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Chp. 11 Genetics

Chp. 11 – 2

Chromosomes

 I.   Chromosomes A.   Rod shaped bodies in the nucleus B.   Made of proteins & chemical DNA 1. DNA make up one’s genes which determine traits C. May contain 100s of genes

II. The Cell cycle A. The series of events a cell goes through

as it grows and divides B. Occurs differently between prokaryotic

cell & a eukaryotic cell

Where are chromosomes found?

1 2 3 4 5

50%

0% 0%0%

50%

1. In the blood

2. On the sex cells

3. In the nucleus

4. In the pancreas

5. In the stomach

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True/False: All cells grow and divided the same

1 2

50%50%1. True

2. False

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III. Prokaryotic cells A. No nucleus B. Once grown to a certain size may duplicate C. Process in form of asexual reproduction

1. Binary fission

D. Steps 1. Chromosomes are in cytoplasm and replicate 2. DNA attached to different part of cell membrane 3. Fibers form between them and start to pinch across the center until pinched closed & form

2 new cells

True/false: Prokaryotic cells have a nucleus

1 2

50%50%

1. True

2. False

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Binary fission is _____.

1 2 3

33% 33%33%1. a form of sexual reproduction

2. a from asexual reproduction

3. a form where cells shrink

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How many steps does it for a prokaryotic cell to double?

1 2 3 4 5

20% 20% 20%20%20%

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1. 1

2. 2

3. 3

4. 4

5. 5

IV. Eukaryotic Cells

A. single-celled organism 1. reproduce by splitting in half

B. Mitosis1. process that results in 2 cells identical to

the parent cell 2.  6 phases of cell division (4 of are mitosis)

a. interphase 1- four parts/phases

2 - longest phase 3 – preps for the cell division process 4 – G 1

i. cells grow in size

5 – S phase i. synthesis ii. New DNA made when chromosomes are replicated

6 - G2 phase i. organelles needed for the division are made

7 – M phase i. mitosis ii. once large enough, cells make a copy of itself

b. prophase

1 – first true phase

2 - chromosomes replicate

i – once doubled known as chromatids

ii - join at the centromere

3 - nuclear membrane disappears

4 – spindles appear

5 – centrioles appear to help organize spindles

c. Metaphase

1 – 2nd phase of mitosis

2 – the chromosomes line up in the center of the cell

3 - Spindle fibers connect the center of each chromosome

d. Anaphase

1 – 3rd phase of mitosis

2 – centromeres split & sister chromatids separate to each pole of the

spindle fibers

e. Telophase

1 – 4th and final stage of mitosis 2 – chromosomes spread out into chromatin 3 - nuclear membrane forms around each group of chromosomes 4 – spindle breaks apart 5 – mitosis complete 6 – cell division still has one step

• Cytokinesis1 – cytoplasm divides to form 2 new daughter cells being

identical to the parent

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VlN7K1-9QB0

***

How many phases are there in cell division?

1. 4

2. 6

3. 7

4. 8

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How many parts are there in interphase?

1 2 3 4 5

20% 20% 20%20%20%

1. 1

2. 2

3. 3

4. 4

5. 5

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What is the end result of cell division?

1. 4 new cells

2. 2 new son cells

3. 2 new parent cells

4. 2 new daughter cells

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How many phases are there in mitosis?

1. 2

2. 3

3. 4

4. 5

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Which phase do we receive 2 new daughter cells?

1. Prophase

2. Telophase

3. Metaphase

4. Cytokenisis

5. Anaphase

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Which phase do cells make a copy of themselves?

1. Prophase

2. Anaphase

3. Metaphase

4. Interphase

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Which phase does the nuclear membrane disappear?

1. Prophase

2. Metaphase

3. Anaphase

4. Telophase

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Which phase does the nuclear membrane reappear?

1. Telophase

2. Metaphase

3. Anaphase

4. Cytokenisis

Which phase are chromosomes known as chromatids?

1. Interphase

2. Metaphase

3. Anaphase

4. Prophase

When does the spindle appear?

1. Prophase

2. Telophase

3. Metaphase

4. Anaphase

When does the spindle disappear?

1. Prophase

2. Telophase

3. Cytokenisis

4. Anaphase

Which phase has the chromosomes line up in the

center of the cell?

1. Anaphase

2. Metaphase

3. Prophase

4. Telophase

When do the centromere split and the chromatids go to opposite

ends?

1. Anaphase

2. Prophase

3. Telophase

4. Metaphase

Which phase is the final stage of mitosis?

1. Anaphase

2. Telophase

3. Cytokenisis

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Which phase starts mitosis?

1. Interphase

2. Prophase

3. Metaphase

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When do chromosomes change name to chromatids?

1 2 3 4

25% 25%25%25%1. They never do

2. When the double

3. When they separate

4. They are always that name

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III. Sexual Reproduction

A. most multi-celled organisms reproduce sexually 1.  2 cells called gametes form 1 cell a. gametes are only ½ of chromosomes found in an an organism’s body cells b. when gametes join – they form a cell that has a completed set of chromosomes

B.    humans have 46 chromosomes 1. receive 23 from mom and 23 from dad 2. zygote – when sperm & egg join 3. contain approx 30,000 genes

How many chromosomes do we receive in all?

1. 23

2. 42

3. 46

4. 84

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What is the object known as when the sperm & egg join?

1. Gametes

2. Zygotes

3. Chromosomes

4. Trouble

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How many chromosomes do you receive from each parent?

1. 42

2. 22

3. 23

4. 26

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IV. Meiosis A.  def. – process that results in cells with only ½ the number of chromosomes

B.  Produce sex cells 1. sperm 2. egg

C. each pair of genes that comes from the parent to offspring separate during the stages

D.    Process – 9 phases 1.  interphase - chromosomes double in size 2.  Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I 3.  cell divides 2nd time

a. Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II

4.  results into 4 cells

How many times do the cells divide?

1. 1

2. 2

3. 3

4. 4

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How many cells are produced as an end result?

1. 2

2. 4

3. 6

4. 8

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V. Sex Chromosomes

A.  Chromosomes that determine if one is a male or female B.  two kinds 1.     X xx=female 2.     Y xy=male  C. determine via a Punnett Square

X X

Y

XX XX

XY XY

X

- 50% chance to be a male- 50% chance to be a female

What is the male sex chromosome?

1. XX

2. YY

3. XY

4. YX

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What is the female sex chromosome?

1. XY

2. YY

3. XX

4. YX

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VI.  Experiments w/ fruit flies A.  Thomas Hunt 1.  American zoologist 2.  studied fruit flies 3. realized sex cells are different shapes

VII. Sex-linked traits A. traits linked to the sex of the organism

VIII. Carriers A. Organism that carries a gene but does not show the gene’s effect 1. Ex – females carry colorblindness gene

IX. Blood groupsA. 4 major groups

1. A

a. A is dominant

b. alleles are AA or AO

2. B

a. B is dominant

b. alleles are BB or BO

3. AB

a. no dominance

b. alleles can be AB only

4. O

a. recessive/universal

b. alleles can be oo only

B. RH factor1. Grouping of proteins

a. found on the rhesus monkey

b. RH factor

2. Landsteiner & Weiner

a. American scientists

3. If have at least 1 protein, said to be RH positive (RH+)

4. If no protein, then RH negative (RH-)

5. Blood types A +, A- B +, B- AB+, AB- O+, O-

C. donating 1. negative blood can only receive negative blood of their type or O 2. positive blood can receive, + or – of their type or O

TRUE/FALSE: There are some diseases that are related just to the sex

chromosome.

1 2

0%0%

1. True

2. False

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TRUE/FALSE: A carrier has the gene but not the disease/trait.

1 2

0%0%

1. True

2. False

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How many blood groups are there?

1 2 3 4

0% 0%0%0%

1. 4

2. 5

3. 6

4. 8

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Which blood group has no dominance?

1 2 3 4

0% 0%0%0%

1. A

2. B

3. AB

4. O

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Which blood group is recessive?

1 2 3 4

0% 0%0%0%

1. A

2. B

3. AB

4. O

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Which blood group is the universal donor?

1 2 3 4

0% 0%0%0%

1. AB-

2. AB+

3. O-

4. O+

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Who is the universal receiver?

1 2 3 4

0% 0%0%0%

1. O+

2. O-

3. AB+

4. AB-

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Assignment: Worksheet

Homework: Review questions page 278