trait theories ppt @ bec bagalkot mba

8/2/2019 Trait Theories Ppt @ Bec Bagalkot Mba

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Presentation

on

TRAIT THEORIES

BY: BABASAB PATIL


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(Costa & McCrae)

Psychological organization of the individual as a whole and especially

to those features that distinguish the individual from others

(Mischel)

Distinctive patterns of behavior, thought, emotion that

characterize each person's adaptation to the situations of life


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Contd

An individual's unique pattern of thoughts, feelings, and

behaviors that persists over time and across situations

Two key components

Personality refers to unique differences

Personality is presumed to be stable and enduring


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Theories of Personality

Four Theories of Personality

1. Trait

2. Psychoanalytic

3. Humanistic

4. Socio-Cognitive


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Trait TheoryIn psychology, Trait theory is a major approach to the study

of human personality. Trait theorists are primarily interested in

the measurement of traits, which can be defined as habitual

patterns of behavior, thought, and emotion.According to this

perspective, traits are relatively stable over time, differ among

individuals (e.g. some people are outgoing whereas others are

shy), and influence behavior.


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Contd

the trait approach to personality is focused on differences

between individuals. The combination and interaction of

various traits forms a personality that is unique to each

individual. Trait theory is focused on identifying and

measuring these individual personality characteristics.


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GORDON ALLPORT TRAIT THEORY

Gordon Allport (1897-1967) is often called the father of

personality theory: was an early pioneer in the study of

traits, He was very much a trait theorist and believed in the

individuality and uniqueness of the person and that peoplehave consistent personalities.


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Contd.

He categorized these traits into three levels:

Cardinal Traits: Traits that dominate an individuals whole

life, often to the point that the person becomes known

specifically for these traits. People with such personalities

often become so known for these traits that their names are

often synonymous with these qualities.


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Contd

Central Traits: These are the general characteristics that formthe basic foundations of personality.. Terms such

as intelligent, honest, shy and anxious are considered central

traits. Secondary Traits: These are the traits that are sometimes

related to attitudes or preferences and often appear only in

certain situations or under specific circumstances. Someexamples would be getting anxious when speaking to a group

or impatient while waiting in line.


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Hans Jrgen Eysenck theory

Hans Jrgen Eysenck (19161997) was a British psychologist

of German origin, best remembered for his work on intelligence and

personality, Eysencks theory is based primarily on physiology and

genetics. Although he is a behaviorist who considers learned habits

of great importance, he considers personality differences as growing

out of our genetic inheritance. He is, therefore, primarily interested

in what is usually called temperament.

His methods involve a statistical technique called factor

analysis. This technique extracts a number of dimensions from

large masses of data.


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Contd..

Eysenck's three factor model contains the

Introversion-extroversion,

Psychoticism (such antisocial traits as cruelty and rejection of

social customs),

Emotionality-stability (also called neuroticism).


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Contd..

Extraversion/Introversion

Extraversion is characterized by being outgoing, talkative,

high on positive affect (feeling good), and in need of external

stimulation. Extraverts, according to Eysenck's theory, are

chronically under-aroused and bored and are therefore in need

of external stimulation to bring them up to an optimal level of

performance.

Introverts, on the other hand, are chronically over-aroused and

jittery and are therefore in need of peace and quiet to bring

them up to an optimal level of performance.


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Contd

Neuroticism/StabilityNeuroticism or emotionality is characterized by high levels of

negative affect such as depression and anxiety.


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Contd

The two dimensions or axes, extraversion-introversion and

emotional stability-instability, define four quadrants. These are made

up of:

stable extraverts (sanguine qualities such as - outgoing, talkative,

responsive, easygoing, lively, carefree, leadership)

unstable extraverts (choleric qualities such as - touchy, restless,

excitable, changeable, impulsive, irresponsible)

stable introverts (phlegmatic qualities such as - calm, even-

tempered, reliable, controlled, peaceful, thoughtful, careful, passive)

unstable introverts (melancholic qualities such as - quiet, reserved,

pessimistic, sober, rigid, anxious, moody).


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Contd..

Psychoticism/ SocializationPsychotic behavior is rooted in the characteristics of tough-

mindedness, non-conformity, inconsideration, recklessness,

hostility, anger and impulsiveness.


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Psychoticism Extraversion Neuroticism

Aggressive Sociable Anxious

Assertive Irresponsible Depressed

Egocentric Dominant Guilt Feelings

Unsympathetic Lack of reflection Low self-esteem

Manipulative Sensation-seeking Tense

Achievement-oriented Impulsive Moody

Dogmatic Risk-taking ------

Masculine Expressive Lack of autonomy

Tough-minded Active Obsessive


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RAYMOND CATTELL TRAIT

THEORY

According to Cattell, these 16 traits are the source of all human

personality. He also developed one of the most widely used

personality assessments known as the Sixteen Personality

Factor Questionnaire (16PF).


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Primary Factors and Descriptors in

Cattell's 16 Personality Factor ModelDescriptors of Low Range Primary Factor Descriptors of High Range

Reserve, impersonal, distant,

cool, reserved, impersonal,

detached, formal, aloof

(Sizothymia)

Warmth

Warm, outgoing, attentive to others, kindly,

easy going, participating, likes people

(Affectothymia)

Concrete thinking, lower general

mental capacity, less intelligent,

unable to handle abstract

problems (Lower Scholastic

Mental Capacity)

Reasoning

Abstract-thinking, more intelligent, bright,

higher general mental capacity, fast learner

(Higher Scholastic Mental Capacity)

Reactive emotionally,

changeable, affected by feelings,

emotionally less stable, easilyupset (Lower Ego Strength)

Emotional Stability

Emotionally stable, adaptive, mature, faces

reality calm (Higher Ego Strength)

Deferential, cooperative, avoids

conflict, submissive, humble,

obedient, easily led, docile,

accommodating (Submissiveness)

DominanceDominant, forceful, assertive, aggressive,

competitive, stubborn, bossy (Dominance)


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Serious, restrained, prudent,

taciturn, introspective, silent

(Desurgency)

Liveliness

Lively, animated, spontaneous,

enthusiastic, happy go lucky,

cheerful, expressive, impulsive

(Surgency)

Expedient, nonconforming,

disregards rules, self indulgent

(Low Super Ego Strength)

Rule-Consciousness

Rule-conscious, dutiful,

conscientious, conforming,

moralistic, staid, rule bound

(High Super Ego Strength)

Shy, threat-sensitive, timid,

hesitant, intimidated (Threctia)Social Boldness

Socially bold, venturesome, thick

skinned, uninhibited (Parmia)

Utilitarian, objective,

unsentimental, tough minded,

self-reliant, no-nonsense, rough

(Harria)

Sensitivity

Sensitive, aesthetic, sentimental,

tender minded, intuitive, refined

(Premsia)


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Trusting, unsuspecting, accepting,

unconditional, easy (Alaxia)Vigilance

Vigilant, suspicious, skeptical,

distrustful, oppositional

(Protension)

Grounded, practical, prosaic,

solution orientated, steady,

conventional (Praxernia)

Abstractedness

Abstract, imaginative, absent

minded, impractical, absorbed in

ideas (Autia)

Forthright, genuine, artless, open,

guileless, naive, unpretentious,

involved (Artlessness)

Privateness

Private, discreet, nondisclosing,

shrewd, polished, worldly, astute,

diplomatic (Shrewdness)

Self-Assured, unworried,

complacent, secure, free of guilt,

confident, self satisfied

(Untroubled)

Apprehension

Apprehensive, self doubting,

worried, guilt prone, insecure,

worrying, self blaming (Guilt

Proneness)


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Traditional, attached to familiar,

conservative, respecting traditional

ideas (Conservatism)

Openness to Change

Open to change, experimental,

liberal, analytical, critical, free

thinking, flexibility (Radicalism)

Group-oriented, affiliative, a joiner

and follower dependent (Group

Adherence)

Self-Reliance

Self-reliant, solitary, resourceful,

individualistic, self sufficient

(Self-Sufficiency)

Tolerated disorder, unexacting,

flexible, undisciplined, lax, self-

conflict, impulsive, careless of

social rues, uncontrolled (Low

Integration)

Perfectionism

Perfectionistic, organized,

compulsive, self-disciplined,

socially precise, exacting will

power, control, selfsentimental

(High Self-Concept Control)

Relaxed, placid, tranquil, torpid,

patient, composed low drive (Low

Ergic Tension)

Tension

Tense, high energy, impatient,

driven, frustrated, over wrought,

time driven. (High Ergic Tension)


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"Big Five" factors (Five Factor

Model)

Five-factor model of personality represents five core traits that

interact to form human personality. While researchers often

disagree about the exact labels for each dimension, the

following are described most commonly :The Big five factors

are openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeablenes

s, and neuroticism (OCEAN, or CANOE if rearranged).


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Contd

OpennessAppreciation for art, emotion, adventure, unusual

ideas, curiosity, and variety of experience.

Ex : I have a rich vocabulary.

I have excellent ideas.

Conscientiousness A tendency to show self-discipline,

act dutifully, and aim for achievement; planned rather than

spontaneous behavior.

Ex:

I am always prepared.

I am exacting in my work.

I follow a schedule.

I like order.


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Contd ExtraversionEnergy, positive emotions, surgency, and the

tendency to seek stimulation in the company of others.

Ex: I feel comfortable around people.

I start conversations.

I talk to a lot of different people at parties.

AgreeablenessA tendency to be compassionate and cooperative rather

than suspicious and antagonistic towards others.

I am interested in people.

I feel others' feelings.

I have a soft heart.

I make people feel at ease.


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Contd

Neuroticism

A tendency to experience unpleasant emotions easily, such

as anger, anxiety, depression, or vulnerability.

I am easily disturbed.

I change my mood a lot.

I get irritated easily.

I get stressed out easily.

I get upset easily.


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trait theories ppt @ bec bagalkot mba

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