TOPIC 1OBSERVATION AND

MEASUREMENT  

Objectives

1. Define observation, inference and prediction2. Explain how change can be described and measured3. Give some examples of cyclic changes in our environment

OBSERVATION – interaction of one or more of the senses.

Sight, hear, touch, taste, and smell

Which senses do you use the most when you learn?

 • EXTEND our senses with

___________________

Sight

Touch

INSTRUMENTS

•SENSES ARE LIMITED

•-         - measure with a metric stick,

telescope•-         - thermometer, scale

INFERENCE

• - is an interpretation of one or more observations

• Includes proposing explanation or reaching conclusions

• Una interpretacion de una o varias observaciones

• Incluye proponiendo una explicacion o alcanzando conclusiones

Inference Versus Observation

1. The age of the students in this Earth Science Class is 15.

InferenceWhy?

2. The classroom door is made of wood.

ObservationWhy?

PREDICTIONS

• - is an inference based on an observation that indicates what will happen in the future.

What is this guy doing?Que esta haciendo este hombre?

Weather forecast

CLASSIFICATION• Scientists group different objects

and events together on the basis of common properties or___________

• Make observation more meaningful • Poner diferente objetos y eventos juntos

basados en propiedades comunes o caracteristicas

characteristics

CHARACTERISTICS OF CHANGE

What is change? A detectable difference in the environment over time.

CHARACTERISTICS OF CHANGE

THE EVENTS OF CHANGE-• Series of change is called an event• The event may be such

asINSTANTANEOUS

lightningThe event may be such as the wearing away of mountains and the drifting of continents

GRADUAL

Earth Science is concerned with the events of change.

FRAMES OF REFERENCE FOR CHANGE

We change observe

Place events of change on a

time scale- escala de tiempo

RATE OF CHANGE

-How much of a change takes

place within a given period

of time

GRAPHING CHANGE

1. Useful for interpreting data

2. List of numbers

3. One factor is changing with

respect to another

Un factor esta cambiando con respecto al otro

INTERPRETING GRAPHS

Show relationships between ________ variables

Encena la relacion entre dos variables

two

Can you think of any?

Time and Temperature

increases

This is a Direct relationship

Temperature _________ as time increases

DIRECT RELATIONSHIP

 

   

Give me an example that would make this graph work in reference to the Sun.

INVERSE RELATIONSHIP

Temperature decreases with passing time.

As time ___________ temperature decreases.

increases

INVERSE RELATIONSHIP

    

Give me an example that would make this graph work in reference to the Time of the day. Think night time and temperature!!

CONSTANT

CONSTANT

     

Give me an example that would make this graph work in reference to Driving a car.Think about the speed limit!!

Que es un ejemplo que haria esta grafica trabajar en referencia a manejando un carro. Piensen del limite de velocidad!!

CYCLIC CHANGES

• Moon changes are called _________PHASES

This cycle takes a __________ period of time. definite

The change repeats over and over in exactly the same way.

-Day and night

-Seasons- temporadas

-Position of stars and planets in the night sky

-__________________________________________

Ocean Tides- Mareas oceanicas

 

      

CYCLIC CHANGES

Give me some examples that would make this graph work in reference to Earth Science? What happens over and over again ? Que son unos ejemplos que harian esta grafica trabaje en referencia a la Ciencia de la Tierra? Que sucede una y otra vez?

Interaction of one or more of the senses.

To make an observation more meaningful. Hacer una observacion mas significativa

An interpretation based on one or more observation.

A series of events that can be instantaneous or gradual. Una serie de eventos que pueden ser instantanea o gradual

  5. How does energy flow in relation to change? Como fluye la energia en relacion con el cambio?      6.   Define prediction.       7. What are the differences between a cyclic and non-cyclic change?    

Energy flows from high to low energy.

Los flujos de energia fluyen de alta a baja energia

An inference based on an observation that indicates what will happen in the future.

Cyclic change repeats itself, predictable. Cambios ciclicos se repiten, predecible

Non-cyclic change is not predictable and only happens once(does not repeat itself). Cambios no ciclicos NO son predecible y solo pasa una vez.

 

Please label the following graphs

 

8.

Direct

9.

Inverse or indirect

10.

Constant

Define equilibrium.

Define pollution.

To maintain a balance.

Mantener un balance

Solid, liquid or gas that can harm the environment.

Gases, liquidos o solidos que perjudica el ambiente

Day and Night