Treatments for the Poor Responder

• Increase Gonadotropin dose

• Low dose luteal GnRHa or GnRHa stop

• Microdose Agonist Flare

• GnRH antagonists

• Luteal estrogen priming

• Luteal antagonist

• Addition of LH

• Aromatase inhibitors

• Clomiphene

• Adjunctive treatment with Testosterone or Growth hormone

• Minimal stimulation/natural cycle

Page 6: Treatment of Poor Responders - Amazon S3 · Treatment of Poor Responders Pathophysiology of Poor Responders • Deficiency in systemic IGF‐1 levels (Bahceci, 2007) • Lower intra‐ovarian

450 IU versus 600 IU gonadotropin for controlled ovarian stimulation in poor responders: a randomized controlled trial

Lefebvre, F&S, December 2015:104; 6, 1419

Stimulation and cycle outcome

Antagonist/Letrozole vs Microdoselupron Flare (CCRM)

Page 7: Treatment of Poor Responders - Amazon S3 · Treatment of Poor Responders Pathophysiology of Poor Responders • Deficiency in systemic IGF‐1 levels (Bahceci, 2007) • Lower intra‐ovarian

Comparison of microdose flare‐up and antagonist multiple‐dose protocols for poor‐responder patients: a randomized 

study

Demirol, Fertility and sterility 2009;92:481-5.

Summary of Micro‐flare Literature

• Microdose flair protocols result in improved ovarian response in poor responders compared to mid‐luteal GnRH‐a and standard flair protocols

• OCP pre‐treatment avoids follicular increase in LH, P, A, and T and there effects on oocyte and embryo quality as well as the endometrium

• Microdoses of GnRH‐a result in sustained pituitary release of FSH>LH yet prevent premature LH surges

Page 8: Treatment of Poor Responders - Amazon S3 · Treatment of Poor Responders Pathophysiology of Poor Responders • Deficiency in systemic IGF‐1 levels (Bahceci, 2007) • Lower intra‐ovarian

Antagonists for Poor Responders

• Avoid desensitization and thereby the eliminate the suppression of endogenous gonadotropins during the start of stimulation

Evolution of luteal Estrogen and Antagonist Protocols  Fanchin, F&S, 2003

Luteal E-2 administration reduces the size and improves the homogeneity of early

antral follicles on day 3

Page 9: Treatment of Poor Responders - Amazon S3 · Treatment of Poor Responders Pathophysiology of Poor Responders • Deficiency in systemic IGF‐1 levels (Bahceci, 2007) • Lower intra‐ovarian

Luteal GnRH antagonist administration reduces size disparities of early antral follicles on day 2, likely through the 

prevention of luteal FSH elevation and early follicular development

anchin, F&S, 2004:

Weitzman, F&S, 2008

Page 10: Treatment of Poor Responders - Amazon S3 · Treatment of Poor Responders Pathophysiology of Poor Responders • Deficiency in systemic IGF‐1 levels (Bahceci, 2007) • Lower intra‐ovarian

Comparison of luteal estradiol patch and gonadotropin‐releasing hormone antagonist suppression protocol before gonadotropin stimulation versus microdose gonadotropin‐releasing hormone agonist protocol for patients 

with a history of poor in vitro fertilization outcomesWeitzman, F&S, 2008

LPG group Microdose group P

No. of cycles 45 76

Peak E‐2 1533 2141 <.05Oocytes 9.1 8.9 NSEmbryos Transferred 2.5 2.7 NSCancellation Rate 29% 30% NSImplantation Rate 15% 12.5% NSOngoinng Pregnancy 30% 26% NS

Retrospective analysis of E alone vs E/Ant for luteal priming

• Retrospective: 313 pts

– < 43 yrs

– ≤ 5 oocytes with prior cycle

– Prior cancellation(<4 follicles or peak E‐2 <500pg

Elassar, F&S, 2011

Page 11: Treatment of Poor Responders - Amazon S3 · Treatment of Poor Responders Pathophysiology of Poor Responders • Deficiency in systemic IGF‐1 levels (Bahceci, 2007) • Lower intra‐ovarian

Luteal phase estradiol (LP) versus luteal phase estradiol and antagonist (LPG)protocol for controlled ovarian stimulation prior to IVF in poor 

responders  Elassar, F&S, 2009, Volume 92, Issue 3, Supplement, Page S55

Clomid and Antagonist

Down‐reg CC/Antagonist

#Ampules 50 83

No. follicles 3..76 5.8

Peak E‐2 744 833

Oocytes 3.4 5.7

PR 15 22

IR 8 14

D’Amato, F&S, 2004

RCT of Luteal agonist(unspecified doses) vs FSH(600IU) and CC 100(2‐6), Antagonist

More oocytes but no SD in PR or IR, but trend favoring CC

Page 12: Treatment of Poor Responders - Amazon S3 · Treatment of Poor Responders Pathophysiology of Poor Responders • Deficiency in systemic IGF‐1 levels (Bahceci, 2007) • Lower intra‐ovarian

Aromatase Inhibitors

• Increased gonadotropin secretion

• Increase in intraovarian androgens‐increase FSH receptors

Weil, 1998

Aromatase Inhibitors and Antagonist

• MDL vs Ant + 2.5mg d2‐6

• More oocytes with MDL, but higher IR with Letrozole

MF  AL  P

No. of metaphase II oocytes 5.3 ± 3.9 3.1 ± 2.7 <.01

Implantation rate, % 9.8 14.5 .01

Yarali, F&S, 2009:92; 231

Page 13: Treatment of Poor Responders - Amazon S3 · Treatment of Poor Responders Pathophysiology of Poor Responders • Deficiency in systemic IGF‐1 levels (Bahceci, 2007) • Lower intra‐ovarian

Letrozole and gonadotropins versus luteal estradiol and gonadotropin‐releasing hormone antagonist protocol in women with a prior low 

response to ovarian stimulation

Elassar, F&S, 2011

Is High dose gonadotropin treatment detrimental?

• In animal models, COH results in a dose dependent affect on oocyte and embryo quality(Van der Auwera, Hum Reprod. 2001)

• Comparing natural vs stimulated cycles in humans, no difference has been seen in embryo quality or aneuploidy(Labara, 2012, 2014)

Page 14: Treatment of Poor Responders - Amazon S3 · Treatment of Poor Responders Pathophysiology of Poor Responders • Deficiency in systemic IGF‐1 levels (Bahceci, 2007) • Lower intra‐ovarian

Modified natural in vitro fertilization cycle in patients with “genuine” poor response

• 111 patients who fulfilled two of the three Bologna criteria and also yielded a maximum of three oocytes after COH

• MNC‐IVF: natural cycles with GnRH antagonist supplementation (0.25 mg/day; started when a follicle of 13 mm was present. 150‐225 IU of hMG were co‐administered daily during the  antagonist treatment

Kedem, F&S, 2014, 101:1624

Kedem, F&S, 2014, 101:1624

Page 15: Treatment of Poor Responders - Amazon S3 · Treatment of Poor Responders Pathophysiology of Poor Responders • Deficiency in systemic IGF‐1 levels (Bahceci, 2007) • Lower intra‐ovarian

A controlled trial of natural cycle versus microdosegonadotropin‐releasing hormone analog flare cycles in poor 

responders undergoing in vitro fertilizationMorgia, F&S, 2004

Parameters Natural cycle COH P

No. of patients 59 70 —

No. of cycles 114 101 —

Cycles with oocytes (%) 77.2 82.2 —

Cycles with transfer (%) ` 41.2 68.3

NS

No. of embryos/transfer 1.8 NS

Pregnancy/cycle (%) 6.1 6.9NS

Pregnancy/transfer (%) 14.9 10.1NS

Implantation rate (%) 14.9 5.5

Natural‐cycle in vitro fertilization in poor responder patients: a survey of 500 consecutive 

cycles

• Inclusion criteria in the study were patient < 44, and a previous IVF cycle performed in our IVF center that was canceled due to no follicle activation or only one follicle recruited

• Mean age was 39.3 years (range: 30 to 43 years), their duration of infertility was 4.6years

Schimberni, IVF with natural cycle in poor responder women. Fertil Steril 2008.

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Natural‐cycle in vitro fertilization in poor responder patients: a survey of 500 consecutive cycles

Conventional vs. minimal ovarian stimulation in poor responder women according to the Bologna criteria.

• Poor responders(Bologna criteria) underwent both one conventional antagonist (cOS) (n=46) and one mininalstimulation (mOS) protocol (n=46) 

• mOS was performed with 50mg daily clomiphene citrate and low amounts of gonadotrophins every other day from 4th day of stimulation

• Mean age was 40.4 years, FSH of 11.3, AFC: 5.3,  AMH: 0.79

abarta, F&S, September, 2015

Page 17: Treatment of Poor Responders - Amazon S3 · Treatment of Poor Responders Pathophysiology of Poor Responders • Deficiency in systemic IGF‐1 levels (Bahceci, 2007) • Lower intra‐ovarian

Labarta, F&S, September, 2015

Strategies to manage poor responders:

• Increase FSH levels(increased FSH dose, letrozole, Clomiphene, Agonist flare, Antagonists

• Increasing follicle sensitivity to FSH

– Testosterone

– DHEA

– Dexamethasone

– Growth Hormone

Page 18: Treatment of Poor Responders - Amazon S3 · Treatment of Poor Responders Pathophysiology of Poor Responders • Deficiency in systemic IGF‐1 levels (Bahceci, 2007) • Lower intra‐ovarian

Why Would Androgens Impact Folliculogenesis?

• Circulating DHEA‐SO4 levels, which reflect androgen production, decrease by 50% between ages 25‐45

• 50% of follicular androgens are produced from circulating DHEA

• DHEA may act by increasing IGF‐1 expression to enhance gonadotropin actionCarson et al, Fertil Steril 1998;70:107‐10

• Impact on FSH receptors

– FSH receptor density is reduced in low responders

– Local androgens induce FSH receptor up‐regulation

Weil et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83:2479-85

Vendola in the subhuman primate model showed that an amount of systemically applied T (50 mg/kg per day for 5 days), which raised the circulating T concentration into the low male range, was capable of 

increasing preantral and antral follicles 

Page 19: Treatment of Poor Responders - Amazon S3 · Treatment of Poor Responders Pathophysiology of Poor Responders • Deficiency in systemic IGF‐1 levels (Bahceci, 2007) • Lower intra‐ovarian

Basal Day 3 Testosterone Level and IVF Outcome

11.1

53.1

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

< 20 > 20

Frattarelli et al., Fertil Steril 2004;81:1713-4

Testosterone (ng/dL)

N=43* p<.05

Pre

gnan

cy r

ate

(%)

*

The follicular hormonal profile in low‐responder patients undergoing unstimulated cycles: is it 

hypoandrogenic?

De los Santos, Hum. Reprod. (2013) 28 (1): 224‐229.

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Dehydroepiandrosterone administration does not increasepregnancy rates in poor responders: a meta‐analysis

Kolibianakis, O‐084,Eshre abstract, 2016

DHEA administration in poor responders undergoing ovarian

stimulation for IVF is not associated with an increase in the probability of

pregnancy.

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating DHEA administration exclusively

in poor responders 

Seven eligible RCTs evaluating a total of 576 patients were meta‐analyzed

DHEA did not improve the probability of clinical pregnancy (RR: 1.10; 95% CI: 0.81–1.50) or live birth (RR: 1.18; 95% CI: 0.36–3.88) as compared to no DHEA treatment Although

No significant differences were observed in the number of COCs retrieved, in the number of 2‐pronuclei oocytes and in the number of embryos

transferred

Transdermal testosterone may improve ovarian response to gonadotropins in low‐responder IVF patients

Fábregues et al, Hum Reprod 2009 24:349‐359

• RCT of 62 infertile women whose first IVF cycle was cancelled due to poor follicular response. 

• Group 1 (n = 31): Transdermal application of testosterone precedingstandard gonadotropin ovarian stimulation with GnRHa suppression. Daily single patch with 2.5 mg/day nominal testosterone delivery rate (Androderm 2.5 mg) applied on the thigh at night and removed at 9:00 each morning (20 mcg/kg per day for 5 days)

• Group 2 (n = 31):  High‐dose gonadotropins with a mini‐dose GnRHa protocol.

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Transdermal Testosterone in Poor Responders (cont.)‐Fabregues et al, Hum Reprod 2009;24:349‐59

• Percentage of cycles with poor response lower in Gr. 1   (32.2% vs. 71%, p<.05)

• Trend towards lower cancellation rate in Gr. 1 (19.4% vs. 41.9%, p=.09)

• Lower cancellation rate in Gr. 1 among subset of patients with normal baseline FSH levels (18.8% vs. 58.9%, p<.05)

Transdermal Testosterone Priming

‐Kim et al, Fertil Steril 2011;95:679‐83

• Prospective randomized trial of 110 low responders (≤3 oocytes retrieved despite use of >2500 IU gonadotropins in prior cycle)

• Study group: E2 valerate 1 mg/d + norethindrone 5mg/d x 21 days + transdermal testosterone gel (TTG) (Testo gel 1%)     12.5 mg daily beginning day 6 of E+P x 21 days prior to FSH 300 IU daily with flexible GnRH ant protocol 

• Control group: E+P and COH as above without TTG

• No differences in patient characteristics between groups

• Significant ↑ in # mature and fer lized oocytes, good quality embryos (all p<.001), implantation and clinical pregnancy rates (both p<.05) with TTG 

• No adverse effects with TTG use  

Page 22: Treatment of Poor Responders - Amazon S3 · Treatment of Poor Responders Pathophysiology of Poor Responders • Deficiency in systemic IGF‐1 levels (Bahceci, 2007) • Lower intra‐ovarian

• Despite no adequately powered clinical trials, there are already three meta‐analyses advocating the benefits of Testosterone pre‐treatment(Bosdou, 2012, Gonzalez‐Comadran, 2012, Sunkara, 2011)

Growth Hormone for Poor Responders 

• GH stimulates granulosa cell proliferation and ovarian response to FSH through IFG‐1 synthesis

• Higher intrafollicular GH levels have been correlated with oocyte and embryo competence

• Poor responders have low IFG‐1 levels

Page 23: Treatment of Poor Responders - Amazon S3 · Treatment of Poor Responders Pathophysiology of Poor Responders • Deficiency in systemic IGF‐1 levels (Bahceci, 2007) • Lower intra‐ovarian

GH and Poor Responders: Meta‐Analysis

● 6 RCTs including 169 patients

● 17% ↑ live birth rate (95% CI: 5-30); NNT: 6 (95% CI: 3-20)22% ↑ % in patients undergoing ET (95% CI: 7-30)

● High degree of heterogeneity makes interpretation difficult: Definition of poor responders, GH dose, ovarian stimulation protocol

Kolibianakis et al, Hum Reprod Update 2009; 15:613-22

Comparison of rLH and rFSH versus rFSH alone for COH in GnRHagonist dowregulated IVF/CSI cycles in poor responders,Outcome: Ongoing pregnancy per woman randomized.

Page 24: Treatment of Poor Responders - Amazon S3 · Treatment of Poor Responders Pathophysiology of Poor Responders • Deficiency in systemic IGF‐1 levels (Bahceci, 2007) • Lower intra‐ovarian

Lower apoptosis rate in human cumulus cells after administration of recombinant luteinizing hormone to women undergoing ovarian 

stimulation for in vitro fertilization proceduresRuvolo F&S, 2007

Patients with poor oocytes yield, (<50%) number of oocytes retrieved per number of follicles > 14 mm in diameter on day of hCG administrationGiven double trigger(hcg and agonist) in subsequent cycle

Haas J, J Ovarian Res. 2014 Aug 2;7:77.

doi: 10.1186/1757-2215-7-77

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Dual trigger with gonadotropin‐releasing hormone agonist and standard dose human chorionic gonadotropin to improve oocyte maturity rates

Griffin, Fertility and Sterility, Vol. 102, Issue 2, p405–409

Follicular versus luteal phase ovarian stimulation during the same menstrual cycle (DuoStim) in a reduced ovarian reserve population results in a similar euploid blastocyst formation rate: new insight in 

ovarian reserve exploitation

• Patients with reduced ovarian reserve—AMH level of ≤1.5 ng/mL, AFC ≤6 follicles, and/or ≤5 oocytes retrieved in a previous cycle

• Blastocyst stage CCS

• Mean age: 39.2 

• Mean FSH: 12.3 Mean 

• AMH 0.7  

• Mean antral follicle count: 5.2

Ubaldi, F&S, 2016

Page 26: Treatment of Poor Responders - Amazon S3 · Treatment of Poor Responders Pathophysiology of Poor Responders • Deficiency in systemic IGF‐1 levels (Bahceci, 2007) • Lower intra‐ovarian

Ubaldi, F&S, June 2016, 105, 6, 1488–1495

Data according to follicular and luteal phase stimulation.

Follicular Luteal P value

Days of stimulation 9.6 10.3 NS

Oocytes 5.1 5.7 NS

Blastocysts 1.2 1.4 NS

Euploid Blastocyst 0.6 0.7 NS

Euploid Blast/M‐2 oocyte

16.2% 15% NS

Implantion Rate 71.4% 62.5%

Ubaldi, F&S, June 2016, 105, 6, 1488–1495

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Poor Responders:  Summary

• The lack of a uniform definition of the poor responder makes comparison of results from trials difficult

• Among GnRH agonist protocols, microdose agonist flare with brief OC pre‐treatment seem most effective

• Whether microdose flare protocols are more effective than specific GnRH antagonist protocols is unclear  

• Growth hormone appears to improve outcomes although the ideal patient population has not been defined

• More data are needed on the role of androgen pre‐treatment (DHEA, T)

Conclusions

• No evidence to support  luteal estrogen priming,  luteal antagonist, or Aromatase inhibitors

• LH, Testosterone and growth hormone are adjuncts that demonstrate benefit

• Clomid protocols may hold promise in the era of vitrification/embryo banking