Download - Topic 1 REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT
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Regional Development
GMJT3124Introduction
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Development• Definitions:
• Contested (dipertandingkan) nature ofthe term development – Time-space-people specific
• Modernity as development
– The condition of being modern,new or up-to-date
– Locating people in time
– Relative to socio-economic-politico-cultural dynamism overspace
– Generally defined in relation toachievements in Europe andenlightenment period
– Modernity as progress toeradication of cultural practices
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Development• Development as process of economic attainment
– Work of international organizations like World Bank• Division of countries based on per capita GNP/GDP or GNI
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Development• Development as human development - UNDP
– Measured as enlarging choices (HDI)
– A long and healthy life, knowledge and descent living
– Human development domain
– Human development indicators
• Scale and measurement
– Individual, community, nation – Proxy measures: GNP, HDI indices etc
– Data: availability, quantitative-qualitative,
• Inequality at spatial and cross section levels
– Measures of inequality: Gini coefficient• Actors involved in development:
– Individual, household, community, government,
NGO, companies, organizations
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• An area of spatial change where peripheries of
two nearby realms or regions join
• Marked by a gradual shift (rather than a sharp
break) in the characteristics that distinguish
neighboring realms
TRANSITION ZONES
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GEOGRAPHICAL CLASSIFICATION
TheWorld
Realms
Regions
CONCEPT OF
SCALE
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• Areas of the earth’s surface marked by
certain properties• Scientific devices that enable us to make
spatial generalizations
• Based on criteria we establish
• Criteria can be:
Human (cultural) properties Physical (natural) characteristics
or Both
REGIONS
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• All regions have:
Area Boundaries
Location
REGIONS
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• Marked by a certain degree of homogeneity in
one or more phenomena
• Also called a uni form region or homogeneous
region
FORMAL REGION
Examples:
Corn Belt
Megalopolis
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• A region marked less by its sameness than itsdynamic internal structure
FUNCTIONAL REGION
Example: Los Angeles Metropolitan Area
• A spatial system focused
on a central core
• A region formed by a set
of places and their
functional integration
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Climate
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Planning
• Definition: Planning is – ‘… planning include a sequence of actions which are
designed to solve problems in the future’ – Glasson• Problems: social or economic
• Future: depends on level of planning
– ‘… a way of thinking about social and economicproblems, planning is oriented predominantly towardsthe future, is deeply concerned with the relation ofgoals to collective decisions and strives for
comprehensiveness in policy and program. Whereverthese modes of thought are applied, there is apresumption that planning is being done’
- Friedman
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Physical Planning
1. Physical planning: land use, communication,utilities etc.
• Originating through the exercise of regulating andcontrolling town development (not possible throughmarket)
Example:
• Spatial Planning •
• Urban and Regional Planning •
• Environmental Planning •
• Transportation Planning
• Houseing/real estate development
• Insfrastructure development planning
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Economic Planning
2. Economic planning:
• Concerned with the economic structure, employment,prosperity (work more through market mechanism)
• Economic planning is to make decision with respect
to the use of resources.
In communist countries the government makes
bothmicro and macro economic decisions.
Microeconomic decisions include what goods
andservices to produce, the qualities to produce,
theprices to charge, and the wages to pay.
Macroeconomics decisions include the rate
ofinvestment and the extent of foreign trade.
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Allocative planning
3. Allocative planning is concerned with co-ordination, the resolution of conflicts ensuring
that, the existing system is ticking over
efficiently through time in accordance withevolving policies. It is also known as regulatory
planning. ( Glasson, J.,1978.,p.20).
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Imperative Planning
4. Innovative planning, on the other hand ismore concerned with improving/developing
the system as a whole,
• introducing new aims and objectivesattempting to change on a large scale.
• For this reason it is sometimes known as
development planning.
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Planning5. Single objective planning
• Ideal goal expressed in abstract terms – improved theinequality or to improve the living standard
• Objective capable of attainment and measurement
• Purpose is explicit rather than implicit
6. Multi objective planning• Goals and objectives are social economic nature
• Manifest and latent aims
7. Indicative planning
• Lays down general guidelines advisory in nature
8. Imperative planning• Command planning involves specific directives
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Regional Planning• deals with the efficient placement of land-use
activities, infrastructure, and settlement
growth across a larger area of land than anindividual city or town.
• Regional planning is a sub-field ofurban planning as it relates land use practiceson a broader scale.
• Definitions:• As areas displaying some coherence or unity of
economic decisions – Boudeville
• An area which is large enough to enable substantialchanges in distribution of population andemployment to take place within its boundaries, yet
which is small enough for its planning problems to beseen as a whole – Keeble
• … are geographical regions suitable for the designingand implementing of development plans for dealingwith the regional problems – Glasson
• Identification of planning regions involve some
compromise.
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Planning Region
• Administration of planning regions
– Planning is not really planning if not implemented
– Region needs to coincide with Administrative
boundary – To be administratively viable region must satisfy:• Large enough to support professional administrators
• Encompassing commuter hinterland
• Human catchment area like of health and education
• Able to provide necessary talents for their services
• Topographic factors – sewerage or transport system
• Regional consciousness
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Regional Planning
• Levels of Planning: – National planning
– Regional planning• Definition: ‘… in its various forms,
can be seen as an attempt to guidethe development of a region’ -Glasson
– Levels of regional planning• Multi national regional planning
• Sub-national regional planning• Local authority level planning
• Town planning
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Activity 1
• Work in pairs
• Find the reason, whydo region needs
regional planning?Explain and give anexample.
• Please answer thequestion through yourpadlet.
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Need for Regional Planning• Pressure for governmental
action at regional level
– Regional culture, politicalidentities, desire forautonomy and self fulfillment
and administrative efficiency – Physical and environmental
necessities
– To reduce regional imbalances
– Supportive device for nationaland local planning
– Economic instabilities
– Institutional changes