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Applicated JamologyTobias Kretz, September 2008

2 PTV AG 2008

Outline

> Prelude: Famous jamology> Introduction: Why are there traffic jams?

> Jam from nothing (Prof. Nishinari talked about this)> Jam from something: World population statistics

> VISSIM> What is VISSIM?> Vehicles: the Wiedemann Model

No jam from nothing with speed limits? Application: Transport Master Plan Qatar

> Pedestrians: the Social Force Model Some Animations

> Pedestrian Dynamics at Bottlenecks> Empirical Results: Is there a step function?> Results of Simulations in VISSIM

> The F.A.S.T. Model> F.A.S.T. vs. Social Force: at Bottlenecks

> VISUM> What is VISUM?> Application: The Dubai bus master plan

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Prelude: Famous Jamology

Wer wird Millionr? (German $ ) VIP special on German TV

1 million question

The Nagel Schreckenberg Model explains the formation of

A: Sand Desserts B: Traffic Jams C: Flue Waves D: Stock Market Crashs

?

Watch this online

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Prelude: Famous Jamology

April 2008

May 2008

June 2008 Source: stats.grok.se

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Introduction: World Population Statistics

Arguable Definition

> A city is a village that has grown large enough to produce traffic jams.

> This definition has not been applied for the statistics of the next few slides, but lets keep this in mind:

Jams mainly form in urban, not in rural areas

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Introduction: World Population Statistics

6440 Million3300 Million750 Million< 9 MillionPopulation in Cities

70%50%30%< 3%

(but already 45BC wagons were not allowed to enter Rome because

of jams)

Ratio in Cities

9200 Million6600 Million2500 Million~ 300 MillionWorld Population

2050 AD (UN estimation)

2007 AD1950 AD1 AD(UN estimation)

First cities (Ur, Uruk, and Eridu) emerging ~3500 BC

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Lex Iulia Municipalis aka Tabula Heracleensis

Banning Wagons in 45 BC

> LATIN: quae viae in urbem Romam sunt erunt intra ea loca ubi continenti habitabitur nequis in ieis vieis post Kalendas Ianuarias primas plostrum interdiu post solem ortum neve ante horam X diei ducito agito nisi quod aedium sacrarum deorum immortalium caussa aedificandarum operisve publice faciumdei causa advehei portari oportebit aut quod ex urbe ex ve ieis loceis earum rerum quae publice demoliendae locatae erunt publice ex portarei oportebit et quarum rerum caussa plostra hac lege certeis hominibus certeis de causeis agere ducere licebit

> ENGLISH: After January 1 next no one shall drive a wagon along the streets of Rome or along those streets in the suburbs where there is continuous housing after sunrise or before the tenth hour of the day, except whatever will be proper for the transportation and the importation of material for building temples of the immortal gods, or for public works, or for removing from the city rubbish from those buildings for whose demolition public contracts have been let. For these purposes permission shall be granted by this law to specified persons to drive wagons for the reasons stated.

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Introduction: World Population Statistics

Source: UN World Urbanization Prospects The 2007 Revision

jammers

non-jammers

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Introduction: World Population Statistics

The Causes of Problems

> The absolute size and number of cities

> The rapidness of growth> Rapid growth -> difficult planning

-> maybe bad planning -> jams

Population size of the largest city of the world

0,45 0,45 0,672 1,1

6,48

12,463

37,037

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Year

Popu

latio

n in

Mill

ions

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Introduction: World Population Statistics

Need for Planning

> Obviously there is a need to plan, reglement, and regulate traffic in cities.

> Julius Caesar was killed less than a year after he banned wagons completely from Rome, so it might be good to take more sophisticated measures.

> VISSIM

> VISUM

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VISSIM

What is VISSIM?

> VISSIM is a microscopic multi-modal traffic simulation software.

> Multi-modal: It integrates many means of traffic and lets them interact.

> Microscopic: Entities of reality and their interactions are modelled individually.

> The name is an acronym of Verkehr in Stdten Simulationsmodell, which is German for Traffic in Cities Simulation Model.

Download this video

Watch this video online

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VISSIM Simulation of Vehicles

The Wiedemann Model

> Psycho-physical driver model

> Developed in 1974 by Rainer Wiedemann at Karlsruhe University, it has been extended many times since.

> VISSIM was started as implementation of the Wiedemann model in 1992.

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VISSIM Simulation of Vehicles

(No) Jam from Nothing and Speed Limits

No speed limit Speed limit 100 km/h

Watch this video online

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VISSIM Vehicle Simulation Project Example: The Transport Master Plan Qatar

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Doha City Development in 2006

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Doha City Development after 2026

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Hot Spot: Doha Sports Roundabout in VISSIM

ExistingProposed with U- Turn Facilities

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VISSIM Structure: Vehicles vs. Pedestrians

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VISSIM Pedestrians: Basics of the Social Force Model> The force on a certain pedestrian (to be precise: the acceleration) is at a

certain point in time calculated from his own will to move toward a destination, the influence of fellow pedestrians around him and forces from boundaries.

Driving force in the desired direction of

motion

Forces from borders

Forces from fellow

pedestrians

Driving force in the desired direction of

motion

Forces from borders

Forces from fellow

pedestrians

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VISSIM Pedestrians: Basics of the Social Force Model

> The Social Force Model follows Newtonian Mechanics (except for actio = reactio)

> With f as sum of social and physical forces: Acceleration towards the destination Repulsion from boundaries Repulsion (social and physical) from fellow pedestrians Attraction (social) by fellow pedestrians.

> is a stochastic fluctuation.

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VISSIM Simulation of Pedestrians: Some Animations

Wat

ch th

is v

ideo

onl

ine

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Pedestrian Flow at Bottlenecks

Flow in Dependance of Width

Figure taken from Schadschneider et al. Evacuation Dynamics: Empirical Results, Modeling and Applications to be published in Springer Encyclopedia of Complexity and System Science.

Theoretical Curves Empirical Results

Figure taken from T. Rupprecht Basisdaten von Personenstrmen. Masters Thesis Wuppertal University. 2006.

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Pedestrian Flow at Bottlenecks

Flow in Dependence of Width

> There is no step function in the flow

> But: there are deviations from a linear dependence

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Pedestrian Flow at Bottlenecks Back to VISSIM

Flow in Dependence of Width

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The F.A.S.T. Model of Pedestrian Dynamics

Floor field- and Agent-based Simulation Tool

> Discrete in Space and Time (40x40 cm and 1 sec / time step)> Intended to run fast and memory efficient.> Extension of a model by Nishinari et al.

> Agents assign probabilities to cells in their surrounding.> According to these probabilities they select a cell that they want to reach in

a time step.

Surrounding for v=2 v=3

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Five Influences on the Motion

S: The influence from the Static Floor Field: Drive toward destinationD: The influence from the Dynamic Floor Field: Following othersI: The influence of inertia.W: The influence of nearby walls (repulsive).P: The influence of nearby agents (repulsive).

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Pedestrian Flow at Bottlenecks

Comparison between Social Force and F.A.S.T. Model in VISSIM

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VISUM

What is VISUM?

> VISUM is a software system for macroscopic, multi-modal trans-portation planning, travel demand modelling and network data management. It is used for metro-politan, regional, state-wide and national planning applications.

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Dubai Bus Masterplan

Special Demands

> Special climatic conditions: no bus station shall be further away than 300 meters from any private or public building

> Rapid growth: the future layout of the city has to be considered at any step of the planning process.

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Dubai Bus Masterplan

Solution: A Hub System with a Distinct Hierarchy

Bus express system

Metro red line

Local service area

Bus feeder system

B

B

B

MMM M

M

Bus express system

Metro red line

Local service area

Bus feeder system

B

B

B

MMM M

M

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Dubai Bus Masterplan

Solution: A Hub System with a Distinct Hierarchy

2009: Metro & Bus System 2020: Metro

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Applicated Jamology OutlinePrelude: Famous JamologyFolie 4Introduction: World Population StatisticsFolie 6Lex Iulia Municipalis aka Tabula Heracleensis Folie 8Folie 9Folie 10VISSIMVISSIM Simulation of VehiclesFolie 13VISSIM Vehicle Simulation Project Example: The Transport Master Plan QatarFolie 15Folie 16Hot Spot: Doha Sports Roundabout in VISSIMVISSIM Structure: Vehicles vs. PedestriansVISSIM Pedestrians: Basics of the Social Force ModelFolie 20VISSIM Simulation of Pedestrians: Some AnimationsPedestrian Flow at BottlenecksFolie 23Pedestrian Flow at Bottlenecks Back to VISSIMThe F.A.S.T. Model of Pedestrian DynamicsFive Influences on the MotionFolie 27VISUMDubai Bus MasterplanFolie 30Folie 31Folie 32