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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)
Volume 9, Issue 4, April 2018, pp. 412–423, Article ID: IJCIET_09_04_046
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=4
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316
© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed
TREATMENT OF DOMESTIC WASTEWATER
USING VERMI-BIOFILTRATION SYSTEM
WITH AND WITHOUT WETLAND PLANTS
Pakanati Chandra Sekhar Reddy
M.Tech-Environmental Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology,
Kancheepuram, Tamilnadu, India
K.C. Vinuprakash
Assistant Professor-Department of Civil Engineering,
SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kancheepuram, Tamilnadu, India
Sija Arun
Assistant Professor-Department of Civil Engineering,
SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kancheepuram, Tamilnadu, India
ABSTRACT
This work proved the possible of an innovative vermi-biofiltration system with and
without wetland plants in the treatment of Domestic Wastewater. A lab-scale vermi-
biofiltration reactor was constructed by horizontal subsurface – flow constructed
wetland (HSFCWs) with Earthworms. The coco-grass: Cyprus rotundus (wetland
plants) was used in this process. Different sizes of gravel, coconut coir and Black
cotton soil used to construct the filter media. Another reactor was constructed without
wetland plants. Domestic wastewater was treated with different wet to dry ratio
through this system for a total of six repetitive cycles and after to each cycle, the
effluent characteristics such as pH, Turbidity, Total Dissolved Solids, Total suspended
solids, BOD, COD, Nitrate, Phosphate was studied. In reactor A the final Effluent
results are TSS (30.34Mg/l), TDS (93.48Mg/l), BOD (22.15Mg/l), COD (88.35Mg/l),
Nitrate (25.85Mg/l), Phosphate (9.14Mg/l). On the other hand in reactor B the final
Effluent results are TSS (43.15Mg/l), TDS (98.18Mg/l), BOD (28.63Mg/l), COD
(100.85Mg/l), Nitrate (28.13Mg/l), Phosphate (14.0Mg/l) According to the study
vermi-biofiltration with wetland plants was found to reomve pollutants from the
Domeastic wastewater is very faster and more efficient than the vermi-biofiltration
without wetland plants reactor.
Keywords: Domestic wastewater, vermi-biofiltration, Cyprus rotundus, Earthworms,
wet and dry ratio.
Pakanati Chandra Sekhar Reddy, K.C. Vinuprakash and Sija Arun
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 413 [email protected]
Cite this Article: Pakanati Chandra Sekhar Reddy, K.C. Vinuprakash and Sija Arun,
Treatment of Domestic Wastewater Using Vermi-Biofiltration System with and
Without Wetland Plants, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology,
9(4), 2018, pp. 412–423.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=4
1. INTRODUCTION
Wastewater is the water that emerges after fresh water is used by human beings for domestic
use. By and huge it is fresh water that is used for a variety of domestic uses such as washing,
bathing, and flushing toilets. The water that appears after these uses contains, vegetable
staple, oils used in cooking, oil in hair, detergents, mud from floors that have been washed,
soap used in bathing along with oils wash away from the human body. As per IS:1172-1963,
under normal conditions, the domestic consumption of water in India is about
135lit/day/capita. The domestic wastewater carries the organic load along with quite a lot of
hazardous chemicals which not only hauls the aesthetic sense of the river but at the same time
also destroys the aquatic ecosystem. The establishment and running price of a sewage
treatment plant(STP) is also high Apart from construction expenses the operating and
conservation problem in STPs has brought up the issue of supportability [1]. As per Sinha et
al. [2], numerous creating nations can't figure out how to pay for the development of STP and
consequently there is developing worry over building up some organically protected and
financially workable little scale wastewater treatment advancements for on location
wastewater treatment. A practical and controllable wastewater treatment approach is
frequently required and should be investigated [3]. Natural wastewater treatment process
includes the possibilities of some living life forms to expel poisons and slime from
wastewater so as to make it ideal for surface water system and other mechanical utilize.
Natural wastewater treatment includes the transformation of broke down and suspended
natural contaminants to biomass and developed gases [4]. The usage of night crawlers or
muck treatment is called vermi-biofiltration. It was first proposed by the prof. Jose Toha at the
University of Chile in 1992. Vermi-Biofiltration is a procedure that adjusts customary
vermicomposting framework into an inactive wastewater treatment process by utilizing the
capability of epigeic night crawlers. As per komarowski [5] in vermi-biofiltration framework
suspended solids are caught over the vermifilter and prepared by the worms and encouraged
to the dirt microorganisms immobilized in the vermifilter. As a rule, immunized night
crawlers in vermibeds amass numerous natural poisons from the encompassing soil condition,
uninvolved retention through the body divider [6]. Sinha et al.[7] built up a minimal effort
feasible innovation over the traditional framework to reuse the household wastewater with
potential for decentralization office for squander administration. As indicated by Priyanka
Tomar et al. [8], they developed vertical subsurface stream built wetlands (VSFCWs) helped
with nearby night crawlers perionyx sansibaricvs. The coco-grass: Cyprus rotundus. As
indicated by wang jun et al. [9] the investigation demonstrates that Cyprus rotundus can
endure the connected diesel focus. What's more, they can viably advance the corruption rate
of diesel contaminations. The primary target of this examination was to know the productivity
of vermi-biofiltration with wetland plants and without wetland plants.
2 MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1. Collection of wetland plants, Earthworm, and collection of wastewater
Coco-grass used for the biofiltration system was formerly obtained from clammy soils around
grey water drains in near campus hostel. Earthworms were collected from S.S. vermicompost
sales and services Tamilnadu, India.
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The Domestic wastewater was taken from a wastewater canal at potheri village,
Kanchipuram district, Tamilnadu, India. The wastewater was collected from the main
streamline of wastewater drain in pre-cleaned circular plastic cans of 20L capacity. Taken
wastewater was taken as soon as possible to the test center and taken in large size wastewater
reservoir unit of the vermi-biofiltration system. Before the starting of experimentation
wastewater was Examined.
2.2. Design of vermi-Biofiltration units
The outline of filtration unit comprises of two reactors: (I) vermi-Biofiltration with wetland
plants: Reactor - An and (ii) vermi-Biofiltration without wetland plants: Reactor – B.
Rectangular units measurements (600mm×400mm×300mm).
Coming about materials/layers were utilized to fill (from base to top) the rectangular units
to develop the vermi-Biofiltration units:
Layer I - substantial stones (10-15cm in Diameter) up to 50mm high makes a delicate of air
compartment framework.
Layer II – A thick layer of little stones (5-7cm in distance across) up to 50mm goes about as
filtration unit and makes a sort of turbulence amid water stream and gives space to air
circulation of wastewater.
Layer III - A thick layer of coconut coir up to 50mm goes about as a decent spongy for in
excess of a couple of sorts of inorganic toxins of wastewater. A fine plastic net (<0.5mm
pore-estimate) is layed to capture the escape of night crawlers
Layer IV - A thick layer of dark cotton soil up to 150mm is layed which exhibitions as a
natural specialist to expel strong components of wastewater and mineralization of wastewater
fundamentally determined by worm organism trades in the root-zone framework.
Layer V - made out of surface vegetation remain of Cyprus. It was around 4-6inch length
wetland plant gives air in root zone framework and expels supplements from wastewater
through general assimilation, adsorption, and translocation process. Additionally make
accessible sanctuaries to accommodating bacteriological groups
In the Reactor – A coco-grass were planted in upper soil layer. The roots of the plant were
planted intensely and the outward layer was wetted intensely and the outward layer was
wetted frequently up to two weeks by tap water. The density of coco-grass in Reactor – A was
258 plants using 1.2 inches spacing. In this vermi-biofiltration system with wetland plants aim
were made to make a gentle of soil biological system largely comprised of thick soli layer
pointed with a complex rooting system of coco-grass. In this root zone system makes make a
proper space for air and protected earthworm in sub-soil system. The root zone system not
only improves the effectiveness of wastewater filtration but at the same time also make
available shelter to microbial communities responsible for nutrient removal from wastewater.
Another Reactor- B vermi-biofiltration system without wetland plants. In both experimental
vermi-biofiltration systems,i.e Reactor-A, and Reactor-B individuals of earthworms were
introduced over the top layer the reactors. Small passages were made in the upper layers of
both reactors in order to help worms to enter in the topsoil layers of the vermi-biofiltration.
The earthworm density in both vermi-biofiltration systems was measured in the ranges of 18
g/L in each reactor 648 grams was added. The earthworms were allowable to settle down in
vermireactors for initial 1-2 days. Reactors were run with Domestic wastewater in each
reactor flow rate was maintained 0.0075 cubic meters per sec.
Pakanati Chandra Sekhar Reddy, K.C. Vinuprakash and Sija Arun
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Reactor – A (Vermi-biofiltration with wetland plants)
Reactor – B (Vermi-biofiltration without wetland plants)
Gravel media Coconut Coir Black cotton soil Wetland plants
(Layer I and II) (Layer III) (Layer IV) (Layer VI)
Figure 1 Vermi-biofiltration system with and without wetland plants and filter media layers
2.3. Observation and Data Collection
The wastewater was used directly from the drain short of any storage intended for this
experimentation. Though, former to putting wastewater in experimentation cycle, a sample of
wastewater analyzed for its chemical characteristics. During the experimentation wastewater
to be supplied to the reactors is stored in an overhead tank specially fabricated for the
experiment. Perforated plastic pipes were used for drip irrigation (sprinkling of wastewater)
over the top layer of the reactor. Outlet was provided with a tap to maintain the wet and dry
Treatment of Domestic Wastewater Using Vermi-Biofiltration System with and Without Wetland Plants
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ratio. According to wet to dry ratio technique wastewater pouring time was 3hours and
retention time was 9hours with drying time of 24hours. The wastewater is stored in reactors
up to 12hours for good removal of BOD, COD, Nutrients after that it is taken out then the
reactors bed dried up to 24hours for stabilization period. Water subsequently to each cycle
was put back into the new cycle. The wastewater was recurrently passed through both reactors
of vermi-biofiltration system for complete 6 cycles. A sample of wastewater was taken in pre-
cleaned and sterilized polythene bottle of 1L capacity from the outlet of reactors after each
treatment cycle and stored at 4ºC for further investigations on fluctuations of chemical
characteristics.
Table 1 Influent Domestic wastewater characteristics
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The class of wastewater in standings of chemical characteristics is labelled in Table 1. The
collected sample of Domestic wastewater disclosed moderately high values of some important
pollution signifying constraints of water: Turbidity (79.43 mg/l), TDS (70515 mg/l), TSS
(3057 mg/l), BOD (287.72 mg/l), COD(622.72 mg/l), Nitrate (143.26 mg/l), Phosphate(82.99
mg/l). The wastewater subsequently Vermi-biofiltration with wetland plants progression
showed a extreme variation in its major chemical Parameters, showing after each individually
treatment cycle. Even if, there was a substantial reduction in important pollutants of Domestic
wastewater in both vermi-biofiltration (with wetland plants) and vermi-biofiltration (without
wetland plants), variance was more in water from Vermi-biofiltration with wetland plants.
3.1. pH
pH mostly depends upon a different type of chemical factors, for e.g. Dissolved gases, organic
acids, humic fractions and mineral salts. The breakdown of organic fraction of wastewater,
mainly by microorganisms in water, produces some acidic species of mineralized which plays
an important role in shifting of pH scale of treated water. The change in pH throughout
different treatment cycle is showed in Fig. 2. In vermi-biofiltration without wetland plants the
pH was observed from 0 cycle to 3rd cycle slight increment was happened from 3rd cycle to
5th
cycle gradually increment was happened from 5th
cycle the value stabilized up to 6th
cycle.
In vermi-biofiltration without wetland plants reactor influent value was 6.05 and at the end of
the experiment effluent value was 8.25. In other hand, vermi-biofiltration with wetland plants
reactor pH was stabilized from 4th
cycle its self. In vermi-biofiltration with wetland plants
reactor influent value was 6.05 and at the end of the experiment effluent value was 8.39. Here
it is observed that vermi-biofiltration with wetland plants reactor removed pollutants from
Domestic wastewater is very faster rate than the vermi-biofiltration without wetland plants
reactor. According to surface water quality BIS 2296:1982 Standards for discharge of
Environmental pollutants the pH value 5.5 to 9.0 for public sewer and irrigation.
Parameters Range
pH 6.05±0.26
Turbidity(NTU) 79.43±9.672
Total Dissolved Solids(Mg/l) 70515±20.80
Total suspended solids(Mg/l) 3057±8.80
BOD(Mg/l) 287.72±3.53
COD(Mg/l) 622.72 3.50
Nitrate(Mg/l) 143.26±8.46
Phosphate(Mg/l) 82.99±3.50
Pakanati Chandra Sekhar Reddy, K.C. Vinuprakash and Sija Arun
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Figure 2 pH changed in different treatment cycles in vermi-biofiltration with and without wetland
plants reactors
3.2. Turbidity
The variations in turbidity throughout changed treatment cycles is showed in Fig.3. In vermi-
biofiltration without wetland plants reactor removed Turbidity in 1st cycle (61.68%), 2
nd cycle
(79.57%), 3rd
cycle (83.45%), 4th
cycle (89.2%), 5th
cycle (89.14%), 6th
cycle (89.147%). In
other hand vermi-biofiltration with wetland plants reactor removed Turbidity in 1st cycle
(66.68%), 2nd
cycle (84%), 3rd
cycle (93.23%), 4th
cycle (93.214%), 5th
cycle (93.19%), 6th
cycle (93.17%). Here it is observed that vermi-biofiltration without wetland plants reactor
Turbidity value stabilized from 4th
cycle its self and influent value is 79.43, effluent value is
6.12, final removal rate is 89.147%. But vermi-biofiltration with wetland plants reactor
Turbidity value stabilized from 3rd
cycle its self and influent value was 79.43, effluent value
was 5.32 final removal rate is 93.17%. However, it is observed that from both reactors the
results clearly showes vermi-biofiltration with wetland plants reactor removed turbidity from
Domestic wastewater very faster and efficiently than the vermi-biofiltration without wetland
plants reactor. It seems that the filter media also plays a very significant role in turbidity
removal by the adsorption of suspended solid particles on the surface of the soil, plants,
coconut coir, gravels. The turbidity of treated wastewater is affected by HLR.surface of the
soil, plants, coconut coir, gravels. The turbidity of treated wastewater is affected by HLR.
Figure 3 Turbidity changed in different treatment cycles in vermi-biofiltration with and without
wetland plants Reactors
Treatment of Domestic Wastewater Using Vermi-Biofiltration System with and Without Wetland Plants
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3.3. Total Dissolved Solids
The variations in Total dissolved solids throughout changed treatment cycles is showed in
Fig.4. In vermi-biofiltration without wetland plants reactor removed TDS in 1st cycle (62.3%),
2nd
cycle (74.54%), 3rd
cycle (87.27), 4th
cycle (91.35), 5th
cycle(93.54%), 6th
cycle(93.28). In
other hand vermi-biofiltration with wetland plants reactor removed TDS in 1st cycle (82.2%),
2nd
cycle(92.54%), 3rd
cycle(98.24%), 4th
cycle(98.14%), 5th
cycle(98.089%), 6th
cycle(98.074%). Here it is observed that in vermi-biofiltration without wetland plants reactor
removed pollutants from the Domestic wastewater is slower than the vermi-biofiltration with
wetland plants reactor.ie in reactor B value stabilized from 5th
cycle its self. But in reactor A
value stabilized from 3rd
cycle its self. Generally, TDS contains organic and inorganic
substances sources of TDS is an agricultural and residential runoff , nutrient runoff contains
calcium, phosphate, nitrates. In this study, it is found that vermi-biofiltration with wetland
plants removed pollutants was very faster because of wetland plants and coconut coir. The
deep root system with coconut coir removes organic and inorganic solids. On another hand
another reactor doesn’t have wetland plants so removal rate was slower. The final effluent
value from reactor A and reactor B is found to be 93.02Mg/l and 98.12Mg/l respectively.
According to BIS:1991 standards the TDS value (50 to 3000 Mg/l) for public sewer and
irrigation.
Figure 4 TDS changed in different treatment cycles in vermi-biofiltration with and without
wetland plants reactors
3.4. Total Suspended Solids
The variations in Total suspended solids throughout changed treatment cycles is showed in
Fig.5. In Reactor A removed TSS in 1st cycle(81.6%), 2
nd cycle(96.0%), 3
rd cycle(99.34%), 4
th
cycle(99.27%), 5th
cycle(99.07%), 6th
cycle(99.15%). On the other hand Reactor B removed
TSS in 1st cycle(58.8%), 2
nd cycle(85.4%), 3
rd cycle(93.3%), 4
th cycle(96.72%), 5
th
cycle(98.28%), 6th
cycle(98.05%). It is observed that in reactor A the TSS stabilized from 3rd
cycle its self but in reactor B the TSS stabilized from 5th
cycle only. However, the results
represent reactor A is more efficient and faster in removal of pollutants from the Domestic
wastewater. wetland plants root system and coconut coir along with soil media acts as good
tapped filter media. So fast removal rate is there in reactor A. Final effluent value from
reactor A and reactor B is found to be 30.20Mg/l and 43.09Mg/l. According to N.
Lourenco[10] Optimization of a vermifiltration process for treating urban wastewater, they
claimed the four-stage sequential vermifilter promoted a decrease TSS(96.6%). According to
BIS:1982 Effluent water quality standards the TSS value(100Mg/l)for public sewer and
(200Mg/l)for irrigation.
Pakanati Chandra Sekhar Reddy, K.C. Vinuprakash and Sija Arun
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0
20
40
60
80
100
0-1 0-2 0-3 0-4 0-5 0-6% r
ed
uct
ion
of
BO
D
Treatment cycles
BOD
Effluent from with wetland plants reactor
Effluent from without wetland plants reactor
Figure 5 TSS changed in different treatment cycles in vermi-biofiltration with and without wetland
plants reactors
3.5. BOD
The variations in the BOD throughout changed treatment cycles is showed in Fig.6. Reactor A
removed BOD in 1st cycle(81.6%), 2
nd cycle(96.1%), 3
rd cycle(99.34%), 4
th cycle(99.27%), 5
th
cycle(99.07%), 6th
cycle(99.15%). On the other hand reactor B removed BOD in 1st
cycle(58.8%), 2nd
cycle(85.4%), 3rd
cycle(93.3%), 4th
cycle(96.72), 5th
cycle(98.28%), 6th
cycle(98.05). Here it is observed that the value of BOD stabilized in reactor A from 3rd
cycle
its self ,while it happened in reactor B from 5th
cycle only. However reactor A removed
pollutants from the Domestic wastewater very faster than the reactor B. The final effluent
value from reactor A and reactor B is found to be 21.9Mg/l and 28.2Mg/l respectively. Above
results clearly showed reactor A removed pollutants from the Domestic wastewater was very
faster than the reactor B. According to BIS:1982 standards the BOD value (100Mg/l) for
irrigation and (50Mg/l)for drinking water.
Figure 6 BOD changed in different treatment cycles in vermi-biofiltration with and without
wetland plants reactors
3.6. COD
The variations in the COD throughout changed treatment cycles is showed in Fig.7. Reactor A
removed pollutants in 1st cycle(60.5%), 2
nd cycle(85.8%), 3
rd cycle(86.3%), 4
th cycle(85.8%),
5th
cycle(85.56%), 6th
cycle(85.47%). On the other hand Reactor B removed pollutants in 1st
Treatment of Domestic Wastewater Using Vermi-Biofiltration System with and Without Wetland Plants
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cycle(50.44%), 2nd
cycle(75.32%), 3rd
cycle(79.82%), 4th
cycle(82.75%), 5th
cycle(82.47%),
6th
cycle(82.98%). Here it is observed that the COD value in reactor A is stabilized from 2nd
cycle its self and reactor B the COD value is stabilized in 4th
cycle only. The results clearly
showed reactor A removed pollutants from the Domestic wastewater very faster than the
reactor B. According to BIS:1982,1991 standards COD value is (250Mg/l) for irrigation and
surface water, into public sewers.
Figure 7 COD changed in different treatment cycles in vermi-biofiltration with and without wetland
plants reactors
3.7. Nitrate
The variations in Nitrate throughout changed treatment cycles is showed in Fig.8. Reactor A
removed pollutants in 1st cycle(34.28%), 2
nd cycle(72.43%), 3
rd cycle(81.72%), 4
th
cycle(82.0%), 5th
cycle(81.52%), 6th
cycle(81.74%). On the other hand reactor B removed
polltants in 1st cycle(20.4%), 2
nd cycle(45.81%), 3
rd cycle(62.92%), 4
th cycle(71.1%), 5
th
cycle(77.24%), 6th
cycle(76.98%). Here it is observed that in reactor A the filtration rate
stabilized from 3rd
cycle its self and in reactor B the filtration rate is stabilized from 5th
cycle
only. Depending on the COD the nitrate content changes in the wastewater. Here Wetland
plant roots act as an absorbing agent it removes nitrate from the wastewater. The final effluent
value from both the reactors reactor A and reactor B is found to be 25,3Mg/l and 41.08Mg/l
respectively. Hence results clearly shows that reactor A removes pollutants from the
wastewater efficiently than the Reactor B. According to BIS:1991,1982 standards Nitrate
value (50Mg/l) for inland surface water and (45Mg/l) for drinking water.
Figure 8 Nitrate changed in different treatment cycles in vermi-biofiltration with and without
wetland plants reactors
Pakanati Chandra Sekhar Reddy, K.C. Vinuprakash and Sija Arun
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3.8. Phosphate
The variations in Phosphate throughout changed treatment cycles is showed in Fig.9. Reactor
A removes pollutants in 1st cycle (32.4%), 2
nd cycle (48.95%), 3
rd cycle (87.24%), 4
th cycle
(88.9%), 5th
cycle (89.01%), 6th
cycle (88.07%). On the other hand reactor B removes in 1st
cycle (26.6%), 2nd
cycle (32.8%), 3rd
cycle (58.7%), 4th
cycle (71.12%), 5th
cycle (83.3%), 6th
cycle (82.9%). Here it is observed that the pollutant filtration rate in reactor A is stabilized
from 4th
cycle its self while in reactor B its starts from 5th
cycle only. The final effluent from
the reactor A and reactor B is found to be 9.04Mg/l and 14.12Mg/l respectively . In this
study it is found that in reactor A wetland plant roots supply sufficient oxygen into
wastewater from the atmosphere at the same time it removes phosphate from the wastewater
faster and efficiently than the reactor B. According to CPCB (central pollution control board)
standards the phosphate range (10.0Mg/l) for effluent discharge on to the surface.
Figure 9 Phosphate changed in different treatment cycles in vermi-biofiltration with and without
wetland plants reactors
Figure 10 Experimental setup
Treatment of Domestic Wastewater Using Vermi-Biofiltration System with and Without Wetland Plants
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Table 2 Effluent characteristics from vermi-biofiltration reactor with and without wetland plants
a. Vermi-biofiltration with wetland plants reactor (reactor A)
b. Vermi-biofiltration without wetland plants reactor (reactor B)
*(Mean ±Variance)
4. CONCLUSIONS
This study delivers a chance to know the effectiveness of a vermi-biofiltration with and
without wetland plants used in treatment of Domestic wastewater. In this study it is found
vermi-biofiltration with wetland plants reactor was more faster and efficient to treat the
pollutants from the Domestic wastewater than the vermi-biofiltration without wetland plants
reactor. This study involves usage of different sizes of gravel, coconut coir, black cotton soil,
Cyprus rotundus, live biomass of earthworms acts as a filter media. In further studies usage of
different filter media like red soil, clay soil and other wetland species instead of Cyprus
rotundus can be used for investigation.
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Parameters Reactor A- Range(a) Reactor B – Range(b)
pH 8.838±0.217 8.23±0.0227
Turbidity (NTU) 7.37±0.401 7.67±2.61
TDS (Mg/l) 93.48±3.45 98.18±0.09
TSS (Mg/l) 30.34±6.09 43.15±2.13
BOD (Mg/l) 22.15±2.66 28.63±0.529
COD (Mg/l) 88.35±8.32 100.85±5.08
Nitrate (Mg/l) 25.8±4.57 28.13±2.42
Phosphate (Mg/l) 9.14±0.82 14.0±2.177
Pakanati Chandra Sekhar Reddy, K.C. Vinuprakash and Sija Arun
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