transradial coronary intervention (tri)–related complications : how to prevent?
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TransRadial Coronary Intervention (TRI)–related complications : How to prevent?. Sang-Yong Yoo, M.D. Department of Cardiology Ulsan college of Medicine Gangneung Asan Hospital. Incidence of Radial artery complications. Meta-analysis of 12 randomized trials (1989 ~ 2003) - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
TransRadial Coronary Intervention (TRI)–related complications: How to prevent?
Sang-Yong Yoo, M.D.Department of CardiologyUlsan college of MedicineGangneung Asan Hospital
Incidence of Radial artery complications Meta-analysis of 12 randomized trials (1989 ~ 2003)
◦0.3% vs. 2.8% (transradial vs. transfemoral)◦ 1 arteriovenous fistula◦ 1 perforation of brachial artery requiring surgery ◦ 1 hematoma >3cm◦ 2 others
Agostoni P, et al. JACC 2004;44:349-56
Incidence of Radial artery complications Randomized trial (2006 ~ 2008)
◦ First randomized trials (n=1,124) comparing access site complications after coronary procedures via transradial versus transfemoral access with a closure devices.
◦0.58% (3 patients in 512) vs. 3.71% (transradial vs. transfemoral) No beating radial artery pulse without forearm ischemia
Brueck M, et al. JACC 2009;2:1047-54
Transradial complications Vagal reactions Radial artery spasm Radial artery occlusion Bleeding/Dissection/Perforation Radial artery fistula Pseudoaneurysm Chronic pain/neuralgia Cerebral embolism Others
Pain/Vagal reactions During sheath insertion, procedural
hypotension requiring treatment with atropine occurs frequently.
Hildick-Smith DJ, et al. Int J Cardiol 1998;64:231.
May be exacerbated by verapamil.
Decreasing pain and anxiety
Kim JY J Invasive Cardiol 2007;19:6-9.
Between 1 to 3 hours before the start of a proce-dure
A eutectic mixture of local anesthetic
(EMLA) cream (lidocaine 2.5% and prilocaine
2.5%)
가격 : 수가 6,000 원 , 보험상한 3,960 원
Incidence of Radial artery spasm (RAS)22% (8% on med.) - Kiemeneij F,
et al(N=100)
(CCI 2003;58:281–284)
22.2% - The SPAMS study(N=1,219)
(CCI 2006;68:231-235)
Fukuda, et al diagnosed RAS through radial artery angiography and found that RAS occurred in most patients through transradial approach. (Jpn Heart J 2004; 45: 723-731)
Incidence of Radial artery spasm
Risk factors for Radial artery spasmThe SPASM study found that young and
female were the independent predictors of RAS.
(Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2006; 68: 231)Saito et al found that the inner diameter of
radial artery was an independent predictor of RAS.
(Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 1999; 46: 173)In vitro studies showed that patients with
diabetes had serious endothelial dysfunction and the radial artery was prone to spasm.
(J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 50:1047)
Risk factors for Radial artery spasm
Prevention of RASSingle punctureKiemeneij F pointed out, a
straightforward, accurate, single puncture will lower the risk of spasm.
(J Invasive Cardiol 2006;18:159.)In the introduction of Turkey
experience, Vefali and Arslan deemed that the best measure to prevent RAS was the least number of access attempts.
(Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars 2008;36:163.)
Prevention of RASAntispasmodics
Nitroglycerin+Verapamil
Nitroglycerin None0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
3.8% 4.4%
20.4%
Radial artery spasm
p=0.804
p=0.003
p=0.001
Chen CW Cardiology 2006;105:43-47.
Prevention of RAS”Cocktail”
Cocktail No cocktail0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.53
0.76000000000000
1
“Cocktail”= 200ug Nitroglycerin+ 5mg Verapamil
Kiemeneij F CCI 2003;58:281-284.
Max
imal
pul
lbac
k fo
rce
(Kg)
Prevention of RASVerapamil, Molsidomine
Catheter Cardivasc Interv 2006;68:231-235.
Prevention of RASHydrophilic-coated sheath
n=783
Short sheath (13cm)
Hy-drophilic coated
Uncoated
Long sheath (23cm)
Hy-drophilic coated
Uncoated
Hydrophilic-coated
Uncoated0%5%
10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%
19.0%
39.9%
Radial artery spasm
Rathore JACC Cardiovasc interv 2010;3:475-83.
OR 2.87; 95% CI 2.07-3.97, p<0.001)
Prevention of RASOthersSmaller catheterRestricting catheter maneuvers
and exchangesUse an exchange length
hydrophilic guidewire that is maintained in a stable position in the ascending aorta to prevent spasm at radial or brachial artery.
Extraction of the radial artery
58/F 6 Fr sheath 500 ug nitroglycerin
Resistant radial artery spasmEven after the
use of a vasodilator, RAS has been reported in up to 20% of the patients (Kim Sh et al. Int J Cardiol 2007; 120: 325).
Ana do lu Kar di yol Derg 2010;10:90
Incidence and Risk factors for Radial artery occlusionIncidence
◦2~10%
Prolonged cannulation
Sheath size Anticoagulation Hemostasis
Youakim S. Occupational Medicine 2006;56:507
Prevention of acute radial occlusionHeparinless than 3,000
U◦ female◦ radial artery
diameter (<2.7mm)
No predictive factor of radial occlusion in patients receiving 5,000 U of heparin.
0 2~3,000 5,0000%
10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80% 71%
24%
4%
Post-procedural radial artery oc-clusion (2 months)
Dose of heparin (U)
Spaulding C, et al. Cathet Cardiovasc Diag 1996;36:365
p<0.05
p<0.05
Acute radial artery occlusionSheath size
4, 5Fr 6 Fr 7, 8Fr0%
1%
2%
3%
4%
5%
6%
7%
8%
3.5%
4.9%
7.5%
OcclusionSaito, et al. CCVI 1999;46:173/Nagai et al, AJC 1999;83:180
Late (95 days) radial artery occlusionRisk factors
◦ Radial artery diameter
◦ Difference in radial artery diameter and sheath size
◦ Diabetes mellitus
Nagai et al. AJC 1999;83:180
38% vs. 14% (p=0.0006)
Radial artery occlusionRepeat procedure
First TRI Repeat PCI P
Lumen area (mm2)
5.27 ± 1.21 4.5 ± 0.99 <0.0
1Intima-media thickness (mm)
0.31 ± 0.07
0.46 ± 0.10 <0.0
1
MLD (mm) 2.43 ± 0.32
2.23 ± 0.26
<0.01
Yoo BS, et al. CCVI 2003;58:301
a = Cross-over to femoral arteryb = p<0.05
Distal radial artery (5~25mm)
Wakeyama et al. JACC 2003;42:1109
Treatment of symptomatic radial artery thrombosisSmall pilot study
◦ not randomized, double-blinded design
◦ symptomatic occlusion – LMWH 4 weeks
◦ asymptomatic occlusion – no treatment
LMWH None0%
10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%86.7%
19.1%
Zankl AR et al. Clin Res Cardiol 2010;99:841Modified from Kim KS, et al. J Cardiovasc Ultrasound 2010;18:31
Pa-
tenc
y
Allen’s testShows Intact Palmar Arch
On the basis of the modified Allen’s test ≤ 9 seconds criteria, 6.3% of patients were excluded from TRI
PL and OX type A,B, and C, only
1.5% of patients were excluded.
Barbeau GR, et al. Am Heart J 2004;147:489
Edgar V. N. Allen (1900-1961)Professor of Medicine at the Mayor Clinic.
But, an abnormal Allen’s test has never been predictive of ischemic injury from an arterial line. (J Trauma 2006;206:468.)
Wallach SG. Am J Critical Care 2004;13:315
Hemostasis technique
EarlyPersistent (30
days)
0%2%4%6%8%
10%12%
5.0%
1.8%
12.0%
7.0%
Incidence of Radial Occlusion
Perfused HemostasisTraditional Hemostasis
Pancholy S, et al. CCI 2008;72:335
Preserve long term radial function by maintaining distal perfusion during hemostasis
p<0.05p<0.05
Root of Most Problems Abundant forearm
branches Anatomical variations
Luz A, et al. Eurointervention 2009;5:1
Radial artery anomaly and procedural outcome
Types of radial anomaly and their rates of procedural failure7% 2.3% 2.0% 2.5%
Lo TS, et al. Heart 2009;95:410
Radial loop andRadial recurrent artery
Avulsion of radial recurrent artery
Causes of bleeding/perforationOverzealous advancement of a
wireHydrophilic wires
◦useful in overcoming tortuous segment or radial loops
◦increase the risk of perforation→Wire should never be advanced
against resistance
Classification ofLocal bleedingType I: ≤ 5 cmType II: ≤ 10 cmType III: > 10 cm, but not above
elbowType IV: extending above elbowType V: anywhere with ischemic
threat of the hand (compartment syndrome)
Bertrand OF et al. 2009;157:164-9.
Compartment syndrome 0.4% (overestimated) Unrecognized perforation Unsuccessful compression Radial artery laceration during sheath insertion or
removal
Compartment syndromenot due to bleeding or hematoma
Araki T, et al. CCI 2010;75:362-365
The forearm muscles are swollen.No bleeding or hematoma is noted.
The patient’s forearm 1 hr after the transra-dial intervention. The right forearm is stiffer and more swollen than the left forearm.
The tissue pressure exceeded 100 mm Hg.
The forearm muscles are greatly swollen and partially necrosed, but hematoma or signs of hemorrhage are not noted.
we suspect that an arterial spasm in-duced by the radial sheath or catheter
resulted in ischemia of the forearm mus-
cles.
Prevention/SolutionLook under fluoroscopy during
wiring.Don’t push – push and
perforation will happen.If in doubt take a picture.Early detection!
PseudoaneurysmRare
complicationUsually the
result of inadvertent perforation of an anomalous radial artery.
Arteriovenous fistula
87/F2004 diagnostic CAG via Rt. radial artery (6 Fr.)2008 single vessel PCI via Rt. radial artery (6 Fr.)2010 Pulsatile mass
•0.3% in femoral access (Kent KC et al. J Vasc Surg 1993;17:125), N=1,838.•Radial artery AV fistula after catheterization procedures (4 cases were reported)
Case 1. 64/M Pulikal et al. Circulation 2005 Case 2. 59/M Spence et al. Can J Cardiol 2007 Case 3. 61/M Spence et al. Can J Cardiol 2007 Case 4. 67/M Kwac MS et al. Korean Cir J 2010
Sheath-related complicationsSterile abscess
with use of hydrophilic-coated sheath◦ 5% foreign body
reaction◦ 2~3 weeks after
procedure◦ Remnant of
silicone Several weeks after radial cardiac catheterization with a 6-F Cook hydrophilic sheath, a sterile abscess formed be-tween the skin and radial artery. The patient had local pain without systemic symptoms. This was treated with surgical drainage and local skin care with resolution over several weeks.
Hemostasis ComplicationsHandcuff Injuries
Tighter is not better
Chronic pain(Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: CRPS 1)
46-year old anesthesiologist
Allen’s test (-) 6 Fr, 23 cm sheath 10,000 U heparin 6 Fr pigtail catheter, 6
Fr JL4 20 hr hemostasis
(Hemaband) Over several months,
cold intolerance, burning sensation, parasthesias, and loss of pulse
Retire
Papadimos TJ, et al. Cathet Cardiovasc Interv 2002;57:537.
Dissection of arteria lusoriaSuccess rate only 60% by transradial approach
(Valsecchi O, et al.Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2006;67:870–8.)
….the guide wire (0.035 inch; Terumo Corp., Tokyo, Japan) was
prone to advance into the descending aorta. After several attempts, the guide wire passed
into the ascending aorta. However, resistance was
encountered while advancing a pigtail catheter (5-Fr; Bard Inc., Murray Hill, NJ, USA). Stasis of
contrast medium was noted after test injection of 5 mL of contrast
medium……. J Chin Med Assoc 2009;72(7):379–381
Cerebral embolism
TransradialTransfemoral0.0%2.0%4.0%6.0%8.0%
10.0%12.0%14.0%16.0% 0.152
0
New cerebral lesion (MRI)
TCD (transcranial Doppler)◦ 92.1% gaseous◦ 7.9% solid◦ more solid microemboli
in transradial 57 vs. 36, p=0.012) in right MCA
◦ During catheter flushing, ventriculography
Lund C, et al. Eur Heart J 2009;26:1269
p=0.567
• Cautious manipulation and gentle advancement of guidewire and catheters especially aortic arch and aorto-subclavian junction• Exchange of catheters over the guidewires while leaving them in the ascending aorta.
ConclusionMeticulous technique,
appropriate preventive measures, and early recognition of problems are fundamental in avoiding unnecessary morbidity and mortality associated with these risk.
Complications arising from radial arterial access are infrequent and are usually avoidable.