Results and Discussions

dsgarin 3/17/2015

General Steps in the Discussion of Tables and Statistical Results

• Present summary of data from the table.• State results of statistical computations for both

descriptive and inferential.• State the implication(s) and attribute(s) of the

data.• Corroborate and contrast the results of the finding

through the set of your review literature.• Use either past or present tense. Do not

editorialize, sermonize or moralize, and campaign.

Presentation of Data

1. Arrange findings based on the statement of the problem/objectives of the study. Have sub-titles based on the key words of the objectives.

2. Summarize data in graphical or tabular form or with the use of other convenient methods such as charts.

3. Introduce graphs, tables, plates and figures before presenting them. Tables, graphs, figures or plates that do not occupy the whole page should start or end a page. They are never placed in between text. If they occupy more than a page, continuation/s must follow immediately.

4. In the textual presentation of data from tables, figures and charts, exact repetition of figures, even expressing them in words, should be avoided.

Guide in the textual presentation of data from tables, figures and charts.

IN PERCENTILES IN FRACTIONS IN WORDS IN GENERAL TERMS

10 1/10 One out of ten Few

20 1/5 One out of five Few

25 1/4 One fourth/A quarter Some

30 33 40 45-49

50 50+1 60 66 70 75 80 90 100

3/101/32/5-

1/2-3/52/37/10¾4/59/10-

Three out tenOne third/One out of threeTwo out of five-

One half-Three out of fiveTwo thirds/Two out of threeSeven out of tenThree fourths/Three our of fourFour Fifths/four out of fiveNine out of ten-

SomeManyManyLess than half/Almost half-MajorityA great majorityA great majorityA great majorityMostAlmost allAlmost allAll/Everyone

• When the highest figure in the distribution does not exceed fifty percent, don’t state majority, just state “the greatest number of the respondents”

Interpretation of Results

• Interpretation of results follows right after presentation and analysis of data. This section explains meanings of the results of described data, decides whether hypotheses are rejected or accepted, and gives implications of findings.

• Tabular and graphical interpretation highlights,

statistical interpretation implications, inferences, attributes are introduced. Assumptions stated may be played up. In corroborating, contradicting, or confirming results, literature, quotations and other evidences are used.

SummaryThe summary should make a short but accuratestatement of the findings based on thestatement of the problem/objectives of thestudy. For instance, if one of the objectives of a certainstudy deals with determining the academicperformance of education students, then thesummary should focus only on the academicperformance of such students giving emphasison whether the performance is high, medium orlow.

CONCLUSION

• For the conclusion, the most appropriate basis is the statement of the hypothesis of the study. Were there significant differences in the findings? For example, from the above summary of findings, the conclusion can be stated as, “It is therefore concluded that the academic performance of the education students differ significantly.” You can make the necessary statement of differences after concluding.

RECOMMENDATIONSThe finale of your manuscript is the recommendation. It

is a statement of the suggestion you offer to your readers based on the conclusion made from the study.

For example, taking again the conclusion above, one recommendation you state would be, “Since the academic performance of education students differs, it is strongly recommended that teachers should be to give equal attention to their students to realize a more or less high and homogeneous academic performance.”

•

There is no hard-and-fast rule as to the number of recommendations that you can offer; hence, you can make one or more recommendations per conclusion. Likewise, recommendations for policy implications like models or paradigms including future studies are highly desired in every research study.

ExampleThe attitudes of the respondents towards organic farming are shown in Table 2 indicating differences in weighted means from 2.05 (not much accepted) to 3.02 (very much accepted). The general weighted mean is 2.60, very much accepted. Based on the data, the aspects which are very much accepted by the respondents are the use of standards which has the highest weighted mean, 3.02; followed by proper harvesting and marketing, 2.82; and advantage and disadvantage, 2.77. However, the attitudes

Table 2. Attitude towards organic farming.________________________________________________ASPECT WM DE________Use of standards 3.02 VMAProper harvesting and marketing 2.82 VMAAdvantages and disadvantages 2.77 VMAFarming commodities 2.5 NMAEffectiveness 2.49 NMA Importance of organic farming 2.05 NMA GWM 2.60 VMA_______ tc= 4.10* t.05= 1.96 * - significant

of the respondents toward farming commodities,2.5; effectiveness, 2.49; and importance of organicfarming, 2.05 are not much accepted. The t computed value, which is higher than the tabular value at .05 percent level of significance led to the acceptance of the hypothesis that the attitude towards organic farming differ.

The finding implies that the attitudes of thefarmers toward organic farming vary. The varying attitudes of the farmers toward organic farming can be attributed to patience, talent, honesty and goal

of the farmers. This means that the moredifferent the levels of patience, talents, honesty, and goals, the more different the attitudes toward organic farming. This finding supports Harr (1945) stating that behaviors of farmers in composting crop residues requires patience andresourcefulness.

Summary

The finding shows that the attitude of the respondent-farmers toward organic farming differ along various aspects very much accepting the use of standards, proper harvesting and marketing, and advantage and disadvantage of organic farming while not much accepting farming commodities, effectiveness, and importance of organic farming.

Conclusion

Based on the findings, it is concluded that theattitudes of the farmers toward organic farmingvary. The farmers are positive over the use of standards, proper harvesting and marketing, and advantage and disadvantage of organic farming. They are not quite convinced however, on organic farming commodities, effectiveness, and importance of organic farming.

Recommendation1. Since attitudes toward organic farming differs, the farmers are encourage to attend seminars, workshops, lectures and demonstrationsregarding all aspects of organic farming to give them adequate information paving way to positive attitude towards organic agriculture.2. The concerned agencies must organize programs, projects or advocacies to motivate farmers to go into organic agriculture.