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50371/P3-R3 FINAL Schlumberger Water Services DTIRIS NSW)

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NAMOI CATCHMENT WATER STUDY

INDEPENDENT EXPERT

MODEL USER MANUAL

July 2012

50371/P3-R3 FINAL

Prepared for:

Department of Trade and Investment, Regional Infrastructure and Services, New South Wales, (DTIRIS NSW)

Locked Bag 21 Orange

NSW 2800

Prepared by:

Schlumberger Water Services (Australia) Pty Ltd Level 5, 256 St Georges Terrace

Perth WA 6000 Australia


REPORT REVIEW SHEET

Namoi Catchment Water Study Independent Expert Model User Manual

Report no: 50371/P3-R3 FINAL

Client name: Department of Trade and Investment, Regional Infrastructure and Services, New South Wales, (DTIRIS NSW)

Client contact: Mr Mal Peters, Chairman, Ministerial Oversight Committee (MOC)

SWS Project Manager: Sean Murphy

SWS Technical Reviewer: Mark Anderson

Main Author: Gareth Price

Date Issue No Revision SWS Approval

17/02/2012 1 Draft Mark Anderson

27/07/2012 2 Final Mark Anderson


CONTENTS

Page

1 INTRODUCTION 1

2 GROUNDWATER MODEL 2 2.1 Introduction 2 2.2 Groundwater Vistas files 2 2.3 Domain, grid and rotation 3 2.4 Layer surfaces 3 2.5 MODFLOW settings 4

BCF / LPF 4 2.5.1 Initial heads 6 2.5.2

2.6 Time settings 8 2.7 Solver settings 9 2.8 Output settings 11 2.9 Parameterisation 13 2.10 Boundary conditions 14

Recharge 14 2.10.1 Mine inflow (drain boundaries) 16 2.10.2 Rivers / streams 18 2.10.3 Abstraction wells (background) 20 2.10.4 Abstraction and injection wells (CSG) 21 2.10.5 Irrigation (injection) wells 24 2.10.6 Connective cracking / permeability enhancement 27 2.10.7

2.11 Model and translation and run 27 2.12 Post processing results 27

Importing model results 27 2.12.1 Contours 28 2.12.2 Hydrographs 29 2.12.3 Historical surface water / groundwater interaction 31 2.12.4 Predictive period mass balance 32 2.12.5

3 HYDROLOGIC MODEL 35 3.1 Introduction 35 3.2 Domain and sub-catchment selection 37 3.3 Parameterisation 37

Soil settings 37 3.3.1 Surface water storage settings 38 3.3.2 Land use settings 39 3.3.3 Rainfall settings 40 3.3.4 Evaporation settings 42 3.3.5

3.4 Time settings 42 3.5 Specific run settings 43

Contents


3.6 LASCAM runs and post processing results 44

REFERENCES 50


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50371/P3-R3 FINAL Schlumberger Water Services DTIRIS NSW) 1

1 INTRODUCTION

Schlumberger Water Services (Australia) Pty Ltd (SWS) has been appointed as the Independent Expert for the Namoi Catchment Water Study (the Study) and has been charged with the development of an integrated suite of models (the Model) for the assessment of the nature and extent of potential effects from coal and gas developments on the water resources of the catchment. The purpose of the Study is to collate and analyse quality data to assist in identifying and quantifying risks associated with the coal mining and coal seam gas (CSG) developments on water resources. The numerical modelling tools were developed as part of Phase 3 of the Study. Two numerical models were constructed that together have the ability to simulate those parts of the hydrological system that are pertinent to the simulation of the interaction between coal and gas development and the surface water and groundwater resources of the Namoi catchment. The two models constitute the Model and are:

A lumped parameter Hydrologic Model. This was constructed with the LASCAM (Viney and Sivapalan, 2000) package and is used to simulate the fate of rainfall in the catchment, particularly the portion that forms runoff and the portion that percolates downwards into the sediments and recharges the groundwater system. This model includes the simulation of the impact of mining and CSG development on these processes.

A groundwater flow model (the Groundwater Model). This was constructed using the numerical code MODFLOW 2000 (Harbaugh et al, 2000) and is used to simulate the processes governing groundwater flow in and between the alluvial aquifers and hydrostratigraphic units pertinent to the prediction of the impact of coal and gas developments on the groundwater resources and the interaction between surface water and groundwater. The model therefore includes representation of the abstraction of groundwater associated with CSG development and the flow of groundwater to mine voids, both underground and open cut. It also uses predictions from the Hydrologic Model to define groundwater recharge inputs and changes to these in response to mining and CSG development.

According to the Study Request for Tender (Section G.3.7.1.g.ii) a User Manual must be produced that provides full details on how to operate the Model including updating the Model to include additional or improved data and the locations for mines or gas extraction developments. This document represents the User Manual. Section 2 provides details of the operation of the Groundwater Model and Section 3 the operation of the Hydrologic Model.


2 GROUNDWATER MODEL

2.1 Introduction

The MODFLOW 2000 numerical code (Harbaugh et al, 2000) along with the user interface Groundwater Vistas, Version 6 (ESI, 2011) is used to simulate groundwater flow and surface water / groundwater interaction in the Groundwater Model. The modelling has been undertaken assuming saturated, single phase, temperature independent and single density groundwater flow.

2.2 Groundwater Vistas files

Nine Groundwater Vistas files and a single results file have been provided. They are:

Namoi_Historical.gwv

Namoi_Historical.hds

Namoi_Sc0.gwv

Namoi_Sc1.gwv

Namoi_Sc2.gwv

Namoi_Sc3.gwv

Namoi_Sc4.gwv

Namoi_Sc5.gwv

Namoi_Sc6.gwv

Namoi_Sc7.gwv

These files contain all of the data required to run the historical and predictive scenario models. The results file “Namoi_Historical.hds” forms the initial heads for all of the scenario runs. When running any of these scenarios for the first time the link to the “Namoi_Historical.hds” file must be defined within Groundwater Vistas.

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The file includes five working tabs based on the seam targeted and the mine type: Hoskissons open cut mine, Hoskissons underground mine, Maules Creek open cut mine, Maules Creek underground mine and Melville open cut. In the 6 Scenarios there were no Melville underground mines. The user chooses in the list of mine drain cells a particular seam target and mine type and then copy and pastes the data (mine numbers, row and column coordinates) to the appropriate tab. The data relative to the different mine will then be assigned a stress period and head corresponding to the top elevation of the cells. For an open cut mine, all the mine drain cells are active from the first layer to the targeted seam layer since the beginning of the production. For an underground mine, six stages (each of 5 years duration) of production have been assumed. The underground mine drain cells are only active in the targeted seam layer. How to use the spreadsheet Set the conductance values for the mine drain cells in the “Conductance” tab. Set the start and end times of the mines in columns B to D in the “SP” tab. Only the dates are required as the lookup functions determine the stress periods for use in the Groundwater Vistas input file. Once these tasks are complete the final, and most involved task, is to define which mines will target which coal seams / formation and the time variant development of the underground mines. This is done by the following method (an example of a Hoskissons Seam open cut and underground mine is given, but the process is identical for Melville Seam and Maules Creek Formation mines).

1. Open cut mines

Hypothetical_Mines_Data tab: Filter columns A to C for the mine number in column A. Chose which mine numbers to filter based on the data in columns F to H. In the template spreadsheet provided mine numbers 10, 11, 15, 18, 20, 22, 23, 25 and 28 are open cut and within the Hoskissons Seam. Therefore to define the open cut Hoskissons Seam mines filter for these mine numbers. Copy the filtered results.

Hoskissons_OC tab: Paste the mine numbers, row and column coordinates (from above) to column A, B and C (zone in blue). If additional mine cells are included, the calculations need to be extended to further rows. Column J corresponds to the input data for the groundwater numerical model.

2. Underground mines

Hypothetical_Mines_Data tab: Filter columns A to C for the mine number in column A. Chose which mine numbers to filter based on the data in columns F to H. In the template spreadsheet provided mine numbers 13, 16, 21, 24, 29 and 31 to 34 are underground mines targeting the Hoskissons Seam. Therefore to define the underground Hoskissons Seam mines filter for these mine numbers. Copy the filtered results.

Hoskissons_UG tab: Paste the mine numbers, row and column coordinates (from above) to column A, B and C (zone in blue). If additional mine cells are included, the calculations need to be extended to further rows. Column J corresponds to the input data for the groundwater numerical model. Column D is used to define the development schedule of each underground mine. The development is split into 6 stages of 5 years each, and the active cells during each of these stages is defined by putting the stage number next to each mine cell in this column. This is done manually.

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The file must obey the river package format defined for USGS MODFLOW 2000. The format is barfly described below:

First line contains the number equating to the number of lines in the file;

For each stress period, one header line containing the number of record lines for the stress period, followed for one line for each record;

For each record, six columns are defined as follows:

o Column 1 – Row index;

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o Column 4 – River head (in mAHD for the Namoi model);

o Column 5 – Boundary conductance;

o Column 6 – River bottom elevation;

o Column 7 – Auxiliary variables not applicable to Namoi Model.

Once the file is prepared it can be imported using the menu BCs > Import > MODFLOW Package.... In the combo box Files or type:, located at the bottom of the dialog, choose the river option and select the file to be imported accordingly. The generation of river boundary conditions for a model of this size and this many stress periods is a complex task. It has required the use of several macros and large complex spreadsheets used to interpolate between river gauges and between missing temporal data. Now that the process of building these inputs has been completed the most efficient method of making any changes to these inputs will be via the Groundwater Vistas interface, using the methods described above. Single river cell settings (stage, river bottom elevation and conductance) can be modified in this way or entire reaches.

Abstraction wells (background) 2.10.4

The background abstractions (irrigation, public water supply etc) have been simulated in the Groundwater Model as MNW wells. The transient data has been compiled into a comma delimited file (.csv). Each abstraction point has a header line followed by a rate (m3/d) for each of the 304 stress periods, even if that rate is zero. The following architecture is used:

Well header line (values assigned to columns not mentioned below are not used in the file import and are therefore not important):

o Column 1 – Well name

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o Column 3 – Well northing

o Column 5 – Top layer of well

o Column 6 – Bottom layer of well

o Column 9 – Well Rw value

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Layer surface inputs

Groundwater Vista grid coordinates of the cells where only Hoskissons seam is observed (GV_points_Hoskissons tab)

Groundwater Vista grid coordinates of the cells where only Melville seam is observed (GV_points_Melville tab)

Groundwater Vista grid coordinates of the cells where only Maules Creek formation is observed (GV_points_Maules tab)

Groundwater Vista grid coordinates of the cells where both Hoskissons and Melville seam are observed (GV_points_Hoskissonsmelville tab)

Groundwater Vista grid coordinates of the cells where both Hoskissons seam and Maules Creek formation are observed (GV_points_Hoskissonsmaules tab)

Groundwater Vista grid coordinates of the cells where both Melville seam and Maules Creek formation are observed (GV_points_Maulesmelville tab)

Groundwater Vista export file of layer 12 (Hoskissons seam) thickness (Elevations_L12 tab).

Groundwater Vista export file of layer 14 (Melville seam) thickness (Elevations_L14 tab).

Groundwater Vista export file of layer 18 (Maules Creek formation) thickness (Elevations_L18 tab).

CSG inputs

Groundwater Vista grid coordinates of the cells within the coal seam gas project area. (CSG_Field_Pts tab)

The yearly average field production or injection rates (QC_Inputs tab)

Stress period inputs

The model stress periods (SP tab)

How the spreadsheet works Every model cell within a CSG field is defined as being one of the following based on the thickness of the coal seams or formations they intercept:

“Hoskissons”. Only the Hoskissons Seam is present at a thickness of 5 m or greater in this cell

“Melville”. Only the Melville Seam is present at a thickness of 5 m or greater in this cell

“Maules Creek”. Only the Maules Creek Formation is present at a thickness of 5 m or greater in this cell

“Hoskissons-Melville”. Both the Hoskissons and Melville Seams are present in this cell, both at a thickness of 5 m or greater

“Hoskissons-Maules”. Both the Hoskissons Seam and Maules Creek Formation are present in this cell, both at a thickness of 5 m or greater

Groundwater Model


“Melville-Maules”. Both the Melville Seam and Maules Creek Formation are present in this cell, both at a thickness of 5 m or greater

Cells where all three seams / formations were present are limited and were therefore discounted from this analysis. There is therefore no “Hoskissons- Melville-Maules” class. If there is no thickness of coal seam or formation in any particular model cell then it is not assigned to any of these groups. This data is used directly to assign wells in a CSG field to the correct layer and to apportion the abstraction accordingly. A single well can only target one of the three geological units. Therefore a cell where two or more coal seams / formations are present will have two or three wells assigned. If a cell contains only one well, the well production (or injection) rate corresponds to the cell production (or injection) rate. If a cell contains two wells, the well production (or injection) rates are calculated based on the cell production (or injection) rates proportionally to the targeted unit thickness. The calculations described above are undertaken in the Field_Cells_Calc, Bando_Hoskissons, Bando_Melville, Bando_Maules tabs and the results are amalgamated in the CSG_Field_GV_Input tab. How to use the spreadsheet In order to produce a full CSG abstraction input file for Groundwater Vistas the following tabs require inputs.

1. QC_Inputs tab: Input the yearly average field production (or injection) rates in m3/d in columns A and B. Input positive values for a production project (abstraction) and negative values for injection project.

2. CSG_Field_Pts tab: Input cell coordinates (from Groundwater Vista model grid – X, Y, row and column – highlighted in yellow) of all model cells falling within the CSG field area.

3. Field_Cells_Calc tab: Check if all the CSG field cells (see step 2) are taken into account and if they are not extend row 1822 down (which holds the calculations)

4. Hoskissons tab: In Field_Cells_Calc tab select all cells beneath and including row 5, columns A to P and filter column C for the definitions “Hoskissons”, “Hoskissons-Maules” and “Hoskissons-Melville”. Copy and transpose paste the following:

a. Column M to cell G3 in the Bando_Hoskissons tab

b. Column N to cell G4 in the Bando_Hoskissons tab

c. Column J to cell G5 in the Bando_Hoskissons tab

5. Melville tab: In Field_Cells_Calc tab select all cells beneath and including row 5, columns A to P and filter column C for the definitions “Hoskissons”, “Hoskissons-Maules” and “Hoskissons-Melville”. Copy and transpose paste the following:

a. Column M to cell G3 in the Bando_Melville tab

b. Column N to cell G4 in the Bando_Melville tab

c. Column J to cell G5 in the Bando_Melville tab

Groundwater Model


6. Maules tab: In Field_Cells_Calc tab select all cells beneath and including row 5, columns A to P and filter column C for the definitions “Hoskissons”, “Hoskissons-Maules” and “Hoskissons-Melville”. Copy and transpose paste the following:

a. Column M to cell G3 in the Bando_Maules tab

b. Column N to cell G4 in the Bando_Maules tab

c. Column J to cell G5 in the Bando_Maules tab

7. QC_Inputs tab: Quality check the results. Column D should be equalled to 0% as this is where the input (and desired) total yearly average abstraction for the entire CSG field is compared against the final product of the spreadsheet calculations.

8. CSG_Field_GV_Input: If more wells than currently in the file are considered, extend columns F, P and Z. Copy and paste columns G, Q and AA (one under the other) to a *.csv file. This is the final input file for the CSG abstractions for Groundwater Vistas.

If additional wells are included, check in the tabs above that all the data are taken into account in the calculations. If not, the calculations need to be extended to further rows or columns.

Once the file is prepared it can be imported using the menu AE > Import > Well text fie... which opens the dialog displayed above. On this occasion, as MNW wells are not to be used, leave the option Set as a Fracture Well or MNW well unselected and specifying a column number for Conductance (Rw) is not required. These wells are therefore imported as analytical elements, but when datasets are created the data is passed into a WEL package file, rather than an MNW package file.

Irrigation (injection) wells 2.10.6

Groundwater recharge from irrigation is simulated using the WEL package. This boundary condition was set up directly in Groundwater Vistas using the process described below. Activation of the WEL editing menus is accomplished by using the menu BCs > Well.... Once this has been selected wells can be assigned directly to model cells by selecting the relevant layer (for irrigation recharge this was always Layer 1), locating the mouse arrow over the desired cell and pressing the right mouse button. This action opens the following dialog:

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50371/P3-

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50371/P3-

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Groundwater Model


The file containing the HR target locations and data is called “Namoi_Hypothetical_Targets_HR.csv”. A single spreadsheet is devoted to each hypothetical location due to the size of the output data. These spreadsheets are called:

Namoi_Predictive_Hypothetical_Hydrographs-Bando1.xlsx




Namoi_Predictive_Hypothetical_Hydrographs-Narrabri1.xlsx




The configuration of each spreadsheet is the same and the exported data must be pasted into columns K to T of the “Results” tab. If Scenario 0 has also changed, this data can be pasted into columns A to J. The difference between Scenario 0 and the coal and gas development scenario is then calculated in column U and the hydrograph presented in the tab “Plot”.

Historical surface water / groundwater interaction 2.12.4

The difference between Scenario 0 and the coal and gas development scenario predictions of interaction flows between groundwater and surface water are analysed using three spreadsheets:

Namoi_river_Accretion-2030.xlsx



Following the method above, the predictive data can be pasted directly into the relevant column in each “Reach” tab in the spreadsheet (there are 14 of these tabs, one for each modelled reach). Results for any coal and gas scenario can be pasted into cell B3 and a re-run scenario 0 into cell C3. The results are then displayed in the hydrographs in the “Plots” tab. Results from surface/water groundwater flow exchanges can be extracted using the menu Plot > Import Results... as described in section 2.11.1. In this case the check box for importing cell-by-cell flow must be marked. With the results imported, the calculations can be made through the menu Plot > Mass Balance > BC Flow Accretion Curve... The dialog in illustrated in the next figure appears.

50371/P3-

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Groundwater Model


Once the cell by cell flow data (the *.cbb file) has been imported to Groundwater Vistas the flows calculated at boundary conditions within these zones and flows between neighbouring zones can be exported. The mass balance data can be exported by using the menu Plot > Mass Balance > HydroStratigraphic Units > Export HSU Report... which opens a simple dialog box. A file name must be chosen (*.csv) and then when prompted “Summarize Mass Balance for All Times” select “yes”. The exported data can then be pasted directly into the Sc0 or ScX tabs of the analysis spreadsheets depending on requirements. The results are displayed in the tab “Plot”. The process is the same for mass balance, groundwater / surface water interaction and flow spreadsheets, which are detailed below:

Namoi_Mass_Balance.xlsx

Namoi_Interaction.xlsx

Namoi_flows.xlsx

Groundwater Model




3 HYDROLOGIC MODEL

3.1 Introduction

The Large Scale Catchment Model (LASCAM) developed by Viney and Sivalapan (2000) was the selected code to simulate the surface water processes occurring in the catchment. While providing a robust simulation of processes such as infiltration and run-off with a relatively small number of parameters, LASCAM does not have a graphical user interface for pre and post processing of model inputs and results. In order to allow the use of LASCAM in an optimized way and accelerate workflows related to model settings and results processing, additional scripts were developed using Matlab. Matlab is a high-level language and interactive environment for technical computing developed by Mathworks. The Matlab scripts help translating the inputs stored in spreadsheets into the LASCAM input files, as well as processing LASCAM results and generating ready-to-use outputs such as charts, spreadsheets and MODFLOW package files (recharge in this case). The input files, Matlab scripts and LASCAM executables were built in an enclosed folder structure as illustrated below. The structure contains 3 main folders, namely input, matlab and output. The input folder contains the inputs created by the user. The folder matlab contains matlab scripts, the input files translated to LASCAM format (once the input files are translated) and LASCAM executable, while the folder output contains the post-processed LASCAM results. Important: The folder structure must not be modified otherwise the Matlab scripts will not operate properly.

50371/P3-

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3.2 Domain and sub-catchment selection

The LASCAM model domain and sub-catchment selection is defined in the file catchment.csv located in the Catchment folder. The file consists of a header line containing the column identifiers followed by one line per sub-catchment in the model. The sub-catchment input consists of 9 parameters, namely:

Link – indicates the sub-catchment ID, starting from 1 for the most downstream catchment up to the total number of catchments (99 in the Namoi LASCAM model);

Dslink – indicates the ID of the downstream sub-catchment. For the most downstream sub-catchment, Dslink must be assigned as 0;

DistToOF – distance along the river from the centroid of the sub-catchment to the most downstream point of the basin;

BasinArea – total area of all sub-catchments located upstream of the current sub-catchment;

LinkArea – area of the sub-catchment;

DrainDensity – ratio between stream length within the sub-catchment and its corresponding area;

Y – northern coordinate of the sub-catchment centroid;

X – eastern coordinate of the sub-catchment centroid; and

Projection – coordinate projection system used to define the centroid coordinates.

Important: Downstream sub-catchments must always have a lower index that those located upstream, and the most downstream sub-catchment must have index 1.

3.3 Parameterisation

Soil settings 3.3.1

Soil settings can be accessed and modified in the CSV file soil.csv in the soil folder. This file consists of one header line with column names followed by one line per sub-catchment where the parameters are set. The required parameters are:

Link – corresponds to the sub-catchment ID;

Dmin – minimum soil depth (m);

Dmean – average soil depth (m);

Poroup – top-soil porosity (-);

FieldCap – top-soil field capacity (-);

PoroZNS – deep soil porosity (-);

DepthBR – depth to bedrock (m);

Psif – bubbling pressure (mm);

50371/P3-

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REFERENCES

ESI 2011, Guide to Using Groundwater Vistas Version 6. Environmental Simulations, Inc.

Harbaugh, AW, Banta, ER, Hill, MC & McDonald, MG 2000, MODFLOW-2000, The U.S. geological survey modular ground-water model – User guide to modularisation concepts and the ground-water flow process, Open- File Report 00-92, pp. 121 United States Geological Survey, USA. Viney, NR, & Sivapalan, M 2000, Modelling catchment processes in the Swan-Avon River Basin. Hydrol. Process., 15(13), 2671-2685.

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