topic 1 regional development

8/16/2019 Topic 1 REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT

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Regional Development

GMJT3124Introduction


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Development• Definitions:

• Contested (dipertandingkan) nature ofthe term development – Time-space-people specific

• Modernity as development

– The condition of being modern,new or up-to-date

– Locating people in time

– Relative to socio-economic-politico-cultural dynamism overspace

– Generally defined in relation toachievements in Europe andenlightenment period

– Modernity as progress toeradication of cultural practices


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Development• Development as process of economic attainment

– Work of international organizations like World Bank• Division of countries based on per capita GNP/GDP or GNI


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Development• Development as human development - UNDP

– Measured as enlarging choices (HDI)

– A long and healthy life, knowledge and descent living

– Human development domain

– Human development indicators

• Scale and measurement

– Individual, community, nation – Proxy measures: GNP, HDI indices etc

– Data: availability, quantitative-qualitative,

• Inequality at spatial and cross section levels

– Measures of inequality: Gini coefficient• Actors involved in development:

– Individual, household, community, government,

NGO, companies, organizations


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• An area of spatial change where peripheries of

two nearby realms or regions join

• Marked by a gradual shift (rather than a sharp

break) in the characteristics that distinguish

neighboring realms

TRANSITION ZONES


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GEOGRAPHICAL CLASSIFICATION

TheWorld

Realms

Regions

CONCEPT OF

SCALE


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• Areas of the earth’s surface marked by

certain properties• Scientific devices that enable us to make

spatial generalizations

• Based on criteria we establish

• Criteria can be:

Human (cultural) properties Physical (natural) characteristics

or Both

REGIONS


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• All regions have:

Area Boundaries

Location

REGIONS


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• Marked by a certain degree of homogeneity in

one or more phenomena

• Also called a uni form region or homogeneous

region

FORMAL REGION

Examples:

Corn Belt

Megalopolis


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• A region marked less by its sameness than itsdynamic internal structure

FUNCTIONAL REGION

Example: Los Angeles Metropolitan Area

• A spatial system focused

on a central core

• A region formed by a set

of places and their

functional integration


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Climate


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Planning

• Definition: Planning is – ‘… planning include a sequence of actions which are

designed to solve problems in the future’ – Glasson• Problems: social or economic

• Future: depends on level of planning

– ‘… a way of thinking about social and economicproblems, planning is oriented predominantly towardsthe future, is deeply concerned with the relation ofgoals to collective decisions and strives for

comprehensiveness in policy and program. Whereverthese modes of thought are applied, there is apresumption that planning is being done’

- Friedman


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Physical Planning

1. Physical planning: land use, communication,utilities etc.

• Originating through the exercise of regulating andcontrolling town development (not possible throughmarket)

Example:

• Spatial Planning •

• Urban and Regional Planning •

• Environmental Planning •

• Transportation Planning

• Houseing/real estate development

• Insfrastructure development planning


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Economic Planning

2. Economic planning:

• Concerned with the economic structure, employment,prosperity (work more through market mechanism)

• Economic planning is to make decision with respect

to the use of resources.

In communist countries the government makes

bothmicro and macro economic decisions.

Microeconomic decisions include what goods

andservices to produce, the qualities to produce,

theprices to charge, and the wages to pay.

Macroeconomics decisions include the rate

ofinvestment and the extent of foreign trade.


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Allocative planning

3. Allocative planning is concerned with co-ordination, the resolution of conflicts ensuring

that, the existing system is ticking over

efficiently through time in accordance withevolving policies. It is also known as regulatory

planning. ( Glasson, J.,1978.,p.20).


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Imperative Planning

4. Innovative planning, on the other hand ismore concerned with improving/developing

the system as a whole,

• introducing new aims and objectivesattempting to change on a large scale.

• For this reason it is sometimes known as

development planning.


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Planning5. Single objective planning

• Ideal goal expressed in abstract terms – improved theinequality or to improve the living standard

• Objective capable of attainment and measurement

• Purpose is explicit rather than implicit

6. Multi objective planning• Goals and objectives are social economic nature

• Manifest and latent aims

7. Indicative planning

• Lays down general guidelines advisory in nature

8. Imperative planning• Command planning involves specific directives


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Regional Planning• deals with the efficient placement of land-use

activities, infrastructure, and settlement

growth across a larger area of land than anindividual city or town.

• Regional planning is a sub-field ofurban planning as it relates land use practiceson a broader scale.

• Definitions:• As areas displaying some coherence or unity of

economic decisions – Boudeville

• An area which is large enough to enable substantialchanges in distribution of population andemployment to take place within its boundaries, yet

which is small enough for its planning problems to beseen as a whole – Keeble

• … are geographical regions suitable for the designingand implementing of development plans for dealingwith the regional problems – Glasson

• Identification of planning regions involve some

compromise.


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Planning Region

• Administration of planning regions

– Planning is not really planning if not implemented

– Region needs to coincide with Administrative

boundary – To be administratively viable region must satisfy:• Large enough to support professional administrators

• Encompassing commuter hinterland

• Human catchment area like of health and education

• Able to provide necessary talents for their services

• Topographic factors – sewerage or transport system

• Regional consciousness


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Regional Planning

• Levels of Planning: – National planning

– Regional planning• Definition: ‘… in its various forms,

can be seen as an attempt to guidethe development of a region’ -Glasson

– Levels of regional planning• Multi national regional planning

• Sub-national regional planning• Local authority level planning

• Town planning


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Activity 1

• Work in pairs

• Find the reason, whydo region needs

regional planning?Explain and give anexample.

• Please answer thequestion through yourpadlet.


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Need for Regional Planning• Pressure for governmental

action at regional level

– Regional culture, politicalidentities, desire forautonomy and self fulfillment

and administrative efficiency – Physical and environmental

necessities

– To reduce regional imbalances

– Supportive device for nationaland local planning

– Economic instabilities

– Institutional changes

topic 1 regional development

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