Tracing the path to Totalitarian dictatorships

1. Take notes by paraphrasing

2. Don’t write down everything - be selective

3. Consider bulleting your info

4. Make a section for names with brief info

5. Select info that traces the countries path to dictatorship

6. Summarize in 4 – 7 sentences again tracing the countries path to dictatorship

Totalitarian Dictatorships

The Russian Revolution ends Romanov rule

The Soviet Union is born!

Romanov coat of arms

Nicholas II becomes czar in 1894

Nicholas and family

Many hated Alexandra, his German wife. During the war she was accused of being a spy.

Nicholas II and the sickly Alexei

Rasputin claims the ability to heal the sickly child of hemophilia – a blood clotting disorder

Nicholas II goes to the eastern front and leaves the czarina in charge of the government. Believing Rasputin had too much influence over the

czarina, he is murdered in 1916. He is poisoned, shot, & drown.

Royal Family visiting troops

Olga Tatiana Maria Anastasia

Tatiana Anastasia Alexis Maria Olga

The royal family lived a life of luxury while poverty plagued most of the

Russian people

Faberge eggs given as Easter presents

The czar is arrested and he abdicates the throne in 1917

Czar and family under house arrest

The royal family must do their own work

Alexander Kerensky becomes the leader of the provisional government

He makes the fatal mistake of trying to continue the war

Alexander Kerensky visits troopsHe launched the last Russian offensive attack

Women’s Battalion of Death

All women unit organized in 1917 by the Provisional Government.When the battle began the men refused to advance.

The women decided to advance in order to shame the men.

Lenin returns from exile

The Germans give him safe passage to Russia. They view him as asecret weapon, knowing the provisional government is in trouble

The Bolsheviks demand that power be given to them when Lenin returned

Lenin’s slogan: Land, Peace, Bread

Violence erupts as the Bolsheviks gain power and withdraw Russia from the war

Bolshevik sculpture

Hammer sickle

Civil War rages in Russia as the Whites – those opposed to the Bolsheviks fight

the Bolshevik Red Army

Leon Trotsky organizedthe Red Army into a successful fighting force which is ableto defeat the Whites

The Bolsheviks change their name to Communist

George V, cousin and King of England had promised the royal family they could live in

England, then he changed his mind!

Anastasia the czar’s youngest daughterThe myth continues as to her possible survival

Lenin orders the murder of the royal family

The women had sewn jewels in the bodice of their dresses

Their executioners were surprised when the bullets didn’t penetrate

Yakov Yurovsky, executioner of the czar said “there were no tears, no sobs, no questions”

Murder room

In 1979 the grave of the family was finally found. DNA testing in 1994 confirmed the nine skeletons are Romanovs

It has been agreed that the bodies of Anastasia and Alexis are missing

On July 17, 1998 theRoyal family minusAnastasia & Alexis

were finally laid to rest

Religion was finally allowed again in the Soviet Union

during the 1990’s

Lenin creates the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics or USSR

Also referred to as the Soviet Union

Joseph Stalin and Leon Trotsky struggle for

control when Lenin dies in 1924

Stalin wins the power struggle and Trotsky is exiled and later murdered

Most believe thathis rival Stalin had

him murdered

Stalin’s Five Year Economic Plans

• A Command economy controlled by the government

• Industry increased the output of coal, steel, & electricity

• Workers forced to meet production goals

• Consumer goods are limited

Russian Steel Workers

Brutal agricultural revolution Peasants forced onto collective farms

millions of peasants die

Joseph Stalin

Lenin

Stalin Poster – many different ethnic groups lived in the Soviet Union

Stalin’s leadership

• He was a brutal leader who used the secret police to eliminate his enemies

• No one is sure how many millions died during his term as dictator

• The Soviet Union becomes a member of the League of Nations in 1934

• Fearful of Nazi Germany, Stalin briefly begins a policy of cooperation with Western Democracies

FascismThe state is glorified at the expense of the individual

Italy

Fascism and Communismhave the following in common

• An authoritarian leader

• The belief in the supremacy of the state

• One party rule

• Fascists do not share the belief of a classless society with the communists

Italy after WW I

• Suffered severe economic problems• Feared a communist workers revolution• Benito Mussolini, a WW I veteran and

newspaper editor boldly promised to rescue Italy

• Through propaganda, Mussolini and his followers, the Blackshirts (a group of thugs who beat up communists and socialists) surrounded Rome

Mussolini injuredduring WW I

Trained as a pilot – The first time he flew, he crashed the plane

Italian King Victor Emannuel IIInames Mussolini prime minister after

the Fascists surrounded Rome

Benito Mussolini

Fascism – name given to describe Mussolini’s party

In Latin, fasces meant a bundle of wooden rods tied around an ax handle. Roman officials carriedsuch bundles as symbolsof authority.

Mussolini clearly tried toinvoke the glory of Rome’s past.

Benito Mussolini - Il Duce

Cartoon of Mussolini – note the chin

1922

Mussolini was everywhere. Italian people experienced censorship.

Fascism in Germany – the Nazi party

Baby Hitler born in Austria

Hitler hears the news about WW I

Corporal Adolf Hitler

Corporal Hitler

Protests in Berlin after WW I

Hitler’s rise to power

• He joins the National Socialist German Workers Party – Nazi for short

• The party adopted the swastika, or bent cross as its symbol

• The Nazis use their private army known as the Storm Troopers or Brownshirts to eliminate their enemies

• Hitler will be jailed after an unsuccessful coup in 1923

Mein Kampf – My Strugglewritten by Hitler while in jail

Hitler and the Brownshirts

Swastika

1932 - the Nazis are the largest party in Germany

• Hitler uses his speaking ability to gain the support of many German people

• He rages against the Treaty of Versailles especially the war guilt clause and the military restrictions

• He declares Germany is overcrowded and needs more Lebensraum, or living space

• He vows to reclaim lost lands and conquer new land in eastern Europe and Russia

Germany’s fear ofcommunism andthe burning of theReichstag gaveHitler emergencypower which he used to pass theEnabling Act givinghim absolute powerfor 4 years,.

Cartoon depicting the Temporary Triangle –

Everyone thought theycould control Hitler when he was namedChancellor.

They were very wrong!!

Massive book burningan example of censorship

Gestapo – secret police who arrested anyone opposed to Nazi rule

Hitler and the Gestapo

Hitler’s first group the SA will later be wiped out by Himmler and the SS

Hitler and Mussolini

Nuremberg Laws 1935 deprive Jews of citizenship

Jews are forced to wear the yellow Star of David for identification

Jews are to blame for everything

Images of Kristallnacht The night of broken glass