thermoplastic material testing effect of moisture on pa 6/6 · 2015-11-05 · material testing for...
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![Page 1: Thermoplastic Material Testing Effect of Moisture on PA 6/6 · 2015-11-05 · Material testing for new product development Material parameters for CAE, material model validation Store,](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022043005/5f89f95ee57c990f2a521898/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Thermoplastic Material Testing for Use in SIGMASOFT and the Effect of Moisture on PA 6/6
![Page 2: Thermoplastic Material Testing Effect of Moisture on PA 6/6 · 2015-11-05 · Material testing for new product development Material parameters for CAE, material model validation Store,](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022043005/5f89f95ee57c990f2a521898/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
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![Page 5: Thermoplastic Material Testing Effect of Moisture on PA 6/6 · 2015-11-05 · Material testing for new product development Material parameters for CAE, material model validation Store,](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022043005/5f89f95ee57c990f2a521898/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
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Required Testing
• Viscosity
• Specific Heat
• DSC Transition Temperatures
• Thermal Conductivity
• PVT
• Linear Shrinkage
• Viscoelastic Properties
Mold Filling
Packing
Post-Mold Shrinkage Warpage
![Page 8: Thermoplastic Material Testing Effect of Moisture on PA 6/6 · 2015-11-05 · Material testing for new product development Material parameters for CAE, material model validation Store,](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022043005/5f89f95ee57c990f2a521898/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Rheometer Measurement of Viscosity
• Capillary rheometer is used
• Material is extruded through a restriction of known geometry (extremely high tolerance dies)
• Temperature and flow rate are controlled
• Pressure drop across the restriction is used to determine viscosity as a function of shear rate and temperature
![Page 9: Thermoplastic Material Testing Effect of Moisture on PA 6/6 · 2015-11-05 · Material testing for new product development Material parameters for CAE, material model validation Store,](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022043005/5f89f95ee57c990f2a521898/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Viscosity Properties
• As shear rate increases, viscosity decreases
![Page 10: Thermoplastic Material Testing Effect of Moisture on PA 6/6 · 2015-11-05 · Material testing for new product development Material parameters for CAE, material model validation Store,](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022043005/5f89f95ee57c990f2a521898/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Viscosity Properties
• As temperature increases, viscosity decreases
![Page 11: Thermoplastic Material Testing Effect of Moisture on PA 6/6 · 2015-11-05 · Material testing for new product development Material parameters for CAE, material model validation Store,](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022043005/5f89f95ee57c990f2a521898/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Viscosity Measurements
• Apparent Viscosity
• Shear rate:
– Shear stress:
– Shear viscosity:
• Corrections to viscosity
– Reservoir and friction losses (transducer located at die)
– End pressure drop (Bagley)
– Non-parabolic velocity (Rabinowitsch correction)
3
32a
Q
d
4w
pd
L
wa
a
Where: Q = Volume flow rate
p = Pressure drop
d = Capillary diameter
L = Capillary length
![Page 12: Thermoplastic Material Testing Effect of Moisture on PA 6/6 · 2015-11-05 · Material testing for new product development Material parameters for CAE, material model validation Store,](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022043005/5f89f95ee57c990f2a521898/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Bagley Correction Testing
• Bagley Correction
– Perform viscosity measure on two different die ratios at equal shear rates
– Evaluate pressure differences between die geometries (capillary diameter remains the same)
= R/2(dP/dL)
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Viscosity Modeling
• Very strong rheological models
– Cross WLF, Cross Arrhenius
– Combines a model of shear rate dependency with temperature dependency
– Allows us to predict beyond testing range
22
2110
1
0
0
exp
,
*1
,
DTA
DTADT
whereT
Tn
n 0.28400
* 32096.1
D1 3.86E+13
D2 263.15
A1 30.87
A2 51.6
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Considerations for Testing
• Limited in shear rates
– Typically test 10-10000 /s
• Residence times are longer in testing
– Testing takes several minutes (approx. 6-10 min.)
– Need to worry about thermal stability
• Processing temperatures are typically higher than test temperatures
• Typically testing is performed at two temperatures within the processing range and one below
![Page 15: Thermoplastic Material Testing Effect of Moisture on PA 6/6 · 2015-11-05 · Material testing for new product development Material parameters for CAE, material model validation Store,](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022043005/5f89f95ee57c990f2a521898/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Problematic Materials • Moisture sensitive materials
– Improperly dried materials cause reduction in viscosity
– Over-dried materials cause a rise in viscosity
– PET, PA, PC, PBT etc.
• Highly filled materials – Can “log jam” the die entrance
– Special dies must be used
– Higher scatter in test data requires engineering judgment on behavior
• Thermally unstable materials – Requires very careful attention to residence times
– PVC
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Moisture Study of PA 6/6
• Drying Method Used (Dry)
– Fluid bed dryer, 10 hrs 110°C
– KFC titration
– 0.109% moisture
• Humidification (Wet)
– Tenny humidification chamber
– 10 hrs 70% RH, 60°C
– 0.351% moisture
![Page 17: Thermoplastic Material Testing Effect of Moisture on PA 6/6 · 2015-11-05 · Material testing for new product development Material parameters for CAE, material model validation Store,](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022043005/5f89f95ee57c990f2a521898/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Viscosity of Dry PA 6/6
Cross/WLF Model
n 0.47213
* 28006.21
D1 5.43E+11
D2 413.15
A1 26.65
A2 51.6
Viscosity vs Shear Rate
Cross WLF
Viscosity vs Temperature
Coefficients (SI units)
22
2110
1
0
0
exp
,
*1
,
DTA
DTADT
whereT
Tn
10
100
1000
10000
10 100 1000 10000 100000
Shear Rate (s-1
)
Vis
co
sit
y (
Pa•s
)
265 °C
275 °C
285 °C
295 °C
10
100
1000
260 265 270 275 280 285 290 295 300Temperature (°C)
Vis
co
sit
y (
Pa•s
)
100 s-1
1000 s-1
10000 s-1
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Viscosity of Wet PA 6/6 Cross/WLF Model
n 0.21509
* 60816.386
D1 1.34E+20
D2 378.07371
A1 53.68
A2 51.6
Viscosity vs Shear Rate
Cross WLF
Viscosity vs Temperature
Coefficients (SI units)
22
2110
1
0
0
exp
,
*1
,
DTA
DTADT
whereT
Tn
1
10
100
1000
10 100 1000 10000 100000
Shear Rate (s-1
)
Vis
co
sit
y (
Pa•s
)
265 °C
275 °C
285 °C
295 °C
1
10
100
1000
260 270 280 290 300 310 320Temperature (°C)
Vis
co
sit
y (
Pa•s
)
100 s-1
1000 s-1
10000 s-1
![Page 19: Thermoplastic Material Testing Effect of Moisture on PA 6/6 · 2015-11-05 · Material testing for new product development Material parameters for CAE, material model validation Store,](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022043005/5f89f95ee57c990f2a521898/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Wet/Dry Viscosity Comparison
1
10
100
1000
10000
10 100 1000 10000 100000
Shear Rate (s-1
)
Vis
co
sity (
Pa
•s)
265 °C275 °C285 °C295 °C265 °C275°C285 °C295 °C
n 0.47213
* 28006.21
D1 5.43E+11
D2 413.15
A1 26.65
A2 51.6
Coefficients (SI units) Dry
n 0.21509
* 60816.386
D1 1.34E+20
D2 378.07371
A1 53.68
A2 51.6
Coefficients (SI units) Wet
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Implementation Into SIGMASOFT
• General parameters
– Material type Plastic (Semi-crystalline or Amorphous)
– Initial temperature minimum temperature
– Material models PVT (Tait), Viscosity (Cross WLF),
Stress (Viscoelastic), Fiber Model (Deactivated when viscoelastic is used), Crystallization (Weibull, when semi-crystalline material is selected)
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Implementation Into Sigmasoft
• Thermal conductivity
• Specific heat
• Viscosity
• PVT
• CTE
• Mechanicals
• Order of input counts
– PVT, Cp, Lambda, Visc,
CTE, mechanicals
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Implementation Into Sigmasoft
• X-Y pairs in text files
– Viscosity (3)
– Specific heat (1)
– Thermal conductivity (1)
– PVT (4-6)
– CTE (1)
– Mechanicals (5)
– At least 17 input files
![Page 23: Thermoplastic Material Testing Effect of Moisture on PA 6/6 · 2015-11-05 · Material testing for new product development Material parameters for CAE, material model validation Store,](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022043005/5f89f95ee57c990f2a521898/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Molding Conditions
• Flow rate 66 cc/s
• Flow Temperature 300°C
• Mold Temperature 87°C
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Mold Filling Pressure
• Look at approx. 75% fill
• Dry566 bar inlet pressure
• Wet120 bar inlet pressure
![Page 25: Thermoplastic Material Testing Effect of Moisture on PA 6/6 · 2015-11-05 · Material testing for new product development Material parameters for CAE, material model validation Store,](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022043005/5f89f95ee57c990f2a521898/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Pressure Profile Near Gate and Away
• Dramatic difference in pressure in mold
• Almost 5 times pressure for only 0.25 % moisture
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6
Time (s)
Pre
ssu
re (
Bar)
Dry Near Gate
Dry Aw ay From Gate
Wet Near Gate
Wet Aw ay From Gate
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Consequences of Design Based on Wet Material Data
• Mold design underestimates clamping force
• Flow patterns are wrong
• Fiber orientation is wrong
• Fill time is off
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Consequences of Molding an Actual Part With Wet Material
• Inferior strength
• Voids from entrapped moisture
• Splay/streaking
• Blisters
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Conclusion
• Materials that are subject to moisture
– PET, PA, PC, PBT Filled Materials
• Always have a target moisture declared
– Simple dry times and temperatures may not be enough
– Record actual moisture content
• Be aware that you can over-dry a material as well… to be continued