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Heb 132

Heb 132

Chart from Basics of Biblical Hebrew, Pratico & Van Pelt

2/3 of the 72,000 verbs in the Hebrew Bible are Qal stem.

3ms ק�ט�ל he killed

3fs הק�ט�ל� she killed

2ms �ק�ט�ל� ת� you (m) killed

2fs �ק�ט�ל� ת� you (f) killed

1cs �יק�ט�ל� ת� I killed

3cp �ק�ט�ל ו they killed

2mp ת��םק�ט�ל� you (mp) killed

2fp �ןק�ט�ל� ת� you (fp) killed

1cp �ק�ט�ל� נו we killed

• 3ms is the basic form of the perfect verb and does not have a suffix.

• 1cs, 1cp and 3cp do not distinguish between masculine and feminine and are referred to as “common”.• Though variations may occur in the verb stem, the suffixes remain the same. • The vowels of a verb stem may reduce according to the principles of vowel reduction explained in Chapter 2.

• When a verb’s final root consonant is identical to the first consonant of the suffix, the two consonants combine. For example: ר�ת�� �י + כ ת� combine to create י� ��ר�ת� for the first כcommon singular “I cut”.

• Perfect verb form features suffixes (see red font)

The perfect verb represents:

1. Completed action such as past tense (I wrote) and present perfect tense (I have written).

�י ��ת�ב�ת� כ I wrote/I have written

2. Perception, attitude or disposition. For example:

� �ד�עו י They know/they knew/they have known.

3. State of being, which is translated with the English “to be” verb combined with an adjective. For example:

�ק�ן ז He is old.

� �קו .They are strong ח�ז

4. Habitual activity, mainly in Hebrew poetry. Habitual activity does not have a tense. This form is rarely used in prose. For example:

�י �ע�צ�ת� י I advise.

� ��ת�ב�ת� כ You (m.s.) write.

Most Perfect Verbs should be translated as Past Tense/Completed Action! (see number 1)

3ms ק�ט�ל he killed

3fs הק�ט�ל� she killed

2ms �ק�ט�ל� ת� you (m) killed

2fs �ק�ט�ל� ת� you (f) killed

1cs �יק�ט�ל� ת� I killed

3cp �ק�ט�ל ו they killed

2mp ת��םק�ט�ל� you (mp) killed

2fp �ןק�ט�ל� ת� you (fp) killed

1cp �ק�ט�ל� נו we killed

Key: Qamets vowel beneath first root consonant.

Exception: Heavy endings force propretonic vowel reduction of the qamets to a shewa. (see 2mp, 2fp)

Identify:

Verbal Stem (Qal, Niphal, Piel, Pual, Hiphil, Hophal, Hithpael)

Conjugation (Perfect, Imperfect, Participle, Imperative, etc.)

PNG (Person, Number, Gender) For example: 2ms, 1cs, 3mp, etc.

Verbal Root (3 consonant root) For example: the root for י� �כ�ר�ת� is זזכר

�י �כ�ר�ת� זכר Qal Perfect 3ms = ז

Root vs. Stem זכר vs. כ�ר� ז

Parse the following:

�ח�ט�א נו

�ש��מ�ע� נו

ר� �ש��מ� נו

����ר�ש �ד נו

�ל�כ�ד� נומ�ר�ד�

� נו

�יש��כ�ב� ת�

�יב�ח�ר� ת�

�יג�א�ל� ת�

�ק�ד� �יפ� ת� �יא�כ�ל� ת�

ת�ןע#ש"�י

�ב� �ןע#ז ת�

�ד�ע� י�ן ת�

�ל�ד� �י ת�

�כ�ר� �יז ת�

א�כ�ל��י ת�

א�מ��ר� ת��םש��מ�ע�ת�

ת��םב��ח�ר�

ת��םב��ג�ד�

�א�מ�ר� ת�

ת�ע�ש"�י�ד�ע� �י �ש��מ�עת� ו

�פ�ל �נ ו�ב �ע�ז ו

�ש"�ר�פ ו

הש��ק�ט� ��ל�ת� הכ

��ל�פ� �כ�ר�הד הז הר�פ�ת�

א�מ�ר � �המ�ל�ך ב��נ

Parse the following:

�ח�ט�א נו

�ש��מ�ע� נו

�יש��כ�ב� ת�

ת�ןע#ש"�י

�ל�ד� �י ת�

ת��םש��מ�ע�

הש��ק�ט�

�כ�ר� הז

�ה ב��נ

�ש��מ�ר� נו

����ר�ש �ד נו

�יב�ח�ר� ת�

�ב� �ןע#ז ת�

�כ�ר� �יז ת�

�ש��מ�ע ו

�פ�ל �נ ו

הר�פ�ת�

א�מ�ר

1st Common Plural

1st Common Singular

2nd Feminine Plural

2nd Feminine Singular

2nd Masculine Plural

3rd Feminine Singular

1st Common Plural

3rd Feminine Singular

3rd Masculine Singular

1st Common Plural

3rd Common Plural

1st Common Singular

2nd Feminine Plural

1st Common Plural

3rd Common Plural

1st Common Singular

3rd Feminine Singular

3rd Masculine Singular

�ל�כ�ד� נו

�יג�א�ל� ת�

�ק�ד� �יפ� ת�

ת��םב��ח�ר�

ת��םב��ג�ד�

�א�מ�ר� ת�

ת�ע�ש"�י

�ש"�ר�פ ו

��ל�ת� הכ

מ�ר�ד�� נו

�יא�כ�ל� ת�

�ד�ע� י�ן ת�

א�כ�ל��י ת�

א�מ��ר� ת�

�ד�ע� �י ת�

�ב �ע�ז ו

��ל�פ� הד

מ�ל�ך�

1st Common Singular

2nd Masculine Plural

2nd Masculine Singular

1st Common Plural

2nd Masculine Singular

3rd Feminine Singular

1st Common Singular

2nd Masculine Plural

3rd Common Plural

1st Common Singular

2nd Masculine Singular

1st Common Plural

2nd Feminine Singular

3rd Common Plural

2nd Feminine Plural

1st Common Singular

3rd Feminine Singular

3rd Masculine Singular

In English, the usual word order is subject, verb, and object. For example: “David slew Goliath.”

In Hebrew, the word order of a sentence is usually verb, subject, object. For example:

�ל�ד ה�א�ש��ה י�ל�ד�ה י

Literal: Bore the woman a child.Idiomatic: The woman bore a child.

� �כ�ר ה�מ��ל�ך ז א�ת־ה�ע�ב�ד

Literal: Remembered the king the servant.Idiomatic: The king remembered the servant.

The verb agrees with the subject’s person, number, and gender.

Adverbial elements usually follow the verb, subject, and object.

Pronominal subjects are built into the verb’s form. For example:

� ה�ל�כו��ה�ר א�ל־ה�נ

Literal: Walked they to the river.Idiomatic: They walked to the river.

��ת�ב�ה א�ת־ה�ס��פ�ר .Literal: Wrote she the book כIdiomatic: She wrote the book.

The word ל"א is used to negate the perfect and is placed before the verb. For example:

�כ�ר ל'א זפ�ר א�ת־ה�ס��

Literal: Not he remembered the book.Idiomatic: He did not remember the book.

An exception occurs when the indirect object is a pronominal (me, you, him, her, etc.) and the direct object is not a pronominal. In these cases the order is reversed.

�ת�ן ל�י א�ת־ה�ס��פ�ר נ Literal: Gave he to me the book.Idiomatic: He gave me the book.

Usually the indirect object follows the direct object. For example:

� א�ת־ה�ב��ית �ת�ן ה�מ��ל�ך נ ל��א�ש��ה

Literal: Gave the king the house to the woman.Idiomatic: The king gave the house to the woman.(“to the woman” is the indirect object)

The conjunction � varies before the (and, but, or, also, even) וbeginning of words that have the following traits:

The form is � when placed before words beginning with ופ, ב , or מ. For example:

מ�ים water �מ�ים ו and water

� ל�ך מ� a king � ל�ך �מ� ו and a king

ב��ית a house �ב�ית ו and a house

When a word begins with � � the ,י � and ו �י contract to י :For example .ו

�ד�ה �הו י Judah �ד�ה �יהו ו and Judah

�ע�ה �ש�ו י salvation�ע� �יש�ו ו

הand salvation

The form is � when placed before most words whose first וconsonant takes a shewa. For example:

�א� ש��מול

Samuel�א� �ש��מו ו

לand Samuel

When the first consonant of a word takes a composite shewa, the conjunction’s vowel matches the short vowel of the composite shewa. For example:

ח(ל�י sickness �ח(ל�י ו and sickness

א#ר�צו'ת lands�א#ר�צו' ו

תand lands