total war modern war a transformation of america the second american revolution the civil war
TRANSCRIPT
Push to War
Secession December 1860 Lincoln’s Concern = border states
Strategic location
Population RR and industry
Crittenden Compromise – failed Crittenden Resolution April 1861 – Fort Sumter
Essential Questions:
What factors determined the outcome of the war?
What was the impact of the war – socially, politically, constitutionally and economically?
Why is it called a “rebirth of freedom” and the second American Reovlution?
What is the irony of what each side “lost” in defending its respective idea of liberty?
Prompt:
Foner writes: “In a war of this kind, the effectiveness of political leadership, the ability to mobilize economic resources and a society’s willingness to keep up the fight despite setbacks are as crucial to the outcome as success or failure in individual battlefields.” Evaluate the relative effectiveness of each side – Union and Confederacy – in each of the three areas Foner mentions. Give specifics to support your assessment.
Comparison of Belligerents
Union Goals: preserve the
union - after 1863 emancipation
Strategy: occupy rebel territory; destroy ability of rebel army to fight
Tactic: Anaconda Plan blockade, control the Mississippi – divide, take Richmond
ConfederacyGoal:
independence Strategy: attrition
– make costly; find a foreign ally
Tactic: offensive defense (strategic defense)
OverviewOverviewofof
the North’sthe North’sCivil WarCivil WarStrategy:Strategy:
““Anaconda”Anaconda”PlanPlan
OverviewOverviewofof
the North’sthe North’sCivil WarCivil WarStrategy:Strategy:
““Anaconda”Anaconda”PlanPlan
Finances and Mobilization
UnionTariffs, taxesRepublican
agenda – banking, homestead act, tariffs
Citizen soldiers/draft
Industry & RR
ConfederacyInflation – paper
moneyCitizen
soldiers/draftIndustrial
production – OK; foodstuffs = problem
Leadership
Lincoln Davis Master strategy micromanaged Good communicator conflicts w/in War leadership problems with
centralization of power - LTD
Total Warfare
Role of technology – RR; rifle Defense
Massive numbers of troops and amounts of materiel
Involvement of civilian population
Assessment: Military
Confederate Advantage Easier task – defense Shorter supply lines & distances Long, indented coastline Experienced military leadership High morale
Union Advantage Population – immigrants, African Americans Navy
Assessment: Economic
Confederate Advantage Cotton – King Cotton diplomacy (allies)
Confederate Disadvantage Food production
Union Advantage Control over banking and capital: 70% RR,
65% farmland Strong bureaucracy – logistical support
Assessment: Political
Confederate disadvantage States rights philosophy Davis – internal divisions
Union Advantage Centralized government Lincoln’s leadership Political parties
Confederate hope - attrition
Cost of the war in terms of $ and causalities would cause the Union to turn against Lincoln --- (Atlanta)
1861-1862: Two FrontsEastFirst Bull Run July
1861 Nature the war
Army of the Potomac – McClellan
Peninsular Campaign
Monitor v VirginiaAntietam – Sept
1862 Tactical draw.
Strategic defeat Permits Emancipation
Proc.Fredericksburg Dec
1862
West Fts Henry and
Donelson-Feb. 1862 Shiloh – April 1862
Control upper Mississippi
New Orleans – Ap 1862 Farragut
Diplomacy
Support from Br & Fr critical for Confederate success – balance industry, break blockade
Trent Affair 1861Belligerent status from Br & FrKing Cotton Diplomacy – failed
Process of Emancipation
Lincoln – reluctant to act – border states, racism, constitution, overturning through election
Confiscation Acts 1861 – seize enemy property 1862 – freed slave of those rebelling
Emancipation Proclamation – Jan 1863 Rebel states only; 100 days give up arms
keep slaves 13th Amendment 1865
SignificanceNew war aim – abolitionFurther separates Br & Fr from
supporting the Confederacy L. reasserts control over party L. reasserts control over military
commanders Accelerated breakdown of slavery -
JuneteenthAfrican American Troops Transforms idea of the New Nation-
“new birth of freedom”13th Amendment
African-American Recruiting African-American Recruiting PosterPoster
African-American Recruiting African-American Recruiting PosterPoster
August Saint-Gaudens Memorial to August Saint-Gaudens Memorial to Col. Robert Gould ShawCol. Robert Gould Shaw
August Saint-Gaudens Memorial to August Saint-Gaudens Memorial to Col. Robert Gould ShawCol. Robert Gould Shaw
Turning Points: July 2-4,1863
GettysburgLee’s last
offensive thrustPickett’s Charge
at Cemetery Ridge
Morale –draft riots
VicksburgControl over
MississippiConfederacy
dividedGrant ----L’s
general
Internal divisions
Grinding to the end
March to the Sea – 1864 Atlanta – Sep’t 1864 – allowed L. re-
election – no conditional surrender or negotiated peace
Richmond – April 1864 Appomatox – Surrender April 9,
1865
Home Front: Union Economic activism in government Boom times for manyCorruption Finance – taxes, bonds, GreenbacksDissent Discontent and class issuesCivil Liberties – suspension of Habeas
Corpus; Copperheads; Ex Parte Milligan and Ex Parte Merryman
Extensive Legislation PassedExtensive Legislation PassedWithout the South in CongressWithout the South in CongressExtensive Legislation PassedExtensive Legislation Passed
Without the South in CongressWithout the South in Congress
1861 – Morrill Tariff Act1862 – Homestead Act1862 – Legal Tender Act1862 – Morrill Land Grant Act1862 – Emancipation Proclamation
(1/1/1863)1863 – Pacific Railway Act1863 – National Bank Act
1861 – Morrill Tariff Act1862 – Homestead Act1862 – Legal Tender Act1862 – Morrill Land Grant Act1862 – Emancipation Proclamation
(1/1/1863)1863 – Pacific Railway Act1863 – National Bank Act
Enrollment Act of 1863
“…All able-bodied male citizens of the United States and persons of foreign birth who have declared on oath their intention to become citizens …between the ages of twenty and forty-five, …are declared to constitute the national forces, and shall be liable to perform military duty ..when called out by the President…”
Letter from a Rioter - 1863To the Editor of the New York Times: You will, no doubt, be hard on us rioters
tomorrow morning, but that 300 dollar law had made us nobodies, vagabonds and cast-outs of society, for whom nobody cares when we must go to war and be shot down. We are the poor rabble and the rich rabble is our enemy by this law. Therefore, we will give our enemy battle right here and ask no quarter. Although we got hard fists and are dirty without, we have soft hearts and have clean consciences within and that’s the reason we love our wives and children more than the rich, because we got not much besides them and we will not go and leave them at home for to starve…Why don’t they let the nigger kill the slave-driving race and take possession of the South, as it belongs to them.” – A Poor Man
The $300 exemptionTo the Editor of the New York Times:‘You have been trying to vindicate the
Draft from the charge that it throw the whole burden of the war upon the poor. You must know that when one hundred men are drawn, if fifty of them can pay their $300 they are released and then their places must be filled by another draft from among the poor. If this is not releasing the rich and placing the burdens of the war, exclusively, on the poor, I should like to know what it would be.” A Poor Man
Home Front: Confederacy
Inflation and paper money Economic destruction Anti draft discontent – planter
exemption Dissent Discontent and class tensionsProposal to abandon slavery
Soldiers:
Citizen soldiersCorrupt camp life/revivals More discipline and better food – Union More individualism – Confederacy
Impact: Constitutional Amendments
13 – abolish slavery 14 – due process, equal protection of
the law, citizenship 15 – suffrage all males
Nature of the Union – people, indivisible , permanent and perpetual
New birth of freedom – reconciles Declaration and Constitution –federal gov’t as protector of rights
Impact: Political
Increase in power of federal gov’t Increase in power of the president South --- “Solid” – DemocratAfrican American – Republican Corruption “Grantism”
Impact: Economic
Tariffs and taxes –Morrill TariffIndustry and banking grow –new industrial era – National Banking Act
Western movement – Homestead Act
Modernized the N economy – industrial potential emerged
South needs to be totally rebuilt – loss of wealth
Impact: Social – Changing Social Fabric
Demographic changes – high death ratesRole of women Need to incorporate freed slaves – what is
the role of the freedman – Douglass”…the work does not end with the abolition of slavery, it only begins.”
End to optimism and reform – perfection and hope replaces with bitterness and disillusionment
Psychic Scars – social & cultural divisionsEmerson – change from “transcendent”
individual to celebration of organization & gov’t