traditional forest activities in norway , 31.3.2008
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TRADITIONAL FOREST ACTIVITIES IN NORWAY , 31.3.2008. Cultural monuments in forests and outfields; many signs of human activity:. Questions : Are any objects more important than others? (and for whom?) Which of them are most interesting for ”common people”?. Now!. Middle ages. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
TRADITIONAL FOREST ACTIVITIES IN NORWAY,31.3.2008
Cultural monuments in forests and outfields; many signs of human activity:
Questions:
Are any objects moreimportant than others?(and for whom?)
Which of them are mostinteresting for ”commonpeople”?
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”Older”stoneage
”Younger”stoneage
Paleolithic(2 mill –8000 B. C.)
Mesolithic
Neolithic
Bronzeage
Ironage
Middle ages Cool andhumidclimate
Warm anddry climate
Warm andhumidclimate
Warm anddry climate
Cool anddry climate
Spruce
Oak(Scots pine
in mountains)
Oak (Oslo).Alder, elm,ash, linden.Scots pine +birch in north
Scots pine.Hazel, grey
alder
Birch.Sallow,aspen
600 BD 800 AD 1537 1985
IMMIGRATION OF SPRUCE IN NORWAY
Pollen grains from different layers and from different species can be used toanalyze what time periods ”objects” stem from. In addition:C14, form, size etc.
Stone Age
Iron Age
Bronze Age
Middle Ages
CULTURAL MONUMENTS - TIME PERSPECTIVE
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Paleolithic(2 mill –8000 B. C.)
Mesolithic
Neolithic
Stoneage
Most human tools preserved from that era made ofstone (+ wood and animal parts). Almost completeunavailability of metal (except gold).
STONE AGE
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Bronzeage
BRONZE AGE
Time period Northern Europe: 1800 – 550 BD.
Started when humans made tools from bronzeinstead of stone.
Included techniques for smelting copper and tinores to bronze.
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Ironage
IRON AGE
Norway: 500 BD – 1050 AD. Divided into:Old iron age:
- Pre-Roman iron age 500 BD – 0- Roman iron age 0 – 400 AD- Migration period 400 – 550 AD
Young iron age:- 550 – 1050 AD(- Viking time period 800 – 1050 AD)
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Norway: 1050 - 1537- Early Middle Ages 1050 (1066?) - 1184 - High Middle Ages 1184 - 1319- Late Middle Ages 1319 – 1537 (Reformation)
Europe in 1328
”MODERN TIMES” (1537 -)
Ironworks
Paper production
Act of 9. June 1978 No 50 Concerning the Cultural Heritage
§ 3: No person shall, (…) initiate any measure which is liable to damage,destroy, dig up, move, change, cover, conceal or in any other way undulydisfigure any monument or site that is automatically protected by law …
§ 4: The following monuments and sites earlier than AD 1537 are automaticallyprotected: settlement sites, traces of industry, traces of land cultivation, roadsand tracks, defences, cult sites, inscriptions on stones, standing stones andmonuments, stone settings, burials of any kind etc.§ 6: Security zone (5 meters from visible parameter …)
FOREST AVTIVITIES – EXAMPLES
1. Cultural monuments older than from 1537 AD protected by law in Norway.2. How old are they? (or: is after/before the year 1537 very important?)3. How about the younger monuments?4. How do ”common people” experience automatically protected or not?
Forests and outfields in Northern Europe have a lot of cultural monumentsfrom different time periods. How many are registrated, and by who?
Stone age site Burial
THE NEED FOR REGISTRATION – OFFICIAL DATABASE
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PaleolithicPaleolithic(2 mill –(2 mill –8000 B. C.)8000 B. C.)
MesolithicMesolithic
Neolithic
Bronzeage
Ironage
Middle ages Pitfalls: In Norway from BD 3700.Pitfalls
1. Reindeer2. Moose3. ”Other” animals
Different systems andcombinations
Hunting today:Recreation (++)
Earlier:A necessity to get food
Pitfalls: illegal by lawfrom 1863
MOOSE:
WILD REINDEER:
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PaleolithicPaleolithic(2 mill –(2 mill –8000 B. C.)8000 B. C.)
MesolithicMesolithic
NeolithicNeolithic
BronzeBronzeageage
Ironage
Middle ages Iron production:In Norway from BD 500.Natural resources needed: timber and bog
Iron
Production of iron has changed in character overtime, as production methods developed:Differences in shaft furnaces in A) Old iron age,B) Young iron age and C) Viking/medieval times.
A B C
Air
Slag
IRON PRODUCTION – DIFFERENT PERIODS
- Big blocs of slag- Air bubbles in slag- Close to river/water
- Smaller blocs of slag- ”Floating” slag
- Furnace made of stone- Still smaller blocs of slag
A B C
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PaleolithicPaleolithic(2 mill –(2 mill –8000 B. C.)8000 B. C.)
MesolithicMesolithic
NeolithicNeolithic
BronzeBronzeageage
Ironage
Middle ages
Coal production:In Norway from AD 500.
Coal
- Connected to iron production- Often flat bottom (1 meter in depth or less)- Most numerous of cultural monuments in forests- Not systematically located in terrain, in opposite to pitfalls
Charcoal pit
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PaleolithicPaleolithic(2 mill –(2 mill –8000 B. C.)8000 B. C.)
MesolithicMesolithic
NeolithicNeolithic
BronzeBronzeageage
IronIronageage
Middle ages Tar production:In Norway from AD 1100 (maybe earlier)
Tar
Forest machine or cultural monument?
Tar kiln in marsh
STUDENTS: WHAT IS THIS?
REGISTRATION COURSE – GROUPS OF STUDENTS
RESULTS FROM GROUP WORK
Pitfalls
Charcoal pit
Not sureTar kiln
FINDINGS AT HEDMARK UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, EVENSTAD
Charcoal pits
”Culture road” in Tylldalen, Norway – an example on today’s use of cultural monuments
Summer farm
Pitfall system (moose) Pilgrim road
Iron production siteOld timber cabin
Map; where are we?
Post 6
Post 5Post 4
Post 9
MAPUNGUBWE NATIONAL PARK, SOUTH AFRICA –GUIDING COURSE 2006 (NATURE – CULTURAL MONUMENTS)
ROCK ART
CONCLUSION
Knowledge;from what time?Archaeologists,biologists, anthro-pologists …..Make use of theirfindings andanswers locally!
… and their technolgy.