CNG NGH SN XUT TNG TRUYN THNGTng l mt sn phm truyn thng c t lu i. Tng l mt gia v rt thng dng trong mm cm ca ngi Vit Nam v mt s nc Chu khc, n c ngun gc t Trung Quc. T ngy xa, ngi ta bit cch lm tng t ht u nnh.Nguyn liu: u nnh, go, bt m, ng, mui v nc. u nnh c mu sc khc nhau, trong u nnh mu vng l loi tt nht c trng v s dng nhiu.

u nnhCch lm:Go np hay ng gin, sng k sao cho khng cn ht gy. Ngm k, i sch v nu thnh xi. Xi em vo mc, ri u ra nong, ra nia v phun mt lp nc ch xanh c snh trc khi ph lp l dy em i trong bung kn.

Xi trc khi em Thng thng ngi ta chn l nhn, l chui, l ch xanh hoc l rng ph v c kh nng gi nhit tt. Trong thi gian , vic thm v o mc c thc hin t 1-2 ln. Sau 12-15 ngy nu mc ln u c mu vng da cam (mu hoa ci) hoc mu en ng nh mt l c. Lc ny mc c bp vn ra, em phi nng cho tht gin v cui cng l cho vo ti nilon gi kn ch ngy ng tng, mu c trng ca mc. Thng v phi nng khong 7-9 ngy.

Mc tng ra sch, em rang. ngui sau c xay (xit) v i,v ba, sy b v, cho vo ni nu ri vo chum hay che vi nc l ngm v em phi nng 7 ngy.

Sy cho vo chumTip theo l qu trnh ng tng. Ng tng, thng thc hin vo bui khuya, l qu trnh trn 2 th mc v mui rang (khng c dng mui it) vo chum nc tng phi.Mc tng phi kh gi nh, em vo nc v b mui vo quy cho mui v mc u ha tan vo nhau. C 5 nc tng th 1 mui, khng c b qu nhiu mui v nhiu th tng s mn,cn nu b t mui th tng hng (gi l tng nh).Mi ngy 2 ln vo bui sng v bui chiu, chum tng phi c khuy u vi thi gian 10 pht/ln, m chum tng dng mt chic a bp cc to (thanh khuy) quy u, sau phi nng. Phi tngCh c quy mt ln trc khi phi. Sau khi khuy v phi nng xong phi y k li.Tng ngon, tng ngt l tng c nng, lm bng mc np thm,nhiu . Nhn vo chum tng thy mnh u l lng trong nc tng c qunh, mi thm nh c cht ru, cng mi ngt lm.Mu ca n c mu vng ng snh nh mt ong.

Tng ngonHin nay, ngi ta chuyn cch lm tng th cng sang quy m cng nghip sn xut lin tc, nh vy mi p ng c nhu cu ca ngi tiu dng.

Cc loi tng cng nghipTng l mn n truyn thng, mt c sn, sn vt ca mi vng min. Ngy nay,t nc i mi, cuc sng ngi dn ngy cng nng cao vi nhiu n, thc ung ngon v b dng nhng tng sn xut truyn thng vn l mn nc chan, nc chm khng th thiu trong ba n thng nht ca ngi dn.

CNG NGH SN XUT NC MM TRUYN THNGNc mm l sn phm gn b vi ngi dn Vit Nam t ngn i, ngi dn Vit Nam , ang v s s dng nc mm cho nhu cu n hng ngy.

Nc mm Gia v truyn thngNc mm truyn thng sn xut t nguyn liu c bin, ch yu l c cm, c mi, c nc,

C cm Nguyn liu lm nc mm Ph Quc ni tingSaukhi thu mua t tu nh bt, c c p mui vi t l 2 c/1 mui, o u v chuyn trc tip vo thng cha. Thng cha c lm bng g si, chum snh hoc b xi mng. Hn hp c v mui sau khi c o nhuyn (gi l chp) th y np thng li.

p muiQu trnh ln men din ra, protein c c phn hy to ra cc axit amin. Thng thng, thi gian p qu trnh phn hy chuyn t protein thnh axit amin khong 1 3 nm. Trong qu trnh p, chp c phi nng qu trnh phn hy din ra nhanh, ng thi to mi v c trng ca nc mm.

Phi nngThi gian ln men s t l thun vi cht lng sn phm nhng cng khng qu 3 nm, bi sau 3 nm, protein trong c s b phn hy ht. Khi qu trnh ln men hon tt, hm lng protein trong dung dch chp t 20 26 m/lt. Sau khi cht ln u, tip nc un si vo b lng v b sung thm mui, phn b li c o ln. Sau 10 15 ngy, cht ly nc ln hai. t ny, hm lng m t 10 17 m/lt. Quy trnh c lp li n ln th 3, hm lng m t 8 12 m.

Nc mm chtSn phm nc mm s c phi trn v phn thnh cc loi theo m. Nc mm cht lng cao nht c sn xut sau thi gian trong chum 3 nm, lc ny hm lng protein t 35 m/lt.Nu mun t m cao hn,phi phi nng lu hn dung dch bay hi lm tng m c, khi tng m c s lm tng mn ca nc mm.

Thit b o mn ca nc mmNgy nay, vi nhu cu cao ca ngi tiu dng v s tin b ca khoa hc cng ngh, nc mm truyn thng ngy cng khan him, trong khi nc mm cng nghip ngy cng c sn xut v s dng rng ri.

Nc mm cng nghipKhc vi nc mm truyn thng, nc mm cng nghip c protein c chit rt, bin i thnh axit amin theo phng php thy phn di tc ng ca axit hoc enzim. to mi, mu, ngt, nh sn xut s dng cc nguyn liu b sung nh cht to hng, cht bo qun (benzoate), cht to mu (caramel), cht gi mu (ascorbic axit), cht to ngt (glutamate)Tuy nhin, vi nhu cu a dng ca ngi dng hin nay, nc mm sn xut theo cng ngh truyn thng vn c a chung v s dng. Mt s ni nh Ph Quc, Phan Thit rt ni ting vi ngh lm nc mm truyn thng.

Nh thng nc mm Ph Quc

9

CNG NGH SN XUT M CHNH BNG PHNG PHP LN MEN

M chnh (bt ngt) l gia v ln men thu c qua qu trnh ln men cc nguyn liu: Mt ma, ng, sn, ng, go, nh vi sinh vt. M chnh c dng nm nm trong ch bin cc mn n lm tng hng v ngt bi t nhin (umami) ca thc phm.

S dng m chnh nu nNguyn liu sn xut m chnh gm: Tinh bt sn, r ng ma (pha long n 13- 14%), c th c mui amon, mui photphat, mui sulfat, biotin, vitamin B, c bit cn cc chng vi sinh vt ln men.

R ng maSn xut m chnh gm 4 cng on chnh: Thy phn tinh bt, ln men, trao i ion tch axit glutamic ra khi dch ln men v cui cng l trung ha, tinh ch glutamate natri tinh khit.

Sn xut m chnhCng on thy phn: Dng -amilaza, -amilaza thy phn tinh bt thnh ng. Sau ty mu v p lc tch cc phn b v cc cht khng ha tan, c dch ng glucoza 16 18%.

My lcCng on ln men c 3 giai on nh l nui ging cp I, nui ging cp II v ln men ln. Nui ging cp I v cp II gip nhn ging chng vi sinh vt ln men t s lng phc v cho qu trnh ln men. ging thun v mnh cn kh trng mi trng m bo.

Ni hp thanh trngLn men ln l chuyn ha ng glucoza v m v c thnh axit glutamic, gm 3 giai on nh. Giai on u t 8 12h giai on tng sinh khi. Giai on gia t gi th 10, 12 24, 26h giai on t bo vi sinh vt khng tng thm. Giai on cui khi hm lng ng 1% th ln men kt thc.

Cng on trao i ion tch ly glutamic ra khi dch ln men: Trc tin cn x dch bn trn b mt, o trn, ra bng nc sch. Sau cho nc nng 60oC gia nhit ti khi nc thi t 48% th cho NaOH 5% vo tch. Tip theo, cho nc gim dn nhit lm lnh kt tinh v chuyn sang c c kt tinh. Cui cng l sy m chnh bng cch ri ra khay nhm v a vo t sy.Cng on cui cng l sng m chnh, phn loi v bao gi.

Sn phm m chnhCNG NGH SN XUT INSULINCng ngh sn xut Insulin l mt trong nhng cng ngh ng dng cng ngh sinh hc trong sn xut hp cht c hot tnh sinh hc cao. Insulin l mt dng hoocmon iu chnh lng ng trong mu ngi v ng vt, thiu Insulin s gy ra bnh tiu ng, sau s dn n cc bnh l khc.

S dng InsulinThng thng, cc hp cht c hot tnh sinh hc nh Insulin c tng hp vi mt lng nh trong t bo ca c th ngi v ng vt bnh thng. Mt s ngi thiu ht cc hp cht trn gy ra cc bnh l v cn iu tr b sung vo c th. Cu trc phn t InsulinNgy nay, ngi ta sn xut Insulin bng cng ngh di truyn vi s lng ln, tinh sch v c tnh an ton cao, trong , sn xut Insulin bng cng ngh AND ti t hp c hiu qu kinh t v cht lng sn phm bo m nht.Tng hp Insulin ngi l mt qu trnh gm nhiu bc: To ra cc chui ring bit, kt hp ha hc hoc to mt tin cht chui n proinsulin ngi, sau phn ct to thnh insulin hon chnh.Bc 1: Bng k thut tch gen s dng trong sinh hc phn t tch c gen m ha proinsulin ngi trn nhim sc th s 11.Bc 2: Tch v thit k plasmit ti t hp bng cch ct gen m ha proinsulin v plasmit bng mt loi enzyme gii hn v ni chng vi nhau bng AND ligase ca phage T4. Sau thit k cc trnh t m ha chocacs protein tn hiu gip vn chuyn Insulin ra ngoi t bo cht.Bc 3: Bin np plasmit ti t hp vo E.coli nh phng php trn vi sung dch ion Ca2+ hoc to l xung in.

Tch v bin np Plasmit ti t hp vo E.coliSau qu trnh bin np cn chn lc c nhng dng vi khun mang gen mong mun nh cc gen nh du.Bc 4: Cc vi khun chuyn gen sau c a vo ni ln men. Nui chng trong cc ni ln men vi iu kin ti u, s dng phng php nui cy lin tc. C 20 pht li c hng triu vi khun c nhn ln qua nguyn phn. Nh vy, sau mt thi gian ngn, sinh khi s tng.

Ni ln menBc 5: Tin tinh sch: Sau khi ln men cn tch t bo v kh trng nhit. Dng enzyme lizozyme ph v mng t bo, sau dng hn hp cht ty ra tch lp mng lipit, sau li tm v lc tch c proinsulin.

My li tmBc 6: Hot ha proinsulin invitro bng cch x l dung dch m, gip n t cu trc bc 4, sau dng enzyme c hiu trypsin phn ct proinsulin. Khi , sn phm thu c mi c hot tnh cn thit.Bc 7: Bng phng php sc k, tch v phng php min dch gn enzyme tinh sch hn hp ch cn Insulin. Cui cng, Insulin c tinh th ha.

Tinh th InsulinV c bn, sn xut Insulin ng dng cng ngh AND ti t hp to ra sn phm c cht lng mong mun, ph hp vi nhu cu s dng ca con ngi, gp vai tr quan trng trong ngnh y hc ni chung. Tuy nhin, do mt s vn nh khng Insuln v phi s dng Insulin ht c cuc i ngi mc bnh nn ngy nay trn th gii xut hin kh nhiu cng trnh nghin cu i mi quy trnh sn xut. Mc d vy, cng ngh sn xut Insulin s dng AND ti t hp vn c p dng rng ri v hiu qu cao nht.

CNG NGH NUI CY M V T BO THC VT

Nui cy m v t bo thc vt l phng php nui cy nguyn liu thc vt trn mi trng dinh dng nhn to trong iu kin v trng.

Nui cy m thc vtC s khoa hc ca cng ngh l tnh ton nng ca t bo thc vt, l kh nng t bo t bt k m sng no ca c th thc vt nu c nui trong mi trng nui cy thch hp u c th pht trin thnh cy nguyn vn c trng cho loi c th v ra hoa kt qu bnh thng.Nui cy m v t bo thc vt cn gi l nui cy thc vt invitro (trong ng nghim) phn bit vi cc qu trnh nui cy trong iu kin t nhin ngoi ng nghim, gi l nui cy invivo.Nui cy invitro c ngha to ln trong cng tc ging cy trng mt s im chnh nh: Nhn nhanh v duy tr nhng ging c ngha khoa hc, c gi tr kinh t cao; lm sch bnh virut phc trng nhng ging thoi ha v lm phong ph vt liu di truyn cho cng tc chn to ging.

Nui cy m gip nhn nhanh ging thc vtQuy trnh sn xut nui cy m gm: Chn lc v chun b cy m; nui cy khi ng; nhn nhanh; ra r invitro, cui cng l chuyn ra mi trng t nhin.Nguyn liu s dng l m nui cy c th hu ht cc b phn khc nhau ca thc vt nh: R, thn, l, hoa, ht, nh sinh trng,

Chun b cy mTy theo s tip xc vi mi trng bn ngoi, cc b phn ny cha t hay nhiu vi khun v nm. Hu nh khng th v trng m nui cy c nu nm v vi khun nm su cc t bo bn trong ch khng hn ch b mt. Do bc u tin cn thanh trng m nui cy.Phng thc v trng m nui cy thng dng nht hin nay l dng cc ha cht c hot tnh dit nm khun. Trong thi gian x l, m cy phi ngp hon ton trong dung dch dit khun.

X l cy mMu thc vt sau khi kh trng c s dng nui cy to callus trn mi trng thun li.

Callus pht trin t m thc vtCallus va hnh thnh s c chuyn vo cc mi trng ti sinh chi, c b sung cytokinin nng cao kch thch s phn ha chi. Chi invitro thu c khi t kch thc nht nh, c thn, l c chuyn vo mi trng c b sung auxin kch thch chi ra r.

Callus ra r v chiSau khi to c cy hon chnh, ta chuyn cy invitro ra vn m cy non thch nghi vi iu kin mi trng.

Vn m cyNgoi ra, vi nhu cu a dng ca ngi tiu dng hin nay, nui cy m cn c ngha to ln trong to cc mu cy cnh, cy trang tr p mt.

Cy invitro trang tr

CNG NGH SN XUT BIAL mt mt hng c tnh cnh tranh cao trn th trng ung ni ring cng nh trn th trng tiu th ni chung, bia v cng ngh sn xut bia lun c i mi cng ngh nhm p ng nhu cu ngy cng kht khe t phi khch hng v ng thi gia tng li nhun.

Bia tiBia l nc gii kht c phng thc sn xut truyn thng lu i bng qu trnh ln men ca ng.Nguyn liu sn xut bia c i mch, hoa houblon, nm men, nc v cc cht ph gia. Ngoi ra, gim gi thnh, ci thin mi v, bo qun lu hn, ngi ta cn s dng mt s nguyn liu thay th nh: Cc loi thc, go, ng, tiu mch, yn mch, la min,s dng di dng cha m mm a vo nghin; v dng ng hoc bn thnh phm t ng nh xiro tinh bt, xiro malt, xiro caramel,

i mchTrong , hoa houblon c vai tr quan trng gip to v ng du, hng thm c trng cho bia, tng kh nng to v gi bt, tng bn keo, n nh thnh phn ha hc ca bia v to tnh khng khun cho bia.

Hoa HoublonQuy trnh cng ngh sn xut bia gm 3 giai on chnh: Sn xut dch ng ln men; ln men bia v hon thin sn phm.Sn xut dch ng ln men gm nghin malt v th liu, nu (ng ha), lc v ra b, nu hoa v cui cng l lm lnh dch ng.Nghin malt v th liu gip tng b mt tip xc vi nc, gip thc y qu trnh ng ha, qu trnh thy phn nhanh, trit hn.Qu trnh nu gip chuyn phn ln tinh bt trong malt v th liu thnh nhng cht ha tan di tc ng ca enzyme. Qu trnh ny s dng mt s cht ph gia lm mu, tng bn vng, lng cc cn mn, cho bia.Lc v ra b nhm tch v thu kit cht ha tan khi b, tng s khuch tn cc cht tan vo trong dch ng.Nu hoa gip ha tan cc cht ng,cht thm, cht to mi v, mu cho bia, tiu dit vi sinh vt v iu chnh dch ng. Sau c th dng lc ly tm hoc lng trong xoy tm tch b hoa v cc ta cn.

Nu hoaLm lnh dch ln men nhm trnh s xm nhp v pht trin ca vi sinh vt bn ngoi, m bo s ha tan oxy cn thit cho men pht trin trong giai on u trc khi ln men.Tip theo, qu trnh ln men bia gip thay i cht v lng ca cc cht ha tan c trong dch ng v bin dch ng thnh dch bia nh vi sinh vt ln men.

Thit b sn xut biaCui cng,bia c hon thin nh cc cng on lc bia, bo ha CO2, chit bia v thanh trng sn phm.Sn phm bia c cn thp, bt mn xp v c hng v c trng ca hoa houblon. c bit CO2 ha tan trong bia c tc dng gii nhit nhanh, h tr cho qu trnh tiu ha, ngoi ra trong bia cn cha mt lng vitamin kh phong ph. Nh nhng u im ny, bia c s dng rng ri hu ht cc nc trn th gii vi sn lng ngy cng tng.

Nhng hng bia ni ting th giii vi nc ta, bia tr thnh ngnh cng nghip mi nhn trong cng nghip nc ta.

Nhng hng bia ni ting Vit Nam

CNG NGH SN XUT CH PHM THUC TR SU BTBng k thut cng ngh sinh hc, cc nh khoa hc nghin cu sn xut ch phm Bacillus thuringienis (Bt) phng tr cc loi su keo, su t, su khoang t hiu qu sau 5 7 ngy phun thuc. Ch phm Bt sn xut theo phng php ln men ph hp vi iu kin ca Vit Nam.

Thuc tr su Bt dit c su khoangC s khoa hc sn xut ch phm thuc tr su sinh hc l: Vi khun c tinh th protein c giai on bo t. Sau khi nut phi bo t c tinh th protein c, c th su b b t lit v b cht sau 2 4 ngy.

Protein c (Crystal) T vi khun Bacillus thuringienis ngi ta sn xut c thuc tr su Bt.

Vi khun Bacillus thuringienis Nguyn liu sn xut ch phm thuc tr su Bt gm cm la m, bt ng, nc, ging vi sinh vt v cc cht ph gia,

Bt ngBt c sn xut ch yu theo 2 cch: ln men thng (ln men b mt) v ln men chm c sc kh. Hin nay ngi ta s dng phng php ln men chm v mang li hiu qu cao.

H thng ln men chmQuy trnh tng qut sn xut ch phm Bt: Chng Bt thun khit Nhn ging cp 1 Nhn ging cp 2 Thi gian ln men: 48- 72 h, pH = 7, nhit : 30oC Ln menLc v ly tmThu sinh khiHon thin sn phm.Sn phm c ng gi v ch thnh cc dng ch phm khc nhau.

Ch phm dit b gy dng bnh li ng tan chmDng ch phm cng l mt yu t quan trng quyt nh hiu qu phng tr su bnh. Ch phm Bt c cc dng: Nc, bt, bt thm nc, nang keo.

Ch phm dit b gy dng dch thMt s ch phm Bt tr su: Agritol, Larvatrol, Thuricide, c bit l Xentari 35 WDG dit tr 60 loi su hi thuc b cnh phn khng cc loi thuc ha hc khc trn 200 loi cy trng khc nhau.

Mt s hnh nh sn phm Bt trn th trng Vit Nam

CNG NGH SN XUT KHNG SINH PENICILLIN

Ngy nay ngi ta bit trn 2000 cht khng sinh, nhng ch mi c khong 50 cht c dng vo t liu ha hc cha cc bnh nhim vi sinh vt trong y hc v mt s ngnh khc. Mt trong nhng ch phm cht khng sinh ph bin l penicillin.

Khng sinh penicillin dng vin nnPenicillin l cht khng sinh c tm ra u tin v c sn xut sm nht dng cha mt s bnh do vi khun vo nhng nm u ca chin tranh th gii th hai. Ngy nay,cht khng sinh ny c sn xut mt lng rt ln vi cng ngh hin i v c dng kh ph bin trong y hc.

Penicillin c tm ra v s dng u tin trong chin tranh th gii th haiCng ngh ln men sn xut penicillin mang nt c th ring ca tng c s sn xut v cc thng tin ny rt hn ch cung cp cng khai. Ngay c bng sng ch cng c gii hn nhng cng on nht nh, v vy rt kh a ra cng ngh sn xut cng nghip. Theo hng gist-brocades, ton b dy chuyn chia lm 4 cng on chnh: Ln men X l ln men, tinh ch thu bn thnh phm penicillin t nhin Sn xut cc penicillin bn tng hp Pha ch cc loi thuc khng sinh.Nguyn liu: Cm v ht ng cc cc loi, chng nm sn xut penicillin.

Ht ng ccNguyn liu c thanh trng ri ri ra khay m bo thong kh trn b mt mi trng.Khi mi trng c kh trng v lm ngui n 30oC, tin hnh trn ging nm vi t l 5 10%. tng cng kh nng pht trin v sinh tng hp ca nm, ngi ta thng thi kh bng qut gi c lp h thng lm sch. Qu trnh ln men ko di 6 7 ngy 24 28oC.Sau khi ln men, dch nui cy c thu li, chit, li tm v lc thnh dch chit th. Dch chit th c tinh sch thnh penicillin.

Khng sinh penicillin dng dch

X L NC THI BNG CNG NGH SINH HCX l nc thi l qu trnh loi b cht nhim ra khi nc thithng qua cc qu trnh vt l, ha hc, v sinh hc loi b cccht nhim a chng v cc dng cht khc nhau nh cht lngkhng c hi vi mi trng.Phng php x l nc thi bngcng ngh sinh hc v ang c ng dng rng ri trong cng nghipc dng . x l cc cht hu c ho tan, cht v c H2S, sunfit,ammonia, nit l cc cht nhim c trong nc thi c x l datrn hot ng ca vi sinh vt (VSV) phn hu cht hu c gy nhim VSV s dng cht hu c .v mt skhong cht lm thc n sinh trng v pht trin.X l nc thi bng phng php sinh hc c chia thnh 2 phngphp khc nhau: + Phng php x l nc thi bng VSV hiu kh. Phng php ny sdng cc loi VSV hiu kh tc l chng cn cung cp mt lng oxilin tc trong qu trnh phn hy cht nhim. + Phng php x l nc bng VSV k kh phng php ny s dng ccloi VSV sng k kh tc mi trng khng c oxi trong qu trnh phnhy cht nhim.Chng ta cng tm hiu v phng php s dng VSV hiu kh x l nc thi.Qu trnh x l hiu khi gm 3 giai on:+ Giai on 1: Qu trnhOxy ho cc cht hu c to thnh CO2 v H2O, mt phn nng lngC xH y O z + O2 => CO 2 + H2O + DH+ Giai oan 2:VSV tin hnh tng hp t bo mi:C x H yO z +.NH3 + O 2 => CO 2 + H 2 O + DH+ Giai on 3 Phn hu ni bo:C 5H 7 NO 2 + 5O 2 => 5CO 2 + 5 H 2O + NH 3 DHCc qu trnh x l sinh hc bngphng php hiu kh c th xy ra iu kin t nhin hoc nhn to.Phng php x l nhn to qu trnh x l c tc v hiu sut.caohn rt nhiu.Tu vo trng thi tn ti ca vi sinh vt, qu trnhx l sinh hc hiu kh nhn to c th chia thnh:+ X l sinh hc hiu kh vi vi sinh vt tn ti dng l lng chyu s dng kh cht hu c cha carbon nh qu trnh bn hot tnh,h lm thong...

Cu trc thit b lc sinh hc+ X l sinh hc hiu kh vi vi sinhvt tn ti dng dnh bm nhqu trnh bn hot tnh dnh bm, b lc nh git, b lc cao ti, asinh hc, b phn ng nitrate hovi mng c nh

H thng x l nc thi bng vi sinhX l nc thi bn hot tnh hiu kh. Trong b bn hot tnh hiu kh visinh vt sinh trng dng l lng, qu trnh phn hu xy ra khi ncthi tip xc vi bn trong iu kin sc kh lin tc qu trnh sckh lin tc nhm cung cp mt lng oxi n nh. Qu trnh ny sgip cho phn ng oxi ha din ra nhanh ng thi cc cht nhimtch t mt phn vi sinh vt hp th cho giai on hnh thnh t bomt phn to ra nng lng cung cp cho qu trnh phn hy cc chthu c b oxy ho hon ton thnh CO2, H2O, NO3-, SO42-...+ X l sinh hc VSV tng trng dnh bm.B bn hot tnh vi VSV dnh bm. Phng php ny tng t nh VSVdng l lng ch khc vi sinh vt pht trin dnh bm trn vt liutip xc t trong b. Phng php ny c u im vt tri hn thigian x l cng nh tc x l nhanh gim c qu trnh tiu haonhiu nng lng. Phng php ny c ng dng rng ri trong qutrnh x l nhim nc thi. Bn cht ca x l nc thi bng cng ngh sinh hc m tiu biuphng php x l hiu kh l qu trnh phn hu cc cht nhim huc nh vi sinh vt. t c hiu qu qu trnh phn hy sinh hccn cung cp lng cht dinh dng, oxi ph hp cho VSV nhm m bocho qu trnh phn hy din ra n nh.

H thng x l sinh hc hiu kh

CNG NGH XT NGHIM ANDXt nghim AND l xt nghim dng AND (Axit Deoxyribo nucleic) c trong cc t bo ca c th chng ta xc nh quan h huyt thng. Xt nghim AND cho php chng ta kim tra c mi quan h huyt thng mt cch chnh xc nht hin nay.

Xt nghim ADNC s l thuyt ca cng ngh ny l do trong nhn t bo ca ngi c 46 nhim sc th, sp xp thnh 23 cp, trong c 22 cp nhim sc th thng v 1 cp nhim sc th gii tnh (XX: n, XY: nam).

B NST ngiCon ci tha hng cc c tnh di truyn thng qua 23 nhim sc th t tinh trng ca b v 23 nhim sc th t t bo trng ca m, chnh l c s khoa hc cho vic xc nh quan h huyt thng: m - con cha. Cc mu xt nghim: Da trn c s khoa hc th tt c cc mu l t bo t con ngi c cha AND u c th c dng lm xt nghim xc nh huyt thng v cc xt nghim s cho kt qu chnh xc nh nhau, v tt c cc t bo trong cng mt c th u c cng mt loi AND. Tuy nhin, thun tin cho vic thu mu ng (khng dnh t bo ca ngi khc vo) th nn thu mu t bo nim mc ming; lng, tc (c gc); mu; cung rn;Quy trnh xt nghim: Thu thp mu, tch chit AND, nhn AND c hiu, in di polyacrylamid, in di mao qun v phn tch kt qu.Thu thp mu: Mu c th ly ti ch hoc gi t xa trong phong b bnh thng, quan bu in, khng cn bo qun lnh.

Thu thp muTch chit AND: Nhiu quy trnh tch AND ca th gii c th nghim v thch ng vi iu kin nc ta, gp phn gim gi thnh, m bo cht lng v s lng AND t nhng lng mu nh.

Tch chit ADNNhn AND c hiu: Cc hn hp ha cht khc nhau v cc chu trnh nhit c th nghim cho tng cp mi, tng b kit. Do ti u ha thnh phn ca tng hn hp, tng chu trnh nhit.

Nhn AND c hiuin di polyacrylamid: in di c dng tch bit cc on AND c di nng khc nhau. Cc yu t lin quan c la chn v ti u ha, h gi thnh ng k v tng phn gii ln hng trm ln, gip phn bit r cc on AND ch lch nhau 3 4 nucleotit.

in di polyacrylamidin di mao qun: My in di mao qun ABI 3130 cho php tch bit cc on And c di ch khc nhau 1 nucleotit. My ny c s dng trong hu ht cc xt nghim huyt thng v to ra cc th AND nhn dng c nhn.

in di mao qunPhn tch kt qu: Kt qu cui cng l nhng biu . Cc alen c di khc nhau ca cc locut hin r, quan st c bng mt thng.

Biu kt qu xt nghimCc trng hp xt nghim: Xt nghim cha (m) con; xt nghim quan h h hng (gm: xt nghim NST X, xt nghim NST Y, xt nghim ty th, xt nghim Full-Sibling); xt nghim AND tr sinh i ( xc nh sinh i cng trng hay khc trng); xt nghim trc sinh.