trace minerals. the trace minerals--an overview ► trace minerals are needed in very small (trace)...

Trace MineralsTrace Minerals

The Trace Minerals--An The Trace Minerals--An OverviewOverview

►Trace minerals are needed in very small Trace minerals are needed in very small (trace) quantities in the human body. (trace) quantities in the human body. They perform many essential functions They perform many essential functions important to health. important to health.

►Toxic levels can easily be reached with Toxic levels can easily be reached with the use of supplements. the use of supplements.

►Humans can get the amounts of trace Humans can get the amounts of trace minerals needed by consuming a wide minerals needed by consuming a wide variety of foods.variety of foods.


►Food SourcesFood Sources Depends on soil and water compositionDepends on soil and water composition Depends on processingDepends on processing BioavailabilityBioavailability Wide variety of unprocessed foodsWide variety of unprocessed foods


►DeficienciesDeficiencies Severe deficiencies of some minerals are Severe deficiencies of some minerals are

easy to recognize, while others can be easy to recognize, while others can be difficult to diagnose.difficult to diagnose.

Mild deficiencies are easily overlooked.Mild deficiencies are easily overlooked.

Deficiencies have wide-reaching effects.Deficiencies have wide-reaching effects.

Deficiencies affect all ages, but in Deficiencies affect all ages, but in children, they can affect growth.children, they can affect growth.


►ToxicitiesToxicities Do not exceed Tolerable Upper Intake Levels.Do not exceed Tolerable Upper Intake Levels. FDA does not limit amounts in supplements.FDA does not limit amounts in supplements. Do not exceed 100% Daily Values.Do not exceed 100% Daily Values.

► InteractionsInteractions Common and coordinated to meet body Common and coordinated to meet body

needsneeds Can lead to nutrient imbalancesCan lead to nutrient imbalances

IronIron

► Iron is an essential nutrient found in the Iron is an essential nutrient found in the body as a part of hemoglobin and body as a part of hemoglobin and myoglobin. myoglobin.

► Iron is used for energy metabolism and Iron is used for energy metabolism and enzyme activity. enzyme activity.

► Special proteins assist with iron absorption, Special proteins assist with iron absorption, transport, and storage. transport, and storage.

► Both iron deficiency and iron toxicity cause Both iron deficiency and iron toxicity cause damage so balance is important. damage so balance is important.

►Heme iron is better absorbed but nonheme Heme iron is better absorbed but nonheme iron absorption can be enhanced.iron absorption can be enhanced.

Iron Roles in the BodyIron Roles in the Body

Cofactor in oxidation-reduction reactionsCofactor in oxidation-reduction reactions Utilization of energy in cell metabolismUtilization of energy in cell metabolism Part of the protein hemoglobin which Part of the protein hemoglobin which

carries carries oxygen in the bloodoxygen in the blood Part of the protein myoglobin in the Part of the protein myoglobin in the

muscles which makes oxygen available for muscles which makes oxygen available for muscle contractionsmuscle contractions

Iron Absorption and Iron Absorption and MetabolismMetabolism

Iron AbsorptionIron Absorption►The protein ferritin stores iron in the The protein ferritin stores iron in the

mucosal cells lining the digestive tract.mucosal cells lining the digestive tract.►Transfers iron to mucosal transferrin.Transfers iron to mucosal transferrin.►Transfers iron to blood transferrinTransfers iron to blood transferrin►Transports iron to the cellsTransports iron to the cells►Excreted and replaced as neededExcreted and replaced as needed

Fig. 13-1, p. 443

If the body does not need iron

Iron is not absorbed and is excreted in shed intestinal cells instead. Thus, iron absorption is reduced when the body does not need iron.

If the body needs iron

Stepped Art

Mucosal cells in the intestine store excess iron in mucosal ferritin (a storage protein).

Iron in food

Mucosal ferritin releases iron to mucosal transferrin (a transport protein), which hands off iron to another transferrin that travels through the blood to the rest of the body.


Heme and Nonheme IronHeme and Nonheme Iron►Heme ironHeme iron

Found in foods that are from the flesh of Found in foods that are from the flesh of animals (meat, poultry, and fish)animals (meat, poultry, and fish)

Represents only 10% of a days iron Represents only 10% of a days iron consumption, but has an absorption rate consumption, but has an absorption rate of 25%of 25%

►Nonheme ironNonheme iron Found in plant-derived and animal-Found in plant-derived and animal-

derived foodsderived foods Has an absorption rate of 17%Has an absorption rate of 17%

Heme accounts for about 10% of the average daily iron intake, but it is well absorbed (about 25%).

Nonheme iron accounts for the remaining 90%, but it is less well absorbed (about 17%).

Fig. 13-2, p. 444

Only foods derived from animal flesh provide heme, but they also contain nonheme iron.

All of the iron in foods derived from plants is nonheme iron.

Key:HemeNonheme

Stepped Art


Absorption-Enhancing FactorsAbsorption-Enhancing Factors MFP factorMFP factor

When nonheme iron is consumed When nonheme iron is consumed with vitamin C at the same meal, with vitamin C at the same meal, absorption of iron increases. absorption of iron increases.

Citric acid and lactic acid from foods, Citric acid and lactic acid from foods, HCl from the stomach, and sugars HCl from the stomach, and sugars enhance nonheme iron absorptionenhance nonheme iron absorption..


Absorption-Inhibiting FactorsAbsorption-Inhibiting Factors►Phytates and fibers from legumes, grains, and ricePhytates and fibers from legumes, grains, and rice►Vegetable proteins in soybeans, legumes, and nutsVegetable proteins in soybeans, legumes, and nuts►Calcium in milkCalcium in milk►Tannic acid and other polyphenols in tea, coffee, Tannic acid and other polyphenols in tea, coffee,

grains, oregano, and red winegrains, oregano, and red wine

Dietary Factors CombinedDietary Factors Combined►Difficult to assess iron absorption with meal Difficult to assess iron absorption with meal

consumptionconsumption►Most relevant factors are MFP factor and vitamin C Most relevant factors are MFP factor and vitamin C

in enhancing absorption and phytates in inhibiting in enhancing absorption and phytates in inhibiting absorptionabsorption


► Individual VariationIndividual Variation►Dietary factorsDietary factors►Health statusHealth status►Stage in life cycleStage in life cycle►Iron statusIron status


► Iron Transport and StorageIron Transport and Storage►Surplus is stored in bone marrow, Surplus is stored in bone marrow,

spleen, and liverspleen, and liver

►Hemosiderin is a storage protein used Hemosiderin is a storage protein used when concentrations of iron are when concentrations of iron are extremely high.extremely high.

►Storing excess iron is a protective Storing excess iron is a protective measure because iron can act as a free measure because iron can act as a free radical.radical.


Iron RecyclingIron Recycling►The liver and spleen dismantle red blood The liver and spleen dismantle red blood

cells and package iron into transferrin.cells and package iron into transferrin.►Transferrin carries iron in the bloodTransferrin carries iron in the blood..►Bone marrow incorporates iron into Bone marrow incorporates iron into

hemoglobin and stores iron as ferritin.hemoglobin and stores iron as ferritin.►Iron-containing hemoglobin carries Iron-containing hemoglobin carries oxygen in the blood.oxygen in the blood.

►Iron is lost when bleeding occurs and Iron is lost when bleeding occurs and through the GI tract.through the GI tract.

Some iron delivered to myoglobin of muscle cells

Some losses if bleeding occurs

Iron-containing hemoglobin in red blood cells carries oxygen.

Transferrin carries iron in blood.

Fig. 13-3, p. 445

Some losses via sweat, skin, and urine

Stepped Art

Bone marrow incorporates iron into hemoglobin of red blood cells and stores excess iron in ferritin (and hemosiderin).

Liver (and spleen) dismantles red blood cells, packages iron into transferrin, and stores excess iron in ferritin (and hemosiderin).

Iron DeficiencyIron Deficiency

►Iron deficiency is the most Iron deficiency is the most common nutrient deficiency.common nutrient deficiency. Iron-deficiency anemia can affect Iron-deficiency anemia can affect

individuals in many stages of life.individuals in many stages of life. Vulnerable Stages of LifeVulnerable Stages of Life

►Women in reproductive years due to Women in reproductive years due to menstruation menstruation

►Pregnant women due to the needs of the infant, Pregnant women due to the needs of the infant, increases in blood volume, and loss of blood increases in blood volume, and loss of blood during the birthing processduring the birthing process

► Infants and young children due to rapid growthInfants and young children due to rapid growth►Teenagers due to rapid growth in males and Teenagers due to rapid growth in males and

menstruation in femalesmenstruation in females

Iron DeficiencyIron Deficiency

Blood LossesBlood Losses►Can be from non-obvious sources such Can be from non-obvious sources such

as a bleeding ulceras a bleeding ulcer

►Malaria and parasitesMalaria and parasites

►Giving a pint of blood results in a loss of Giving a pint of blood results in a loss of about 2.5 mg iron.about 2.5 mg iron.

►MenstruationMenstruation

IronIron

► Iron DeficiencyIron Deficiency Assessment of Iron DeficiencyAssessment of Iron Deficiency

►Stage 1Stage 1 – – Iron stores diminish; measured Iron stores diminish; measured by serum ferritinby serum ferritin

►Stage 2Stage 2 – – Transport iron decreases; Transport iron decreases; measured by transferrin saturationmeasured by transferrin saturation

►Stage 3Stage 3 – – Hemoglobin production Hemoglobin production declines; erythrocyte protoporphyrin declines; erythrocyte protoporphyrin accumulates and hematocrit declines. accumulates and hematocrit declines. Hemoglobin and hematocrit are late Hemoglobin and hematocrit are late indicators of iron statusindicators of iron status..

IronIron

► Iron DeficiencyIron Deficiency Iron Deficiency and Anemia Iron Deficiency and Anemia

►Iron deficiency is when there is depletion Iron deficiency is when there is depletion of the body’s iron stores.of the body’s iron stores.

►Iron-deficiency anemia is the severe Iron-deficiency anemia is the severe depletion of iron stores. Also called depletion of iron stores. Also called microcytic (small) hypochromic (pale) microcytic (small) hypochromic (pale) anemia.anemia.

►Symptoms include fatigue, weakness, Symptoms include fatigue, weakness, headaches, apathy, pallor and poor headaches, apathy, pallor and poor resistance to cold temperatures.resistance to cold temperatures.

IronIron

► Iron DeficiencyIron Deficiency Iron Deficiency and BehaviorIron Deficiency and Behavior

►Energy metabolism is impaired.Energy metabolism is impaired.

►Neurotransmitter synthesis is reduced.Neurotransmitter synthesis is reduced.

►Physical work capacity and mental Physical work capacity and mental productivity are reduced.productivity are reduced.

►Symptoms of a deficiency may be Symptoms of a deficiency may be confused with behavioral issues.confused with behavioral issues.

IronIron

► Iron ToxicityIron Toxicity Iron OverloadIron Overload

►HemochromatosisHemochromatosis is generally a is generally a genetic disorder that enhances iron genetic disorder that enhances iron absorption. absorption.

►Iron overload can also be caused by:Iron overload can also be caused by: Repeated blood transfusionsRepeated blood transfusions Massive doses of supplemental ironMassive doses of supplemental iron Rare metabolic disordersRare metabolic disorders

IronIron

► Iron OverloadIron Overload Hemosiderosis may develop from excessive Hemosiderosis may develop from excessive

iron where there are large deposits of iron where there are large deposits of hemosiderin in the liver, heart, joints, and hemosiderin in the liver, heart, joints, and other tissues.other tissues.

Symptoms of iron overload include apathy, Symptoms of iron overload include apathy, lethargy, and fatigue.lethargy, and fatigue.

Problems include liver tissue damage and Problems include liver tissue damage and infections.infections.

Higher risk of diabetes, liver cancer, heart Higher risk of diabetes, liver cancer, heart disease, and arthritisdisease, and arthritis

More common in men then in womenMore common in men then in women

IronIron

► Iron ToxicityIron Toxicity Iron and Heart Disease – may be a link to Iron and Heart Disease – may be a link to

high iron storeshigh iron stores Iron and Cancer – may be a link with free Iron and Cancer – may be a link with free

radical activity resulting in damage to DNAradical activity resulting in damage to DNA Iron PoisoningIron Poisoning

►UL for adults: 45 mg/dayUL for adults: 45 mg/day►Accidental supplement poisoning in Accidental supplement poisoning in

childrenchildren►Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, Symptoms include nausea, vomiting,

diarrhea, constipation, rapid heartbeat, diarrhea, constipation, rapid heartbeat, weak pulse, dizziness, shock, and weak pulse, dizziness, shock, and confusionconfusion

IronIron

► Iron Recommendations and SourcesIron Recommendations and Sources Recommended Iron Intakes (2001 RDA)Recommended Iron Intakes (2001 RDA)

►RDA Men: 8 mg/day for adults 19-50 years of RDA Men: 8 mg/day for adults 19-50 years of ageage

►RDA Women: 18 mg/day for adults 19-50 years RDA Women: 18 mg/day for adults 19-50 years of ageof age

►RDA Women: 8 mg/day for adults over 51 RDA Women: 8 mg/day for adults over 51 years of ageyears of age

►Vegetarians need 1.8 times as much iron Vegetarians need 1.8 times as much iron because of low bioavailability.because of low bioavailability.

IronIron

► Iron Recommendations and SourcesIron Recommendations and Sources Iron in FoodsIron in Foods

►Red meats, fish, poultry, and shellfishRed meats, fish, poultry, and shellfish►EggsEggs►LegumesLegumes►Grain products (whole-grain, enriched, Grain products (whole-grain, enriched,

and fortified breads and cereals)and fortified breads and cereals)►Dark greens and dried fruitsDark greens and dried fruits

Iron-Enriched FoodsIron-Enriched Foods►Often added to grain foodsOften added to grain foods►Not absorbed as wellNot absorbed as well

IronIron

► Iron Recommendations and SourcesIron Recommendations and Sources Maximizing Iron AbsorptionMaximizing Iron Absorption

►Bioavailability is high in meats, fish, and Bioavailability is high in meats, fish, and poultry.poultry.

►Bioavailability is intermediate in grains and Bioavailability is intermediate in grains and legumes.legumes.

►Bioavailability is low in vegetables.Bioavailability is low in vegetables.►Combined effect of enhancing and inhibiting Combined effect of enhancing and inhibiting

factorsfactors

IronIron

► Iron Contamination and SupplementationIron Contamination and Supplementation Contamination IronContamination Iron

►Iron cookware takes up iron salts.Iron cookware takes up iron salts.►Acidic foods and long cooking times Acidic foods and long cooking times

increase uptake of iron salts.increase uptake of iron salts. Iron SupplementsIron Supplements

►Best absorbable form is ferrous sulfate Best absorbable form is ferrous sulfate or an iron chelateor an iron chelate

►Take on empty stomach and with liquids Take on empty stomach and with liquids other than milk, tea, or coffeeother than milk, tea, or coffee

►Vitamin C enhances food iron absorptionVitamin C enhances food iron absorption, , not supplement absorption.not supplement absorption.

►Side effect of constipationSide effect of constipation

ZincZinc

► Zinc is important in a multitude of chemical Zinc is important in a multitude of chemical reactions in the body. reactions in the body.

► The best sources of dietary zinc are The best sources of dietary zinc are protein-rich foodsprotein-rich foods. .

► Zinc from pancreatic secretions is also available Zinc from pancreatic secretions is also available for absorption. for absorption.

► Phytates and fiber can bind zinc, therefore Phytates and fiber can bind zinc, therefore limiting absorption. limiting absorption.

► A special binding protein monitors the A special binding protein monitors the absorption of zinc. absorption of zinc.

► Zinc deficiency symptoms include growth Zinc deficiency symptoms include growth retardation and sexual immaturity.retardation and sexual immaturity.

ZincZinc

►Zinc Roles in the BodyZinc Roles in the Body Supports the work of Supports the work of metalloenzymesmetalloenzymes

►Helps to make parts of DNA and RNAHelps to make parts of DNA and RNA►Manufactures heme for hemoglobinManufactures heme for hemoglobin►Assists in essential fatty acid metabolismAssists in essential fatty acid metabolism►Releases vitamin A from liver storesReleases vitamin A from liver stores►Metabolizes carbohydratesMetabolizes carbohydrates►Synthesizes proteinsSynthesizes proteins►Metabolizes alcoholMetabolizes alcohol►Disposes of damaging free radicalsDisposes of damaging free radicals

ZincZinc

►Zinc Roles in the BodyZinc Roles in the Body Involved in Involved in growth, developmentgrowth, development, and , and

immune functionimmune function Affects platelets in blood clotting and wound Affects platelets in blood clotting and wound

healinghealing Needed to produce the retinal form of vitamin Needed to produce the retinal form of vitamin

AA Affects thyroid hormone functionAffects thyroid hormone function Influences behavior and learning performanceInfluences behavior and learning performance Taste perceptionTaste perception Wound healingWound healing Sperm developmentSperm development Fetal developmentFetal development

ZincZinc

►Zinc Absorption and MetabolismZinc Absorption and Metabolism Zinc AbsorptionZinc Absorption

►Rate of absorption depends on zinc Rate of absorption depends on zinc status; when more is needed, more will status; when more is needed, more will be absorbed.be absorbed.

►Phytates and fiber bind zinc and reduce Phytates and fiber bind zinc and reduce absorption.absorption.

►Metallothionein is a special protein that Metallothionein is a special protein that holds zinc in storage.holds zinc in storage.

ZincZinc

►Zinc Absorption and MetabolismZinc Absorption and Metabolism Zinc RecyclingZinc Recycling

►Enteropancreatic circulation – travels from the Enteropancreatic circulation – travels from the pancreas to the intestines and backpancreas to the intestines and back

►Losses occur in the feces, urine, shedding of Losses occur in the feces, urine, shedding of skin, hair, sweat, menstrual fluids, and semen.skin, hair, sweat, menstrual fluids, and semen.

If the body needs zinc

If the body does not need zinc

Mucosal cells in the intestine store excess zinc in metallothionein.

Zinc is not absorbed and is excreted in shed intestinal cells instead. Thus, zinc absorption is reduced when the body does not need zinc.

Metallothionein releases zinc to albumin and transferrin for transport to the rest of the body.

Zinc in food

The pancreas uses zinc to make digestive enzymes and secretes them into the intestine.

Fig. 13-6, p. 453

Stepped Art

ZincZinc

►Zinc Absorption and MetabolismZinc Absorption and Metabolism Zinc TransportZinc Transport

►Transported by the protein albuminTransported by the protein albumin

►Binds to transferrin Binds to transferrin

►Excessive iron and copper can lead to a Excessive iron and copper can lead to a zinc deficiency and excessive zinc can zinc deficiency and excessive zinc can lead to an iron and copper deficiency.lead to an iron and copper deficiency.

ZincZinc

►Zinc DeficiencyZinc Deficiency Not widespreadNot widespread Occurs in pregnant women, young Occurs in pregnant women, young

children, the elderly, and the poorchildren, the elderly, and the poor Symptoms of deficiencySymptoms of deficiency

►Growth retardationGrowth retardation►Delayed sexual maturationDelayed sexual maturation►Impaired immune functionImpaired immune function►Hair loss, eye and skin lesionsHair loss, eye and skin lesions►Altered taste, loss of appetite, and Altered taste, loss of appetite, and

delayed wound healingdelayed wound healing

ZincZinc

►Zinc ToxicityZinc Toxicity UL for Adults: 40 mg/dayUL for Adults: 40 mg/day SymptomsSymptoms

►Loss of appetiteLoss of appetite►Impaired immunityImpaired immunity►Low HDLLow HDL►Copper and iron deficienciesCopper and iron deficiencies►Vomiting and diarrheaVomiting and diarrhea►Exhaustion Exhaustion ►HeadachesHeadaches

ZincZinc

► Zinc Recommendations and SourcesZinc Recommendations and Sources Recommended intakes (2001 RDA)Recommended intakes (2001 RDA)

►RDA Men: 11 mg/dayRDA Men: 11 mg/day►RDA Women: 8 mg/dayRDA Women: 8 mg/day

Zinc in foodsZinc in foods►Shellfish, meats, poultry, milk, and cheeseShellfish, meats, poultry, milk, and cheese►Whole grains and legumesWhole grains and legumes

► Zinc SupplementationZinc Supplementation Developing countries use zinc to reduce Developing countries use zinc to reduce

incidence of disease and diarrhea.incidence of disease and diarrhea. Zinc lozenges for the common cold are Zinc lozenges for the common cold are

controversial and inconclusive.controversial and inconclusive.

IodineIodine

► Iodide is an essential component of Iodide is an essential component of the thyroid hormone that helps to the thyroid hormone that helps to regulate metabolism. regulate metabolism.

► Iodine deficiency can cause simple Iodine deficiency can cause simple goiter and cretinism. goiter and cretinism.

►The iodization of salt has greatly The iodization of salt has greatly reduced iodine deficiency in the United reduced iodine deficiency in the United States and Canada.States and Canada.

IodineIodine

► Iodide Roles in the BodyIodide Roles in the Body Component of two thyroid hormones (TComponent of two thyroid hormones (T33

and Tand T44)) Regulates body temperature, growth, Regulates body temperature, growth,

development, metabolic rate, nerve and development, metabolic rate, nerve and muscle function, reproduction, and blood muscle function, reproduction, and blood cell production.cell production.

IodineIodine

►Iodine DeficiencyIodine Deficiency Simple goiter is the enlargement of the Simple goiter is the enlargement of the

thyroid gland caused by iodine deficiency. thyroid gland caused by iodine deficiency. Goiter is enlargement of the thyroid gland Goiter is enlargement of the thyroid gland due to malfunction of the gland, iodine due to malfunction of the gland, iodine deficiency or overconsumption of goitrogens.deficiency or overconsumption of goitrogens.

Goitrogen (antithyroid) overconsumption – Goitrogen (antithyroid) overconsumption – naturally occurring in cabbage, spinach, naturally occurring in cabbage, spinach, radishes, rutabaga, soybeans, peanuts, radishes, rutabaga, soybeans, peanuts, peaches, and strawberries. peaches, and strawberries.

Cretinism is a congenital disease Cretinism is a congenital disease characterized by mental and physical characterized by mental and physical retardation and commonly caused by retardation and commonly caused by maternal iodine deficiency duringmaternal iodine deficiency during pregnancy.pregnancy.

IodineIodine

► Iodine ToxicityIodine Toxicity UL 1100 μg/dayUL 1100 μg/day Symptoms include underactive thyroid Symptoms include underactive thyroid

gland, elevated TSH, and goiter. gland, elevated TSH, and goiter. Supplement use, medications, and Supplement use, medications, and

excessive iodine from foodsexcessive iodine from foods

IodineIodine

► Iodine Recommendations and SourcesIodine Recommendations and Sources Recommendations (2001 RDA) – Adults: Recommendations (2001 RDA) – Adults:

150 μg/day150 μg/day SourcesSources

►Iodized saltIodized salt►SeafoodSeafood►Bread and dairy productsBread and dairy products►Plants grown in iodine-rich soilsPlants grown in iodine-rich soils►Animals that feed on plants grown in iodine-Animals that feed on plants grown in iodine-

rich soilsrich soils

SeleniumSelenium

►Selenium is an antioxidant nutrient Selenium is an antioxidant nutrient associated with protein foods. associated with protein foods.

► It may provide some protection It may provide some protection against certain types of cancer.against certain types of cancer.

►Selenium Roles in the BodySelenium Roles in the Body Defends against oxidationDefends against oxidation Regulates thyroid hormoneRegulates thyroid hormone

SeleniumSelenium

►Selenium DeficiencySelenium Deficiency Keshan disease – a pre-disposition to Keshan disease – a pre-disposition to

heart disease where a virus causes the heart disease where a virus causes the cardiac tissue to become fibrouscardiac tissue to become fibrous

Prevalent in regions of China because the Prevalent in regions of China because the soil is low in seleniumsoil is low in selenium

SeleniumSelenium

►Selenium and CancerSelenium and Cancer May protect against certain forms of May protect against certain forms of

cancercancer Inconclusive evidence and more research Inconclusive evidence and more research

is neededis needed Food sources are better than Food sources are better than

supplements.supplements.

SeleniumSelenium

►Selenium Recommendations and Selenium Recommendations and SourcesSources Recommendations (2000 RDA) – Adults: Recommendations (2000 RDA) – Adults:

55 μg/day55 μg/day Sources include seafood, meat, whole Sources include seafood, meat, whole

grains, and vegetables (depends on soil grains, and vegetables (depends on soil content).content).

SeleniumSelenium

►Selenium ToxicitySelenium Toxicity UL for Adults: 400 μg/dayUL for Adults: 400 μg/day SymptomsSymptoms

►Loss and brittleness of hair and nailsLoss and brittleness of hair and nails►Skin rash, fatigue, irritability, and nervous Skin rash, fatigue, irritability, and nervous

system disorderssystem disorders►Garlic breath odorGarlic breath odor

CopperCopper

►Copper is a component of several Copper is a component of several enzymes associated with oxygen or enzymes associated with oxygen or oxidation. oxidation.

►Copper deficiency is rare. Copper deficiency is rare. ►There are some diseases associated There are some diseases associated

with excessive intakes. with excessive intakes. ►Food sources of copper include Food sources of copper include

legumes, whole grains, and seafood.legumes, whole grains, and seafood.

CopperCopper

►Copper Roles in the BodyCopper Roles in the Body Absorption and use of iron in the Absorption and use of iron in the

formation of hemoglobinformation of hemoglobin Part of several enzymesPart of several enzymes Some copper-containing enzymes are Some copper-containing enzymes are

antioxidants.antioxidants. Required for many metabolic reactionsRequired for many metabolic reactions

CopperCopper

► Copper Deficiency and ToxicityCopper Deficiency and Toxicity Deficiency is rare in the U.S.; however, Deficiency is rare in the U.S.; however,

symptoms include anemia and bone symptoms include anemia and bone abnormalities.abnormalities.

In Menkes disease, copper cannot be released In Menkes disease, copper cannot be released into the circulation. into the circulation.

ToxicityToxicity►UL for Adults: 10,000 μg/day (10 mg/day)UL for Adults: 10,000 μg/day (10 mg/day)► In Wilson’s disease, copper builds up in the liver and In Wilson’s disease, copper builds up in the liver and

brain.brain.►Excessive intake from supplements can cause liver Excessive intake from supplements can cause liver

damage.damage.

CopperCopper

►Copper Recommendations and SourcesCopper Recommendations and Sources Recommendations (2001 RDA) – Adults: Recommendations (2001 RDA) – Adults:

900 μg/day900 μg/day SourcesSources

►Seafood, nuts, seeds and legumesSeafood, nuts, seeds and legumes►Whole grainsWhole grains►In houses with copper plumbing, water can be In houses with copper plumbing, water can be

a source.a source.

ManganeseManganese

►Manganese is a cofactor for several Manganese is a cofactor for several enzymes involved in bone formation and enzymes involved in bone formation and various metabolic processes. various metabolic processes.

►Deficiencies are rare and toxicities are Deficiencies are rare and toxicities are associated with environmental associated with environmental contamination. contamination.

►Manganese is found in many foods.Manganese is found in many foods.►Manganese Roles in the BodyManganese Roles in the Body

Cofactor for several enzymesCofactor for several enzymes Assists in bone formationAssists in bone formation Pyruvate conversionPyruvate conversion

ManganeseManganese

►Manganese Deficiency and ToxicityManganese Deficiency and Toxicity Deficiency symptoms are rare.Deficiency symptoms are rare. Phytates, calcium and iron limit Phytates, calcium and iron limit

absorption.absorption. Toxicity occurs with environmental Toxicity occurs with environmental

contamination.contamination. UL for Adults: 11 mg/dayUL for Adults: 11 mg/day Toxicity symptoms include nervous system Toxicity symptoms include nervous system

disorders.disorders.

ManganeseManganese

►Manganese Recommendations and Manganese Recommendations and SourcesSources Recommendations (2001 AI)Recommendations (2001 AI)

►AI Men: 2.3 mg/dayAI Men: 2.3 mg/day►AI Women: 1.8 mg/dayAI Women: 1.8 mg/day

SourcesSources►NutsNuts►Whole grainsWhole grains►Leafy vegetablesLeafy vegetables►TeaTea

FluorideFluoride

►Fluoride makes bones stronger and Fluoride makes bones stronger and teeth more resistant to decay. teeth more resistant to decay.

►The use of fluoridated water can The use of fluoridated water can reduce dental caries. reduce dental caries.

►Excess fluoride causes fluorosis—the Excess fluoride causes fluorosis—the pitting and discoloration of teeth.pitting and discoloration of teeth.

FluorideFluoride

►Fluoride Roles in the BodyFluoride Roles in the Body Formation of teeth and bonesFormation of teeth and bones Helps to make teeth resistant to decayHelps to make teeth resistant to decay Fluorapatite is the stabilized form of bone Fluorapatite is the stabilized form of bone

and tooth crystalsand tooth crystals Fluoride and Dental CariesFluoride and Dental Caries

►Widespread health problemWidespread health problem►Leads to nutritional problems due to issues Leads to nutritional problems due to issues

with chewingwith chewing

FluorideFluoride

► Fluoride and ToxicityFluoride and Toxicity Tooth damage called fluorosis – irreversible Tooth damage called fluorosis – irreversible

pitting and discoloration of the teethpitting and discoloration of the teeth UL for Adults: 10 mg/dayUL for Adults: 10 mg/day Prevention of fluorosisPrevention of fluorosis

►Monitor fluoride content of local water supply.Monitor fluoride content of local water supply.►Supervise toddlers during tooth brushing.Supervise toddlers during tooth brushing.►Watch quantity of toothpaste used (pea size) for Watch quantity of toothpaste used (pea size) for

toddlers.toddlers.►Use fluoride supplements only if prescribed by a Use fluoride supplements only if prescribed by a

physician.physician.

FluorideFluoride

►Fluoride Recommendations and Fluoride Recommendations and SourcesSources Recommendations (1997 AI)Recommendations (1997 AI)

►AI Men: 3.8 mg/dayAI Men: 3.8 mg/day►AI Women: 3.1 mg/dayAI Women: 3.1 mg/day

SourcesSources►Fluoridated drinking waterFluoridated drinking water►Seafood and teaSeafood and tea

ChromiumChromium

► Chromium is an essential nutrient that Chromium is an essential nutrient that enhances insulin’s action. enhances insulin’s action.

► It is widely available in unrefined foods.It is widely available in unrefined foods.► Chromium Roles in the BodyChromium Roles in the Body

Enhances insulin actionEnhances insulin action Low chromium levels can result in elevated blood Low chromium levels can result in elevated blood

sugar levels. sugar levels. Glucose tolerance factors (GTF) are small organic Glucose tolerance factors (GTF) are small organic

compounds that enhance insulin’s action and compounds that enhance insulin’s action and some contain chromium.some contain chromium.

ChromiumChromium

► Chromium Recommendations and SourcesChromium Recommendations and Sources Recommendations (2001 AI)Recommendations (2001 AI)

►AI Men: 35 μg/dayAI Men: 35 μg/day►AI Women: 25 μg/dayAI Women: 25 μg/day

SourcesSources►Meat, especially liverMeat, especially liver►Whole grainsWhole grains►Brewer’s yeastBrewer’s yeast

► Chromium SupplementsChromium Supplements Claims about reducing body fat and improving Claims about reducing body fat and improving

muscle strength remain controversial.muscle strength remain controversial.

MolybdenumMolybdenum

►Molybdenum is a cofactor in several Molybdenum is a cofactor in several enzymes. enzymes.

► It is needed in minuscule amounts. It is needed in minuscule amounts. ► It is available in legumes, grains, and organ It is available in legumes, grains, and organ

meats.meats.►Molybdenum functions as a cofactor for Molybdenum functions as a cofactor for

several enzymes.several enzymes.►No deficiency symptomsNo deficiency symptoms►No reported toxicity symptoms in humansNo reported toxicity symptoms in humans

MolybdenumMolybdenum

►Recommendations (2001 RDA) Recommendations (2001 RDA) Adults: 45 μg/dayAdults: 45 μg/day UL Adults: 2 mg/dayUL Adults: 2 mg/day

►Food sources include legumes, grains, Food sources include legumes, grains, and organ meats.and organ meats.

Other Trace MineralsOther Trace Minerals

►Much of the research on other trace Much of the research on other trace minerals is from animal studies. minerals is from animal studies.

►Humans need very small amounts. Humans need very small amounts. ►Determining exact needs, functions, Determining exact needs, functions,

deficiencies, and toxicities is difficult. deficiencies, and toxicities is difficult. ►Some key roles of these other trace Some key roles of these other trace

minerals have been identified.minerals have been identified.

Other Trace MineralsOther Trace Minerals

►NickelNickel is a cofactor for certain enzymes. is a cofactor for certain enzymes.► SiliconSilicon is used in bone and collagen is used in bone and collagen

formation.formation.►VanadiumVanadium is for growth, development, and is for growth, development, and

normal reproduction.normal reproduction.► CobaltCobalt is a key component of vitamin B is a key component of vitamin B1212..

►BoronBoron may be key in brain activities. may be key in brain activities.►ArsenicArsenic is useful in some types of leukemia. is useful in some types of leukemia.

Contaminant MineralsContaminant Minerals

►Contaminate minerals are also called Contaminate minerals are also called heavy metals. heavy metals.

►These include These include mercury, lead, and mercury, lead, and cadmiumcadmium. .

►These minerals enter the food supply These minerals enter the food supply through soil, water, and air pollution. through soil, water, and air pollution.

►They disrupt body processes and They disrupt body processes and impair nutrition status.impair nutrition status.


► Lead toxicity symptoms in childrenLead toxicity symptoms in children Learning disabilities in childrenLearning disabilities in children Low IQLow IQ Behavior problemsBehavior problems Slow growthSlow growth Dental cariesDental caries Iron-deficiency anemiaIron-deficiency anemia Sleep disturbances like night walking, restlessness, Sleep disturbances like night walking, restlessness,

and head bangingand head banging Nervous system disorders and seizuresNervous system disorders and seizures Slow reaction time and poor coordinationSlow reaction time and poor coordination Impaired hearingImpaired hearing


►Lead toxicity symptoms in adultsLead toxicity symptoms in adults HypertensionHypertension Reproductive complicationsReproductive complications Kidney failureKidney failure

Phytochemicals and Phytochemicals and Functional FoodsFunctional Foods

Phytochemicals and Phytochemicals and Functional FoodsFunctional Foods

► Phytochemicals are nonnutrient compounds. Phytochemicals are nonnutrient compounds.

► Only a few of the thousands of phytochemicals Only a few of the thousands of phytochemicals have been researched. have been researched.

► There are many questions and few answers There are many questions and few answers about their role in human health. about their role in human health.

► Foods that provide health benefits beyond those Foods that provide health benefits beyond those of nutrients are now called functional foods. of nutrients are now called functional foods.

► Some have an identified role in disease Some have an identified role in disease prevention.prevention.

The PhytochemicalsThe Phytochemicals

►The phytochemicals give foods taste, The phytochemicals give foods taste, aroma, color, and other characteristics.aroma, color, and other characteristics.

►Defending against CancerDefending against Cancer Phytoestrogens mimic estrogenPhytoestrogens mimic estrogen

►Found in soybeans, legumes, flaxseeds, Found in soybeans, legumes, flaxseeds, whole grains, fruits and vegetableswhole grains, fruits and vegetables

►Antioxidant activityAntioxidant activity►Slow the growth of breast and prostrate Slow the growth of breast and prostrate

cancercancer►Supplements may stimulate the growth of Supplements may stimulate the growth of

cancers that depend upon estrogen.cancers that depend upon estrogen.


►Defending against CancerDefending against Cancer LycopeneLycopene

►Powerful antioxidantPowerful antioxidant►Inhibits the growth of cancer cellsInhibits the growth of cancer cells►Found in tomatoes and cooked tomato Found in tomatoes and cooked tomato

products, apricots, guava, papaya, pink products, apricots, guava, papaya, pink grapefruits, and watermelongrapefruits, and watermelon

Five servings of fruits and vegetables are Five servings of fruits and vegetables are recommended every day.recommended every day.


►Defending against Heart DiseaseDefending against Heart Disease Flavonoids in foodsFlavonoids in foods

►Powerful antioxidantsPowerful antioxidants►Protect against LDL cholesterol oxidation Protect against LDL cholesterol oxidation

and reduce blood platelet stickinessand reduce blood platelet stickiness►Lowers risk of chronic diseases Lowers risk of chronic diseases ►Found in whole grains, legumes, soy, Found in whole grains, legumes, soy,

vegetables, fruits, herbs, spices, teas, vegetables, fruits, herbs, spices, teas, chocolate, nuts, olive oil, and red wineschocolate, nuts, olive oil, and red wines


►Defending against Heart DiseaseDefending against Heart Disease Carotenoids in foods especially lutein and Carotenoids in foods especially lutein and

lycopenelycopene►Lower risk of heart diseaseLower risk of heart disease►Found in fruits and vegetablesFound in fruits and vegetables

PhytosterolsPhytosterols►May protect against heart diseaseMay protect against heart disease►Inhibit cholesterol absorptionInhibit cholesterol absorption►Lower blood pressureLower blood pressure►Act as antioxidantsAct as antioxidants►Found in soybeans and other vegetablesFound in soybeans and other vegetables►Lignans, found in flax seed, are converted to Lignans, found in flax seed, are converted to

phytosterols by intestinal bacteria.phytosterols by intestinal bacteria.


►The Phytochemicals in PerspectiveThe Phytochemicals in Perspective Difficult to assess one food and its Difficult to assess one food and its

benefits alonebenefits alone Actions of phytochemicals are Actions of phytochemicals are

complementary and overlappingcomplementary and overlapping

Functional FoodsFunctional Foods

►Foods as PharmacyFoods as Pharmacy Margarine enhanced with a phytosterol Margarine enhanced with a phytosterol

may lower cholesterol.may lower cholesterol. May be more useful in prevention and May be more useful in prevention and

mild cases of disease.mild cases of disease. Drugs are used for severe cases of Drugs are used for severe cases of

disease.disease.


►Unanswered QuestionsUnanswered Questions Research is lagging behind food Research is lagging behind food

manufacturers.manufacturers. Consumer questions to askConsumer questions to ask

►Does it work?Does it work?►How much does it contain?How much does it contain?►Is it safe?Is it safe?►Is it healthy?Is it healthy?


►Future FoodsFuture Foods Use of gene researchUse of gene research Can we design foods to meet exact health Can we design foods to meet exact health

needs of each individual?needs of each individual? Can farmers grow the “perfect” foods?Can farmers grow the “perfect” foods?

trace minerals. the trace minerals--an overview ► trace minerals are needed in very small (trace)...

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