training for hygiene promotion. part 3: additional training for hp coordinators

7/30/2019 Training for Hygiene Promotion. Part 3: Additional Training for HP Coordinators

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Training for Hygiene Promotion

Part 3: Additional Training forHP Coordinators

PowerPoint

Best practice materials produced through the Global WASH Cluster Hygiene Promotion project

(Water, Sanitation and Hygiene), 2009 c/o UNICEF


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Evidence Base

for Hygiene Promotion


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WASH interventions critical for child survivalSource: Meta-analysis by Fewtrell & Colford, 2004; Handwashing data

by Curtis & Cairncross, 2003, Updated sanitation data by Cairncross,

2008

44

42

39

36

23

0 10 20 30 40 50

Handwashing

Hygiene

Water Quality

Sanitation

Water Supply

% reduction in morbidity from diarrhoeal diseases

Data leads to some controversy, partly due to the difficulty of splitting impacts of interventions. For example:

* Hand-washing is not possible without a water supply, so hand-washing is in fact water supply and hand-washing

** Water quality at household will also have involved some hygiene promotion when setting up the household watertreatment processes


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Fewtrell et al (2004) found something similar.

Water, Sanitation & Hygiene Interventions to reduce diarrhoeaIn less developed countries; a systematic review and meta analysis

Fewtrell L et al. (2005)The Lancet Infectious Diseases- Vol. 5, Issue 1, January

2005, Pages 42-52


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Bridging

Development & Emergency


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The importance of context Fast onset - slow onset

Conflict war, civil war

Natural disasters flooding, landslides,drought

Complex Emergencies

Local or Global epidemics: HIV/AIDS, TB,H1N1

Different geographical areas and hydro-geological conditions mountains,tropical, arid, low-lying, island etc

Different cultures and social groups

Urban - rural (stable but abnormal e.g.slum areas)

Refugees or IDPs: large camps ordispersed communities or sharing with

family or friends Post conflict

Structural deterioration or political crisis

Different phases: relief, rehabilitation,reconstruction, preparedness

What is appropriate in one

context may not be

appropriate in the next

ZaireS House / WEDC

Adapted from WASH Cluster Water training W1 Linkages


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IDP/RefugeeCamps

Oxfam: DRC

Oxfam: Sierra LeoneOxfam: Sierra Leone


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Flooding

Oxfam: Bangladesh

Oxfam: CambodiaOxfam: Bangladesh


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Pond, TanzaniaS House / WaterAid

Sub-surface dam, KenyaS House / WaterAid

Drought


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The Rights Based ApproachNeeds Based Approach Rights Based Approach

Deserving Claim and entitlement

No one has definite obligations

Clear obligations

Receiving - beneficiaries Active participation - partners

Some are left out we do what we can Equal rights for allequitable provision

Charitable and voluntary Mandatory, legal obligation, accountability

Addresses symptoms Addresses causes

Partial goals acceptable (e.g. might see 60 % coverage as an

acceptable target).Only total goals acceptable (would instead say 40% still not

covered, which is unacceptable).

Context specific, based on circumstances Universal

Negotiable Non negotiable

More about survival and development More about discrimination and exploitation

A Rights Based Approach includes the following elements:Use and application rightsAccountabilityEmpowermentParticipation

Non-discrimination and attention to vulnerable groups


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Sustainability


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Engage the whole community in decisions & ensure knowprocesses for management, finance and O&M

Key decisions - made or approved by whole community

Women involved in decision making - as well as men

Regular audit / checking process for the finances

Engage the village elders - help with conflict resolution

Discuss mechanisms for the poorest community members to access water

REDRColombia

S House / ACF

WASH Cluster Training W10 / ACF sustainability research 2007


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If supporting water committee model for

management

Use existing committeesand structures whereformal recognition ofthese

Involve local authorities

and / or organisations Involve in all stages of

the project process

Good mix of women andmen

Both women & men inleadership positions

Provide on-going back-up support

Uganda

S House / MSF-OCBA



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If supporting water committee model for

management

Ensure that the members know:

Their roles & responsibilities

How to manage finances

Importance of keeping wider community informed -particularly on finances

Where to go if there are problems for external

facilitation or help

How to operate and maintain the facilities & to

purchase spares



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Ownership & level of service

Displaced community in Colombia further

developed their water system on their

own to include private connections the

communities sense of ownership &

hence willingness to maintain was clear

Prioritise simpler technologies &

appropriate to capacities of

communities

Colombia

S House / ACH

Colombia

S House / ACH



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Training community members in

O&M

Dont just train one person on O&M

train 5, if two leave, one passes away,

two will still remain

Train both women and men in O&M

Employment opportunities for women

as well as men

Liberia

S House / ACF

Sierra Leone

Oxfam: S.Ferron



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Easy to replace spares

Ensure spares are readilyavailable at reasonable distance

& communities know their cost and

where to get themLao PDR

S House / ACF

Liberia

S House / ACF



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Managing Accountability

f bili


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Transparency

Participation

Informed Consent

Giving people

a voice

Quality Programming

Reporting

Co-ordination

Leadership

Learning

Evaluation

Complaints mechanism

Using resources wisely

Feedback

Monitoring

Anti corruption

Codes of Conduct

Standards

Scope of Accountability


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Accountability Definitions

"Accountability is the process through which anorganization makes a commitment to and balancesthe needs of stakeholders in its decision-makingand activities, and delivers against this

commitment

Accountability is based on four dimensions:transparency, participation, learning and

evaluation, and feedback mechanisms that allowthe organization to give account to, take account of,and be held to account by stakeholders."(Adaptedfrom One World Trust 2005)


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Accountability Initiatives

World Vision in Sri Lanka humanitarianaccountability teams

Tear Fund in North Kenya beneficiaryaccountability officer & beneficiary reference

groups also notice boards to providecommunity feedback and improve transparency

Christian Aid, WFP, UNDP, WV Publiccomplaints handling systems

ECBP The Good Enough Guide WASH Cluster checklist and template

community leaflet


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Advocacy


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Example Advocacy Initiatives

Taken from: THE HUMAN RIGHT TO WATER AND SANITATION IN EMERGENCY SITUATIONS: THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND AGUIDE TO ADVOCACYPrepared by ACF (France) on behalf of the WASH Cluster February 2009


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Human Rights

The Universal Declarationof Human Rights (1948)

The International Covenanton Economic, Social &Cultural Rights (1976)

The International Covenanton Civil and Political Rights

(1976)

The UN Charter (1945)

The IBR(International Bill of Rights)

Ratified 1976Taken from Sphere Project Module 2


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Additional Human Rights Treaties

Convention on the Prevention and Punishment

of the Crime of Genocide (1948)

International Convention on the Elimination of

all Forms of Racial Discrimination (1965)

Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel,

Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or

Punishment (1984)

Convention on the Elimination of all Forms

of Discrimination Against Women (1979)

Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989)

Taken from Sphere Project Module 2


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Direct Services and Responsibilising

Support to structures

Empowering national or localstructures

Suitable when institutions are

sustainable

Favours dialogue

Responsibilising

working towards fulfilling legal obligations

Direct services

working to provide assistance

Persuading

Convincing through dialogue tofulfill obligations

Useful when there is a willingness

to stop abuse

Substitution services

Providing goods or services to victims Suitable during emergencies or when

insufficient resources Less dialogue with perpetrators

Short duration

Denunciation

Pressuring authorities throughpublic disclosure

Suitable when abuse is deliberate

Mobilises public opinion

Taken from Sphere Project Module 2


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Designing and Managing

an Assessment


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Information gathering

Quantitative and qualitative

Consider mix of teamfemale, male, different ethnicgroups

To whom are you askingquestions?

Are you getting a balancedview?

Can people speak freely?

Are you jeopardising thesafety of your informants byasking questions?

Triangulateinformation

Ask similarquestions to different

groups of people

Use different methods e.g.Observation and FGD


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Tool 1

Tool 2 Tool 4

Tool 3

Tool 4

Tool 2

Tool 4

Disaster

Event

When Data Collection Tool(s) Collation and Reporting

First few days

Purpose: To rapidly

collect data to inform

initial strategic

direction and planning

and initial appeals.

First few weeks

Purpose: To provide

more detail to field

reality and give greater

detail to WASH

subsector indicators.

First few months

Purpose: To provide

ongoing information on

whether the situation is

improving or not.

by WASH

specialistsWASH

Survey

Tool

Collation/

Reporting

Tool

Collation/

Reporting

Tool

by generalists

Capacity

Analysis

Needs

Analysis

Gap

Analysis

WASH

CAT

WASH

Survey

Tool

Regular or

Periodic

Monitoring

Ongoing

Needs, Gap,

and Impact

analysis

WASH

CAT

Collation/

Reporting

Tool

Initial

Needs

Analysis

WASHRAT

orTri-ClusterIRA


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Data Analysis and Reporting


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Benchmark for CMR and U5MR

(worldwide)

Benchmark for CMR (world):

Baseline 0.5

Serious 1.0-2.0

Crisis >2.0

Benchmark for U5MR (world):

Baseline 0.8-1.2

Serious >2.0-4.0

For a specific area, when baseline is unknown agencies

should aim to maintain the CMR at below 1/10.000/ day.


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Baseline Reference Mortality Data by RegionRegion CDR/CMR

deaths/10,000/day

CDR/CMRemergencythreshold

U5DR/MRdeaths/10,000U5/day

U5DR/MRemergencythreshold

Sub- Saharan

Africa 0.44 0.9 1.14 2.3South Asia 0.25 0.5 0.59 1.2Middle East

and North

Africa

0.16 0.3 0.36 0.7

East Asia and

Pacific0.19 0.4 0.24 0.5

Latin America

and Caribbean0.16 0.3 0.19 0.4

Source: UNICEF State of the Worlds Children 2003

Mortality Rates in Emergencies


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The Logical Framework

International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies


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Planning

Process start defining:

What can be done?

How it can be done?

By whom?

When it can be

done?

Logical framework approachAssessment Problem Tree

Logical framework matrix Principle Objective

Specific Objective Results

Activities

In the future, it will help you to identify:

What has been achieved?

What can be improved?

EProblem Tree


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E

F

F

E

CT

S

Inadequatesanitation

Diarrhoea rates high

Increase in MortalityMalnutrition

People not

using latrines No Latrines

Inadequate water

Toilets unclean

Inadequate drainage

CA

U

S

E

S

No maintenance

systems in place

No materials

Many

mosquitoes

Problem Tree



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Log frame

Hierarchy

Principal

Objective/Goal/

Aim

Specific Objective

Purpose/Intermedi

ate Goal

Results/Outputs

Activities

Impact of thehumanitarianintervention

Outcome of WASHintervention

Specific products of theproject activities

Interventionsimplemented by theproject



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Log frame

Hierarchy

Indicators

Principal

Objective/Goal/

Aim

Specific Objective

Purpose/Intermedi

ate Goal

Results/Outputs

Activities

Indicators

Define

indicators to

show if the goals

or objectives are

being fulfilled

Resources:

Human and material

resources needed to

implement the

activities



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Log frame

Hierarchy

Indicators

Principal

Objective/Goal/

Aim

Specific Objective

Purpose/Intermedi

ate Goal

Results/Outputs

Activities Resources

Indicators

Indicators

Indicators

Indicators

Indicators

Means of

verification

Are the ways or

methods by

which the

indicators are

measured

Budget

Financial resources

needed to implement

the activities



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Log frame

Hierarchy

Indicators

Principal

Objective/Goal/

Aim

Specific Objective

Purpose/Intermedi

ate Goal

Results/Outputs


Indicators

Indicators

Indicators

Indicators

Indicators

Assumptions /

Risks

Events, conditions

or decisions that

are outside the

control of the

project but are

necessary

conditions to

achieve the

objectives

Means of

verification

Means of

verification

Means of

verification

Budget

Means of

verification



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Log frame

Hierarchy

Indicators

Principal

Objective/Goal/

Aim

Specific Objective

Purpose/Intermedi

ate Goal

Results/Outputs


Indicators

Indicators

Indicators

Indicators

Indicators

Means of

verification

Means of

verification

Means of

verification

Budget

Means of

verificationAssumptions / Risk

Assumptions / Risks

Assumptions / Risks

Assumptions / Risks

Assumptions / Risks

IF AND

THEN



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Construct Latrines andHand washing facilities

Ensure coverage of 1 latrine forX population etc.

Network of HP volunteers

Men, women and children uselatrines and wash their hands

Impact on health


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Monitoring for Managers


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Extract from the CAT monitoring tool


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Impact and Evaluation

Evaluation & Monitoring


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Evaluation & Monitoring

Check Up

Are we doing the

thing right? Internal

Formative (duringprogramme)

Ongoing process

Autopsy

Are we doing the

right thing? Internal or External

Formative orSummative (duringor at end)

Time bound

Monitoring Evaluation

Both geared to learning from what you are doing and how you are doing it!Both should ask: are we making a difference?


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Coordination Responsibilities


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Intervention Clusters

Agriculture

Camp Coordination & Camp Mgmt

Early Recovery

Education

Emergency Shelter

Emergency Telecommunications

Health

Logistics

Nutrition

Protection

Water, Sanitation & Hygiene


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OCHA and Clusters

1. Coordination

2. Information management

3. Advocacy and resource mobilisation

4. Policy development

Core competencies:

Photo UN OCHA @ movingimages.wordpress.com/2007/10/25/Photo UN OCHA @ movingimages.wordpress.com/2007/10/25/

Help establish necessary architecture to makeit work!

Taken from WASH Cluster Co-ordination Training

Cluster Leads


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Cluster LeadsTechnical clustersNutrition UNICEF

Water/Sanitation UNICEFHealth WHO

Shelter(conflict, IDPs) UNHCR

Shelter(natural disasters) IFRC Convener

Cross-cutting clustersCamp Coordination & Mgmt (conflict, IDPs) UNHCR

Camp Co-ord & Mgmt (natural disasters) IOM

Protection (conflict, IDPs and affected) UNHCRProtection (natural disasters) UNHCR/OHCHR/UNICEF

Early Recovery UNDP

Common service clustersLogistics WFP

Telecommunications OCHA/UNICEF/WFP

N.B. Four sectors also agreed: Food, Education, Agriculture and Refugees

What is expected of WASH Cluster


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What is expected of WASH Clusterparticipants?

That they will:

Endorse the overall aim and objectives of the WASH Cluster.

Be proactive in exchanging information, highlighting needs andgaps, reporting progress and learning, mobilising resources(financial, human, material), engaging with affectedcommunities, building local capacity.

Share responsibility for WASH Cluster activities includingassessing needs, developing plans, developing policies andguidelines through working groups and implementing activitiesin line with agreed objectives and priorities.

Respect and adhere to agreed principles, policies, priorities andstandards.


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Overview of the HP Intervention


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WASH/Hygiene Promotion Model


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Ensuring access

to essential items

e.g. soap, ORS, buckets

Appropriate

sanitation

Providing adequate

quantity of water

Providing water

of adequate quality

Ensuring adequate

maintenance of

facilities

Providing learningopportunities

Participation, gender

& representation

Advocacy

Improve HealthPrevent Epidemics

HygienePromotion

E.g. piped waterhand pumps

water filters

chlorine tablets

Ownership &

responsibility

Technical capacity

Access to spare parts

Financing

Acceptable

design

Privacy & safety

Participatory

education

Action for

change


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Project Cycles

WASH li k


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WASH linkages

Health

Nutrition

Logistics

Shelter

Protection

Early recovery

Water is life - without water, we will dehydrate & die

Hygiene is difficult without water, increasing likelihood

of diarrhoeal diseases

PLWHA may have increased WASH needs

Children who are malnourished are more susceptible

to diarrhoea

People with diarrhoea cannot absorb the food they

eat and hence are more likely to become

malnourished

Efficient logistics are essential for effective WASH

programmes in emergencies value your logistician!

The siting of shelter and WASH facilities need to be

coordinated effectively to enable equitable use and

access

Poorly sited WASH facilities, can lead to increased

vulnerability and attacks on women or children

including rape

Women and children who have to walk long

distances for water can be vulnerable to attack

Good WASH services at community level aids early

recovery

Taken from WASH Cluster Water training W1 Linkages


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HP Communication Strategy

S C f Eff ti C i ti


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Seven Cs of Effective Communication

(Williams 1992)

Command attention

Cater to the heart and head

Clarify the message

Communicate a benefit

Create trust

Convey consistent message

Call for action


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Managing Meetings


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Dealing with impasse Mix up small groups = new dynamic

Use small groups, then meet reps.

Summarise agreement anddisagreements

Ask for suggestions Take a break

Meet separately with primarydisputants

Bring disputing parties together Remind all of humanitarian

consequences

Taken from WASH Cluster Co-ordinator Training


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Developing Partnerships

5 L l f P t hi


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5 Levels of Partnership

Co-existence "You stay in your area and

I'll stay in mine."

Co-operation "I'll give you a hand when Ihave time."

Co-ordination "We need to work togetherto avoid overlap and

confusion."

Collaboration "We will work together toachieve a mutually

beneficial outcome

Co-ownership "We are both responsible forthe success or failure of this

work

training for hygiene promotion. part 3: additional training for hp coordinators

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