Digital Re-print - March | April 2013

Importance of trace minerals for nutrient stability in feed and optimized trace

element supply of animals

www.gfmt.co.uk

Grain & Feed Milling Technology is published six times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom.All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies, the publishers accept no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis of information published. ©Copyright 2013 Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1466-3872

225 Rock Industrial Park Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63044 U.S.A.

The color blue, when used in connection with elevator buckets, is a U.S. registered trademark owned by Tapco Inc. © 2011 Tapco Inc.® All rights reserved.

Tel.: +1 314 739 9191 • Fax: +1 314 739 5880 • Email: info@tapcoinc.com • www.tapcoinc.com

For over 35 years, and in more than 50 countries, Tapco has been solving the

problem of bent & torn steel buckets.

STYLE CC-HD (HEAVY DUTY)Polyethylene Elevator Bucket

Urethane • Nylon

®

Tapco nonmetallic buckets have the ability to absorb impactin the elevator leg and “give” or “yield” to bypass an

obstruction. They then return to their original shape and keepon working for you.

Tapco buckets weigh less than their pressed steel counterparts,lack sharp edges and therefore are far safer and easier to handlewhen fitting an elevator.

With 900,000 buckets in 93 sizes stocked throughoutthe world, Tapco has what you want, when you need it!Tapco also maintains over 15 million elevator bolts

in imperial and metric threads in six styles. Tapcofanged elevator bolts have been specificallydesigned to work with nonmetallic buckets.

Contact Tapco or visit www.tapcoinc.com today.

Replace your steel buckets with Tapco – the bucketswith the memory.

FANGED HEADElevator Bolt

Have You ExperiencedThis In Your Elevator?

ELEVATOR BUCKETS - ELEVATOR BOLTS

Bent_CCHD_A4march2011 2/17/11 10:51 AM Page 1

Trace element supplementation to maintain optimal health and performance in livestock is often

underestimated. This is partly due to the fact that trace elements perform very complex functions in the metabolism and deficiencies can lead to general disorders in animals and due to the important physiolog-ical functions it is therefore necessary to provide them to the animal through the feed. On the other hand, higher allowances for example of zinc and copper have also specific effects on intestinal health. To address the difficult discussion about physiology, intestinal health and finally environmental pollution too, the supply of trace elements in the EU is regulated by law (EU Regulation 1334/2003). Several years ago, the maximum concentrations in the feed were significant-ly lowered again to reduce the heavy metal output in the environment (Table 1).

Impact on bioavailability

It is known that the bio-availability of trace elements is difficult to compare due to the anatomy of the digestive tract between the different species. In addition, the trace element uptake capacity of the intestine decreases with increasing age of the animals in general. Furthermore, recent studies show that the trace

element availability is dependent on health and also on the presence of stress. The trace element bioavailability, however, depends further on a number of factors such as performance stage, trace element status, form of the chemical bonds, trace element dosage and antagonists which inhibit absorp-tion (Flachowsky 2000). The lowering of the

legal limits inevitably raises the question of trace elements with high bioavailability, and to understand even at lower concentrations in the feed the supply to the animals and also the possible additional effects at least partially.

Important for absorption of, for example, zinc, manganese and copper are the mutual

interactions as well as the die-tary amounts of iron, calcium, phosphorus, potassium and sulphur and further antago-nists. Unbalanced or high levels of some of these elements lead to shortages of the other elements. For example, a zinc surplus will cause copper trans-port across the enterocytes (intestinal epithelial cells) to be blocked due to the formation of intestinal metallothionein. This is also recognised as a secondary copper deficiency. Other factors affecting the availability of trace elements are, for example, mycotoxins, crude fibre, tannins and phytic acid (Schenkel and Flachowsky 2002).

Characterisation and differentiation

The various feed additives approved as trace element sources can be distinguished in terms of their availability for the animal. The best-known and largely used inorganic trace mineral sources of sulphates and oxides vary mainly due to their solubility. The main task of these trace mineral sources is to dissolve in the aqueous

Table 1: Legal limits for trace elements in animal compound feed

Trace element Species

Max. content in compound feed(mg/kg compound feed)

Copper

Piglets until 12 weeks of age 170

Bovine before the start of rumination 15

Other bovines 35

Ovines 15

Crustaceans 50

Other animals 25

Cobalt All species 2

Iodine

Equines 4

Dairy cows / Laying hens 5

Fish 20

Other animals 10

Iron

Piglets until 1 wee before weaning 250

Ovines 500

Pet 1250

Other animals 750

ManganeseFish 100

Other animals 150

Selenium All species 0,5

Zinc

Pet 250

Fish / Milk replacer 200

Other animals 150

Importance of trace minerals for nutrient stability in feed and optimized

trace element supply of animalsby Dr Detlef Kampf, Orffa Additives, The Netherlands

Grain&feed millinG technoloGy40 | march - april 2013

FEATURE

225 Rock Industrial Park Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63044 U.S.A.

The color blue, when used in connection with elevator buckets, is a U.S. registered trademark owned by Tapco Inc. © 2011 Tapco Inc.® All rights reserved.

Tel.: +1 314 739 9191 • Fax: +1 314 739 5880 • Email: info@tapcoinc.com • www.tapcoinc.com

For over 35 years, and in more than 50 countries, Tapco has been solving the

problem of bent & torn steel buckets.

STYLE CC-HD (HEAVY DUTY)Polyethylene Elevator Bucket

Urethane • Nylon

®

Tapco nonmetallic buckets have the ability to absorb impactin the elevator leg and “give” or “yield” to bypass an

obstruction. They then return to their original shape and keepon working for you.

Tapco buckets weigh less than their pressed steel counterparts,lack sharp edges and therefore are far safer and easier to handlewhen fitting an elevator.

With 900,000 buckets in 93 sizes stocked throughoutthe world, Tapco has what you want, when you need it!Tapco also maintains over 15 million elevator bolts

in imperial and metric threads in six styles. Tapcofanged elevator bolts have been specificallydesigned to work with nonmetallic buckets.

Contact Tapco or visit www.tapcoinc.com today.

Replace your steel buckets with Tapco – the bucketswith the memory.

FANGED HEADElevator Bolt

Have You ExperiencedThis In Your Elevator?

ELEVATOR BUCKETS - ELEVATOR BOLTS

Bent_CCHD_A4march2011 2/17/11 10:51 AM Page 1

http://www.satake-group.com

medium of the digestive tract and sulphates are attributed to a higher value than oxides. A product with very low solubility, for example, copper oxide, therefore should not be used (any longer) in feeding livestock.

The good solubility of sulphates, however, provides us with the disadvantage that for example dissociated copper ions are very reactive (strong pro-oxidant that initiate and speed up oxidation) and therefore promote adverse reactions with feed components

(degradation and damage of sensitive ingre-dients such as vitamins or fat as well as forming harmful free radicals and peroxides and reducing palatability of feed) (Miles et al. 1998; Lu et al. 2010; Pang and Applegate

2006; Shurson et al. 2011).In contrast to inorganic, organically bound

trace elements (trace element chelates) are stable in the diet and absorption by the animal is improved due to their chemical structure. Their advantage is thus superior

in isolation from the solubility of inorganic trace elements, but also in reducing the absorption-inhibitory responses in the diges-tive tract. These are mostly antagonistic interactions with feed components that

compete for the same absorption capabili-ties. The positive effects of organically bound to inorganic trace elements were confirmed in numerous scientific studies (Kincaid et al. 1997, Nockels et al. 1993, Wedekind et al. 1992). Nevertheless, an adequate assess-

Graph 1: Impact of various copper sources on the concentration of vitamin E in feed (Lu et al. 2010)

Graph 2: Impact of increasing dosages of various copper sources on the phytate phosphorus hydrolysis by phytase

(Pang and Applegate 2006)

Grain&feed millinG technoloGy march - april 2013 | 41

www.victam.com/?i=181

A CONFERENCE FOR THE RICE, FLOUR, CEREALS & OILSEEDS SECTORS

@ GRAPAS & VICTAM ASIABANGKOK, THAILAND

8-10 APRIL, 2014Bangkok International Trade & Exhibition Centre (BITEC)

CONFERENCE

Conference patron:

Conference delegates should pre-register on the VICTAM or GRAPAS websites (available from December 1, 2013 onwards)

GRAPAS_Advert_210x297+3.indd 1 10/04/2013 11:33

Are you social?Keep up to date with us in-between issues by following us on any of our social platforms

Take a look at our newly re-vamped Facebook page, that now covers updates from GFMT as well as all of the very best of The Global Miller’s newshttp://www.facebook.com/GrainFeedMillingTechnology

See our previous editions online for free

www.gfmt.co.uk/archive.php

A subscription magazine for the global flour & feed milling industries - first published in 1891

In this issue:

• NIR in practice

• Rice and contract terms

• New weighing software for UK co-operative

May - June 2012

• LC-MS/MS:The New Reference Method for Mycotoxin Analysis

• Fast, reliable and flexible:

the world of modern bulk weighing

• Mould controlin grain and feed preservation

GFMT12.03.indd 1 22/06/2012 08:48

A subscription magazine for the global flour & feed milling industries - first published in 1891

In this issue:

• Improving supply from farm to fork

• Victam Asia Product Showcase

• Global grain & feed markets

March - April 2012

• Assessing cereal quality parameters

• Controlling Insects with heat

• Grinding by a proven concept makes your choice simple

GFMT12.02.indd 1 17/04/2012 13:05

A subscription magazine for the global flour & feed milling industries - first published in 1891

In this issue:

• Increasing storage capacity

• Digital microwave moisture measurement

• Global grain & feed markets

January - February 2012

• Bulk storage & handling

• Preservatives Preservatives are a recurring

topic in public discussions

• EfficiencyEnergy saving in flour milling

GFMT12.01.indd 1 02/02/2012 10:12

A subscription magazine for the global flour & feed milling industries - first published in 1891

In this issue:

• Mycotoxins an overview

• Database for animal diet formulation techniques: A glance to last decade

• Food safetyin the grain milling industry

• Recent advances in rapid grain testing

November - December 2011

• African advances

Animal feed milling is one of the most buoyant activities in the agri related field

• Optical sorting Optical sorting has come of

age and should be considered as a serious option for inclusion in any modern wheat cleaning plant

• Get in lineProcess analysis solutions open new opportunities for improved profit and quality

GFMT11.06.indd 1 30/11/2011 17:28

A subscription magazine for the global flour & feed milling industries - first published in 1891

In this issue:

• Sample preparation of feeds and forage for NIR analysis

• 15-Year Celebration: Fortifying with folic acid prevents 22,000 birth defects annually

• Global Feed Markets:Wheat supply grows and grows as corn crop shrinks

October 2011

• Producing Flaked breakfast Cereals

• Direct Cold Plasma: The innovative answer to odour control in the food and feed industry

• Milling Technology Redefined

GFMT11.05.indd 1 05/10/2011 09:49

FEATURE

is sensitive machinery, motors or anything electric and adversely affected by water.

The technology, which is the first of its kind in the UK, uses a continuous flow heating coil system to heat water to such a high degree that it becomes extremely hot vapour. The emitted dry steam contains minimal moisture and efficient cleaning capa-bility is produced from the steam pressure made on the surface area.

Is all steam cleaning the same?So steam is simply steam? Well actually,

no. Steam can be produced in a range of different grades, each matching dif-ferent industry applications. Picking the cleaning method best suited to your operation depends upon a number of options including the nature of the sur-face to be cleaned and the type of material or residue found on crushing or milling appa-ratus, conveyors and elevator pits and silos.

To date, conventional CIP systems have tended to rely on traditional boiler systems which are only required to heat the water to a maximum of 75 degrees and rely on high water flow and minimal pressure, using a lot of water in the process.

Most food related sites use hot water that comes off the boiler through hoses, using foamers, liquid chemicals and other sanitation agents. They can use between 200-1,000 litres of water per hour to blast a surface clean. They can also have the nega-tive side effect of sending dangerous bacteria airborne, spreading them through the plant without killing them. This ‘wet steam’ system does not use a vapour process.

Benefits of dry steam cleaning Efficient cleaning capacity is produced

from the steam pressure made on the surface to be cleaned and the solvent power of micro drops at a high temperature, with minimal moisture present.

The continuous steam system provides constant steam quality which can be adjusted by volume and dryness. Water flow and heating power can be controlled and adapt-ed by an electronic control system.

The amount of water saved depends upon the flow rate of the water system and the pressure employed, but it can save up to 90 percent of water used. OspreyDeepclean’s dry steam technology will typically use between 10-30 litres of water per hour, whereas a conventional system will use between 200-1,000 litres per hour.

Conventional cleaning leaves the risk of potentially dangerous residues contaminating food and raw materials. Then you also have the issue of getting into difficult spaces, such as tight crevices in storage areas or complex shaped equipment.

Dry steam sanitises surfaces, penetrating cracks, crevices and other hard-to-reach areas where manual and traditional cleaning methods, which mainly rely on potentially hazardous chemicals, fail to achieve the required standards.

As well as being applicable to a wide range of work settings, steam can be used to undertake innumerable cleaning tasks. The system can be used on feeding, mixing and blending vessels, machinery, conveyor belts, rollers, pipelines and also general floor areas, storage spaces and much more. As it is applied to the surface, dry steam leaves very little residue and can almost touch dry, especially when compared

to any other clean-ing method.

No additional ingredients are required in the steam to improve cleaning power, as efficient cleaning capacity is produced from the steam pressure made on the surface to be cleaned and the solvent power of micro drops at a high temperature, with minimal moisture present. However, where specific tasks or loca-tions demand it, ingredients can be added to improve the solidifica-tion of specific substances, for instance within liquid fat appli-cation devices which could congeal with-out the use of additional ingre-dients.

Dry steam machines for different applications

The tech-nology Osprey Deepclean has developed is available in a range of dry steam machines for different applications, based on many years’ experi-ence of creating bespoke steam solutions. This

includes the fully auditable dry steam belt sanitation unit (BSU) which cleans conveyor belts to allergen level, saving up to 3 million litres of water per annum.

The organisation has also developed a central steam system for food production and packaging areas. This is much like a central vacuum, which facilitates cleaning by simply plugging the steam hoses into central steam pipes without the need for handling cleaning machines. The sophisti-

cated equipment can be used for the cleaning of heavy parts and for plastic parts cleaning. The machines start from a 3kW single phase unit and

reach up to 144kW units avail-able in electric, oil or

gas heated coils.

Grain&feed millinG technoloGy march - april 2013 | 11

FEATURE

ment of the quality of organically bound trace elements must be taken. It should be noted at this point that the products on the market significantly differ in quality that can be checked by simple analytical methods (Helle and Kampf 2008).

Traditionally, minerals have been cat-egorised as either organic or inorganic. In 2012 a new category of trace minerals, known as hydroxy trace minerals, obtained EU approval as a feed additive for all animal species. These new products (Di copper chloride tri hydroxide – Cu

2(OH)3Cl – and Zinc chloride hydroxide monohy-drate - Zn5Cl2(OH)8(H2O) – brand name: IntelliBond®) belong in the group of inorganic trace mineral sources, but have similar chem-ically stable structures such as organically bound trace elements. Covalent bonds and a unique crystalline matrix structure provide a reliable stability, which differentiates hydroxy trace minerals from other organic or inor-ganic minerals.

In addition, there are major advantages from a nutritional point of view. In com-parison to copper sulphate, these products are virtually insoluble at neutral pH, which provides increased trace mineral stability in the intestine. Less reactive trace element ions occur in the upper digestive tract, which

is associated with fewer interactions with other feed components. There are already numerous studies that demonstrate in com-parison to sulphates the better protection of feed components (Lu et al. 2010; Miles et al. 1998; Pang and Applegate 2006). Due to the crystalline structure the trace elements are slowly released over the full length of the small intestine resulting in more efficient trace element absorption and a very good effect on intestinal health. Trial results in all animal species confirm the superior effects compared to sulphate (Allee et al. 2011; Luo et al. 2005; Miles et al. 1998; Spears et al. 2004, Shao et al. 2010).

Effects of various trace element sources in feed

Improved stability of sensitive feed ingredi-ents by using stable trace element sources e.g. chelates or hydroxy trace minerals in compar-ison to sulphates was already demonstrated in many trials (Miles et al. 1998; Lu et al. 2010; Luo et al. 2005; Banks et al. 2004; Liu et al. 2005; Pang and Applegate 2006; Shurson et al. 2011; Kampf 2012). All these results are based on the non-hygroscopic and non-reactive (non-pro oxidative) characteristics of these trace element sources. In one example copper from copper sulphate at a high dosage

level showed a negative impact on vitamin E stability in feed and in contrast, hydroxy cop-per was not negatively affecting the stability of vitamin E and showed comparable results as by using lower levels of copper sulphate (Lu et al. 2010; graph 1).

In another trial increasing dosage levels of copper sulphate were tested in compari-son to other trace mineral sources on the phytate phosphorus hydrolysis by phytase In vitro. In this study copper sulphate has shown due to the high solubility and hence a high reactivity (formation of insoluble complexes with phytate) a strong negative impact on phytate phosphorus hydrolysis. In contrast, as well as the copper lysine complex and the hydroxy copper did not influence the phosphorus hydrolysis (Pang and Applegate 2006; Graph 2).

A recent trial was conducted to test the direct negative impact of copper from vari-ous copper sources and different dosages on the oxidative stability of soybean oil under Rancimat test conditions. In this study a strong negative effect of the copper dosage was observed. Beside this copper sulphate reduced the oxidative stability relatively by 9 and 46 percent, in contrast hydroxy cop-per only by 5 and 36 percent respectively (Kampf 2012; Graph 3).

Graph 4: Relative bioavailability of copper from hydroxy copper compared to copper sulphate in cattle (Spears

et al. 2004)

Graph 6: Solubility of zinc from hydroxy zinc and zinc sulphate and impact on production of volatile fatty acids

in the rumen (Schaeffer 2006)

Graph 5: Relative bioavailability of zinc from hydroxy zinc compared or zinc sulphate in cattle (Schaeffer

2006)

Graph 3: Impact of increasing dosages of various copper sources on the oxidative stability of soybean

oil (Kampf 2012)

Grain&feed millinG technoloGy42 | march - april 2013

FEATURE

ment of the quality of organically bound trace elements must be taken. It should be noted at this point that the products on the market significantly differ in quality that can be checked by simple analytical methods (Helle and Kampf 2008).

Traditionally, minerals have been cat-egorised as either organic or inorganic. In 2012 a new category of trace minerals, known as hydroxy trace minerals, obtained EU approval as a feed additive for all animal species. These new products (Di copper chloride tri hydroxide – Cu

2(OH)3Cl – and Zinc chloride hydroxide monohy-drate - Zn5Cl2(OH)8(H2O) – brand name: IntelliBond®) belong in the group of inorganic trace mineral sources, but have similar chem-ically stable structures such as organically bound trace elements. Covalent bonds and a unique crystalline matrix structure provide a reliable stability, which differentiates hydroxy trace minerals from other organic or inor-ganic minerals.

In addition, there are major advantages from a nutritional point of view. In com-parison to copper sulphate, these products are virtually insoluble at neutral pH, which provides increased trace mineral stability in the intestine. Less reactive trace element ions occur in the upper digestive tract, which

is associated with fewer interactions with other feed components. There are already numerous studies that demonstrate in com-parison to sulphates the better protection of feed components (Lu et al. 2010; Miles et al. 1998; Pang and Applegate 2006). Due to the crystalline structure the trace elements are slowly released over the full length of the small intestine resulting in more efficient trace element absorption and a very good effect on intestinal health. Trial results in all animal species confirm the superior effects compared to sulphate (Allee et al. 2011; Luo et al. 2005; Miles et al. 1998; Spears et al. 2004, Shao et al. 2010).

Effects of various trace element sources in feed

Improved stability of sensitive feed ingredi-ents by using stable trace element sources e.g. chelates or hydroxy trace minerals in compar-ison to sulphates was already demonstrated in many trials (Miles et al. 1998; Lu et al. 2010; Luo et al. 2005; Banks et al. 2004; Liu et al. 2005; Pang and Applegate 2006; Shurson et al. 2011; Kampf 2012). All these results are based on the non-hygroscopic and non-reactive (non-pro oxidative) characteristics of these trace element sources. In one example copper from copper sulphate at a high dosage

level showed a negative impact on vitamin E stability in feed and in contrast, hydroxy cop-per was not negatively affecting the stability of vitamin E and showed comparable results as by using lower levels of copper sulphate (Lu et al. 2010; graph 1).

In another trial increasing dosage levels of copper sulphate were tested in compari-son to other trace mineral sources on the phytate phosphorus hydrolysis by phytase In vitro. In this study copper sulphate has shown due to the high solubility and hence a high reactivity (formation of insoluble complexes with phytate) a strong negative impact on phytate phosphorus hydrolysis. In contrast, as well as the copper lysine complex and the hydroxy copper did not influence the phosphorus hydrolysis (Pang and Applegate 2006; Graph 2).

A recent trial was conducted to test the direct negative impact of copper from vari-ous copper sources and different dosages on the oxidative stability of soybean oil under Rancimat test conditions. In this study a strong negative effect of the copper dosage was observed. Beside this copper sulphate reduced the oxidative stability relatively by 9 and 46 percent, in contrast hydroxy cop-per only by 5 and 36 percent respectively (Kampf 2012; Graph 3).

Graph 4: Relative bioavailability of copper from hydroxy copper compared to copper sulphate in cattle (Spears

et al. 2004)

Graph 6: Solubility of zinc from hydroxy zinc and zinc sulphate and impact on production of volatile fatty acids

in the rumen (Schaeffer 2006)

Graph 5: Relative bioavailability of zinc from hydroxy zinc compared or zinc sulphate in cattle (Schaeffer

2006)

Graph 3: Impact of increasing dosages of various copper sources on the oxidative stability of soybean

oil (Kampf 2012)

Grain&feed millinG technoloGy42 | march - april 2013

FEATURE

Effects in animalsMuch trial work has been carried out in

monogastrics and in ruminants where stable trace element sources for example chelates or hydroxy trace minerals confirmed better effects when compared to sulphates with regards to an improved bioavailability, intestinal efficacy and gut health (Allee et al. 2011; Kidd et al. 1996; Luo et al. 2005; Miles et al. 1998; Nollet et al. 2008; Spears et al. 2004; Wedekind et al. 1992). This is based on the fact that stable trace element sources are, in contrast to sulphates, insoluble at neutral pH and will due to the covalent bond structure only partially dissolve in the acidic environment of the stomach. As a consequence more intact molecules will be available and effec-tive in the lower parts of the digestive tract, which results also in improved gut health.

In one example in broilers a 13 to 16 per-cent higher bioavailability (expressed as tendon copper, 10 d deficient model, 0 - 6 ppm Cu) of hydroxy copper was measured in contrast to copper sulphate. In a second trial (same trial conditions) a 25 percent higher bioavailability for hydroxy copper and 35 percent for copper chelate was measured (Klasing and Naziripour 2010). Other research groups figured out a better relative biological value of organic zinc chelate by 1.64 (measured as tibia zinc content) compared with zinc sulphate as a reference zinc source (1.00) in broiler (Star et al. 2012).

Not statistically proven but nevertheless numerically higher broiler tibia zinc concentra-tions especially in combination with a phytase supplementation was examined by Schlegel et al. (2010). In a recent meta-analysis the same authors reported that broiler bone Zn respond-ed slightly better (not at significant value) to organic zinc than inorganic zinc with increasing zinc levels (Schlegel et al. 2013). Noteworthy is the fact that in all these experiments in advance of the measurements no zinc deficiency situation has been created, whereby the positive effect of a more readily available source of zinc would have manifested better.

In another example Allee et al. (2011) showed that increasing dosage levels of hydroxy copper from 15 to 200 ppm in piglets resulted in significant linear increases in average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) at 7, 21, and 42 days on test. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was improved linearly by addition of hydroxy copper over the 42-day trial. In this trial the dose/response relationship of hydroxy copper on daily gain and feed conversion in piglets (0-42 days) resulted in a breakpoint of the maximum copper effect already at a dosage of 130-140 ppm (in comparison maximum copper effect of copper sulphate is at around 200-250 ppm) which indicates that hydroxy copper has a higher intestinal efficacy and is more valuable on gut health as copper sulphate (Allee et al. 2011).

In ruminants the positive effects of organi-cally bound to inorganic trace elements were confirmed in numerous scientific studies and the major advantage was a better bioavailabil-ity compared to sulphates under the presence

of stress or antagonists (Kincaid et al. 1997, Nockels et al. 1993, Wedekind et al. 1992). In diets containing cop-per antagonists like molybdenum and sulphur a higher relative bioavailability of copper (based on plasma copper, plasma ceruloplasmin and liver copper) from hydroxy copper compared to copper sulphate was measured, too (Spears et al. 2004; graph 4). In another trial of the same research group the relative bioavailability of zinc from hydroxy zinc compared to zinc sulphate based on plasma zinc, and retained zinc, respectively, was also determined as better (Schaeffer 2006; Graph 5).

In an additional trial the amount of soluble zinc was measured and com-pared with the production of volatile fatty acids in the rumen (Schaeffer 2006; Graph 6). Zinc sulphate delivered higher concentrations of rumen soluble zinc and showed a negative impact on the micro-bial fermentation (expressed as produc-tion of volatile fatty acids). In contrast zinc from hydroxy zinc was less soluble in the rumen and therefore not influencing the rumen microflora (Schaeffer 2006; Graph 6). This fact could be the explana-tion for a direct effect of trace elements on milk yield improvement in dairy cows.

SummaryThe supplementation of trace elements

plays an essential role in maintaining optimal health and performance of livestock. When considering the supply of trace elements not primarily the absolutely fed, but the usable amount of trace elements for the animal is crucial. This requires accurate knowledge of the composition of the feed and if possible, the diminishing availability of trace elements and interactions with other feed ingredients. The trace element supply can be improved by the use of high-quality trace mineral sources such as organic chelates, however, the assessment of the used quality is essential.

Another new form of high-quality trace elements are hydroxy trace ele-ments, which recently received EU approval and which are characterised by excellent stability and processing proper-ties together with a high physiological sig-nificance. The positive effects of chelates and hydroxy trace elements in feed (bet-ter stability of sensitive feed components and ingredients) as well as in animals (higher bioavailability) have been already confirmed in numerous publications.

Literature is available upon request from the author.

More inforMation:Tel: +31 183447771Email: kampf@orffa.comWebsite: www.orffa.com

Grain&feed millinG technoloGy march - april 2013 | 43

installation friendlyperfect fi ttingshock explosion prooftightsolideasy to cleaneasy expandable

QUICK CONNECT ®

QUICK CONNECT® pull-ring more time-effi cient during assembly. INSTALLATION FRIENDLY and easy to dismantle. PERFECT FITTING in long durability with top quality – that is our pipework and distribution system. SHOCK EXPLOSION PROOF safely JACOB pipework system. TIGHT connection for our pipework systems. SOLID and precise in case of retrofi tting. EASY TO CLEAN and easy replaceable. EASY EXPANDABLE by variability of our modular system.

Visit us at POWTECH 2013 April 23 rd-25 th, Germany, hall 5, booth 5-348, powtech.de

The QUICK CONNECT® pull-ring makes the acclaimed Jacob modular pipe system even more economical for installation. In new plants for animal feed, pharma-ceuticals, chemicals, food, glass, semi -con duc tors or environmental techno logy as well as for upgrading existing layouts user-friendly system installation becomes precise and easy due to the great versatility of mass-produced pipe components.

ORIGINAL QUALITY TO A MODULAR DESIGN Straight welded, lipped-end pipes and

components. ø 60 mm to ø 800 mm in a standard

range. Up to ø 400 mm normally dispatched

immediately from stock. Larger than ø 350 mm also available

with fl ange connection. Powder coated steel or hot-dipped gal-

vanised steel as well as stainless steel. 1-3 mm wall thicknesses. Larger diameters / special requirements

upon request. Shock-explosion certifi ed pipes and

components available.

Fr. Jacob Söhne GmbH & Co. KG, Germany

Tel. + 49 (0)571 95580 | jacob-pipesystems.eu

EUROPE’S NO. 1 IN PIPEWORK SYSTEMS

513459_GrainFeed_47x270_gb_4c_RZ.indd 126.03.13 11:19

FEATURE

http://www.alapala.com

www.gfmt.co.uk

LINKS• Seethefullissue• VisittheGFMTwebsite

• ContacttheGFMTTeam

• SubscribetoGFMT

A subscription magazine for the global flour & feed milling industries - first published in 1891INCORPORATING PORTS, DISTRIBUTION AND FORMULATION

In this issue:

• Measures for increasing the energy efficiency of UFA feed mills in Switzerland

• Importance of trace minerals for nutrient stability in feed

• Managing mill maintenance - Maintenance options and challenges

• Super chilled grains

Mar

ch -

April

201

3

• Fine grinding and BS3 Xylanase improve productivity in weaners

• Additives for flour standardisation Part I: Enzymes

first published in 1891

ThisdigitalRe-printispartoftheMarch|April2013editionofGrain&FeedMillingTechnologymagazine.Contentfromthemagazineisavailabletoviewfree-of-charge,bothasafullonlinemagazineonourwebsite,andasanarchiveofindividualfeaturesonthedocstocwebsite.Pleaseclickheretoviewourotherpublicationsonwww.docstoc.com.

Topurchaseapapercopyofthemagazine,ortosubscribetothepaperedi-tionpleasecontactourCirculationandSubscriptionsManageronthelinkadove.

INFORMATIONFORADVERTISERS-CLICKHERE

Article reprintsAll Grain & Feed Milling Tecchnology feature articles can be re-printed as a 4 or 8 page booklets (these have been used as point of sale materials, promotional materials for shows and exhibitions etc).

If you are interested in getting this article re-printed please contact the GFMT team for more informa-tion on - Tel: +44 1242 267707 - Email: jamest@gfmt.co.uk or visit www.gfmt.co.uk/reprints