travismulthaupt.com chapter 43 the immune system
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Chapter 43Chapter 43
The Immune SystemThe Immune System
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PathogensPathogens
Pathogens are viruses and other organisms that invade the body and cause disease.
Pathogens are viruses and other organisms that invade the body and cause disease.
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Surface ProteinsSurface Proteins
The surfaces of the pathogens that enter the body contain proteins that are recognized by our body’s defenses.
These are called antigens. Antigens are recognized as foreign
and stimulate an immune response. Antigens usually stimulate the
production of antibodies by the immune system.
The surfaces of the pathogens that enter the body contain proteins that are recognized by our body’s defenses.
These are called antigens. Antigens are recognized as foreign
and stimulate an immune response. Antigens usually stimulate the
production of antibodies by the immune system.
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Protection From InvadersProtection From Invaders
Your body has a variety of mechanisms to protect it from invasion. 1. The skin 2. Mucous 3. Ciliated lining of the trachea 4. Internal cellular and chemical
defenses via phagocytes
Your body has a variety of mechanisms to protect it from invasion. 1. The skin 2. Mucous 3. Ciliated lining of the trachea 4. Internal cellular and chemical
defenses via phagocytes
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2 Major Types of Defense2 Major Types of Defense
1. Innate immunity 2. Acquired immunity
1. Innate immunity 2. Acquired immunity
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1. Innate Immunity1. Innate Immunity
This type of immunity is present before any exposure to pathogens and is available at birth.
Innate responses help slow the spread of microbes before the body can build acquired, specific responses.
This type of immunity is present before any exposure to pathogens and is available at birth.
Innate responses help slow the spread of microbes before the body can build acquired, specific responses.
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2. Acquired Immunity2. Acquired Immunity
This immunity develops after exposure to foreign substances.
Acquired defenses are highly specific.
They have the ability to distinguish between very closely related inducing agents.
Specificity is achieved by lymphocytes.
This immunity develops after exposure to foreign substances.
Acquired defenses are highly specific.
They have the ability to distinguish between very closely related inducing agents.
Specificity is achieved by lymphocytes.
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1. The Skin--Innate1. The Skin--Innate
The skin secretes oils and sweat. It has a normal pH of 3 to 5 which
prevents colonization of bacteria on the skin.
Secretions from the skin also contain lysozyme which digest the cell walls of many bacteria.
It is found in tears, mucous, saliva, etc.
The skin secretes oils and sweat. It has a normal pH of 3 to 5 which
prevents colonization of bacteria on the skin.
Secretions from the skin also contain lysozyme which digest the cell walls of many bacteria.
It is found in tears, mucous, saliva, etc.
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2. & 3. Mucous and Cilia--Innate
2. & 3. Mucous and Cilia--Innate
Mucous often traps invaders and cilia sweeps them out of the trachea. They are either swallowed where they usually fall victim to the low pH of the stomach.
They may also be expectorated.
Mucous often traps invaders and cilia sweeps them out of the trachea. They are either swallowed where they usually fall victim to the low pH of the stomach.
They may also be expectorated.
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4. Internal Defenses-Phagocytes--Innate
4. Internal Defenses-Phagocytes--Innate
Phagocytes are certain types of WBC’s that produce antimicrobial proteins.
Help initiate inflammation. This helps limit the spread of
microbes in the body. Non phagocytic WBC’s are called
natural killer cells. These play a key role in innate
defenses.
Phagocytes are certain types of WBC’s that produce antimicrobial proteins.
Help initiate inflammation. This helps limit the spread of
microbes in the body. Non phagocytic WBC’s are called
natural killer cells. These play a key role in innate
defenses.
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4. Internal Defenses-Phagocytes
4. Internal Defenses-Phagocytes
Phagocytes bind to the surfaces of invading cells.
They use surface receptors to recognize structures found on microorganisms, but not normal body cells.
After binding the invader, the phagocyte engulfs the invader, forms a vacuole, and fuses with a lysosome.
Phagocytes bind to the surfaces of invading cells.
They use surface receptors to recognize structures found on microorganisms, but not normal body cells.
After binding the invader, the phagocyte engulfs the invader, forms a vacuole, and fuses with a lysosome.
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LysosomesLysosomes
There are 2 ways lysosomes work: 1. They poison the invader.
NO and other toxic forms of O2 are made in the lysosome.
2. Lysozyme and other enzymes degrade invader components.
Some microbes make substances that allow them to go unnoticed against the body’s defenses.
There are 2 ways lysosomes work: 1. They poison the invader.
NO and other toxic forms of O2 are made in the lysosome.
2. Lysozyme and other enzymes degrade invader components.
Some microbes make substances that allow them to go unnoticed against the body’s defenses.
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Natural Killer CellsNatural Killer Cells
NK cells patrol the body and attack virus infected body cells and cancer cells.
They recognize surface proteins and act to release chemicals into the cell triggering apoptosis.
Not 100% effective.
NK cells patrol the body and attack virus infected body cells and cancer cells.
They recognize surface proteins and act to release chemicals into the cell triggering apoptosis.
Not 100% effective.
A human natural killer cell is shown conjugated to a tumor cell. The accumulation of actin filaments (blue) and CD2 (red) at the immunologic synapse can be seen preceding the localization of the cytolytic molecule perforin (green).
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Tissue DamageTissue
Damage Physical injury or
pathogens can cause tissue damage and localized swelling.
Numerous chemical signals are released.
The most active one is histamine which comes from mast cells.
Physical injury or pathogens can cause tissue damage and localized swelling.
Numerous chemical signals are released.
The most active one is histamine which comes from mast cells.
www.aapspharmscitech.org/ view.asp?art=pt060361
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HistamineHistamine Triggers dilation and increased
permeability of capillaries. Activated macrophages and other cells
discharge other signals, such as prostaglandins.
Prostaglandins promote more blood flow to the injury site.
Triggers dilation and increased permeability of capillaries.
Activated macrophages and other cells discharge other signals, such as prostaglandins.
Prostaglandins promote more blood flow to the injury site.
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The Injury SiteThe Injury Site
The swelling and increased heat are critical to innate defense.
They deliver the necessary components to the site of injury (clotting factor and antimicrobial protein).
The swelling and increased heat are critical to innate defense.
They deliver the necessary components to the site of injury (clotting factor and antimicrobial protein).
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Blood ClottingBlood Clotting
To plug a wound, the human body has a system in place that works together to try to stop blood loss.
To plug a wound, the human body has a system in place that works together to try to stop blood loss.
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Blood ClottingBlood Clotting
When a person is wounded, substances are released that stimulate the production of thrombin from prothrombin.
When a person is wounded, substances are released that stimulate the production of thrombin from prothrombin.
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Blood ClottingBlood Clotting
Thrombin is an enzyme that then catalyzes the formation of fibrin from fibrinogen.
Fibrinogen is a protein that is always circulating in the bloodstream.
Thrombin is an enzyme that then catalyzes the formation of fibrin from fibrinogen.
Fibrinogen is a protein that is always circulating in the bloodstream.
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Blood ClottingBlood Clotting
Fibrin is a fibrous protein that captures red blood cells and stops the flow of blood.
When the blood is stopped at the wound site, it starts to coagulate.
Fibrin is a fibrous protein that captures red blood cells and stops the flow of blood.
When the blood is stopped at the wound site, it starts to coagulate.
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Blood ClottingBlood Clotting
Coagulation captures platelets that send out sticky extensions that cling to other features of the wound.
Over time, the platelets contract and the liquid portion of the blood is forced out of the wound and a scab begins to form.
Coagulation captures platelets that send out sticky extensions that cling to other features of the wound.
Over time, the platelets contract and the liquid portion of the blood is forced out of the wound and a scab begins to form.
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AntigensAntigens
Antigens are foreign molecules that are recognized by lymphocytes and elicit a response from them.
Lymphocytes bind to the epitope on an antigen.
Antigens are foreign molecules that are recognized by lymphocytes and elicit a response from them.
Lymphocytes bind to the epitope on an antigen.
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2. Acquired Immunity- Lymphocytes
2. Acquired Immunity- Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes produce 2 main types of immune responses: 1. Humoral response
Circulating antibodies produced by B-lymphocytes
2. Cell mediated responseAntibodies produced by T-lymphocytes
Lymphocytes produce 2 main types of immune responses: 1. Humoral response
Circulating antibodies produced by B-lymphocytes
2. Cell mediated responseAntibodies produced by T-lymphocytes
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1. The Humoral Response1. The Humoral Response
Occurs when cells derived from B-lymphocytes become activated and secrete defensive proteins called antibodies.
Secreted antibodies accumulate in the blood and lymph.
Occurs when cells derived from B-lymphocytes become activated and secrete defensive proteins called antibodies.
Secreted antibodies accumulate in the blood and lymph.
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1. The Humoral Response1. The Humoral Response
Antibodies identify and bind to microbes and mark them for elimination.
Clonal selection is also involved.
Antibodies identify and bind to microbes and mark them for elimination.
Clonal selection is also involved.
Clonal SelectionClonal Selection The antibody-driven cloning of T &
B lymphocytes is called clonal-selection and is fundamental to acquired immunity.
When antigens bind to specific receptors, a small fraction of the body’s lymphocytes are activated.
This stimulates the production of thousands of clones that work to eliminate an antigen.
The antibody-driven cloning of T & B lymphocytes is called clonal-selection and is fundamental to acquired immunity.
When antigens bind to specific receptors, a small fraction of the body’s lymphocytes are activated.
This stimulates the production of thousands of clones that work to eliminate an antigen.
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Primary Immune Response
Primary Immune Response
The primary immune response is the first time exposure to an antigen. Proliferation of lymphocytes occurs. The individual may become sick. Eventually antibodies clear the
antigen from the system.
The primary immune response is the first time exposure to an antigen. Proliferation of lymphocytes occurs. The individual may become sick. Eventually antibodies clear the
antigen from the system.
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Secondary Immune Response
Secondary Immune Response
The 2° immune response occurs if an individual is exposed to an antigen again. It is an example of immunological
memory. It depends on long lived T and B
memory cells. They elicit a quick and specific
response to the antigen.
The 2° immune response occurs if an individual is exposed to an antigen again. It is an example of immunological
memory. It depends on long lived T and B
memory cells. They elicit a quick and specific
response to the antigen.
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LymphocytesLymphocytes
Lymphocytes are WBCs that mediate the immune responses.
There are two main types of lymphocytes: 1. B-cells 2. T-cells
They are concentrated in the spleen, lymph nodes, and other lymphoid tissues.
Lymphocytes are WBCs that mediate the immune responses.
There are two main types of lymphocytes: 1. B-cells 2. T-cells
They are concentrated in the spleen, lymph nodes, and other lymphoid tissues.
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LymphocytesLymphocytes
Lymphocytes act to recognize antigens by a means of antigen specific receptors embedded in their membrane. They stimulate production of T & B
cells. A single T or B cell has about 100,000
antigen-receptors. All of them are the same on a
particular cell--they recognize the same epitope.
Lymphocytes act to recognize antigens by a means of antigen specific receptors embedded in their membrane. They stimulate production of T & B
cells. A single T or B cell has about 100,000
antigen-receptors. All of them are the same on a
particular cell--they recognize the same epitope.
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LymphocytesLymphocytes
Lymphocytes are derived from pluripotent stem cells in the bone marrow. Each lymphocyte displays specificity
for a particular epitope on an antigen It defends against that antigen and
other closely related antigens.
Lymphocytes are derived from pluripotent stem cells in the bone marrow. Each lymphocyte displays specificity
for a particular epitope on an antigen It defends against that antigen and
other closely related antigens.
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1. B-Cell Lymphocytes1. B-Cell Lymphocytes
Originate and mature in the bone marrow.
B-cell chains are anchored into a membrane of the B-cell. They are sometimes
called membrane antibodies or membrane immunoglobulins.
B-cells recognize intact antigens.
Originate and mature in the bone marrow.
B-cell chains are anchored into a membrane of the B-cell. They are sometimes
called membrane antibodies or membrane immunoglobulins.
B-cells recognize intact antigens.
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B-Cell ReceptorsB-Cell Receptors B-cell receptors for antigens are Y-shaped. They contain 4 polypeptide chains
2 heavy chains and 2 light chains. V regions are variable, their aa sequence
varies extensively from one B-cell to the next.
C regions are constant and have little variability in their sequence.
B-cell receptors for antigens are Y-shaped. They contain 4 polypeptide chains
2 heavy chains and 2 light chains. V regions are variable, their aa sequence
varies extensively from one B-cell to the next.
C regions are constant and have little variability in their sequence.
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:B_cell_activation.png
1. B-Cell Lymphocytes1. B-Cell Lymphocytes B-cells help with
presenting antigens to helper T-cells in the course of the humoral response.
B-cells help with presenting antigens to helper T-cells in the course of the humoral response.
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ImmunoglobulinsImmunoglobulins
Immunoglobins are called Ig’s They are structurally very similar to
B-cell receptors. They are made by B-lymphocytes (B-
cells) in large quantities.
Immunoglobins are called Ig’s They are structurally very similar to
B-cell receptors. They are made by B-lymphocytes (B-
cells) in large quantities.
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ImmunoglobulinsImmunoglobulins
There are 5 main classes. IgA IgM IgG IgD IgE
There are 5 main classes. IgA IgM IgG IgD IgE
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IgAIgA
Found in serum, saliva, tears, breast milk, and mucous secretions.
Neutralizes viruses and bacteria as they enter the body.
Found in serum, saliva, tears, breast milk, and mucous secretions.
Neutralizes viruses and bacteria as they enter the body.
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IgMIgM
Found in blood and lymph. First antibody produced following
infection or immunization. Has numerous binding sites. Activates compliment-part of
innate system.
Found in blood and lymph. First antibody produced following
infection or immunization. Has numerous binding sites. Activates compliment-part of
innate system.
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IgGIgG
It is the main Ig in blood, lymph and tissue fluid.
It neutralizes microorganisms, viruses, and bacterial toxins by binding to them.
Promotes engulfment by macrophages.
Activates compliment-part of innate system.
It is the main Ig in blood, lymph and tissue fluid.
It neutralizes microorganisms, viruses, and bacterial toxins by binding to them.
Promotes engulfment by macrophages.
Activates compliment-part of innate system.
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IgDIgD
Found on the surface of antibody secreting B-cells.
Found in low concentrations. Works with IgM as an antigen
receptor.
Found on the surface of antibody secreting B-cells.
Found in low concentrations. Works with IgM as an antigen
receptor.
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IgEIgE
Found in low concentrations in serum and connective tissues.
Plays a crucial role in allergic reactions. Binds to mast cells causing a histamine
release in response to an antigen. The histamines produce all of the
symptoms associated with allergies: Swelling, redness, runny nose and eyes.
Found in low concentrations in serum and connective tissues.
Plays a crucial role in allergic reactions. Binds to mast cells causing a histamine
release in response to an antigen. The histamines produce all of the
symptoms associated with allergies: Swelling, redness, runny nose and eyes.
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The Complement SystemThe Complement System
The complement system comprises part of the innate defense. It becomes activated as a result of
the humoral system (IgG, IgM). Numerous inactive serum proteins.
The complement system comprises part of the innate defense. It becomes activated as a result of
the humoral system (IgG, IgM). Numerous inactive serum proteins.
The Complement SystemThe Complement System
Infected cells secrete numerous types of proteins as a part of the Compliment System.
They quickly become active and lyse foreign invaders when detected. Example: α and β interferon.
Infected cells secrete numerous types of proteins as a part of the Compliment System.
They quickly become active and lyse foreign invaders when detected. Example: α and β interferon.
InterferonInterferon There are 2 main types (α and β)
which provide innate defense against viral infection. They act to stimulate neighboring
cells to produce substances to prevent further infection.
This is the body’s way of preventing the spread of the infection.
There are 2 main types (α and β) which provide innate defense against viral infection. They act to stimulate neighboring
cells to produce substances to prevent further infection.
This is the body’s way of preventing the spread of the infection.
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Membrane Attack Complex
Membrane Attack Complex
The MAC is triggered by substances from the body’s innate defenses. MAC is triggered by the antigen-
antibody response. This complex forms pores in the
membrane, and they allow H2O and ions to rush in and lyse an infected cell.
The MAC is triggered by substances from the body’s innate defenses. MAC is triggered by the antigen-
antibody response. This complex forms pores in the
membrane, and they allow H2O and ions to rush in and lyse an infected cell.
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MHCMHC
Major histocompatibility complex genes code for MHC molecules. When MHC molecules are
synthesized, they get transported to the plasma membrane.
On the way, they bind with fragments of antigen protein within a cell and bring it to the surface.
Major histocompatibility complex genes code for MHC molecules. When MHC molecules are
synthesized, they get transported to the plasma membrane.
On the way, they bind with fragments of antigen protein within a cell and bring it to the surface.
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MHCMHC
MHC is what is called antigen presentation. Due to antigen presentation, nearby T-
cells can recognize the fragment on the cell surface and act accordingly.
MHC proteins are very polymorphic.
MHC is what is called antigen presentation. Due to antigen presentation, nearby T-
cells can recognize the fragment on the cell surface and act accordingly.
MHC proteins are very polymorphic.
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Foreign AntigensForeign Antigens
There are 2 ways foreign antigens end up inside cells of the body. Their source determines which MHC molecule gets used and which T-cell assists in its removal. 1. Foreign antigens synthesized within
the cell (viruses, cancer). 2. Foreign materials can become
internalized by phagocytosis or endocytosis
There are 2 ways foreign antigens end up inside cells of the body. Their source determines which MHC molecule gets used and which T-cell assists in its removal. 1. Foreign antigens synthesized within
the cell (viruses, cancer). 2. Foreign materials can become
internalized by phagocytosis or endocytosis
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Class I MHC MoleculesClass I MHC Molecules
These are found on most nucleated cells in body. They bind antigens synthesized
within the cell. Infected cells and cancerous cells display
such antigens.
Cytotoxic T-cells destroy cells displaying Class I MHC molecules.
These are found on most nucleated cells in body. They bind antigens synthesized
within the cell. Infected cells and cancerous cells display
such antigens.
Cytotoxic T-cells destroy cells displaying Class I MHC molecules.
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Class II MHC MoleculesClass II MHC Molecules
Class II MHC molecules are made by only a few types of cells-dendritic cells, macrophages, and B-cells. These bind peptides derived from
foreign materials that have been fragmented and internalized.
Class II MHC molecules are made by only a few types of cells-dendritic cells, macrophages, and B-cells. These bind peptides derived from
foreign materials that have been fragmented and internalized.
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Class II MHC MoleculesClass II MHC Molecules
Class II MHC molecules display these antigens to helper T-cells.
Helper T cells alert nearby B-cells and cytotoxic T cells by secreting cytokines.
Class II MHC molecules display these antigens to helper T-cells.
Helper T cells alert nearby B-cells and cytotoxic T cells by secreting cytokines.
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Immunoglobulin Gene Rearrangement
Immunoglobulin Gene Rearrangement
There are many different types of B-cell and T-cell antibodies. This is due to the random nature of
the recombinase enzyme. It can create a number of different
gene products which are the B-cell (or T-cell) antigen receptors.
There are many different types of B-cell and T-cell antibodies. This is due to the random nature of
the recombinase enzyme. It can create a number of different
gene products which are the B-cell (or T-cell) antigen receptors.
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B-Cell & T-Cell ActivationB-Cell & T-Cell Activation
When B-cells and T-cells become activated by antigens, they are stimulated to divide many times.
2 clones of daughter cells are created. 1 is short lived, antibody secreting
cell. The other is a memory cell that is
long lived and bears receptors for the same antigen.
When B-cells and T-cells become activated by antigens, they are stimulated to divide many times.
2 clones of daughter cells are created. 1 is short lived, antibody secreting
cell. The other is a memory cell that is
long lived and bears receptors for the same antigen.
B-Cell ActivationB-Cell Activation Many antigens recognized by B-
cells contain multiple epitopes. Exposure to a single antigen can
stimulate a variety of different B-cells. This gives rise to a clone of thousands
of plasma cells (effector and memory). These clones secrete antibodies
specific to the epitope that provoked their production.
Many antigens recognized by B-cells contain multiple epitopes.
Exposure to a single antigen can stimulate a variety of different B-cells. This gives rise to a clone of thousands
of plasma cells (effector and memory). These clones secrete antibodies
specific to the epitope that provoked their production.
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B-Cell ActivationB-Cell Activation
Activated B-cells secrete antibodies that have a Y-shaped antigen-binding structure, but no transmembrane region. These binding sites are responsible
for identifying specific antigens. Identification of antigens facilitates
their removal.
Activated B-cells secrete antibodies that have a Y-shaped antigen-binding structure, but no transmembrane region. These binding sites are responsible
for identifying specific antigens. Identification of antigens facilitates
their removal.
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2. The Cell Mediated Response
2. The Cell Mediated Response
When the cell mediated response and clonal selection occurs: Cytotoxic lymphocytes directly
destroy infected body cells, cancer cells, or foreign tissue.
There are 2 main types of T-cells1. Helper T-cells2. Cytotoxic T-cells
When the cell mediated response and clonal selection occurs: Cytotoxic lymphocytes directly
destroy infected body cells, cancer cells, or foreign tissue.
There are 2 main types of T-cells1. Helper T-cells2. Cytotoxic T-cells
2. T-Cell Lymphocytes2. T-Cell Lymphocytes T-cell lymphocytes originate in the bone
marrow and mature in the thymus. They consist of 2 polypeptide chains, α & β. They, too, are linked into a cell’s plasma
membrane. They also have V and C regions.
T-cells recognize fragments of antigens that are bound to normal cell-surface proteins called MHC molecules.
T-cell lymphocytes originate in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus. They consist of 2 polypeptide chains, α & β. They, too, are linked into a cell’s plasma
membrane. They also have V and C regions.
T-cells recognize fragments of antigens that are bound to normal cell-surface proteins called MHC molecules.
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Helper T-CellsHelper T-Cells
Helper T-cells are central to the network of cellular interactions. They respond to peptide antigens
displayed on antigen presenting cells. They stimulate activation of B-cells
and cytotoxic T-cells.
Helper T-cells are central to the network of cellular interactions. They respond to peptide antigens
displayed on antigen presenting cells. They stimulate activation of B-cells
and cytotoxic T-cells.
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Helper T-CellsHelper T-Cells
When helper T-cells encounter a class II MHC molecule-antigen complex, they stimulate the production of clones of helper T-cells and memory helper T-cells.
This promotes the removal of infected cells.
When helper T-cells encounter a class II MHC molecule-antigen complex, they stimulate the production of clones of helper T-cells and memory helper T-cells.
This promotes the removal of infected cells.
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Helper T-CellsHelper T-Cells Helper T-cells secrete many
different cytokines (signals) to stimulate other lymphocytes.
This promotes humoral and cell mediated responses.
Helper T-cells secrete many different cytokines (signals) to stimulate other lymphocytes.
This promotes humoral and cell mediated responses.
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Cytotoxic T-CellsCytotoxic T-Cells When activated, cytotoxic T-cells
secrete proteins which destroy the infected cell.
Circulating antibodies then mark the exposed pathogens for disposal.
Cytotoxic T-cells are the effectors.
When activated, cytotoxic T-cells secrete proteins which destroy the infected cell.
Circulating antibodies then mark the exposed pathogens for disposal.
Cytotoxic T-cells are the effectors.
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Ways to Prevent InfectionWays to Prevent Infection
There are 2 types of immunization: 1. Active immunity 2. Passive immunity
There are 2 types of immunization: 1. Active immunity 2. Passive immunity
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1. Active Immunity1. Active Immunity
This is immunity conferred by a natural exposure to an infectious agent.
It also can develop following immunization.
This is immunity conferred by a natural exposure to an infectious agent.
It also can develop following immunization.
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2. Passive Immunity2. Passive Immunity
Passive immunity results from the transfer of antibodies from an immune individual to someone who isn’t.
Transferred antibodies are immediately available to attack antigens to which they are specific.
Passive immunity results from the transfer of antibodies from an immune individual to someone who isn’t.
Transferred antibodies are immediately available to attack antigens to which they are specific.
Edward JennerEdward Jenner English physician in the late
1700’s. Noticed that milkmaids who had
contracted cowpox were resistant to smallpox.
English physician in the late 1700’s.
Noticed that milkmaids who had contracted cowpox were resistant to smallpox.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Cowpox_Engraving_%28detail%29.png
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cowpox_eruption.jpg
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Jenner took fluid from a cowpox sore and scratched the arm of a healthy farmboy with it.
When the boy was later exposed to smallpox, he was immune.
Jenner took fluid from a cowpox sore and scratched the arm of a healthy farmboy with it.
When the boy was later exposed to smallpox, he was immune.
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Edward JennerEdward Jenner
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Child_with_Smallpox_Bangladesh.jpg
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Monoclonal Antibody Production
Monoclonal Antibody Production
Monoclonal antibodies are large quantities of a single type of antibody made to a specific antigen.
They are derived from a single B-cell clone.
Monoclonal antibodies are large quantities of a single type of antibody made to a specific antigen.
They are derived from a single B-cell clone.
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Monoclonal Antibodies: Production
Monoclonal Antibodies: Production
mAb production begins when an animal is injected with the desired antigen and then produces a specific plasma cell.
The animal’s plasma cells are then removed and fused with immortal tumor cell lines such as He La cells.
This results in the production of what is known as a hybridoma.
mAb production begins when an animal is injected with the desired antigen and then produces a specific plasma cell.
The animal’s plasma cells are then removed and fused with immortal tumor cell lines such as He La cells.
This results in the production of what is known as a hybridoma. 8
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Monoclonal AntibodiesMonoclonal Antibodies
The hybridoma, which can now divide endlessly, synthesizes vast quantities of the specific antibody which can be used for diagnostic and treatment purposes.
These antibodies can be isolated and purified and given to sick individuals.
The hybridoma, which can now divide endlessly, synthesizes vast quantities of the specific antibody which can be used for diagnostic and treatment purposes.
These antibodies can be isolated and purified and given to sick individuals.
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Monoclonal AntibodiesMonoclonal Antibodies
Use: Emergency treatment of rabies. An individual sick with rabies is given
mAb made specific to the virus. The mAb bind to the virus and are
collected by the cells of the immune system.
The body’s immune system is allowed to catch up and eventually the person gets better.
Use: Emergency treatment of rabies. An individual sick with rabies is given
mAb made specific to the virus. The mAb bind to the virus and are
collected by the cells of the immune system.
The body’s immune system is allowed to catch up and eventually the person gets better. 8
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Monoclonal AntibodiesMonoclonal Antibodies
Other uses: Diagnosis of malarial infection, pregnancy testing, HIV, heart attack, etc.
Other uses: Diagnosis of malarial infection, pregnancy testing, HIV, heart attack, etc.
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AllergiesAllergies
These are exaggerated responses to certain antigens. The most common allergies involve
antibodies of the IgE class. When plasma cells secrete IgE
antibodies specific for antigens on the surface of pollen grains, hay fever results.
These are exaggerated responses to certain antigens. The most common allergies involve
antibodies of the IgE class. When plasma cells secrete IgE
antibodies specific for antigens on the surface of pollen grains, hay fever results.
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Some antibodies are attached to mast cells which are found in connective tissue.
When allergens enter the body, they become attached to the mast cell-IgE association.
This triggers the release of histamine and other inflammatory substances.
Some antibodies are attached to mast cells which are found in connective tissue.
When allergens enter the body, they become attached to the mast cell-IgE association.
This triggers the release of histamine and other inflammatory substances.
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AllergiesAllergies
Histamine causes dilation and increased permeability of small blood vessels.
This causes the common symptoms of allergy responses.
Histamine causes dilation and increased permeability of small blood vessels.
This causes the common symptoms of allergy responses.