transport issue

8/14/2019 Transport Issue

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Urban Transport Problems

The Challenges


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Urban Transport Problems(Geographical Challenges)

Cities are locations having a high

level of accumulation &concentration

of economic activities &are complex spatial structures that

are supported by transport systems.


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The most important transport

problems are often related tourban

areas, when transport systems, for

a

variety of reasons, cannot satisfythe

numerous re uirements of urban


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Urban productivity is highlydependent on the efficiency of its

transport system to move labour,

consumers & freight betweenmultiple origins & destinations.


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Among the most notable

urban transport problems?


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Traffic congestion & parking

difficulties.

Congestion is one of the most

prevalent transport problems in

city urbans.


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It is particularly linked with the

diffusion of the automobile, which

increases the demand fortransport

infrastructure, that has often not

been able to keep up with the

growth of mobility.


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Public transport inadequacy

Many public transport systems, or

parts of them, are either over or

under used.


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During peak hours, crowdednesscreates discomfort for users, while

low ridership makes many

servicesfinancially unsustainable,

particularly in suburban areas.


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Difficulties for pedestrians,bicycles

& motorcycles:

i) Outcome of intense traffic, where

their mobility is impaired.

ii) Lack of consideration for these

users in the design of facilities.


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Loss of public space

The majority of roads are publicly

owned & free of access.

Traffic flows influence the life &interactions of residents & their

usage of street space.


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More traffic impedes social

interactions & street activities.

People tend to walk & cycle lesswhen traffic is high.


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Environmental Impacts &

Energy

Consumption.

Pollution, including noise, generated

by circulation has become a serious

impediment to the quality of life &

even the health of urban


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Further, energy consumption byurban transportation has

dramatically

increased & so does thedependency

on petroleum.


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Accidents and safety.

Growing traffic in urban areas is

linked with a growing number of

accidents & fatalities, especially in

developing countries. As traffic

increases, people feel less safe touse


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Land consumption.

Between 30 and 60% of ametropolitan

area may be devoted totransportation.

An outcome of the over-reliance on

some forms of urban trans ortation.


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Freight distribution

The materialisation of the economy

has produced growing quantities of

freight moving within metropolitan

areas.


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As freight traffic commonly shares

infrastructures with passengers

circulation, the mobility of freight in

urban areas has becomeincreasingly

problematic.


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Urban Transport Problems(Automobile Dependency)

There are several dimensions to the

urban transport problems.

Most of them linked with thedominance of the automobile.


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Urban Transport Problems(Automobile Dependency)

Automobile use obviously produces

avariety of advantages such as

performance, comfort, status,

speed,& convenience.These advantages

jointly illustrate why automobile

ownership continues to grow


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(Automobile Dependency)

Several factors influence the growth

of the total vehicle fleet, such as:

Sustained economic growth(increase in income & quality of

life).


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Complex individual urbanmovement

patterns (many households have

more than one automobile).

More leisure time &

suburbanisation.


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Over time, a state of automobile

dependency has emerged.

Resulting to the diminution in the

role of other modes, thereby

limiting

still further alternatives to urban

mobility.


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(Congestion)

Congestion occurs when transport

demand exceeds transportsupply in

a specific section of the transport

system.

Under such circumstances, each

vehicle impairs the mobility of others.


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(Congestion)

The last decades have seen the

extension of roads in rural but

particularly in urban areas. Those

infrastructures were designed for

speed & high capacity, but thegrowth

of urban circulation occurred at arate


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(Congestion)

Investments came from diverse

levelsof government with a view to

provide

accessibility to cities and regions.There were strong incentives for the

expansion of road transportation by

rovidin hi h levels of trans ort


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(Congestion)

This has created a vicious circle of

congestion which supports the

construction of additional road

capacity & automobiledependency.


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(Congestion)

Urban congestion mainly concerns

two domains of circulation, often

sharing the same infrastructures:


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(Congestion)

Passengers

Access to an automobile conveys

flexibility in terms of the choice of

origin, destination & travel time.

The automobile is favoured at the

expense of other modes for most

trips, including commuting.


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(Congestion)

Freight

Since cities are the maindestinations

for freight flows (either for

consumption or for transfer to other

locations), trucking adds to further

congestion in urban areas.


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(Parking)

Parking consumes large amounts of

space. In automobile dependentcities,

this can be very constraining as each

economic activity has to provide an

amount of parking space proportional

to their level of activity.


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(Parking)

Parking has become a land use that

greatly inflates the demand forurban

land.


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(Accidents)

Daily trips can be either :

mandatory (workplace-home), or

voluntary (shopping, leisure,visits).


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(Accidents)

Mandatory is often performedwithin fixed schedules.

Voluntary comply with variableschedules.


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(Accidents)

Mandatory trips-mainly responsible

for peaks in circulation flows.~ about half the congestion in

urban

areas is recurring at specific times

of the day & on specific segments

of the transport system.


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(Accidents)

The other half is caused by random

events such as accidents &unusual

weather conditions (rain, storms,

etc)As far as accidents are concerned,

their randomness is influenced by

the level of traffic. Hi her traffic


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(Public Transport)

As cities continue to becomemore

dispersed, the cost of building &

operating public transportation

systems increases.


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(Public Transport)

In many cities additionalinvestments

in public transport did not result in

significant additional ridership.

Unplanned & uncoordinated land

development has led to rapid

expansion of the urban periphery.


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(Public TransportChallenges)

Decentralization

Public transit systems are not

designed to service low density &

scattered urban areas that areincreasingly dominating the

landscape.


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The greater the decentralization of

urban activities, the more difficult

& expensive it becomes to serve

urban areas with public transport.


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Fixity

The infrastructures of several public

transport systems, notably rail &

metro systems are fixed, while citiesare dynamical entities.


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This implies that travel patterns

tend to change and that atransport

system built for servicing a specificpattern may eventually face

"spatial

obsolescence".


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Connectivity

Public transport systems are often

independent from other modes &

terminals. It is consequently difficultto transfer passengers from one

system to the other.


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Competition

In view of cheap road transport

systems, public transport faces

strong competition.

The higher the level of automobile

dependency, the moreinappropriate


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The public service being offered issimply outpaced by the

convenience

of the automobile.

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