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TRANSCRIPT
•24-3•Nationalism can unify people who share a common bond (ancestry, language, history, etc.)•Nationalism can divide groups if they feel they do not share commonalities•Nationalism spread in Italy as they often were ruled by foreigners•Camillo di Cavour became prime minister of Sardinia in 1852- he wanted to unity northern Italy under Sardinian control- he did this by provoking a war with Austria to get Austria out of the northern part of Italy•In the south, Giuseppe Garibaldi led a nationalist group called Red Shirts who captured Sicily and then united land of Piedmont-Sardinia, and Venetia•Germany also experienced a growth of nationalism in the mid-1800s- the main German state was Prussia-Prussia had a mostly German speaking population•The Kaiser, Wilhelm I wanted to increase his army, but the parliament refused- he was supported by wealthy landowning Prussians called Junkers•A Junker named Otto von Bismarck was appointed prime minister- Bismarck felt that people needed to do whatever necessary to get things done- this is the idea of “realpolitik” (The politics of reality)•Bismarck began forming alliances- first joining Prussia and Austria, then fighting Denmark for the provinces of Schleswig and Holstein•He also provoked Austria into a war called the Seven Week’s War where Prussia defeated Austria and gained access of northern Germany-•Bismarck also provoked a war with France called the Franco-Prussian War- in this war he won and gained access to Alsace and Lorraine- at this point Germany is considered united and an empire they called the Second Reich•These unifications shift the balance of power in Europe- now Britain and Germany are very strong militarily and economically while Austria, and Russia lag behind.
Nationalism:A Unifier
Nationalism is a people's
sense of belonging together
as a nation. It also includes
such feelings as loyalty to the
nation, pride in its culture
and history, and--in many
cases--a desire for national
independence.
The Unification of Germany
•Led by Prussia•Otto Von Bismarck is credited with unifying Germany through war with Denmark, Austria, and France•The Franco Prussian War- Germany wins control of Alsace and Lorraine-significant for the start of World War I
Realpolitik
Ruled Germany without consent of Parliament & without a legal budget, as Prime Minister
Formed alliance between Prussia and Austria
War against Denmark
Seven Weeks’ War
United all of Germany
Franco-Prussian War
“Blood and Iron”
Directions: Cut out the mini Otto von Bismarck and complete the web in your INB
The Unification of Italy
•Led by the kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia•Camillo di Cavour- was prime minister of Sardinia- worked to unite northern Italy through a war with Austria•Giuseppe Garibaldi works to unite southern Italy •Garibaldi’s followers were called “Red Shirts”
Kingdom of Sardinia leads unification.
Cavour
Kingdom of Sardinia leads unification.
Cavour
Germany ItalyBoth
Leaders-William I, Otto Von Bismarck
Franco-Prussian WarSeven Weeks’ War
Resulting Government: German Empire
Austria left out of the confederation
Resistance by liberals
Catholic-Protestant divisions
Prussia led unification drive
•Leaders-Aristocrats
•Many separate states united by spirit of nationalism
•At start, some territories & states held by foreign powers
Leaders-Cavor, Victor Emanuel II
War with Austria
Resulting Government:United Kingdom
Treaty left Pope in control of Vatican City
Cultural divisions remain between industrial north and agricultural south
Majority Catholic
Sardinia led unification drive
The Impact of Unification
•Shift in the balance of power- the Congress of Vienna had established a balance that has now changed•Germany, in the middle of Europe, is a strong country with a powerful military and solid economy•Italy is a new country in the south that has economic and religious differences within it’s borders
A B C D
E F G H
I J K L
M N O P
Q R S T
U V W X
Y Z
•Ottomans: page 786-787 AND 843-844
•At its peak, The Ottoman Empire ruled land all around the eastern side of the Mediterranean Sea, land around the Black Sea and Red Sea- their capital was in Anatolia- Istanbul (formally Constantinople)•The Ottomans began to decline in power after Suleyman I when weak sultans took over and the economy fell apart•They did not modernize as fast as Europe and did not industrialize•By 1830, Greece and Serbia were able to break away from the Ottomans•Europe was interested in gaining land in the Ottoman Empire because they had a really great strategic location and good resources (geopolitics)- their access to seas, discovery of oil and “Middle East” access were of interest to many•Russia wanted to have access to land on the Black Sea- they fought beginning in 1853 in the Crimean War-Britain and France helped the Ottomans because the didn’t want Russia to gain access to Ottoman Land- the Crimean War was won by the Ottomans, but only because of Europe’s help- the Ottomans army was outdated and lacked technology•The Ottomans began to lose control of more land including Romania, Montenegro, Cyprus, Bosnia, Herzegovina and Bulgaria- this area of the world is called the Balkans•Each of these areas had a strong sense of nationalism- Austria-Hungary did not was Slavs to create their own nation so they took over Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908 as they had a large Slavic population- Serbia opposed this and tension between Serbia and Austria-Hungary grew•When the Archduke of Austria-Hungary was visiting Serbia, a Serbian nationalist assassinated him (Archduke Franz-Ferdinand) and his wife (Sophie)- this caused Austria- Hungary to issue an ultimatum to punish Serbia- Serbia did not give in and tension grew- Austria declared war on July 28, 1914- Russia was an ally with Serbia and sent troops to the Austrian border
The Ottoman Empire: Review
•Muslims•Began in Anatolia between 1300 and 1326 by Osman•Mehmed II conquers and captures the Byzantine capital Constantinople in 1453 and renames it Istanbul•The Hagia Sophia is converted to a mosque•Most famous Ottoman ruler: Suleyman the Magnificent-known for great cultural achievements, creating the devshirme system (used Christian boys as slave/soldiers called Janissaries)•Broke the Empire into religious communities called millets- each millet could keep their own religion, laws and practices
Use page 787 to label the following:AlgeriaTunisiaTripoliEgyptAustriaHungaryGreeceAnatoliaSerbiaRomania
BulgariaSyriaMesopotamiaArabiaThe Mediterranean SeaSpainFranceRussiaThe Black SeaThe Red Sea
Why do the Ottomans Decline in the 1800s?
•After Suleyman, there is a line of weak sultans •Corruption in the government•Financial problems•Did not industrialize•Greece and Serbia had declared themselves independent•European were interested in the area due to it’s strategic location (geopolitics) between the Mediterranean, Red Sea, Indian Ocean and Atlantic Ocean•Had resources that the Europeans were interested in
Nationalism: A Divider
•The Ottomans had ruled over a wide range of ethnic and religious groups•These groups each preferred to be independent nation-states and break away from Ottoman control•With the Ottoman government weakening, this was their chance•One group that lived within the Empire were the Armenians –they became targets of Ottoman hostility
The Armenian Genocide
Chapter 29-1:•Nationalism can cause competition among nations- Germany., Austria-Hungary, Great Britain, Russia, Italy and France were competing during the early 1900s for power- they needed materials and markets due to the Industrial Revolution•There was tension between France and Germany over the French loss in the Franco-Prussian War and tension between Austria-Hungary and Russia in the Balkans•Europe was also competing for overseas colonies in Africa and Asia•Europe was also experiencing an arms race- the nations were keeping standing armies and strong militaries (militarism)•A series of complicated alliances was formed- one was the Triple Alliance, composed of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy and another was the Triple Entente, composed of Great Britain, France and Russia•All of these factors created a tense situation that “sparked” World War I when Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated. Thanks to the alliance system, once Austria-Hungary and Serbia went to war, other nations were dragged in as well.
M
A
I
N
MILITARISM
• Imperialism has led to European rivalry and mistrust
•Arms race- Europeans are keeping large standing armies
•Standing armies cause fear among European powers
Alliances• Bismarck (Germany) feels threatened by France- creates the TRIPLE ALLIANCE with members Italy, Austria-Hungary, Germany
•Germany begins to build up a navy- makes Britain nervous- Britain, France and Russia form the TRIPLE ENTENTE
•Russia is also in an alliance with the Balkan state of Serbia
•Bismarck had an alliance with Russia, But Kaiser Wilhelm lets it lapse.
Imperialism
• Imperialism has led to rivalry for overseas colonies, raw materials and markets
•To maintain control over colonies, countries have built up their militaries.
Nationalism
• Nationalism is causing competition among Germany, Austria-Hungary, Great Britain, Russia, Italy and France
•France and Germany have tension over Alsace Lorraine
•Russia is trying to dominate the Balkans- area of ethnic groups such as Serbs, Bulgarians, Romanians and others.
EXPLOSIVE
a
iASSASSINATION OF
ARCHDUKE FERDINAND
BALKANS
•Balkans were the POWDER KEG of Europe- ethnic groups are forming new nations as they break away from the Ottoman empire.
•Some European countries want to control Slavs in the region- Austria-Hungary and Russia struggle for control
•Austria Hungary annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908
•Serbia is outraged
•June 28, 1914 The Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand visits Sarajevo in Bosnia and is assassinated by a Serbian Nationalist
SPARK!
•Austria- Hungary issues an ultimatum to Serbia
•Germany urges Austria-Hungary to declare war on Serbia – Austria-Hungary does.
•Russia has an alliance with Serbia and declares war on Austria-Hungary
•Austria-Hungary has an alliance with Germany
•France and Britain have an alliance with Russia
•Italy changes sides and joins the Allies (France and Britain)
The Alliance System kicks in:
http://www.the-map-as-history.com/maps/6-first-world-war.php
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/trail/wars_conflict/soldiers/act_somme_entry.shtml
29-2•The Triple Entente and Triple Alliance caused almost all the nations of Europe to become involved in a war when Austria declared war on Serbia- Russia was an ally to Serbia and therefore moved troo9ps to the Russian-Austrian border and German border, then Germany declared war on Russia, Germany declared war on France and Great Britain declared war on Germany!•Alliances changed as the war began- the new groups were the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary and the Ottomans) v. the Allies (Great Britain, France, Russia and Italy- who switched sides)•Borders of fighting were formed in the west and east of Europe- the western front was along the French/German border and the eastern front was along the German/Russia n border•The western front quickly became a situation of stalemate when trenches were dug creating areas of “no mans’ land”•Germany had gotten itself into a difficult situation with the failure of the Schlieffen Plan- the plan had been to defeat France quickly in the west and then rush the army to the east and defeat Russia- but with the First Battle of the Marne, Germany's army is defeated and now Germany needs to fight France in the West and Russia in the East- this split their army and created a “two front war” for them•New technologies were used in World War I including poison gas, better machine guns, tanks and submarines- these new weapons made for a more devastating war•On the Eastern Front, Russia struggled as they lagged behind western Europe with technology and had not industrialized- they lacked supplies, but had a large forced which did fight hard against Germany
Topic Visual Description (use the
questions as a guide)
5 Key Facts
Causes of
the War
War
Breaks
Out
Alliances
and Fronts
of the War
World War I: Causes and Changes
Topic Visual Description (use the
questions as a guide)
5 Key Facts
New
Weapons
used in the
War
Trench
Warfare
Effects of
the war on
the
homefront
Theme: Change
Task:Identify two changes to life during World War IFor EACH:•Describe what changed•Discuss the impact the change had on the war or life during the war
Task Points
Description of the change 2 1
Discussion of the impact of the change
3 2 1
Description of the change 2 1
Discussion of the impact of the change
3 2 1
Theme: Change
Task:Identify two changes to life during World War IFor EACH:•Describe what changed•Discuss the impact the change had on the war or life during the war
Task Points
Description of the change 2 1
Discussion of the impact of the change
3 2 1
Description of the change 2 1
Discussion of the impact of the change
3 2 1
A Bloody War
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/launch_vt_wwone_trench.shtml
http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-i/videos#trench-warfare
• Schlieffen Plan: Germany would attack and defeat France in the West and then rush east to fight Russia- This plan is ruined by the First Battle of the Marne ( September 1914)- Germany would have to fight a two front war!
Trench Warfare: built to protect soldiers from enemy fire- creates situations of Stalemate -(no land won) and areas of “no man’s land”.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/launch_ani_wwone_movies.shtml
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/launch_vt_frontline.shtml
Western Front- fighting between Germany and France’s border.
Battle of the Somme (July 1916)- Germans attack French near Verdun- each side loses more than half a million casualties.
Eastern Front: Between Germany and Russia- Russians and Serbs vs. Germans and Austro-Hungarians.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/launch_ani_wwone_movies.shtml
Russia faces problems:
•Russia had not industrialized like Western Europe had
•Army was short on supplies, food, guns, ammunition, clothes, boots, blankets
•Had a large army, but it struggled against Germany
29-3
•This was not just a European War- for example, in order to get supplies to Russia, the Allies fought the Gallipoli campaign to take Constantinople- they had to give up after 250,000 died.•Germany, Japan, French and British also fought over colonies in Asia and India•The United States enters the war for various reasons including Germany’s unrestricted submarine warfare and the sinking of the Lusitania which had 128 US citizens on board and the Zimmerman note- Wilson asks Congress to declare war on Germany April 2, 1917•World War I is known as a total war, meaning ALL a country’s resources were put toward the war- factory production, money, food, etc.•Women went into the work force replacing men at jobs in factories, offices and shops•When the US entered the war, they were able to give fresh support to the Allies which put added pressure on the Central Powers •In Russia, the Russian Revolution began and Lenin pulls Russia out of the war with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk•The Central Powers surrender in 1918- the armistice (stop fighting) is signed November 11, 1918•Not only did 8.5 million soldiers die in WWI, but 21 million were wounded, civilians died of starvation, disease, etc., Europe was devastated economically, people were insecure and nervous about future conflict
The War Becomes a
Global Conflict
The Gallipoli Campaign
•Allies (Britain, France and Italy) want to take control of the Dardanelles region of the Ottoman empire to establish a supply line to Russia
•This battle became a stalemate after fighting from February 1915 to December 1915.
The Colonies get involved:
•Germany’s colonies in Asia and Africa become involved in conflicts involving Japan and China
•England and France attack Germany’s African colonies
•Britain and France recruit troops from their colonies of India, South Africa, Senegal, Egypt, Indochina, Algeria- many colonies thought this would help them gain independence when the war ended.
•Germany’s policy of unrestricted submarine warfare- Germans would sink without warning any ship around Britain
•May 7, 1915 German sinks the Lusitania- a British passenger ship
•128 US citizens on the ship die
•February 1917- US intercepts a telegram written by Arthur Zimmerman of Germany that Germany would help Mexico regain land from the US
•April 1917, US president Wilson asks Congress to declare war on Germany
• The United States has fresh soldiers and supplies to support the Allies- the Central Powers do not!
The United States enters the war:
The War Ends • The US entering the war gives the Allies an extra boost.
• Ally Russia pulls out of the war in November 1917 with Lenin’s Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
• Germany loses the Second Battle of the Marne in July 1918
• Bulgarians and Ottomans surrender
• November 9, 1918 Kaiser Wilhelm II steps down and France and Germany sign an armistice (stop fighting)
29-4
•The “Big Four” met after the war to work on the plan for peace in Paris- they were Woodrow Wilson from the US, Georges Clemenceau of France, David Lloyd George of Britain and Victorrio Orland of Italy- some were obviously left out (Germany, Japan, Russia, etc.)•Wilson wanted to try to build a long lasting peace through his 14 Points which included the creation of a peace-keeping organization and self-determination (the ability of a people to decide what kind of government to have), however France and others wanted to punish Germany for the war•The Treaty of Versailles was a flawed plan- it created a League of Nations, over punished Germany for the war and ignored the desires of Italy, Japan and others•Many new nations were created such as Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia•Former Ottoman land was divided into mandates under the control of Britain and France•Russia lost land such as Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania•Germany had to pay war reparations, give up all overseas colonies, could not maintain a strong military and sign a War Guilt Clause accepting all responsibility for the war-this would lead to a lot of resentment in Germany and this peace plan would not last!
“PEACE”?
•Big Four meet:
•Woodrow Wilson from the US
•Georges Clemenceau from France
•Vittorio Orlando from Italy
•David Lloyd George from Britain
•Wilson- Fourteen Points- including end to secret treaties, freedom of seas, free trade, treat colonies fairly, reduce armies and navies and allow for self-determination- allow people to decide what government they wish to live under, an organization for keeping peace (League of Nations)
Paris Peace Conference:
•League of Nations is created- weak- Russia, Germany and neutral nations are excluded
•Germany is punished-
•war guilt clause- had to accept full responsibility for the war
• all territories in Africa and Pacific were lost, gave land (Alsace Lorraine) back to France
• limited size of Germany’s army, prohibited them from importing or making weapons, no building or buying submarines, no air force
• war reparations- $33 million to the Allies
Treaty of Versailles- A Peace Built on Quicksand
Continued…
1914
1918
1. Which nations no longer exist post WWI, which did exist before the war?
2. Which nations are new altogether?
3. Looking at the map, what may have been the geographic goal of the Allies for Germany?
4. Which nation lost the most land as a result of the war?
MAP QUESTIONS: answer these in your notebook using complete sentences:
•New Nations are created- Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Turkey, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania
•US does not sign the treaty – Signs a separate treaty
•Japan and Italy who fought in the war to gain land did not get as much as they wanted
•Treaty leads to much bitterness in Germany, Russia, Italy and Japan (World War II!!!)
For EACH SLIDE- create 3 questions that can be answered from the slide. Write the questions next to each slide. Highlight the answers on the slide.