tissues. epithelial – surface, lining body cavities connective – hard and soft muscle –...
TRANSCRIPT
CHAPTER 5 - HISTOLOGY
Tissues
TISSUE IS COMPOSED OF SIMILAR CELLS TO PERFORM
A PARTICULAR FUNCTION
CELLS ARE SURROUNDED BY NON-LIVING MATERIAL
CALLED THE MATRIX
THE DENSITY OF THE MATRIX DETERMINES THE
RIGIDITY OF THE TISSUE
TYPES OF TISSUES
Epithelial – surface, lining body cavities
Connective – hard and soft
Muscle – movement
Nervous - communication
EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT
After two wks. three germ layers produced – endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm
Histogenesis determines the tissue type.
Epitheial – all Connective/muscle – mesoderm Nervous - ectoderm
EPITHELIAL TISSUE – TWO CATEGORIES
Membranous – Body coveringVesselsResp., digestive, GU systems
Glandular - Endocrine and exocrine glands
EPITHELIAL FUNCTIONS Protection Sensory – skin, nose, eye, ear
Secretion – hormones, sweat, mucus, digestive enzymes
Absorption – gut – resp. gases
Excretion – renal tubules
EPITHELIAL GENERALIZATIONS Limited matrix material Under scope appears as tightly packed
sheets Epithelium attached to basal membrane
(layer of connective tissue by a thin noncellular layer)
Glycoproteins (basal lamina) secreted by epithelial cells and a mesh of fibers (reticular lamina) produced by the connective tissue
Adhesive molecules (integrins) help bind cytoskeleton of epithelial cells to basement membrane
Avascular Diffusion allows for O2 and nutrients Can reproduce themselves
CLASSIFICATION Based on cell shape
Based on layers of cells
SIMPLE SQUAMOUS Give criteria Flat One layer Scale-like Diffusion easy through this tissue Alveoli, pleura, pericardium, lymph
vessels
SHAPE - SQUAMOUS
SIMPLE CUBOIDAL
One layerCube shapedGlandskidneys
SHAPE - CUBOIDAL
SIMPLE COLUMNAR Mucus membrane Stomach lining Uterus Intestine Goblet cells – secretory vesicles – mucus Microvilli present Surface structure expands – fan demo
SHAPE - COLUMNAR
PEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR Air passages Urethra Cells differ in height and gives false
impression of stratification Resp.system lining = cilia moves one
direction for protection = in or out?
SHAPE - PSEUDOSTRATIFIED
LAYERS – SIMPLE – ONE CELL THICKNESS
STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM – MORE THAT ONE CELL THICKNESS
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS Keratinized
Protective factor on outer surface -keratohyaline
Resistance to friction and tractionDry Typically impermeable
Non-keratinizedLining the vagina, mouth, esophagusFree surface is moistAllows diffusion of materials
STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL Two or more rows arranged randomly
over basement membrane Sweat gland ducts Pharynx Part of epiglottis
STRATIFIED COLUMNAR Multiple layers Rare locations
Male urethraMucus layer near anus
STRATIFIED TRANSITION Find in areas of stress and tension
change
Wall of bladder Shape changes from cuboidal to
columnar
DURING THE VOIDING PROCESSS, THIS TISSUE GOES THROUGH GREAT TRANSITION!
LEGO LAB
GLANDULAR Secretory in nature
Exocrine glands – discharge secretion into ductssaliva
Endocrine glands – discharge secretion into the bloodhormones
CLASSIFICATION OF EXOCRINE GLANDS Apocrine
Holocrine
Merocrine
APOCRINE - MAMMARY
HOLOCRINE - SEBACEOUS
MEROCRINE - SALIVARY
POINTS TO PONDER……….
? What is the most widespread
abundant tissue? Nerve tissue is derived from
what germ layer? Define tissue Blood is a member of what
tissue type?
PONDER….
What tissue lines body cavities? Function of epithelial tissue Where is keratinized squamous
epithelium found? Know glandular differences Function of connective tissue Where is collagenous tissue
found?
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
One of the Most widespread tissues in the body
VARIED FORMS Delicate tissue paper webs
Tough resilient cords
Rigid bones
Blood
FUNCTIONS Connects – muscle to muscle
Supports - framework Transports - nutrients, hormones, waste
Defends - skin
CHARACTERISTICS Matrix – intracellular material Ground substance – embedded in matrix
along with fibers and fluid Qualities of matrix and fibers determine
structure of tissue Blood – matrix is plasma – no fibers,
many cells (except during coagulation) Number of fibers determine
consistency/strength
CONNECTIVE TISSUE MATRIX:ONE OR MORE FIBERS Collagenous – white – tough and strong –
occur in bundles (provides strength) Possibly accounting for more than one-fourth of
protein in body Typically reflects aging process
Reticular – elastic and delicate – occur in networks (supports nerves, capillaries)
These are produced by fibroblasts and some other cells
ELASTIC FIBERS
Made of elastin Found in tissues that can stretch – nose, etc.
What do you know about elastic products?
BARRIERS AND GLUE Protein fibers + proteoglycans
(polysacharide chains – glucosamine) = matrix fluid
This fluid is thick
Barrier for microbes
Also, transparent lubricant to hold tissue together
CLASSIFICATION Structural characteristics of the
intracellular materialFibrous – extracellular fibers are
predominant featureBone – fibers and hard mineral
ground substanceCartilage – ground substance traps
water to form a firm gelBlood - lack of fibers in matrix
FIBROUS Loose/ordinary/areolar Stretchable Most widely distributed of all tissues Connects adjacent structures – acts like glue
that permits movement Term areolar refers to bubbly effect when
pulled apart on dissection Matrix is soft, thick gel but hyaluronic acid
can turn it watery IM absorption increases with watery state Strep bacterium release this acid to allow
for ease of permeability
Macrophages carry on phagocytosis
Type of WBC – mast cell
ADIPOSE Predominately fat cells and few
fibroblasts, macrophages and mast cells
Provides padding
Storage
insulation
RETICULAR Three dimensional web (reticular
network) Framework of the spleen, lymph, bone
marrow
Defense mechanism that acts as a filter, traps and eats invaders
DENSE FIBROUS TISSUE Fibers packed densely in matrix Few fibroblasts Regular/irregular – depends on
arrangement of fibers Dense – bundles of fibers of collagen –
tendons (flexible and great strength) ligament – mostly elastic fibers Irregular – bundles not in parallel rows,
but thick mat - dermis
BONE Osseous Most specialized of connective tissue Collagen and mineral salts (65%) which
creates density and strength
Support/protection/mineral reserve Basic unit of the bone is the osteon
(Haversian system) Osteocytes located in lacunae – arranged in
concentric manner called lamellae Canaliculi connect each lacuna and
osteocyte with bl vessels in Haversian canal
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
osteoclast
CARTILAGE Only has one cell type – chondrocyte Chondrocytes produce fibers and tough
gristle ground substance Also found in lacunae Avascular – diffusion Cartilage injury heals slowly
CARTILAGE TYPES Fibrocartilage – strongest/most durable
Strong densly packed collagen Intervertebral disks,meniscus
Elastic cartilage – little collagen/great amt of elastic fibersGreat flexibility
External ear, voice box, larynx
Hyaline (glass) - low amount of collagen – shiny/transparentEsophageal rings, end of bones
BLOOD Most unusual Liquid state No ground substance or fibers Plasma (55%) and formed elements
(cells) Body transport Maintains body temp. Regulates ph of body fluids Phagocytosis/defense Hematopoiesis – red marrow
MUSCLE 3 types Skeletal – striated - voluntary Smooth - involuntary Cardiac - cross striations and bands
NERVOUS More developed excitability and
conductivity than other tissue types Organs – brain, spinal cord, nerves
Neurons – basic unit Neuroglia – supporting/connecting cells
Cell body – soma Axon – away Dendrite - down
TISSUE REPAIR Damage = scars = keloid Phagocytic cells remove debris Regeneration
Fibrous tissueGranulation tissue
Greatest regeneration capacity – epithelial and connectiveMuscle – limited regeneration – decreased
strengthNerves – limited regeneration
brain and spinal cord do not regenerate Nerve growth factor may prove successful
BODY MEMBRANES Epithelial
Cutaneous Serous
Parietal – lines wall of cavity like wallpaper Visceral – covers organs Peritoneum – covers abd. viscera
Mucus Produce mucus Defense Moistens food Lubricant for digestion
Connective Line spaces btwn bones Synovial fluid
DISEASE Neoplasm – new matter Benign Malignant Tumor Metastasis Papilloma – fingerlike projections Adenoma – tumor of gland Nevus – mole Hyperplasia – too many cells Anaplasia - undifferentiated cells
CAGenetic Environmental Ingestion InhalationRadiation
Detection of CAMRICAT scanX-RaySerumSelf-examBx.
Grading staging
TMTHerbal Psychotherapy Chemotherapy Radiation PO medLaser Immunotherapy –Nuclear medsGene therapy
PONDER……
How are salivary glands classified?
What is known as loose ordinary connective tissue?
What is the purpose of adipose tissue?
What kind of tissue is red bone marrow?
Another name for skeletal muscle
PONDER…..
What tissue is composed of neurons?
Most prevalent cartilage? Cilia are found on what types of
cells? Most complex tissue Mature bone cells are called – Characteristics of skeletal
muscles
PONDER….. Define matrix Phagocytosis Keloid Inflammation process
WARNING!GROSS WILL
FOLLOW…
DECUBITUS ULCER
DECUBITUS ULCER
PRESSURE ULCER
STASIS ULCER OF THE FOOT
KELOID SCAR
NEVUS
NEVUS
NEOPLASM - AMELOBLASTOMA BENIGN TUMOR OF ODONTOGENIC
FIBROADENOMA - CANCEROUS
MALIGNANT MELANOMA
PAPILLOMA - MILD
PAPILLOMA - SEVERE
STASIS ULCER
BEAUTY……………………
CANNOT BE TAKEN FOR GRANTED
RICHARD NORRIS – GUNSHOT WOUND – FACIAL TRANSPLANT
ALLOGRAFT
IMAGINE………
HAND TRANSPLANTATION
WELCOME TO THE WORLD OF REGENERATION