Transport

Vocabulary

• Agglutin-: to glue together• Embol-: stopper• -stasis: halt• -osis: abnormal• Bil-: bile• Erythr-: red• Thromb-: clot• Hema- or hemo-: blood • -poie: to produce• Leuko- white

Blood • Hemoglobin: protein that

carries oxygen in the blood

Red Blood Cell Count

• RBC count (RBCC): the number of red blood cells in a microliter of blood• affects the amount of oxygen blood can carry

Red blood cell formation

• Erythropoiesis: the formation of new red blood cells inside bone marrow• Erythropoietin: a hormone that controls the rate of

RBC formation• Released by the kidneys and liver• Stimulated by low oxygen levels in the blood• Diet: vitamin B, folic acid, iron, and hemoglobin all

affect erythropoiesis

White Blood Cells

• Leukocytes: white blood cells• protect against infection• phagocytize bacterial cells• Produce antibodies that destroy foreign particles• Diapedesis: WBC’s leaving the blood stream to

carry out their functions

Types of WBC’s

• Neutrophils and Monocytes: leave the blood stream and become macrophages that destroy bacteria, dead cells and other debris• Eosinophils: kill certain parasites and control

inflammation and allergic reactions• Basophils: migrate to damaged tissues and inhibit

blood clotting • release histamines which causes inflammation• Lymphocytes: important in immunity• WBC count: Increased numbers of WBC’s are an

indication of infection or disease

Blood Platelets

• Thrombocytes: (platelets) cell fragments that are made in the red bone marrow• Help to clot broken blood vessels

Plasma proteins

• Albumins: help regulate water movement between blood and tissues• Globulins: transport lipids and fat-soluble vitamins

and make antibodies• Fibrinogen: plays a key role in blood coagulation

and electrolyte balance

Gases and Nutrients

• Gases: Oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen• Nutrients: amino acids, sugars, nucleotides and

lipids• Non-protein substances: urea, uric acid, creatine• Electrolytes: sodium, calcium, magnesium,

chloride, bicarbonate, sulfate and phosphate

Hemostasis

• Hemostasis: the stoppage of bleeding• Blood Vessel Spasm: contraction of blood vessels

to reduce blood loss when blood vessels are damaged• Platelet plug formation: • Serotonin is released to contract blood vessels• Platelets stick together to form a plug to stop the

bleeding

Blood coagulation

• Coagulation: blood clot formation• Fibrin: threads or fibers of clotting proteins• Prothrombin: gets converted into thrombin• Thrombin: a protein that catalyzes the joining of

fibrin proteins• Serum: blood plasma minus the clotting factors

Blood Clotting

• Thrombus: a blood clot abnormally forming in a blood vessel• Embolus: a clot that breaks loose and is carried

away by the blood• Agglutination: the clumping of red blood cells

following a transfusion

ABO Blood Group

• Based on the presence of antigens A and B on the surface of RBC’s

• Antigens: molecules on the surface of red blood cells that react with antibodies• Antibodies: react with their same antigen and clump

red blood cells

Blood type Antigen Antibody

A A B

B B A

AB A and B None

O None Both A and B

Rh Blood Groups

• Rh Blood groups: • Antigen D present = Rh +• Antigen D not present = Rh –

Write the blood types you can receive if you have each of the following blood types