towards future networks an itu perspective

IEEE Communications Magazine • March 2013112 0163-6804/13/$25.00 © 2013 IEEE

INTRODUCTION

Recently, various new equipment types havebeen connected to the public telecommunica-tion network. Data centers are becoming thenew norm with significant realization of cloudcomputing systems. Various and many sen-sors, actuators, and other “things” are nowconnected in the network to realize machine-to-machine (M2M) and Internet of Things(IoT) services. The mobile phone is penetrat-ing all the markets, not only in developedcountries, but also in developing countries,and as such the necessity for continuouslyconsidering their evolving requirements isincreasing. These issues have changed the bal-ance and relationships between various net-working requirements and motivate thecreation of new networks.

In the research community continuous effortshave therefore been made to investigate futurenetworks (FNs). Various technologies such asnetwork virtualization [10] and software definednetworking (SDN) [14], cloud networking [13],information centric networking (ICN) [8], auto-nomic management [7, 11, 12], and open con-nectivity have been discussed and developed.The deployment of some of these technologies

in the industry has started, and others are expect-ed to start in the future.

Driven by this underlying tendency, Interna-tional Telecommunication Union Telecommuni-cation Standardization Sector (ITU-T) hasstarted the standardization of FNs as networksto be deployed roughly in the 2015–2020 time-frame. The standardization work in ITU-T wasstarted at a very early stage because a globalpublic network takes much time to be developedand deployed, and because new concepts requirea gradual step-by-step approach to developmentand acceptance. FN standardization was startedwith two approaches: a top down approach,working from the objectives and design goals ofFNs, and a bottom up approach, working fromindividual candidate technologies that are rela-tively mature.

The reason for the former approach is thatalthough FN is in its very early stage, thereseems to be a coarse consensus on the largertrend. For example, it is obvious that data explo-sion or environmental issues will become centralissues of FNs. The result of this analysis hasbeen reflected in ITU-T RecommendationY.3001 [1]. The latter approach is to investigatevarious candidate technologies as buildingblocks of FNs because technologies in particularareas tend to mature earlier than the overallarchitecture. For example, network virtualiza-tion technology, such as SDN, has alreadyemerged. In addition, some technologies’ stan-dards are being developed in other standardsdevelopment organizations (SDOs). It is impor-tant to understand and benefit from this ecosys-tem of technologies.

Standardization in some cases can restrict thefreedom of innovation if it is developed at anearly stage where the technology and the indus-try are not mature. We should therefore be care-ful to avoid speculative forecast-basedstandardization. The ITU-T approach has beento avoid this early standardization drawback asmuch as possible. This article describes the cur-rent achievements on FN standardization and itsunderlying concepts.

ABSTRACT

There have been continuous efforts andprogress regarding the research and develop-ment of future network technologies in recentyears, such as network virtualization and soft-ware defined networking, information centricnetworking (ICN), cloud networking, autonomicmanagement, and open connectivity. ITU-Tstarted working on the standardization of FNs inlate 2009, and it has developed some initial Rec-ommendations that lay out the essential direc-tions for subsequent detailed work. This articlepresents the background and the context of FNs’standardization, and the deliverables and futureplans originated from the initial standardizationwork performed by ITU-T.

TELECOMMUNICATIONS STANDARDS

Daisuke Matsubara, Hitachi

Takashi Egawa, NEC

Nozomu Nishinaga and Ved P. Kafle, NICT

Myung-Ki Shin, ETRI

Alex Galis, University College London

Toward Future Networks: A Viewpoint from ITU-T

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IEEE Communications Magazine • March 2013 113

This article is organized as follows. The nextsection provides an overview of FN standardiza-tion activities in ITU-T. Then RecommendationITU-T Y.3001, which describes the objectivesand design goals of FNs, is introduced. The fol-lowing sections describe other FN-related Rec-ommendations and the ITU-T future plan. Thenan analysis of related standardization activities ispresented. The final section concludes the arti-cle.

FUTURE NETWORKSTANDARDIZATION IN ITU-T

ITU-T Study Group 13 (SG13), a group for net-work architecture and the lead group for FNstandardization in ITU-T, started its activities onFNs in January 2009. Since the discussion of FNwas in its very early stage, ITU-T concluded thatit is very important to listen to the voices of notonly ITU-T members, but also experts includingresearchers outside of ITU-T. Consequently, theFocus Group on Future Networks (FG-FN), atemporary organization open to all experts insideand outside of ITU-T, was established, and itsactivity started in July 2009. Until its closure atthe end of 2010, it held its meetings in variousplaces in Europe, the United States, and Asia,listened to opinions of many experts, and devel-oped deliverables that later were turned into theITU-T Y.30xx series of Recommendations.

At the closure of FG-FN, its deliverableswere transferred to SG13 and reviewed. Allmajor deliverables have become Recommenda-tions, and those that have completed the publi-cation process are open to the general public atthe ITU-T web site.

ITU-T Y.3001 AND THEOBJECTIVES AND DESIGN GOALS OF

FUTURE NETWORKS

ITU-T Recommendation Y.3001 [1], “FutureNetworks: Objectives and Design Goals,”describes four objectives and 12 design goals forFNs, and as such it presents the first standarddefinition and description of FNs. The funda-mental difference between FNs and other trans-port networks systems such as those using theInternet Protocol (IP) is the shift from separatetransport and service strata to a packet-basednetwork with service- and management-awarecharacteristics, which is based on shared (virtual-ized) combined processing, storage, and commu-nication/connectivity resources.

Objectives are fundamental issues to whichnot enough attention was paid in designing cur-rent networks, and as such they represent thedifferential characteristics of FNs as comparedto current networks. The four objectives identi-fied and described in Y.3001 are service aware-ness, data awareness, environmental awareness,and social and economic awareness. Twelvedesign goals were identified as advanced capabil-ities and features that are needed together in therealization of FNs. Figure 1 shows the mappingof design goals to the objectives.

SERVICE AWARENESS

An overview of service awareness in FNs isshown in Fig. 2. The number and range of ser-vices is expected to explode in the future.Today’s network, the basic design of which wasintroduced more than 30 years ago, has support-ed so far any service using its basic functionalityand design. FNs are expected to support notonly current services such as email and webbrowsing, but also emerging services in an opti-mal way, by providing additional functionalityand flexibility that can accommodate diverse andevolving service requirements.

FNs are aimed to support these services with-out drastic increases in, for instance, deploymentand operational costs. In addition, FNs arerequired to be flexible and elastic so that theycan adapt to new services. For example, if a ser-

Figure 1. Four objectives and 12 design goals of future networks [1].

Social andeconomicawareness

Dataawareness

Environmentalawareness

Serviceawareness

Service diversity

Functional flexibility

Virtualization of resources Data access

Identification

Service universalization

Economic incentives

Energy consumption

Optimization

Network management

Mobility

Reliability and security

Figure 2. Service awareness in FNs.

Virtual network B

Service diversity

Service Xlegacy IP network

Service Acontents delivery

Service Benterprise net service

Virtual network XVirtual network A

Virtualization of resources

Reliability and securityMobility

Networkmanagement

Seamless mobility

Functionalflexibility

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IEEE Communications Magazine • March 2013114

vice requires a certain process to be done insidethe network, the network should dynamicallyprovision all managed communication, comput-ing, and storage resources needed for that ser-vice. Furthermore, these resources may bevirtualized to allow flexible deployment andusage by the services.

In order to support diverse services formobile users, including M2M communicationdevices, advanced mobility features that guaran-tee sufficient quality of service experience tousers in both homogeneous and heterogeneousmobile environments are needed.

Network management will play a significantrole in allowing the network to take in andaccommodate these diverse services. Networkmanagement will need to manage not only physi-cal resources, but also virtual resources locatedinside the network. In addition, unified manage-ment of FNs, which includes in-network auto-nomic management [7, 11, 12], is an approachwhere management and control functions aredistributed and located or hosted in or close tothe managed network and service elements.Additionally, the services themselves may needto be managed along with the network in a uni-fied manner; hence, in-network autonomic man-agement will play an essential part in realizingthese services.

Finally, the services will need to support thesocial infrastructure, including mission-criticalservices; hence, FNs will require substantiallyenhanced security and reliability compared tocurrent networks.

DATA AWARENESSFNs are aimed at optimizing the handling ofenormous amounts of data in a distributed envi-ronment with users enabled to access desireddata safely, easily, quickly, and accurately,regardless of their location. In the context ofdata awareness, “data” is not limited to specificdata types such as audio or video contents, butincludes all information that is accessible via thenetwork.

The current networks are mainly used foraccessing and distributing information. To real-ize this, the networks establish a communicationconnection between an application process ofeach terminal (end host) and exchange datausing the connection. This is based on the

assumption that the location of the terminal isalready known by the other terminal, and thelocation ID (e.g., IP address) is globally unique.So the exchange of information in current net-works is based on the globally unique locationIDs and location-based routing, as shown in Fig.3.

However, if identical information objects areplaced in multiple locations, it is not always opti-mal to access information using globally uniquestatic location IDs. For example, popular videocontent that is downloaded by a large number ofpeople may be accessed via a local cache insteadof the remote content server, thus eliminatingconsumption of extra bit miles. Identical con-tents may have the same content ID, and thecontent can be accessed via the nearest cacheusing content-ID-based routing, as shown in Fig.3. A content delivery service provider may modi-fy the response to a Domain Name System(DNS) query so that the nearest server isaccessed, but it would be valid only for that par-ticular service provider and would be difficult toexpand to a global scale.

In FNs, communication paradigms using IDsother than location IDs is envisaged. FNs aim tosupport communication using data (or content)IDs. Furthermore, it will support communicationusing node IDs, application process IDs, and soon. These IDs need to be treated separatelyfrom location IDs, and FNs should support notonly separation of endpoint or node IDs andlocators such as specified in Locator/ID Separa-tion Protocol (LISP) and ITU-T Recommenda-tion Y.2015, but also communication using dataIDs, service IDs, and so on.

ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESSAccording to [15], the ratio of carbon dioxide(CO2) the information and communication tech-nology (ICT) industry produces is two percent ofthe entire CO2 emission. This includes CO2 con-tribution by PCs, servers, cooling systems, fixedand mobile telephony, local area networks(LANs), office telecommunications, and printers.

Internet traffic is growing year by year. It hasbeen predicted that the traffic triples every fiveyears and will reach 1.3 zettabytes by 2016. Con-sidering the necessity to transmit informationbits via the network, the increase in traffic willmean an increase in energy consumption; hence,the emission of CO2 will most likely continue toincrease. For this reason, FNs aim at minimizingthe energy needed to transmit bits at the device,equipment, and system levels. At the same time,energy can be managed in a better manner byutilizing ICT for various industries such as man-ufacturing and distribution of goods.

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC AWARENESSTelecommunication networks have become anessential infrastructure utility that is indispens-able to our society, very similar to electricity,gas, and water. For this reason, FNs aim to takeinto consideration social and economical aspectswhen realizing the architecture.

As networks are evolving from just connect-ing people with common interests to a socialinfrastructure, service universalization is becom-ing a key objective in realizing the new network-

Figure 3. Data awareness in FNs.

Local cachecontent ID - abcdef1

Cachetraining

Content IDbased routing

Location IDbased routing

Location ID - V:W:X:Y:Z

Content sourcecontent ID - abcdef1

location ID - Z:Y:X:W:V


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ing. The right to have access to a global networkwill be fundamental in the future, and shouldnot be limited based on the location of an indi-vidual user.

It is also necessary for the network to evolvein a sound and consistent manner. Public net-works such as telephony networks have beeninvested in and operated mainly by government-owned companies, and have supported and fos-tered the national industry. Recently, privateinvestment has become active, and a capital mar-ket has been introduced in investment in andoperation of network infrastructure. At the sametime, the relationship between the investmentmodel and the profit distribution model hasbeen distorted, and it is becoming obstructive forappropriate development of the market.

FNs should explicitly take into considerationlowering the barriers for stakeholders to enterthe market and providing a sustainable competi-tive environment.

RECOMMENDATIONS IN EACH AREA

RECOMMENDATIONS RELATED TO SERVICE AWARENESS

The number of network services is continuouslyincreasing, and they are becoming even morediverse not only in traditional properties such as

bandwidth and delay, but also power consump-tion, mobility, delay tolerance, security, and soon. A service-aware network is a rich landscapeof network services, which can be discovered,negotiated, and contracted by higher-level ser-vices at the application level. These servicesneed to be discoverable and describable byattributes such as capacity, throughput, QoS,latency, protocol support, availability, and securi-ty in a consistent format. They need to expresscost and availability, scalability, and potentiallyelasticity and support for usage variations. Theyneed to be supported by a negotiation service,which can implement contracts with consumers.FNs are necessary to accommodate these diverseservices without a drastic increase in costs ofdeployment and operation. One method is toenable network operators to control their net-works in a unified and programmable manner,and realize multiple isolated and flexible net-works in order to support a broad range of net-work services that do not interfere with eachother. From this viewpoint, promising technolo-gies include network virtualization [10], SDN[14], and cloud networking [13] technologies.

ITU-T has successfully developed and pub-lished ITU-T Recommendation Y.3011, “Frame-work of Network Virtualization for FNs” [2],which is the first Recommendation regardingservice awareness in FNs from the perspective of

Figure 4. Standardization and research activities regarding FNs.

GENI (NSF)

Future internet research and experimentationFI-PPP

Smart internetFI testbed projects (FiRST, K-GENI, etc.)

ICT challenge 1.1 future networks (>150PJs)

FI arch R&D projects (MOFI, DTN, CCN, etc.)

US-ignite

JGN-XJGN2+JGN2

Euro-FGIEuro-NGI Euro-NF

AKARI architecture design

IRTF VNRG

ONF

IRTF ICNRG

ETSI NVFIETF NO3

NWGN R&D project

U.S

.A.

NewArch (DARPA)

Network ofexcellence

100 x 100 clean slate project(NSF)

FIND (NSF)

UNS strategic programs

ITU-T SG13 Q21

FG FN

FN-relatedrecommendations Y.3031

ITU-TSG13

FIA (NSF)

NWGNimplementation

2000 2005 2010

EUJa

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Y.3001

Telecommunication

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infrastructure utility

that is indispensable

to our society, very

similar to electricity,

gas, and water. For

this reason, FNs aim

to take into consid-

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and economical

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ITU-T. Network virtualization is a method thatallows multiple virtual networks, called logicallyisolated network partitions (LINPs), to coexist ina single physical network. In Y.3011, the follow-ing eight design principles for realizing networkvirtualization are investigated and presented:• Isolation: separation among the LINPs (e.g.,

from security and performance aspects)• Network abstraction: hiding the underlying

characteristics of network resources andestablishing simplified interfaces for access-ing the network resources

• Topology awareness and quick reconfigura-bility: update of an LINP’s capability needsto be done dynamically and without inter-rupting the operation of the current LINP

• Performance: avoidance of the performancedegradation caused by the virtualizationlayer or adaptation layer

• Programmability: programmable controlplane and data plane so that users can usecustomized protocols, forwarding, or rout-ing functions in the LINP

• Management: independent managementfunctions for each LINP

• Mobility: movement support of virtualresources including users and services

• Wireless: wireless characteristics supportsuch as limited resource usage and signalinterferenceAs the next step of Y.3011, more detailed

requirements in realizing network virtualizationare being envisaged in a separate ITU-T DraftRecommendation Y.FNvirtreq, “Requirementsof Network Virtualization for Future Networks,”which focuses on virtual resource management,service mobility, wireless virtualization, and can-didate protocols and existing requirements fornetwork virtualization.

In addition, SDN technologies are emergingand intensively discussed as one of solutionsregarding network virtualization within telecomnetworks including mobile, data centers, andenterprise networks. ITU-T Draft Recommenda-tion Y.FNsdn, “Framework of Telecom Soft-ware-Defined Networking (SDN),” specifiesrequirements and use cases for SDN in telecomnetworks. SDN is defined as a new networkingtechnology that enables network operators todirectly control and manage their networks andresources to best serve their customers’ needs bywriting simple programs, where controls anddata forwarding are decoupled. Its propertiesinclude programmable controls, data forwardingabstraction, and virtualization support of theunderlying networks’ infrastructure andresources. ITU-T is planning to collaborate onthis topic with other SDOs such as the OpenNetworking Foundation (ONF) and InternetEngineering Task Force (IETF).

RECOMMENDATIONS RELATED TODATA AWARENESS

ITU-T Recommendation Y.3031, “Identificationframework in future networks [4] is the fourth inthe series of FN-related Recommendationsdeveloped in ITU-T SG13. It complements theFN objectives and design goals specified in ITU-T Y.3001 by developing a new identification

framework that will be helpful for intrinsicmobility support and optimal data access. Itspecifies the identification framework, after giv-ing an analysis of identifiers being used in cur-rent networks and their limitations. It mentionsthe overloaded semantics of an IP address as anidentifier, a locator, and a forwarding tag, andconsequent hindrances to mobility and multi-homing services.

The identification framework is horizontallypositioned between the communication objects(e.g., user, device, data, and service) and physi-cal networks forwarding data from one place toanother. The framework consists of four compo-nents: ID discovery service, ID space, ID map-ping registry, and ID mapping service. The IDdiscovery service discovers various types of IDsrelated to communication objects. The ID spacedefines and manages various kinds of IDs (e.g.user IDs, data or content IDs, service IDs, nodeIDs, and location IDs). The ID mapping registrymaintains mapping relationships between varioustypes of IDs. The ID mapping service performsmappings of IDs of one type with the IDs ofother types. The ID mapping service utilizes theID mappings obtained from the ID mapping reg-istry to achieve seamless services over heteroge-neous physical networks, such as IPv6, IP IPv4,or non-IP networks, that may use different pro-tocols and media for forwarding data.

ITU-T is currently working on Y.FNDAN,“Framework of Data Aware Networking forFuture Networks,” which gives an overview ofdata aware networks (DANs). DAN is a technol-ogy that optimizes handling of enormous amountof data in a distributed environment, and enablesusers to access desired data safely, easily, quick-ly, and accurately regardless of their location. Inaddition, due to the awareness feature of thistechnology, it enables networks to understandusers’ requests and to react accordingly in orderto support adaptive data dissemination.

The essence of DAN lies in the name-basedrouting in which the data or the request for thedata is routed inside the network not by its loca-tion but by its name or ID (i.e., routing and for-warding is based on data ID). It captures manyaspects of ongoing research work such as con-tent-centric networking (CCN) [5] and informa-tion-centric networking (ICN) [8]. Y.FNDANwill provide general properties and high-levelrequirements of DAN such as naming, routing,in-network caching, in-network processing, anddata security.

RECOMMENDATIONS RELATED TOENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS

There are many standardization activities thatcontribute to realizing the environmental objec-tive of Y.3001. Within ITU-T activities there areRecommendations that define a power chargerspecification for mobile terminals to reduce e-waste, an assessment methodology for the envi-ronmental impact of ICT, and so on. Many ofthem are applicable to FNs.

ITU-T Recommendation Y.3021, “Frame-work of Energy Saving for Future Networks” [5],reviews various energy saving technologies andcategorizes them into two according to the basic

The essence of DAN

lies in the name-

based routing in

which the data or

the request for the

data is routed inside

the network not by

its location but by its

name or ID (i.e.,

routing and forward-

ing is based on data

ID). It captures many

aspects of ongoing

research works.


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strategy. One is to reduce network capacity byreducing traffic (e.g., by caching) or peak loadshift. The other is improvement of energy effi-ciency by dynamic control (e.g., clock gating,sleep mode control) or less power (e.g., large-scale integrated fabrication, thermal design)Then it describes a feedback loop among mea-surement, control, and management as theframework of energy saving.

Also, each ITU-T Recommendation relatedto FNs has an environmental consideration sec-tion that assesses the environmental impact ofthe technology. This is inspired by the securityconsideration section commonly addressed inICT standards.

RECOMMENDATIONS RELATED TOSOCIO-ECONOMIC AWARENESS

Network architecture indirectly but certainlyaffects society and business by providing theplaying field for social activity and business.ITU-T Y.3001 thus emphasizes that FNs shouldconsider social and economic issues such as thebarrier to enter the market or the life cycle costfor deployment and sustainability, althoughY.3001 focuses on technical aspects. This is aninterdisciplinary issue between technology andpolicy, which should not be decided by stan-dards, but by the market through competition.

ITU-T therefore started a socio-economicdiscussion from a framework called ITU-T DraftRecommendation Y.FNsocioeconomic, “Socio-Economic Aware Design of Future NetworkTechnology.” The current draft provides aframework to anticipate the socio-economicimpact of the technology during its design. Whena candidate FN technology is provided, it recom-mends taking into account the relevant set ofstakeholders, tussles emerging among them, andthe range of available choices, to anticipateeither a stable and incentives-compatible or anunstable outcome resulting from deploying thetechnology, to identify potential spillover(unwanted) effects from the technology’s prima-ry functionality to another functionality, and tohelp design a technology for FNs that is in linewith the respective socio-economic design goalsand objectives.

FUTURE PLANStandardization activities of FNs are gainingmomentum. For example, SDN, which is closelyrelated to the service awareness objective, isbecoming a hot topic in the ICT industry. ITU-TSG 13 therefore decided to divide the groupinvolved in standardization of FNs into threegroups: the first group for service awarenessincluding SDN, the second group for data aware-ness, and the third group for environment andsocio-economic awareness and short-term real-ization of FNs. FNs are a huge target, and vari-ous areas need to be discussed for futurestandardization apart from the Draft Recom-mendations mentioned in the previous sections.One of the most important areas is unified man-agement of FNs, which includes in-networkautonomic management [7, 11, 12]. The benefitsare inherent support for self-management fea-

tures, higher automation and autonomicity capa-bilities, easier use of management tools, andempowering the network with inbuilt cognitionand intelligence. Additional benefits includereduction and optimization in the amount ofexternal management interactions, which is keyto the minimization of manual interaction andthe sustaining of manageability of large net-worked systems and moving from a managedobject paradigm to one of management by objec-tives.

The three groups in ITU-T SG 13 are farfrom enough to cover all these aspects of FNs.And there are many existing and ongoing pro-jects in other ITU-T Study Groups and SDOs.Collaboration with them considering the tech-nology research and market needs is essentialfor realizing FNs.

RELATED STANDARDIZATION ANDRESEARCH ACTIVITIES

Figure 4 shows a chronology of FN relatedresearch and development activity along withITU-T standardization activities for FNs. TheNewArch project initiated in 2000 by severalU.S. universities and institutes is the ancestor ofFuture Internet architecture design projectsadvocating for the “clean slate” design approach.It was founded by the Defense AdvancedResearch Projects Agency (DARPA), which wasthe funding body supporting the initial design ofthe Internet. The objective of this project was todefine a network architecture as “advanceddesign principles for making use of protocolsand algorithms.” The 100x100 Clean Slate Pro-ject (2000–2005) was a National Science Foun-dation (NSF) supported collaborative projectlaunched and its slogan was “100 Mb/s connec-tivity to 100 million homes” with new technolo-gy. Future Internet Design (FIND) and FutureInternet Architecture (FIA) are also funded byNSF. FIND was a long-term initiative of theNSF NeTS research program and also focusedon the clean slate design approach. More than40 projects were established, and four large pro-jects (FIA projects) have been generated as theresult of FIND. For testing brand new networkarchitecture design through the above projects,Global Environment for Network Innovations(GENI) was initiated in 2005 by NSF.

In the European Union, more than 150 pro-jects clustered as the EU Future Internet Assem-bly (FIA) [6, 9] are developing networkingsystems for the future Internet.

The Japanese government announced theUbiquitous Network Society (UNS) strategy pro-gram in 2005, and the AKARI project was initi-ated in 2006 to design a new generation network(NWGN) architecture by NICT. It is continuingas one project in the NWGN R&D Project. TheNWGN testbed, JGN-X, is now under operatingwith network virtualization technology.

In Korea, FIArch projects such as MobileOriented Future Internet (MOFI), Delay Toler-ant Networking (DTN), and CCN were launchedin 2007. Future Internet Research for Sustain-able Testbed (FiRST) and international federa-tion projects such as K-GENI were initiated in

The three groups in

ITU-T SG 13 are far

from enough to

cover all these

aspects of FNs. And

there are many

existing and ongoing

projects in other

ITU-T Study Groups

and SDOs.

Collaboration with

them considering the

technology research

and market needs

is essential for

realizing FNs.


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2008. The Korean government has alsoannounced Smart Internet as a first deploymentmodel of the future Internet in 2011.

CONCLUDING REMARKSITU-T has developed and published during2009–2012 four important Recommendations:Y.3001, Y.3011, Y.3021, and Y.3031, represent-ing the first standard descriptions of future net-works. In addition to connectivity services, FNsare characterized by four objectives and 12design goals. These design goals are advancedcapabilities, features, and new network servicesthat are needed together in the realization ofFNs. When ITU-T started the discussion on FNsin 2009, the research was still in its initial stage.As the standardization work progressed throughdiscussions with various experts in this field,ITU-T was able to capture and identify the keycharacteristics and important aspects of FNs,and specify them in these documents. We believethat these Recommendations will provide asound foundation and appropriate guidance forsubsequent FNs’ realization, standardization,research, and development.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTThe authors would like to thank Sangjin Jeong,Hideki Otsuki, Toshihiko Kurita, Martin Wald-burger, Alojz Hudobivnik, Naotaka Morita,Hyoung-Jun Kim, and Chaesub Lee for theirwork and contributions to the ITU-T FN activi-ties. This article was partially supported by theEuropean Union UniverSELF project, theNational Institute of Information and Communi-cations Technology (NICT), and the ICT Stan-dardization program of the KoreaCommunications Commission (KCC).

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[14] J. Rubio-Loyola et al., “Scalable Service Deployment onSoftware Defined Networks,” IEEE Commun. Mag., vol.49, no. 12, Dec. 2011, pp 84–93.

[15] http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=503867 (visit-ed on 14 Dec. 2012).

BIOGRAPHIESDAISUKE MATSUBARA ([email protected])received B.S. and M.S. degrees in electrical engineeringfrom Kyoto University, Japan, in 1996 and 1998, respec-tively. In 1998, he joined Hitachi, Ltd., where he wasinvolved in research such as ATM/STM exchange units, QoSpath control using MPLS/DiffServ, P2P network systems,resource control for NGN, network virtualization, and data-oriented networks. He is co-editor of ITU-T Recommenda-tion Y.3001.

TAKASHI EGAWA joined NEC Corporation in 1991, and stud-ied topics such as the reliability of networks and active net-works. In 2005 he shifted his effort to standardization, inparticular in ITU-T. He edited NGN security (Y.2701), NGNidentity management (Y.2720), and other ITU-T Recom-mendations. He chaired the Focus Group on Future Net-works, and is now a Rapporteur of ITU-T SG13 Question 21(Future Networks).

NOZOMU NISHINAGA received his B.S. and M.S. in electronicsengineering and his Ph. D in information engineering fromNagoya University, Japan, in 1994, 1996, and 1998, respec-tively. From November 1998 to March 1999 he was aresearch assistant at the Information Media Education Cen-ter, Nagoya University. From 1999 to the present, he hasbeen a researcher with the National Institute of Informa-tion and Communications Technology (formerly, Communi-cations Research Laboratory). Since April 2011, he hasbeen director of the New Generation Network Laboratory,Network Research Headquarters. His current research inter-ests include Internet architecture and wireless communica-tions.

MYUNG-KI SHIN is currently a principal researcher at ETRI,Korea. He is a technical leader of the future network stan-dardization project in ETRI. He has been working on Inter-net protocols since 1994. He is an author of several IETFRFCs (RFC 3338, RFC 4038, RFC 4489, RFC 5181, etc.). He isa Rapporteur of Q21 (Future Networks)/SG13 in ITU-T. Hisresearch interests include future Internet, IPv6, mobility,network virtualization, and software-defined networkingtechnologies. He was also a guest researcher at NIST, Unit-ed States, in 2004–2005. He received a Ph.D. degree incomputer engineering from Chungnam National Universityfor research on IPv6 multicast and mobility in 2003.

VED P. KAFLE [M’04] ([email protected]) is a senior researcherat NICT. He has been involved in the design, implementa-tion, evaluation, and optimization of algorithms, protocols,and architectures of new generation networks or futurenetworks. In particular, his research interests include nam-ing and addressing, ID/locator split, name resolution, inte-gration of IPv4, IPv6, and new protocols, content-centricnetworking, distributed mobility management, privacy,security, and trust. He has served as a co-editor of severalFuture Network and NGN related ITU-T Recommendations.He was awarded the ITU Association of Japan Award in2009 and the Best Paper Award (second prize) at the ITU-TKaleidoscope conference in 2009.

ALEX GALIS is a professor in networked and service systemsat the University College London Department of Electronicand Electrical Engineering, United Kingdom. He has pub-lished eight books and more than 175 journal and confer-ence papers in future Internet areas. He has served onseveral program committees, and organized several IEEEconferences and workshops. He has served also as PrincipalInvestigator in three EU projects and he has contributed toanother 10 research EU projects. He also served as vice-chair of the ITU-T FG on Future Networks.

As the standardiza-

tion work pro-

gressed, ITU-T was

able to capture and

identify the key char-

acteristics and impor-

tant aspects of FNs

and specify them in

these documents.

We believe that

these Recommenda-

tions will provide

sound foundation

and appropriate

guidance for subse-

quent FNs realiza-

tion, standardization,

research and devel-

opment.


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