responders first - ed

FirstResponders

American Association of Community CollegesUnderwritten by the AT&T Foundation

Community Collegeson the Front Line of Security

The American Association of Community Colleges (AACC) is the primary advocacy organization for the nation’s community

colleges. The association represents more than 1,100 two-year, associate degree–granting institutions and more than 11 million

students. AACC promotes community colleges through six strategic action areas: national and international recognition and advo-

cacy, learning and accountability, leadership development, economic and workforce development, connectedness across AACC

membership, and international and intercultural education. Information about AACC and community colleges may be found at

www.aacc.nche.edu.

© 2006 American Association of Community Colleges

Reproduction for nonprofit educational purposes is permitted.

American Association of Community Colleges

One Dupont Circle, NW

Suite 410

Washington, DC 20036

Printed in the United States of America.

Contents

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

Executive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii

Community Colleges Serving Community Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Emergency Preparedness and Homeland Security Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Establishing Partnerships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Serving as Emergency Preparedness and Operations Centers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Training Homeland Security and Disaster Relief Professionals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Training First and Second Responders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Community Engagement Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Specialized Equipment and Training Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Protecting Information, Networks, and Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Additional Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Appendix A: AACC Survey on Homeland Security and Related Issues (2004) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Appendix B: Survey Participants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Appendix C: American Association of Community Colleges 2004Ad Hoc Task Force on Homeland Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

iiiFirst Responders: Community Colleges on the Front Line of Security

Preface

vFirst Responders: Community Colleges on the Front Line of Security

As the largest sector of higher education,community colleges play a unique role inensuring access to quality postsecondaryeducation and specialized training pro-grams to almost half (45%) of all U.S.

undergraduates. What is less widely recognized is thecritical involvement the colleges have in the preparationof the nation’s first responders—professionals such aslaw enforcement officers, firefighters, emergency med-ical technicians, and others who are typically first on thescene in the event of trauma or disaster.

The events and images of September 11, 2001,seared into our national psyche the importance suchprofessionals play in protecting our communities andour citizenry. Homeland security became the obsessionof a generation, and policymakers began to redefinewhat was needed to protect our nation. Communitycolleges responded to this compelling need, reachingout to help with local and regional preparedness plan-ning, integrating new elements into existing educationand training programs or establishing new ones, offer-ing to share facilities and resources, and even developingor adapting highly specialized facilities and equipment.

To gain a more complete picture of community col-lege involvement in homeland security efforts, theAmerican Association of Community Colleges (AACC)undertook two important surveys in 2004. Findingsfrom these studies—AACC’s Hot Programs andHomeland Security Survey and Survey on HomelandSecurity and Related Issues—provided for the first timean in-depth look at these broad and varied activities andprovided the basis for much of this report, FirstResponders: Community Colleges on the Front Line ofHomeland Security.

Conducted during the spring of 2004, AACC’s HotPrograms and Homeland Security Survey asked com-munity college chief academic officers to identify thoseprograms for which there was a large market demandfor their graduates. Not surprisingly, nursing, lawenforcement, and allied health occupations consistentlyranked as top hot programs nationally, reflecting the

tremendous need for more of these skilled professionals.More surprising was how many respondents reportedthat they had reviewed or modified their curricula toaddress increased homeland security needs.

As the Bush Administration was developing itshomeland security strategies and programs, AACCwanted to ensure that community colleges were recog-nized as part of the critical U.S. infrastructure networkand as a key asset in states and localities. It also wantedcommunity colleges to be in a better position to influ-ence federal policy and programmatic decisions for fed-eral appropriations related to homeland security train-ing initiatives. Thus, in November 2003, AACC’s Boardof Directors moved to create an Ad Hoc Task Force onHomeland Security to help AACC develop both short-and long-term strategies in the homeland security area.The task force would serve as a resource for the boardand make specific recommendations on AACC’s posi-tions in the area of homeland security and public safety.

At the urging of AACC’s Ad Hoc Task Force onHomeland Security, AACC launched a second morecomprehensive survey of community college homelandsecurity and related programs and facilities. During thesummer of 2004, community college presidents andchancellors were asked to indicate on a Web-based sur-vey in which disciplines their institutions offered pro-grams or courses as well as what specialized facilities orpartnerships their colleges offered to support homelandsecurity efforts. As you will discover in this report, anastonishing number of community colleges offer degreeand certificate programs for first responders—lawenforcement officers, firefighters, and emergency med-ical technicians—as well as myriad other important pro-grams for nurses, allied health professionals, utilityworkers, and more.

<��This report would not have been possible without

the detailed information provided by the 760 commu-nity college CEOs who responded to the 2004 AACC

vi American Association of Community Colleges

Survey on Homeland Security and Related Issues andthe hundreds of community college chief academic offi-cers that responded to AACC’s 2004 Hot Programs andHomeland Security Survey.

Special thanks are due to the AACC Ad Hoc TaskForce members for their help in drafting the initial sur-vey instrument and to the AACC staff and SRIInternational research team members who perfected the

survey design and compiled the survey data. AACC is grateful to the AT&T Foundation

for underwriting the development of this groundbreak-ing report.

George R. BoggsPresident and CEO


Executive Summary

viiFirst Responders: Community Colleges on the Front Line of Security

Community colleges are, by tradition andmission, reflective of and responsive tothe communities they serve. Thus, whenthe events of September 11, 2001, madeensuring the security of our communities

and the nation a more urgent concern, the questionbecame not if, but how and how broadly, communitycolleges would become engaged to meet this new andcompelling need. As the nation stepped up its efforts to identify threats and work to preempt catastrophes or deal with them expeditiously, the critical need fortrained personnel, resources, and facilities became clear.The devastation to the Gulf Coast region caused by the2005 hurricanes would later underscore awareness thathomeland security encompasses natural as well ashuman-made disasters and that localities, as well as thefederal government, need planning, coordination, andprofessional response teams to deal with disasters.

But specifically how is the national network of morethan 1,100 community colleges responding to homelandsecurity needs, and how might the efforts of colleges thathave made responding to those needs a priority serve as models for others? Answering the first questionbecame the focus of a 2004 survey commissioned by theAmerican Association of Community Colleges (AACC).(See www.aacc.nche.edu/HomelandSecurityReport.)Answering the second question is the purpose of thisreport, First Responders: Community Colleges on the FrontLine of Security.

With an emphasis on partnerships and civicengagement, the report delineates three primary areasin which community colleges function as the front line for dealing with disasters: planning, education and training, and sharing resources and facilities. It is important to note that, even before September 11,2001, when calls for coordinated homeland securityefforts became more widespread and insistent, community colleges were already providing training,resources, and coordination for much locally basedsecurity work.

Responses to AACC’s survey indicated that themajority of community colleges were actively engagedin training first and second responders. This finding issupported by data from the National Center forEducation Statistics (2003), indicating that close to80% of the nation’s firefighters, police, and emergencymedical technicians are credentialed by communitycolleges. In addition, because of their accessibility and culture of service, colleges function as communitycenters, used as sites for civic planning, as a catalyst and resource for economic development, and, in timesof crisis, as community shelters and communicationscenters.

Thus, community colleges can rightly be viewed asnatural partners of community, state, and federal gov-ernments when disaster strikes, and their responses tolarge disasters, such as the World Trade Center attacksand Hurricanes Katrina and Rita, as well as to smaller,localized ones, have validated that assertion. Thisreport documents the range of functions and contribu-tions community colleges are currently providing and serves as a guide to colleges who seek to expandtheir engagement in local and national security pre-paredness.

INVOLVEMENT IN PLANNING

The community nature of community colleges suggeststhat they are in and of their communities. Althoughwhen many community colleges were founded in theperiod between 1950 and 1975 that mission may havebeen limited to training students for their first jobs inthe community, it rapidly evolved into economicdevelopment, community development, on-the-jobtraining, transitional training, and recreational activi-ties, so that, by the 1990s, community colleges wereintegral to community life and development on manylevels. It was during that period, for example, thatmany localities shifted their first responder training tocommunity colleges.

viii American Association of Community Colleges

This pivotal position of the community collegewithin the community allows it to take on new coordi-nating and planning goals related to homeland securi-ty, including the following:

• Coordinating with state and federal agencies toinitiate and customize programs to meet broadercommunity needs.

• Participating in national initiatives, such as theFederal Emergency Management Agency’sEmergency Management Institute, therebybecoming part of a planning and training net-work that connects resources and training acrossthe country.

• Leading or engaging in statewide initiatives andsetting up regional consortia that serve the partic-ular needs of their area.

• Leveraging their resources with other institutionsto provide greater service than any one institutioncould provide.

• Forming partnerships that pool expertise andallow them to function as regional or nationalcenters for training in specific homeland securityareas.

• Initiating discussions and planning processes fornew disaster management initiatives.

EDUCATING AND TRAINING HOMELANDSECURITY PROFESSIONALS

Already the primary providers of pre-service training forfirst responders and more than 60% of new nurses,community colleges expanded and refined their pro-grams in the post–September 11, 2001, timeframe.Many colleges now offer cybersecurity options at degreeand certificate levels. Many existing police and firefight-er training programs now devote more time to dealingwith terrorism, hazardous materials, and explosivedevices. Airport security training has grown from a rel-atively small number of programs before 2001 to a larg-er number today. Several colleges are even exploringareas such as dealing with weapons of mass destruction,maritime security, and agro-terrorism, although thosekinds of specializations tend to be geographically based.

Two areas in which the emphasis has changed signif-icantly are in first responder training and informationtechnology (IT). To better prepare first responders, manycolleges have incorporated incident management, triage,

and disaster relief elements into their curricula and havedevised separate in-service programs. Although commu-nity colleges have long offered IT programming and net-working, such training in institutions nationwide is nowplacing much greater emphasis on cybersecurity issues.Working with federal agencies such as the NationalSecurity Agency and the National Science Foundation,colleges are developing pre-service and in-service pro-grams for professionals who will help protect the nation’sinformation systems. Recognizing the tremendousexpense of such upgrading efforts, several communitycolleges are developing regional training facilities that willnot only prepare professionals in their own localities butwill also train trainers from other institutions, who canthen bring that expertise to their home institutions.

EDUCATING AND TRAININGFIRST RESPONDERS

The pre-service and in-service work at many commu-nity colleges has changed. More nursing programs, forexample, deal with mass emergency issues, includingtriage training. Training for firefighters and policeincludes more elements dealing with hazardous materi-als and crowd control. Other institutions are extendingtheir training beyond professional first responders toreach out to the community through programs such asservice learning relating to homeland security, commu-nity discussions of homeland security issues, and vol-unteer programs and service centers that can respondto disasters should the need arise. These engaged andinformed citizens become a second wave of assistanceand defense in times of crisis.

SHARING RESOURCES AND FACILITIES

As institutions that are committed to education andtraining, community colleges have resources that they canshare with their communities in times of crisis. Trainingfacilities alone—from mock cities used to train police andfirefighters to laboratories used to train nurses and otherallied health professionals—serve a daily function withinthe colleges, as they educate pre-service or in-service stu-dents. In the event of a real-life crisis, they can be trans-formed quickly into nursing units, blood-testing labora-tories, communications centers (83% of community col-leges have videoconferencing facilities), and even—givenexisting child care, recreational, and food-producing

ixFirst Responders: Community Colleges on the Front Line of Security

facilities—evacuation centers or emergency shelters forthe displaced. Community colleges have responded inthese ways, most recently during hurricanes in 2004 and2005. To provide training in specialized areas such aswater rescue or collapsed building rescue, communitycolleges are investing heavily in facilities, regional andnational in scope, devoted to disaster relief training.

CONCLUSION

Although homeland security has gained prominence as

a national focus and investment, it is clear that much ofthe most effective preparation must begin at local,state, and regional levels. What this report documentsis the central role community colleges are equipped toplay and are quickly moving to assume in that prepara-tion. Their responsiveness to community needs, theirhistory of training in homeland security fields, theirinvolvement in community planning and resourcesharing, and their track record for high-quality trainingof first and second responders truly place them on thefront line of homeland security.

1First Responders: Community Colleges on the Front Line of Security

Unlike most other institutions of higher educa-tion, community colleges are directly andexplicitly linked to their communities. Their

student bodies come, by and large, from local sponsor-ing areas. At least part of their funding comes from localsources, through sponsorship, tuition, or a combinationof the two. Most community colleges—even those witha strong orientation to programs for transfer to universi-ties—have as a part of their missions the economic andworkforce development of their communities. Mosthave a wide range of community service programs, fromadult literacy to skills upgrading to community theatre.Community colleges are vital, contributing parts of thecommunities that surround them. It is both logical andappropriate, as communities rethink the measures theyundertake to make themselves secure, that communitycolleges play a central leadership role.

Because of the communications problems thatoccurred during the September 11 attack andHurricane Katrina, a greater sense of urgency aboutcoordinating responses to disasters now exists. Trainingfor all levels of homeland security specialists, from firstresponders to border security patrollers, as well aspreparation for possible future terrorist attacks and dis-asters, concern communities throughout the UnitedStates. Community colleges can, in most areas, providecost-effective training and education that complementwhat the 9/11 Commission called “unified commandprocedures” (National Commission on TerroristAttacks, 2004, p. 397) in ways that are appropriate tothe needs and resources of their communities.

The new emphasis on homeland security andemergency preparedness has created a plethora of com-

plex new needs in thepreparation, training, andretraining of personnel, aswell as in the planning,design, implementation,and coordination of securi-ty and disaster relief func-

tions. These needs range from focused activities, liketraining for fire and police professionals about weaponsof mass destruction (WMD), to broader, community-wide activities such as the development and coordina-tion of emergency management plans. Whereas initialplans and funding to meet these needs are generated atthe federal and state levels, most of the actual imple-mentation, training, and operation occur at the locallevel. It is at the local level that the nation’s communi-ty colleges are already demonstrating that they can pro-vide essential services to help support community andnational homeland security efforts.

According to the Associated Press (2004), commu-nity colleges have taken the lead in homeland securityeducation: According to the National Center forEducation Statistics (2003), 80% of police, 86% of firefighters, and 84% of EMTs received their credentials atcommunity colleges. Community colleges have beensteadily expanding their range of homeland securityservices and content areas. Because these collegesalready provide education and training to many profes-sionals and have a long history of working closely withlocal governments and agencies to plan and implementlocal security training, their value to the nation’s home-land security efforts is obvious, and they are likely toplay an increasingly important role.

The engagement of most community colleges inthe work of their communities means that theyare involved in more than merely providing an

educated and trained workforce. Many involve themselvesactively in all aspects of community development, part-nering with economic development authorities as well as

service organizations and social service agencies. They areinvolved as well in all stages of community planning, fromneeds assessment through training program developmentand delivery. Through their involvement in planning theyare becoming essential elements of their communities’homeland security and disaster relief efforts.

COMMUNITY COLLEGESSERVING COMMUNITY NEEDS

EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS AND HOMELANDSECURITY PLANNING

Planning for homeland security occurs at federal,state, and local levels, and community college planningfollows essentially the same pattern. At the nationallevel, community college organizations, in particularAACC and the League for Innovation in theCommunity College, have developed special initiativesand are exploring ways of defining the broad functionscommunity colleges across the nation can provide.State agencies are coordinating with these college sys-tems within their borders to provide coherent, consis-tent approaches to planning and training. At the locallevel, individual colleges are working with governmentagencies within their sponsoring counties or regions todetermine the best ways to meet local homeland secu-rity needs. Thus connected at multiple levels of plan-ning, community colleges are planning and preparingto provide the most appropriate services and expertiseat each level of government.

The Federal Emergency Management Agency(FEMA) has established a Web-based EmergencyManagement Institute at www.training.fema.gov/emiweb, which provides emergency management training courses. Another FEMA Web site, www.training.fema.gov/emiweb/edu, provides a list of colleges offeringemergency management degrees, free courses for use bycolleges, and other valuable information.

A number of states have extensive plans thatinvolve community colleges at multiple levels. Iowa’splan, for example, covers a wide range of topics, from

agroterrorism to security training and awareness(Dardis, 2004, 2005; see also Iowa Homeland Security,2006). Iowa has established a network of trainingproviders, including community colleges and theUniversity of Iowa, to identify and meet needs fortraining—long-term and short-term, classroom-basedand Web-based—in homeland security. State-levelplanning creates more localized training emphases thanthe more broadly based national planning can; agroter-rorism, for example, is a much more significant issue inIowa than it might be in Rhode Island.

Other states have developed coordinated state sys-tems that use community colleges as critical componentsfor planning and implementing homeland securitystrategies. Walters State Community College inTennessee, for example, is a member of the stateresponse team and houses a regional homeland securityoffice. Pennsylvania’s community colleges are part ofregional response teams, as are Florida’s, which aregeared to respond to both security and natural disasters.Macomb Community College in Michigan creates andcoordinates mock scenarios requiring multijurisdiction-al responses in the Detroit area. These regional andstatewide activities make it obvious that homeland secu-rity efforts range beyond county boundaries.

Targeted planning within statewide initiativesallows for customization of programs to meet regionaland local needs. Community colleges in Iowa orKentucky can tailor state-designed and, in some cases,

state-provided training to meetthe particular needs of their com-munities, based on local charac-teristics, whether urban or rural,densely or sparsely populated,with agricultural, industrial, orservice-based economies. TheCommunity College ofPhiladelphia provides a very spe-cialized type of regional program-ming, an IT security specialisttraining program, designedspecifically for professionals whomanage the security of computernetworks.

Local planning and trainingcan be part of a national planningstrategy as well. KirkwoodCommunity College in Cedar

2 American Association of Community Colleges

How to Plan at the Local Level• Consult state homeland security Web sites for information

about statewide planning.• Provide information to state agencies and FEMA.• Coordinate planning with state and local agencies.• Assess both local and regional needs and develop programs

accordingly.

Examples• Kirkwood Community College (IA) provides statewide and

national training. • The Collegiate Consortium for Workforce and Economic

Development (PA) offers specialized training in 57 different areas.• Howard Community College (MD) has developed a

community preparedness CD-ROM for its general population.

Exhibit 1


Rapids is part of the Iowa planning and training sys-tem, for example, but it also offers training in dealingwith hazardous materials to trainers throughout thecountry. The Collegiate Consortium for Workforceand Economic Development (www.cctrain.org), basedin Philadelphia, offers 57 homeland security trainingmodules to any community college in the nation will-ing to affiliate with the consortium; affiliation providescourse curricula and pedagogical assistance to commu-

nity college trainers throughout the country.Exhibit 1 (see page 2) illustrates what the League

for Innovation (2006) calls “leveraging community col-leges for homeland security.” The examples show agrowing trend toward partnerships and collaborationsthat plan and provide training quickly and efficiently,without forcing individual communities to develophomeland security strategies on their own.

Homeland security is an expensive proposition,and planning and training for it, particularlywithin a relatively short time frame, is well

beyond the resources of most community colleges.Thus it makes sense for colleges and agencies to collab-orate and form partnerships to plan and offer training.Since 2001, numerous collaborations have developed,some of them state-sponsored, some springing fromlocal initiatives, but all focused on providing appropri-ate training as effectively and efficiently as possible.

Cooperation in homeland security training offerscommunity colleges and their localities broader andmore efficient opportunities for training. At the nation-al level, the FEMA Web-based project provides exten-sive information and successful strategies that inviteemulation. The League for Innovation’s HomelandSecurity Education at the Community College pro-gram offers the combined expertise of several leadingcommunity colleges in five areas: community and citi-zen preparedness, terrorism and homeland defense,WMD, community college leadership training, anddisaster response and recovery.

Many states have developed statewide strategiesthat emulate national cooperation. Among them areArkansas, Florida, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland,Pennsylvania, Texas, and Washington. These statewidecooperatives make a wide range of partnerships with national entities possible. St. Petersburg College (FL), for example, has partnerships with theU.S. Departments of Defense and Homeland Security, the Florida National Guard, the Office ofDomestic Preparedness, and many other government

agencies. Often collegeswill take the lead in theseefforts. Central PiedmontCommunity College, forexample, heads NorthCarolina’s emergencyresponse training council.

Statewide and regional partnerships clearly offer agreater efficiency and range of services, as well asopportunities for leadership, to community colleges. Asthe Philadelphia Collegiate Consortium’s training pro-gram illustrates, partnerships need not be initiated orsustained by national organizations or state govern-ments alone. Many other localities are seeing individualagencies form larger, stronger, and more extensive part-nerships through their local community colleges.Tarrant County College in Ft. Worth, Texas, conductsOccupational Safety and Health Administration(OSHA) conferences. Owens Community College inOhio, through its work as a part of the Great LakesEducational Consortium for Homeland Security andother consortia, works with more than 70 agencies toprovide homeland security services and training.Meridian College in Mississippi is part of the FEMAnetwork and an active member of the Mississippi StateAnti-Terrorism Network. Riverside CommunityCollege’s Ben Clark Center is working actively to pro-vide extensive homeland security training for the for-mer site of March Air Reserve Base.

Several colleges are working to establish permanenthomeland security training and planning programswith state and federal aid. With the active support of

ESTABLISHING PARTNERSHIPS


county and local law enforcement agencies, MonroeCommunity College in Rochester, New York, hasestablished a Homeland Security ManagementInstitute designed to serve not only local and regionalneeds but also national needs,through a program that trainssecurity and law enforcementtrainers from around the country.

The degree of cooperationbetween community colleges andgovernment agencies is extensive.Almost 50% of the respondents toAACC’s survey indicated thatthey were actively coordinatinghomeland security efforts withmunicipal or county agencies,about 35% were working withstate offices, and 12% were coor-dinating with the NationalGuard. Almost every respondingcollege had established some kindof partnership with an externalagency to provide more extensivehomeland security services.

Partnerships at the local,state, and national levels offer the most significant andeffective means of providing extensive homeland secu-rity training. As R. Thomas Flynn, president ofMonroe Community College (NY), wrote, “Ourreview of homeland security and civic engagement pro-grams in community and technical colleges nationwidereveals powerful programs in place, along with signifi-cant untapped potential. Given these findings, weshould not duplicate, at great expense to the Americantaxpayer, education and training programs already in

place” (cited in Monroe Community College, 2003). Because community colleges have missions that

involve them with their communities at many differentlevels, they have not only connections within the com-

munity but also a long tradition of service. Theseattributes make them likely and effective candidates tocall together different segments of their communitiesand regions to explore the possibilities of joint ven-tures. This convener or coordinator role has been a tra-dition at community colleges, but perhaps never beforein the service of such important cooperation.Community colleges, which provide a relatively apolit-ical environment, afford a venue where the security ofthe community can be discussed openly and honestly.

How to Partner to Serve Regional Needs• Convene a summit of interested parties.• Determine regional needs using state and regional input.• Solicit regional partners.• Develop a resource-sharing training plan.• Pool resources.• Consider using college facilities for homeland security needs.

Examples• Monroe Community College (NY) established a public safety

training facility in partnership with Monroe County and theCity of Rochester.

• Community College of Denver (CO) is part of the League forInnovation’s Homeland Security Education in CommunityColleges project.

Exhibit 2


The partnerships outlined in the previous sectionillustrate the different roles that community col-leges may play; one of the most important is

how they use facilities for both training and emergencypreparedness. When the attacks on the World TradeCenter occurred, for example, the Borough ofManhattan Community College campus served as acommand center for first responders. Similarly, manycolleges in Florida, including Brevard, Broward,Daytona Beach, Indian River, and Polk CommunityColleges and Miami Dade College, became disasterrelief sites during the four successive hurricanes of 2004.These colleges are part of the Florida CommunityColleges Risk Management Consortium, which coordi-nates responses to disasters throughout the state.

Community colleges’ responses to HurricanesKatrina and Rita in 2005 were even more extensive.

While many colleges in and near Texas, Louisiana, andMississippi provided disaster relief sites, others acrossthe country offered tuition waivers and discounts tostudents, particularly those from the New Orleans area,who would clearly not be able to resume their educa-tions for some time. Colleges in some states (i.e.,

Alabama, California, andMassachusetts) eitherwaived tuition or allowedin-state rates for out-of-state students. Other col-leges, among them Bucks County (PA), Flathead Valley(MT), NorthWest Arkansas, and Santa Fe (NM)Community Colleges and Georgia Perimeter College,offered displaced students free or reduced tuition andfees.

Although the use of community college facilitiesduring disasters might seem to be simply community-oriented responses to immediate necessities, a signifi-cant number of colleges have developed agreementsand plans with their localities to fulfill special responsi-bilities during disasters, according to the AACC survey.Harcum College (PA), Hutchinson Community

College and Area VocationalSchool (KS), QuinsigamondCommunity College (MA), andSeminole Community College(FL), are among the 34% ofresponding colleges designated asevacuation sites. Others havemore specialized responsibilities:Arapahoe Community College(CO), Asnuntuck CommunityCollege (CT), McHenry CountyCollege (IL), and Oklahoma CityCommunity College are all desig-nated vaccination sites. GastonCollege (NC) and Orange CoastCollege (CA) are nuclear deconta-mination sites. Many others—likeFloyd College (GA), MontgomeryCollege (TX), North Iowa Area

Community College, Schenectady CountyCommunity College (NY), and Washington CountyCommunity College (ME)—are designated emergencycommand centers.

Although attacks like those that occurred onSeptember 11 are likeliest to occur in large cities, the

SERVING AS EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS ANDOPERATIONS CENTERS

How to Develop Emergency Facilities• Work with local officials on emergency planning to determine

disaster relief needs.• Consider institutional space for possible emergency use.• Study communications capacity for possible emergency use.• Designate staff to serve as site coordinators.

Examples• Florida Community Colleges Risk Management Consortium

planned provision evacuation and shelter facilities for naturaldisasters and used them extensively during the 2004 hurricaneseason.

• Monroe County Community College (MI) is an emergencycommand center for nuclear power plant accidents.

Exhibit 3

Before September 11, 2001, community collegeshad already been a source of education andtraining for many professionals who are now

central to the nation’s security and disaster relief efforts.Close to 80% of first responders received all or part oftheir training at community colleges. More than 60%of new nurses received their training at community col-leges and enhance their skills in the colleges’ continu-ing education programs. In other areas the numbers arelower but still impressive: 36% of community collegeshave programs focusing on cybersecurity; 32.4%, secu-rity and protective services; and 9.3%, counterterror-ism and national security (see Figure 1).

Because community colleges had extensive experi-ence as the primary deliverers of training for homelandsecurity workers prior to September 11, 2001, theyremain the logical choice to expand these programs toaddress new terrorist threats. Many institutions decidedthat their first response to the new homeland securityneeds should be to consolidate and refocus their efforts,to create new emphases and training areas, in cooperationwith local and federal emergency management agencies.In Phoenix, Arizona, the Maricopa Community CollegeHomeland Security Consortium coordinates the effortsof the system’s 10 campuses and 2 skill centers with thoseof local agencies to develop a system of training programsthat are “in direct response to the changing needs of thoseagencies” (Maricopa Community College Center, 2003).Maricopa was able to offer Phoenix emergency manage-ment agencies an associate of applied science (AAS)

degree and certificate pro-grams in occupational safe-ty and health, waterresource management, andsecurity training, as well asthe following:

• law enforcement: 9 associate degree and 24 certifi-cate programs

• fire science: 2 associate degree and 6 certificate pro-grams

• emergency medical services: 3 AAS degree and 4certificate programs

• hazardous materials handling: 1 AAS degree and 3three certificate programs

• IT security: 2 AAS degree and 3 certificate pro-grams

All of these programs can be easily updated and revisedwithin the consortium to meet new homeland securityrequirements.

Similar efforts to convert past programs to addressnew security needs are occurring throughout the country.The Community College of Denver, for instance, hasincluded within its public safety management AAS pro-gram an emphasis in homeland security. TheCommunity College of Philadelphia has created anintensive 80-hour program to train IT security specialists.It has also joined with four other nearby community col-leges and Drexel University to offer certification in

smallest percentage of respondents (20%) reportingthat they had been designated as evacuation centersduring disasters were from community colleges in largemetropolitan centers, whereas the largest percentage(47%) were from rural areas. This disparity is probablyattributable to both the more extensive infrastructurein urban areas and the greater likelihood that commu-nity colleges perform many different community func-tions in rural areas. In both cases, such designationsshow the critical importance of community collegefacilities in disaster planning.

Community colleges also have communicationscapabilities that can be of significant value in respond-ing to disasters. According to the AACC survey, 83%have videoconferencing capabilities and 32% havesatellite uplinks; another 22% and 19%, respectively,have broadcast television and radio capability thatcould be used in emergencies. The majority have med-ical training facilities and laboratories that serve alliedhealth programs and that can be converted to providesome medical assistance in an emergency.


TRAINING HOMELAND SECURITY ANDDISASTER RELIEF PROFESSIONALS


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emergency management andplanning to current governmentworkers as well as to students incriminal justice and fire science.Louisiana State University atEunice has developed a public andindustrial security program.

As homeland security contin-ues to be a focus for the nation,community colleges are likely tocontinue to expand programs.Almost 20% of the respondents ofthe AACC survey offer courses orcertificates in WMD awarenessand preparedness; 25% offercourses or programs in food chainmanagement, food safety, oragroterrorism. Des Moines AreaCommunity College’s HomelandSecurity Emergency ManagementDepartment (IA) offers training in terrorism readinessand basic incident command, and Asheville-BuncombeTechnical Community College (NC) offers an onlinebioterrorism incident management course. Others areinitiating programs or courses in airport security training,rail and pipeline security, and mass casualty/fatality man-agement. South Seattle Community College (WA), forexample, is offering Port Authority and TransportationSecurity Administration (TSA) training, and VermilionCommunity College (MN) is offering border patroltraining. Lamar Institute of Technology (TX) has beenrecognized by the Coast Guard for the excellence of itsmaritime security training. And 6% of the collegesresponding to AACC’s survey (12% in large cities) offercourses, certificates, or degrees with homeland security inthe title. Figure 2 details the extensive range of programsfor both first and second responders, in both credit andnoncredit offerings.

A number of institutions have created administrativestructures designed to make access to relevant, currenttraining available to the nation at large. MonroeCommunity College’s Homeland Security Institute inNew York is one such example. It not only trains localfirst responders and other security professionals but alsoplans to “educate other community college trainers,thereby extending its reach through the country’s net-work of 1,100 community colleges” (MonroeCommunity College, 2003). Kirkwood Community

College (IA) has a similar OSHA train-the-trainer pro-gram. St. Petersburg Community College (FL) has devel-oped a federally funded National Terrorism PreparednessInstitute that will ultimately have broad national impact.

In some cases, the administrative structure isstatewide—Kentucky and Iowa are two states withsuch structures—but it is important to note that theprimary building blocks of the structure are the states’community colleges. Hazard Community andTechnical College President Jay Box (KentuckyCommunity and Technical College System [KCTCS],2004) sees the “strong presence . . . throughout thestate” of Kentucky’s community and technical collegeas a primary reason for its being the logical site forhomeland security training within the state.

It is important to acknowledge these efforts andothers like them at community colleges throughout thecountry; however, many efforts are extensions or mod-ifications of efforts and programs that were in place forsome time, although their emphases may havechanged. Because community colleges have a traditionof attending to the security and health needs of theircommunities, their current attention to homelandsecurity is only a logical extension of their traditionalfunctions. State and federal agencies seem to have rec-ognized this logic by locating and funding homelandsecurity training initiatives at community collegesthroughout the nation.

How to Program at the Local Level• Review current offerings in homeland security areas.• Develop essential regional homeland security programs for the

college or in a consortium.• Consider consolidating or revising current offerings.• Develop unique training capabilities.• Upgrade all continuing education training, especially in security

technology.

Examples• Maricopa Community Colleges (AZ) consolidated, revised,

and updated all relevant programs.• Southwestern Community College (IA) developed its state’s

first program in cybercrime.• Kentucky Community and Technical College System formed

a network of homeland security training throughout the state.

Exhibit 4


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Besides providing entry-level training for a largenumber of first responders in the United States,community colleges offer extensive continuing

education programs for first and second responders.Some first responder education programs are beingmodified to include greater emphasis on terrorist activ-ity and natural disasters. As Ronnie Day, director ofKentucky’s State Fire Commission, has noted,

We are beginning to see an increase in requestsfor awareness courses in terrorism and WMDas well as Community Emergency ResponseTeam (CERT) training. In the past year, wehave delivered Hazardous Materials andCERT classes to approximately 700 fire, rescueand emergency medical service personnelthroughout the Commonwealth. (KCTCS,2004)

Houston Community College System’s homelandsecurity–oriented courses for first responders includeTerrorism and Facility ProtectionAwareness, Homeland SecurityIntelligence Operations for LawEnforcement Personnel, andExplosives Foundation Trainingfor Medical Personnel.

Several community colleges,recognizing that first-responsepersonnel in the field need toupgrade their skills in homelandsecurity, have concentrated onproviding this type of in-servicetraining first. Thus Iowa CentralCommunity College’s HomelandSecurity Training Center recruitsprofessional trainers fromthroughout the nation to providehands-on training in law enforce-ment, firefighting, emergencymedical services, public health,and emergency management.Among the courses offered in

Iowa are Basic IncidentCommand and EmergencyResponse to Terrorism.

Community collegesalso have come to under-stand that “one-shot train-

ing that is not linked in any way to a career pathwaydoes little to provide incentives for excellence in front-line positions such as airport security screening”(Flynn, Milliron, de los Santos, & Miles, 2003).Colleges like the Community College of Denver haverevised many of their first responder programs toinclude homeland security issues and career pathways.The college’s public safety management AAS degreenow includes a homeland security emphasis. InPennsylvania’s Lehigh Valley, courses in conventionalcriminal justice training have integrated terrorismemphases; Northampton Community College’sThomas Marakovits, head of that college’s criminal jus-tice program, said of a course called ContemporaryIssues of Criminal Justice, “There was a terrorism com-

TRAINING FIRST ANDSECOND RESPONDERS

How to Train First Responders in Homeland Security• Incorporate homeland security elements in current first

responder degree and certificate curricula.• Incorporate hazardous materials training where relevant.• Expand advisory committees to include homeland security

professionals.

Examples• Glendale Community College (AZ) is developing a

comprehensive, coordinated program of fire science, health,criminal justice, emergency management services, and environmental training.

• Community College of Aurora (CO) is creating a HomelandSecurity Training Center that will focus on WMD, tacticaltraining, and emergency management.

• Cuyahoga Community College District (OH) organized its offerings by targeted stakeholders, including transportation,infrastructure, and first responders.

Exhibit 5


ponent before September 11, 2001, but it has grown toa much greater component since then” (cited inFalsone, 2004). The course now includes modules onreligious fanaticism and the history of terrorism.

Tidewater Community College (VA), recognizinga different need in its relatively rural service area, hasdevised a way to expand its EMT services. In coopera-tion with Bayside High School Health SciencesAcademy, it offers high school students training thatwill earn them basic EMT certification as well as seven

college credits. Expanding the number of certifiedEMTs expands the range of services possible from thiscritical group of first responders.

In short, community colleges are responding to thehomeland security training needs of first responders atthe continuing education level for those already in the field while also integrating homeland security issuesin their pre-service first responder programs.

Although training first responders and upgradingtheir skills are crucial, community colleges aredoing significantly more. By establishing com-

munity engagement and awareness programs in manydifferent areas, as well as homeland security institutesand centers, community colleges are making it clear thathomeland security affects a broader group than just firstresponders and that the colleges are regional resources fora wide range of services and needs.

Community engagement programs can take manydifferent forms, such as service learning programs thatinvolve student work and internships in communityservice agencies, like Raritan Valley CommunityCollege’s (NJ) service learning program that engagesmore than 200 students a semester in homeland secu-rity activities. Gulf Coast Community College (FL)stimulates citizenship skills in itsstudents by bringing students andcommunity members together todiscuss and debate homelandsecurity issues. Miami DadeCollege in Florida provides servicelearning opportunities within itshomeland security and relatedprograms, to make students awareof their civic responsibilities asprotectors of homeland security.

Other community collegesstimulate community volunteerefforts. Wayne CommunityCollege (NC) has a volunteeragency for disaster management.The University of Hawaii—

Windward CommunityCollege houses a volunteerresource center on campusfor the Red Cross, CivilDefense, and other agen-cies. Actions such as thesebecome catalysts for community engagement for peo-ple beyond the student population.

These efforts at developing community engage-ment at the program, institutional, and regional levelsshow how pervasive the concept of homeland securityhas become within community college curricula andoperations. Homeland security is clearly neither an iso-lated element of the curriculum nor merely a part ofthe noncredit operation. It has become a part of dailylife for many colleges.

COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT PROGRAMS

How to Encourage Community Engagement • Encourage faculty to include homeland security service learning

programs in courses.• Include cultural awareness and community engagement ele-

ments in homeland security courses.• Establish volunteer community service centers.

Examples• Raritan Valley Community College (NJ) incorporated service

with the Red Cross in some of its courses.• Lakeland Community College’s (OH) campus K-9 unit is a

member of the county’s first response team.• Mineral Area College (MO) is offering DVD-based homeland

security courses to increase awareness in Missouri.

Exhibit 6


In some cases, community engagement is taking amore tangible form. Many community collegeshave extensive specialized facilities for training

related to homeland security (see Figure 3). Roughly70% of the community colleges in the nation eitherown or share medical laboratories and related facilitiesfor training, and 35% have, or have access to, firingranges or other weapons training facilities. Twenty-three percent own or have access to burn buildings, anda surprising 10% have water res-cue and 6% have industrial disas-ter training facilities. Several col-leges (6%) even have or sharemock disaster villages.

In addition to these facilities,several community colleges andlocalities are investing heavily inconstructing new disaster trainingand simulation facilities. WayneCounty Community CollegeDistrict has just opened a newfacility to house the MichiganInstitute for Public SafetyEducation, which will train firstresponse and emergency workers,as well as provide public aware-ness programming. OwensCommunity College in Toledo,Ohio, is building a $10 millionhomeland security center that willinclude an antiterrorism simula-tion center as well as training areas

for a wide range of disasters, from train wrecks to col-lapsed buildings. In western Pennsylvania,Westmoreland County Community College is creatinga 168-acre Public Safety Training Site. KankakeeCommunity College in Illinois is completing a region-al Emergency Management Training Center; TarrantCounty College District (TX) and OaklandCommunity College (MI) have built mock cities totrain for various disaster scenarios.


SPECIALIZED EQUIPMENT AND TRAINING FACILITIES

How to Develop Training Facilities• Inventory current facilities for their usefulness for homeland

security training.• Determine any additional facilities needs.• Determine the need for specialized or regional facilities.• Determine the fiscal practicalities of ongoing support for special

facilities.

Examples• Owens Community College (OH) is building a homeland

security center that will include anti-terrorism simulations.• Oakland Community College (MI) has a Combined Regional

Emergency Services Training (CREST) facility that provides a22-acre replica town for training and simulation exercises.

• Tarrant County College District (TX) constructed a PublicSafety Institute.

• Western Piedmont Community College (NC) is building anemergency services training center.

Exhibit 7

As our society and infrastructure have becomeincreasingly dependent on technology, theneed to focus greater attention on the security

of information and IT has become more acute. AACCwas among the first higher education organizations toseize on this issue. In partnership with the NationalScience Foundation, it convened a conference of

national cybersecurity experts in June 2002 to defineand support the role of community colleges in cyberse-curity education. As AACC President George Boggs(AACC, 2002) noted in remarks to that group, weneed IT workers who are skilled in computer networkdefense, business continuity, disaster recovery, criticalinfrastructure protection, and information assurance:

PROTECTING INFORMATION, NETWORKS, ANDINFRASTRUCTURE


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Even in today’s difficult economy, the demandfor cybersecurity professionals is outstrippingsupply. High-tech companies and governmentagencies are using innovative programs torecruit and train workers with specialized skillsin information security. America needs educa-tional programs to prepare the IT workers ofthe future to maintain the security of our sys-tems, and that is where community collegescome into the picture. (p. 11)

An extensive list of recommendations, documented in Protecting Information: The Role of Community Collegesin Cybersecurity Education (AACC, 2002), is predicatedon collaborations between community colleges andother stakeholders, including 4-year colleges and univer-sities, business and industry leaders, professional soci-eties and trade associations, and government agencies.Those recommendations included the following:

• Form partnerships with all other stakeholders topool resources and tap the resources of vendors, ITuser communities, and government agencies.

• Coordinate educational programs.• Identify the next generation of cybersecurity jobs

and develop programs to train for them.• Educate the college community, both internal and

external, in cybersecurity issues.• Provide continuing education for cybersecurity pro-

fessionals.• Integrate cybersecurity con-

cepts and topics into all rele-vant curricula.

• Develop “reverse transfer” pro-grams to provide applied skillsto holders of bachelor’sdegrees.

• Use professionals in the cyber-security field as professors andprogram advisors, as well asmonitors of cybersecurityimplementation on campus.

• Work with professional organ-izations to update faculty andenrich student learning.

• Seek state and federal fundingfor this vital but very expen-sive initiative. (pp. 31–37)

Many community colleges have responded to thetask force’s suggestions with alacrity. Many—such asMarshall Community and Technical College (WV),Inver Hills Community College (MN), and theUniversity of Hawaii—Honolulu CommunityCollege—offer network security certification programs.Others, such as Miami Dade College (FL) andOklahoma City Community College, are offering pro-grams in cybersecurity; Tulsa Community College (OK)trains its faculty in cybersecurity at the University ofTulsa, then offers cybersecurity courses on its campus.Clover Park Technical College (WA) is one of theNational Security Agency–certified institutions in thewest to offer cybersecurity training. In addition, theNational Science Foundation has designated MoraineValley Community College (IL) as a center for systemssecurity and information assurance, as well as SpringfieldTechnical Community College (MA) as a center forinformation and telecommunications technology.

As the use of electronic data storage and transmis-sion expands and the use of the Internet becomes evenmore pervasive, cybersecurity education and trainingwill most likely become an increasingly important partof homeland security. Community colleges, with theirability to connect with many different constituencieswithin the communities, as well as their ability todevelop excellent training programs quickly and effi-ciently, are an ideal venue for meeting those challenges.

How to Develop Cybersecurity Programs• Develop an internal, institutional cybersecurity plan.• Determine external cybersecurity training needs.• Partner with other colleges and businesses.• Develop certification programs for faculty and others with com-

puter or IT degrees.

Examples• Springfield Technical Community College (MA) established

the National Center for Telecommunications Technicians foradvanced training in information and communications technol-ogy.

• Moraine Valley Community College (IL) established anadvanced technology center focused on systems security andinformation assurance.

Exhibit 8


The events of September 11, 2001, changed thenation in many profound ways, not the least ofwhich was focusing its attention on homeland

security. Failures in preparing for and dealing with thenatural disasters of 2005 are likely to increase thenation’s focus on disaster planning and relief as well. Aslocalities, states, and the federal government ponderstrategies for dealing with both human-made and nat-ural disasters, the need for well-trained, current, profes-sional first and second responders is likely to becomeeven more obvious. That need for current, ongoingtraining and education can be assisted by the nation’scommunity colleges.

This report illustrates that community colleges arealready providing training and education in homelandsecurity areas for their communities and, in severalcases, for much wider populations of professionals.They are also engaged throughout the country in emer-

gency planning and relief. Because they are communi-ty based, they also can offer resources and facilities intimes of community need.

By tradition and design, community colleges adaptto and provide for emergent needs. It is clear that dis-aster preparedness has become a critical need, and com-munity colleges around the country are proving thatthey can address that need. That better planning, coor-dination, and relief for disasters is necessary is beyonddispute. That community colleges can help provideresources for planning, coordination, and training ofdisaster prevention and relief professionals should beevident as well. Community colleges have an importantrole to play in the development of effective systems tohandle disasters. They are indeed on the front lines ofthe nation’s efforts to cope with human-made and nat-ural disasters.

CONCLUSION


References

American Association of Community Colleges.(2002). Protecting information: The role of commu-nity colleges in cybersecurity education. Washington,DC: Community College Press.

Associated Press. (2004, February 6). The leader inhomeland security education. Available fromwww.cnn.com/2004/EDUCATION/02/06/community.colleges.ap

Dardis, R. (2004). The Iowa homeland security strategy.Des Moines, IA: Iowa Homeland Security andEmergency Management. Available fromwww.iowahomelandsecurity.org

Dardis, R. (2005). The Iowa homeland security strategy.Des Moines, IA: Iowa Homeland Security andEmergency Management. Available fromwww.iowahomelandsecurity.org

Falsone, N. (2004, February 29). NCC doing its bitfor homeland security. The Express-Times, p. B-1.

Flynn, R. T., Milliron, M. D., de los Santos, G. E., &Miles, C. L. (2003, July). Homeland security andthe community college: A vibrant present and avital future. Leadership Abstracts, 16(7). Availablefrom www.league.org

Iowa Homeland Security and EmergencyManagement. (2006). Iowa: Secure & prepared.Available fromwww.iowahomelandsecurity.org/asp/HS_inIowa/HSEM_info.asp

Kentucky Community and Technical College System.(2004, March 1). KCTCS develops homeland secu-rity program [News release]. Available fromwww.kctcs.net/newspublications

League for Innovation in the Community College.(2006). Leveraging community colleges for home-land security. Available fromwww.league.org/league/projects/homeland_security/vision_purpose.html

Maricopa Community Colleges Center for WorkforceDevelopment. (2003, February). Homeland secu-rity programs [Executive summary]. Availablefrom www.maricopa.edu

McPhee, S. (2004). Hot programs at community colleges[Research brief ]. Washington, DC: AmericanAssociation of Community Colleges.

Monroe Community College. (2003, December 9).MCC launches Homeland Security Institute.Available from www.monroecc.edu

National Center for Educational Statistics. (2003).Integrated postsecondary education data system(IPEDS) completion survey [Data file].Washington, DC: U.S. Department ofEducation.

National Commission on Terrorist Attacks. (2004).The 9/11 Commission report: Final report of theNational Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon theUnited States (authorized edition). New York:Norton.

SRI International. (2004). AACC survey on homelandsecurity and related issues [Aggregated responses].Washington, DC: American Association ofCommunity Colleges. Available fromwww.aacc.nche.edu/homelandsecurityreports


Additional Resources

WEB SITES

Collegiate Consortium for Workforce and EconomicDevelopment Programs

www.cctrain.org

Community College of Philadelphia (homeland security)www.ccp.edu/home/workforce/homeland_security.html

Department of Homeland Security, Federal EmergencyManagement Agency, U.S. Fire Administration,Emergency Management Institute

www.training.fema.gov/emiwebwww.training.fema.gov/emiweb/edu

Florida Community Colleges Risk ManagementConsortium

www.fccrmc.com

Monroe Community CollegeHomeland Security Management Institutewww.monroecc.edu/depts/hsmi

Pierce CollegeCenter of Excellence for Homeland Security www.pierce.ctc.edu/HomelandSecurity/education/

listCTC.php

Springfield Technical Community CollegeNational Center for Telecommunications Technologieswww.nctt.org

Tarrant County College-NorthwestPublic Safety Institutewww.tccd.edu/neutral/DivisionDepartmentPage.asp?

pagekey=31&menu=2

PUBLICATIONS

Barth, R. (2004, September 28). Iowa college to trainresponders for agroterrorism: $3.2 million grantfrom Department of Homeland Security fundsprogram to protect food supply. CommunityCollege Times.

Blezard, R. (2003, February/March). Safe and secure:Community colleges in the post–9/11 world.Community College Journal, pp. 10–13.

Cohen, B. (2003, December 15). Local colleges unitefor homeland security. Available from www.thereporteronline.com

Gamble, C. (2004, September 28). Community col-leges develop programs and strategy. CommunityCollege Times.

Holmes, N. (2004, January 20). Cybersecurity fund-ing looks favorable. Community College Times.

Holmes, N. (2004, February 3). AACC meets withhomeland security official. Community College Times.

Holmes, N. (2004, March 16). Phenomenal growth seenin homeland security. Community College Times.

Holmes, N. (2004, October 26). 2-year colleges take leadin homeland security. Community College Times.

Johnson, E. A. (2003, February/March). Biosecurity—The Bio-Link Project. Community College Journal,pp. 18–20.


Kabat Lensch, E. (2003, February/March). The fightagainst terrorism. Community College Journal, pp.14–17.

LaRose, M. (2004, May 11). National security atstake in changing world. CommunityCollege Times.

LaRose, M. (2004, September 28). AACC launchesflight crew defense training course to be expand-ed nationwide at 2-year colleges. CommunityCollege Times.

Neyman, J. (2004, August 24). Colleges embracehomeland security curriculum. USA Today.Available from www.usatoday.com/news/education/2004-08-24-homeland-usat_x.htm

Perez, A. (2004, September 28). Lesson learned from9/11: Be prepared. Community College Times.

Shek, K. (2004, August 3). Kentucky colleges to addmore homeland security training. CommunityCollege Times.

Smith, L., & Miller, D. (2002). Before crisis hits.Washington, DC: Community College Press.

Teles, E. J., & Hovis, R. C. (2003, February/March).Community colleges and cybersecurity education.Community College Journal, pp. 22–25.

Appendix A:AACC Survey on Homeland Security

and Related Issues (2004)


SURVEY COVER LETTER

Dear [title and name]:

The American Association of Community Colleges (AACC) needs your assistance. AACC is working toshowcase to Congress and federal agencies the importance of community colleges in homeland securityefforts. You can help in this effort by completing our survey on homeland security and related issues for yourinstitution (or by forwarding this message to a colleague who can complete it). The questionnaire can beaccessed by clicking on the link below or by copying and pasting this URL into your browser.

[insert hyperlink to questionnaire]

The greater the number of community colleges that respond to this survey, the more powerful and cogent thestory we can tell about how community colleges serve as key homeland security assets in local communities,regions, and the nation.

Community colleges are known to provide programs and services in security and public safety, as well as nurs-ing and allied health. In order to provide a more complete picture of homeland security programs and facili-ties, we ask that you think beyond the traditional first responder programs offered by your college.Homeland security also covers a broad spectrum of related programs: cyber security, emergency management,pipeline management, power grid management, food safety, transportation security, and water/waste watermanagement, to name a few. AACC recognizes some colleges have contracts with military, intelligence, orother entities that are sensitive in nature. If you have such contracts, please complete the questionnaire as faras possible, leaving out only the item(s) you consider confidential.

AACC, working with SRI International, developed this survey on homeland security and related issues. Theanalysis and report will provide a picture of what assets community colleges have in homeland security pro-grams. The report will present aggregate data, as well as descriptions of unique facilities and programs, andwill be made available to all survey respondents.

In addition to the questionnaire, we’re also collecting handouts and brochures that focus on homeland securityprograms or specialized training equipment. If you have any such materials, please send them to Laurie Quarles.Please do not send a general course catalogue. Laurie’s mailing address is: Laurie Quarles, AACC, One DupontCircle, NW, Suite 410, Washington, DC 20036. Her phone number is (202) 728-0200, ext. 249.

If you have questions or need further information about the survey, please contact the SRI project leader.

Thank you for your prompt attention.

Sincerely,George BoggsPresident and CEOAmerican Association of Community Colleges


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5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

Offer degreeprograms

in this area

Offer certificateprograms

in this area

No currentofferings &no plans for

offerings in this area

Currentlyplanning to

initiate/expand


Offer courses

in thisarea,but no

certificate or degree

Airport security training/planning

Allied health (includes dental hygienists,medical technologists, physical therapyassistants, radiology technicians, etc.)Does NOT include nursing.

Aviation (mechanics/pilots/ avionics)

Commercial/industrial air quality control

Criminal justice/law enforcement

Cyber security/internet security

Emergency management/preparedness

Emergency medical service/emergencymedical technician/paramedic

Environmental health and safety

Fire science/fire technology

Food chain management, food safety, oragri-terrorism

Forensic sciences

GIS/GPS

Harbor security

HazMat

Nursing

Pipeline security

Power grid management

If your college—as identified above—includes multiple campuses, please include information on all campuses in your responses.

PROGRAMS AND COURSES

1. In which of the following areas, if any, does your college offer or plan to offer a degree program, a certificate program, or course(s)? Please include both credit and non-credit offerings.

(PLEASE SELECT ALL THAT APPLY IN EACH ROW)


2. Does your college offer a course, certificate, or degree in which “homeland security” is part of the title?(PLEASE SELECT ALL THAT APPLY)

Yes, course(s), but not a certificate or degree . . . 1 ➔ Please describe belowYes, certificate(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 ➔ Please describe belowYes, degree(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 ➔ Please describe belowNo, none of the above . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

If yes, what are the title(s) and general topics covered in your “homeland security” course(s)/program?

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

3. (Besides those indicated in questions 1 and 2, does your college offer any other courses, certificates, ordegrees that you believe have significant homeland security components? (PLEASE SELECT ALL THAT APPLY)

Yes, course(s), but not a certificate or degree . . . 1 ➔ Please describe belowYes, certificate(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 ➔ Please describe belowYes, degree(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 ➔ Please describe belowNo, none of the above . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

1. (continued) In which of the following areas, if any, does your college offer or plan to offer a degree program,a certificate program, or course(s)? Please include both credit and non-credit offerings.(PLEASE SELECT ALL THAT APPLY IN EACH ROW)

s.

t.

u.

v.

w.

x.

y.

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

Offer degreeprograms

in this area

Offer certificateprograms

in this area

No currentofferings &no plans for


Currentlyplanning to

initiate/expand


Offer courses

in thisarea,but no

certificate or degree

Public safety communications

Rail security

Risk assessment/security planning

Search and rescue

Ship navigation

Water/waste water management

WMD awareness/preparedness


a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

f.

g.

h.

i.

j.

k.

l.

m.

n.

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

Our college issole owner/

lessee of this

Our collegeshares thiswith other

entities

Do not havethis & do notplan to have

this

Our college willhave this within

the next 12months

Aviation/flight simulators

Burn building(s)

Commercial airplane fuselage

Confined space/trench rescue

Disaster village/mock city

Driving track/skid pad

Emergency communications control center

Fire engine/fire truck for training purposes

Firing range or shoot house

Industrial disaster training facility

Medical labs or other medical facilities for training purposes

Rail car for training exercises

Training ship

Water rescue pond or swift water rescuefacility

FACILITIES/EQUIPMENT

4. Which of the following training facilities or specialized equipment does your college own/lease, share withother entities, or expect to acquire within the next 12 months? (Please include facilities/equipment not nowused for homeland security-related purposes as well as those that are used for such purposes. ) (PLEASE SELECT ALL THAT APPLY IN EACH ROW)

5. Which of the following communication capabilities, if any, does your college have? (PLEASE SELECT ALL THAT APPLY)

Broadcast radio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Broadcast television . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Satellite uplink (transmitter) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Video conferencing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Other specialized communication capabilities(please describe below) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5None of the above . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Other specialized communication capabilities: ____________________________________

__________________________________________________________________


6. Does your college own/lease or share specialized simulation equipment or facilities that you believe is/arerelated to homeland security, other than equipment/facilities specified above? (PLEASE SELECT ONE)

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 ➔ Please describe belowNo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

7. If your college owns/leases or shares other training or specialized equipment or facilities that you believeis/are related to homeland security besides those listed in the above question, please describe:

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

EXCEPTIONAL FEATURES OF YOUR PROGRAMS/FACILITIES

8. If there are any features of your college’s homeland security-related programs or facilities that you believe areexceptional or of particular significance, please describe them here.

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

HOMELAND SECURITY PARTNERSHIPS ORCOOPERATIVE EFFORTS

9. Is your college coordinating with any of the following on any homeland security-related efforts? (PLEASE SELECT ALL THAT APPLY)

Other colleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1National Guard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Other military . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Non-military federal government offices/agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4State government offices/agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Municipal or county offices/agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Industry/commercial organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Other entities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8No, none of the above . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Please provide a brief description of your coordination activities (if any) here:

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________


10. Has your college been designated as having any kind of special responsibilities during or following a natural or manmade disaster? (PLEASE SELECT ALL THAT APPLY)

Yes, campus is an evacuation site . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Yes, other special responsibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 ➔ Please describe belowNo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

11. Has your college been designated by a government entity as having any kind of special trainingresponsibilities that are related to homeland security? (PLEASE SELECT ONE)

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 ➔ Please describe belowNo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

OTHER

12. If there is anything else that your college is doing that is related to homeland security, please describe it here.

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

13. Comments.

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

14. If we have questions about your responses, whom should we contact?

Name: ____________________________________________________________

Title: ____________________________________________________________

E-mail address: _____________________________________________________

Telephone: (_____)_________________ ext. ______

If you would like to print a copy of your responses, please select “Print” on your browser’s “File” menu.

Thank you very much for your participation in this survey.A report presenting aggregate survey data as well as descriptions of unique facilities and programs

will be made available to all survey respondents.

Appendix B:Survey Participants


College State

Abraham Baldwin Agricultural College GAAdirondack Community College NYAiken Technical College SCAims Community College COAlabama Southern Community College ALAlamance Community College NCAlbany Technical College GAAlbuquerque Technical Vocational Institute NMAllegany College of Maryland MDAllen County Community College KSAlpena Community College MIAlvin Community College TXAmarillo College TXAmerican River College CAAncilla College INAndover College MEAnne Arundel Community College MDAnoka-Ramsey Community College MNArapahoe Community College COArizona Western College AZArkansas Northeastern College ARArkansas State University-Newport ARArt Institute of Seattle WAAsheville-Buncombe Technical Community College NCAshland Community and Technical College KYAsnuntuck Community College CTAthens Technical College GAAtlanta Metropolitan College GAAtlantic Cape Community College NJAustin Community College TXBainbridge College GABarton County Community College KSBaton Rouge Community College LABay Mills Community College MIBay State College MABeaufort County Community College NCBellevue Community College WABellingham Technical College WABergen Community College NJBerkshire Community College MABig Sandy Community and Technical College KYBismarck State College NDBlack Hawk College ILBlackhawk Technical College WIBladen Community College NCBlinn College TXBlue Ridge Community College NCBorough of Manhattan Community College NY

College State

Bossier Parish Community College LABowling Green Technical College KYBrevard Community College FLBriarwood College CTBristol Community College MABrookhaven College TXBroward Community College FLBrunswick Community College NCBucks County Community College PABunker Hill Community College MABurlington County College NJButler County Community College PAButler County Community College KSCabrillo College CACaldwell Community College and Technical Institute NCCalhoun Community College ALCanada College CACankdeska Cikana Community College NDCape Cod Community College MACape Fear Community College NCCarl Albert State College OKCarl Sandburg College ILCarolinas College of Health Sciences NCCarroll Community College MDCarteret Community College NCCascadia Community College WACasper College WYCatawba Valley Community College NCCayuga County Community College NYCecil Community College MDCedar Valley College TXCentral Arizona College AZCentral Community College NECentral Florida Community College FLCentral Georgia Technical College GACentral Lakes College MNCentral Maine Medical Center School of Nursing MECentral Oregon Community College ORCentral Piedmont Community College NCCentral Texas College TXCentral Virginia Community College VACentral Wyoming College WYCentralia College WACentury College MNCerritos College CACerro Coso Community College CAChaffey College CAChandler-Gilbert Community College AZ


College State

Chattahoochee Technical College GAChattahoochee Valley Community College ALChattanooga State Technical Community College TNChemeketa Community College ORChesapeake College MDChipola College FLChippewa Valley Technical College WICincinnati State Technical and

Community College OHCisco Junior College TXCitrus College CACity College of San Francisco CAClarendon College TXClark College WAClark State Community College OHClatsop Community College ORCleveland Community College NCClinton Community College IACloud County Community College KSClover Park Technical College WACoahoma Community College MSCoastal Bend College TXCoastal Carolina Community College NCCoastal Georgia Community College GACoastline Community College CACochise College AZCoconino Community College AZCoffeyville Community College and Area

Technical School KSCollege of DuPage ILCollege of Eastern Utah UTCollege of Lake County ILCollege of Marin CACollege of Menominee Nation WICollege of San Mateo CACollege of Southern Idaho IDCollege of Southern Maryland MDCollege of the Desert CACollege of the Mainland TXCollege of the Redwoods District CACollege of the Siskiyous CAColumbia Gorge Community College ORColumbia State Community College TNColumbia-Greene Community College NYColumbus State Community College OHColumbus Technical College GACommunity College of Aurora COCommunity College of Beaver County PACommunity College of Denver COCommunity College of Philadelphia PACommunity College of Rhode Island RICommunity College of the Air Force ALCompton Community College CAConnors State College OKCoosa Valley Technical College GACopiah-Lincoln Community College MS

College State

Cossatot Community College of the University of Arkansas AR

County College of Morris NJCowley County Community College KSCrafton Hills College CACuesta College CACuyahoga Community College District OHCuyamaca College CACy-Fair College TXCypress College CADabney S Lancaster Community College VADakota County Technical College MNDanville Area Community College ILDanville Community College VADarton College GADavidson County Community College NCDavis College OHDawson Community College MTDaytona Beach Community College FLDean College MADeep Springs College NVDeKalb Technical College GADelaware Technical & Community

College-Stanton/Wilmington DEDelta College MIDes Moines Area Community College IADiablo Valley College CADine' College AZDixie State College of Utah UTDodge City Community College KSDon Bosco Technical Institute CADunwoody College of Technology MNDurham Technical Community College NCDutchess Community College NYDyersburg State Community College TNEast Arkansas Community College AREast Central College MOEast Central Community College MSEast Georgia College GAEast Los Angeles College CAEastern Arizona College AZEastern Idaho Technical College IDEastern Maine Community College MEEastern New Mexico University-Roswell NMEastern Oklahoma State College OKEastern Shore Community College VAEastern Wyoming College WYEastfield College TXEdgecombe Community College NCEl Centro College TXEl Paso Community College District TXElgin Community College ILElizabethtown Community and Technical College KYEnterprise-Ozark Community College ALErie Community College NYEssex County College NJ


College State

Estrella Mountain Community College AZEverett Community College WAEvergreen Valley College CAFashion Institute of Technology NYFayetteville Technical Community College NCFeather River College CAFinger Lakes Community College NYFisher College MAFlorence-Darlington Technical College SCFlorida Community College at Jacksonville FLForsyth Technical Community College NCFort Belknap College MTFort Scott Community College KSFox Valley Technical College WIFrank Phillips College TXFrederick Community College MDFront Range Community College COFullerton College CAFulton-Montgomery Community College NYGadsden State Community College ALGainesville College GAGalveston College TXGarden City Community College KSGarrett College MDGaston College NCGateway Community and Technical College KYGateway Community College CTGateway Technical College WIGavilan College CAGenesee Community College NYGeorgia Highlands College GAGeorgia Military College GAGeorgia Perimeter College GAGermanna Community College VAGlen Oaks Community College MIGlendale Community College AZGloucester County College NJGogebic Community College MIGoodwin College CTGordon College GAGrays Harbor College WAGrayson County College TXGreat Basin College NVGreen River Community College WAGreenfield Community College MAGreenville Technical College SCGrossmont College CAGuilford Technical Community College NCGulf Coast Community College FLGwinnett Technical College GAH Councill Trenholm State Technical College ALHalifax Community College NCHarcum College PAHarford Community College MDHarold Washington College ILHarrisburg Area Community College PA

College State

Hartnell College CAHawkeye Community College IAHazard Community College KYHeartland Community College ILHennepin Technical College MNHesston College KSHighland Community College KSHighland Community College ILHighline Community College WAHill College TXHillsborough Community College FLHocking Technical College OHHolyoke Community College MAHopkinsville Community College KYHorry-Georgetown Technical College SCHostos Community College NYHousatonic Community College CTHouston Community College System TXHoward College TXHoward Community College MDHudson County Community College NJHutchinson Community College and

Area Vocational School KSIdaho State University IDIlisagvik College AKIllinois Central College ILIllinois Valley Community College ILImperial Valley College CAIndependence Community College KSIndian Hills Community College IAIndian River Community College FLInver Hills Community College MNIowa Lakes Community College IAIowa Western Community College IAIrvine Valley College CAIsothermal Community College NCItasca Community College MNJ F Drake State Technical College ALJackson Community College MIJackson State Community College TNJames A. Rhodes State College OHJames Sprunt Community College NCJamestown Business College NYJamestown Community College NYJefferson College MOJefferson Community and Technical College KYJefferson Community College NYJefferson Davis Community College ALJefferson State Community College ALJohn A Logan College ILJohn Tyler Community College VAJohn Wood Community College ILJohnson County Community College KSJohnston Community College NCJoliet Junior College ILJones County Junior College MS


College State

Kalamazoo Valley Community College MIKankakee Community College ILKaskaskia College ILKellogg Community College MIKennedy-King College ILKettering College of Medical Arts OHKilgore College TXKilian Community College SDKingsborough Community College NYKirkwood Community College IAKirtland Community College MIKlamath Community College ORL E Fletcher Technical Community College LALabette Community College KSLackawanna Junior College PALaGuardia Community College NYLake Area Technical Institute SDLake Land College ILLake Michigan College MILake Region State College NDLake Tahoe Community College CALake Washington Technical College WALakeland Community College OHLakeshore Technical College WILake-Sumter Community College FLLamar Community College COLamar Institute of Technology TXLamar State College-Orange TXLandmark College VTLansing Community College MILaramie County Community College WYLaredo Community College TXLas Positas College CALassen Community College CALee College TXLenoir Community College NCLester L Cox College of Nursing and

Health Sciences MOLewis and Clark Community College ILLincoln Land Community College ILLinn State Technical College MOLinn-Benton Community College ORLittle Big Horn College MTLorain County Community College OHLord Fairfax Community College VALos Angeles City College CALos Angeles Harbor College CALos Angeles Trade-Technical College CALos Angeles Valley College CALos Medanos College CALouisburg College NCLouisiana State University-Eunice LALower Columbia College WALuna Community College NMLurleen B Wallace Community College ALLuzerne County Community College PA

College State

MacCormac Junior College ILMacomb Community College MIMadison Area Technical College WIMadisonville Community College KYMalcolm X College ILManatee Community College FLManor Junior College PAMaria College NYMarion Technical College OHMarshall Community & Technical College WVMartin Community College NCMarymount College CAMassachusetts Bay Community College MAMassasoit Community College MAMaysville Community & Technical College KYMcHenry County College ILMcLennan Community College TXMendocino College CAMerced College CAMercy College of Health Sciences IAMeridian Community College MSMerritt College CAMesa Community College AZMetropolitan Community College NEMiami Dade College FLMid-Michigan Community College MIMiddle Georgia College GAMiddle Georgia Technical College GAMiddlesex Community College MAMiddlesex Community College CTMidland College TXMid-State Technical College WIMiles Community College MTMilwaukee Area Technical College WIMineral Area College MOMinneapolis Community and Technical College MNMinnesota West Community and Technical College MNMinot State University-Bottineau NDMira Costa College CAMississippi Gulf Coast Community College MSMissouri State University-West Plains MOMitchell Community College NCMitchell Technical Institute SDMoberly Area Community College MOModesto Junior College CAMohave Community College AZMohawk Valley Community College NYMonroe Community College NYMonroe County Community College MIMontana State University-Great Falls

College of Technology MTMontcalm Community College MIMonterey Peninsula College CAMontgomery College TXMontgomery College-Germantown MDMontgomery Community College NC


College State

Montgomery County Community College PAMoraine Park Technical College WIMoraine Valley Community College ILMorgan Community College COMotlow State Community College TNMott Community College MIMountain Empire Community College VAMt Hood Community College ORMurray State College OKMuskegon Community College MINapa Valley College CANash Community College NCNashville State Technical Institute TNNassau Community College NYNational Park Community College ARNavarro College TXNeosho County Community College KSNew Hampshire Community Technical

College-Manchester NHNew Mexico Junior College NMNew Mexico State University-Alamogordo NMNew Mexico State University-Carlsbad NMNiagara County Community College NYNorth Arkansas College ARNorth Central Michigan College MINorth Central Missouri College MONorth Central State College OHNorth Country Community College NYNorth Dakota State College of Science NDNorth Florida Community College FLNorth Georgia Technical College GANorth Harris College TXNorth Idaho College IDNorth Iowa Area Community College IANorth Metro Technical Institute GANorth Seattle Community College WANorth Shore Community College MANorthampton Community College PANorthcentral Technical College WINortheast Community College NENortheast Iowa Community College IANortheast State Technical Community College TNNortheast Texas Community College TXNortheast Wisconsin Technical College WINortheastern Junior College CONortheastern Oklahoma Agricultural and

Mechanical College OKNortheastern Technical College SCNorthern Essex Community College MANorthern Maine Community College MENorthern New Mexico Community College NMNorthern Oklahoma College OKNorthern Virginia Community College VANorthland Community and Technical College MNNorthland Pioneer College AZNorthWest Arkansas Community College AR

College State

Northwest College WYNorthwest Indian College WANorthwest Iowa Community College IANorthwest State Community College OHNorthwestern Business College ILNorthwestern Michigan College MINorthwestern Technical College GANunez Community College LAOakland Community College MIOakton Community College ILOcean County College NJOdessa College TXOgeechee Technical College GAOglala Lakota College SDOkaloosa-Walton College FLOklahoma City Community College OKOklahoma State University-Oklahoma City OKOklahoma State University-Okmulgee OKOlive-Harvey College ILOnondaga Community College NYOrange Coast College CAOrange County Community College NYOregon Coast Community College OROtero Junior College COOuachita Technical College AROwens Community College OHOwensboro Community College and

Technical College KYOxnard College CAOzarka College AROzarks Technical Community College MOPalm Beach Community College FLPalo Verde College CAPalomar College CAPamlico Community College NCPanola College TXParadise Valley Community College AZParis Junior College TXParkland College ILPasadena City College CAPasco-Hernando Community College FLPassaic County Community College NJPatrick Henry Community College VAPaul D Camp Community College VAPearl River Community College MSPellissippi State Technical Community College TNPeninsula College WAPennsylvania Highlands Community College PAPennsylvania Institute of Technology PAPensacola Junior College FLPhillips Community College of the

University of Arkansas ARPhoenix College AZPiedmont Community College NCPiedmont Technical College SCPiedmont Virginia Community College VA


College State

Pierce College WAPierce College CAPikes Peak Community College COPolk Community College FLPorterville College CAPortland Community College ORPrairie State College ILPratt Community College KSPrince George's Community College MDPrince William Sound Community College AKPueblo Community College COPulaski Technical College ARPurdue University North Central Campus INQueensborough Community College NYQuincy College MAQuinebaug Valley Community College CTQuinsigamond Community College MARainy River Community College MNRandolph Community College NCRanger College TXRanken Technical College MORaritan Valley Community College NJRedlands Community College OKReedley College CARend Lake College ILRenton Technical College WARhodes College - Phoenix AZRichard Bland College VARichland College TXRichland Community College ILRichmond Community College NCRidgewater College MNRio Hondo College CARio Salado College AZRiver Parishes Community College LARiverland Community College MNRiverside Community College CARoane State Community College TNRoanoke-Chowan Community College NCRochester Community and Technical College MNRock Valley College ILRockingham Community College NCRockland Community College NYRogue Community College ORRose State College OKRowan-Cabarrus Community College NCSaddleback College CASaint Paul College MNSampson Community College NCSan Antonio College TXSan Diego City College CASan Diego Miramar College CASan Jacinto College District TXSan Joaquin Delta College CASan Juan College NMSanta Ana College CA

College State

Santa Barbara City College CASanta Fe Community College FLSanta Fe Community College NMSanta Monica College CASanta Rosa Junior College CASauk Valley Community College ILSavannah Technical College GASchenectady County Community College NYSchoolcraft College MIScottsdale Community College AZSeattle Central Community College WASeminole Community College FLSeward County Community College KSShawnee Community College ILShelton State Community College ALShoreline Community College WASinclair Community College OHSisseton Wahpeton College SDSkagit Valley College WASkyline College CASnead State Community College ALSomerset Community College KYSouth Arkansas Community College ARSouth Central College MNSouth Florida Community College FLSouth Louisiana Community College LASouth Mountain Community College AZSouth Piedmont Community College NCSouth Plains College TXSouth Puget Sound Community College WASouth Seattle Community College WASouth Suburban College ILSouth Texas College TXSoutheast Arkansas College ARSoutheast Community College NESoutheast Community College KYSoutheast Missouri Hospital College of

Nursing and Health Services MOSoutheastern Community College IASoutheastern Technical College GASouthern Arkansas University Tech ARSouthern Maine Community College MESouthern State Community College OHSouthern University at Shreveport/Bossier City LASouthern West Virginia Community and

Technical College WVSouthwest Georgia Technical College GASouthwest Tennessee Community College TNSouthwest Texas Junior College TXSouthwest Wisconsin Technical College WISouthwestern College CASouthwestern Community College NCSouthwestern Community College IASouthwestern Michigan College MISouthwestern Oregon Community College ORSowela Technical Community College LA


College State

Spokane Community College WASpokane Falls Community College WASpoon River College ILSt Augustine College ILSt Catharine College KYSt Charles Community College MOSt Clair County Community College MISt Cloud Technical College MNSt Elizabeth College of Nursing NYSt Johns River Community College FLSt Louis Community College MOSt Petersburg College FLSt Philip's College TXStanly Community College NCStark State College of Technology OHState Fair Community College MOSuffolk County Community College NYSullivan County Community College NYSUNY Canton NYSurry Community College NCSussex County Community College NJTacoma Community College WATaft College CATallahassee Community College FLTarrant County College District TXTechnical College of the Lowcountry SCTemple College TXTerra State Community College OHTexas State Technical College-Harlingen TXTexas State Technical College-Marshall TXTexas State Technical College-Waco TXTexas State Technical College-West Texas TXThe Art Institute of Dallas TXThe Metropolitan Community Colleges MOThe Urban College of Boston MAThomas Nelson Community College VAThree Rivers Community College CTThree Rivers Community College MOTidewater Community College VATillamook Bay Community College ORTransPacific Hawaii College HITreasure Valley Community College ORTri-County Community College NCTrident Technical College SCTrinity Valley Community College TXTriton College ILTrocaire College NYTruckee Meadows Community College NVTruman College ILTulsa Community College OKTunxis Community College CTTyler Junior College TXUniversity of Arkansas Community College-Morrilton ARUniversity of Arkansas-Fort Smith ARUnion County College NJUniversity of Cincinnati-Raymond Walters College OH

College State

University of Hawai'i Kapi'olani Community College HIUniversity of Hawai'i-Hawai'i Community College HIUniversity of Hawai'i-Honolulu Community College HIUniversity of Hawai'i-Maui Community College HIUniversity of Hawai'i-Windward Community College HIUniversity of Montana-Helena College of Technology MTUniversity of Northwestern Ohio OHValdosta Technical College GAValencia Community College FLValley Forge Military College PAVentura College CAVermillion Community College MNVernon Regional Junior College TXVictor Valley College CAVictoria College TXVilla Maria College of Buffalo NYVirginia Highlands Community College VAVirginia Western Community College VAVolunteer State Community College TNWalla Walla Community College WAWallace Community College ALWallace State Community College ALWalters State Community College TNWarren County Community College NJWashington County Community College MEWashington State Community College OHWashtenaw Community College MIWaubonsee Community College ILWaukesha County Technical College WIWaycross College GAWayne Community College NCWayne County Community College District MIWenatchee Valley College WAWentworth Military Academy and Junior College MOWest Central Technical College Carrollton Campus GAWest Georgia Technical College GAWest Hills Community College CAWest Shore Community College MIWestchester Community College NYWestern Dakota Technical Institute SDWestern Iowa Tech Community College IAWestern Nebraska Community College Area NEWestern Nevada Community College NVWestern Oklahoma State College OKWestern Piedmont Community College NCWestern Texas College TXWestern Wisconsin Technical College WIWestern Wyoming Community College WYWestmoreland County Community College PAWharton County Junior College TXWilbur Wright College ILWilkes Community College NCWilliamsburg Technical College SCWilliston State College NDWilson Technical Community College NCWisconsin Indianhead Technical College WI


College State

Wor-Wic Community College MDYakima Valley Community College WAYork County Community College MEYork Technical College SCZane State College OH

Appendix C:American Association of Community

Colleges 2004 Ad Hoc Task Forceon Homeland Security

David Buettner, Fox Valley Technical College (WI)

George Coxey, Owens Community College (OH)

Vernon Crawley, Moraine Valley Community College(IL)

Larry Devane, Redlands Community College (OK)

Mary Ellen Duncan (2004 Co-Chair), HowardCommunity College (MD)

Doug Feil, Kirkwood Community College (IA)

R. Thomas Flynn, Monroe Community College (NY)

Margaret Forde, Houston Community CollegeSystem-Northeast College (TX)

Herlinda Glasscock, Dallas County CommunityCollege District, North Lake College (TX)

Pat Keir, San Diego Miramar College (CA)

Carl Kuttler, St. Petersburg College (FL)

Antonio Perez (2004–2005 Co-Chair), Borough ofManhattan Community College (NY)

Don Snyder, Lehigh Carbon Community College(PA)

Mary Spangler (2005 Co-Chair), OaklandCommunity College (MI)

Gwen Stephenson, Hillsborough Community College(FL)

Robert Templin, Northern Virginia CommunityCollege (VA)

Frank Toda, Columbia Gorge Community College(OR)

Art Tyler, Los Angeles City College (CA)

Steve Wall, Pierce College (WA)

Frances White, Skyline College (CA)

Tony Zeiss, Central Piedmont Community College(NC)



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