the world trade order. as part of post ww2 world economic order 1 st – 12th of july 1944 bretton...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: The world trade order. As part of post WW2 World Economic Order 1 st – 12th of July 1944 Bretton Woods Conference Bretton Woods Institutions: International](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062622/55204d6449795902118ba171/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The world trade order
![Page 2: The world trade order. As part of post WW2 World Economic Order 1 st – 12th of July 1944 Bretton Woods Conference Bretton Woods Institutions: International](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062622/55204d6449795902118ba171/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
As part of post WW2 World Economic Order
1 st – 12th of July 1944 „Bretton Woods Conference“
Bretton Woods Institutions: International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development (core of „World Bank Group“) International Monetay Fund (exchange rate system) (International Trade Organisation (Trade))
![Page 3: The world trade order. As part of post WW2 World Economic Order 1 st – 12th of July 1944 Bretton Woods Conference Bretton Woods Institutions: International](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062622/55204d6449795902118ba171/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The GATT
General Agreement on Tarifs and Trade No UN-Organisation, simple treaty Substitute for failed ITO
J.M. Keynes: elaborate agreement for maintaining current account balances , international anti-trust
Repeatedly failed in U.S. Congress
in force since 1st of January 1948
![Page 4: The world trade order. As part of post WW2 World Economic Order 1 st – 12th of July 1944 Bretton Woods Conference Bretton Woods Institutions: International](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062622/55204d6449795902118ba171/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Scope
Trade in Manufactured goods Not:
Agricultural goods Services
![Page 5: The world trade order. As part of post WW2 World Economic Order 1 st – 12th of July 1944 Bretton Woods Conference Bretton Woods Institutions: International](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062622/55204d6449795902118ba171/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Principles
Liberalization Non-Discrimination
Most Favored Nation Principle National Treatment
Reciprocity
![Page 6: The world trade order. As part of post WW2 World Economic Order 1 st – 12th of July 1944 Bretton Woods Conference Bretton Woods Institutions: International](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062622/55204d6449795902118ba171/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
GATT Rounds
round time focus
1 to 5 until 1962 Reduction of tariffs
6 (Kennedy) 1964-67Reduction of tariffs, Anti-Dumping Code
7 (Tokio) 1973-79New Anti-Dumping Code, Subsidy Code
8 (Uruguay) 1986-93
Liberalization of agricultural trade, Inclusion of services and intellectual property rights, creation of WTO
![Page 7: The world trade order. As part of post WW2 World Economic Order 1 st – 12th of July 1944 Bretton Woods Conference Bretton Woods Institutions: International](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062622/55204d6449795902118ba171/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
The result: average US-tariff rate
![Page 8: The world trade order. As part of post WW2 World Economic Order 1 st – 12th of July 1944 Bretton Woods Conference Bretton Woods Institutions: International](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062622/55204d6449795902118ba171/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
WTO
World Trade Organisation (since 1.1.1995) GATT becomes a part of WTO Differences:
UN-special organisation, based in Geneva Includes in addition to Manufactures
Services (GATS, numerous exceptions from most-favored nation clause) and
Trade related aspects of intellectual property rights (TRIPS)
![Page 9: The world trade order. As part of post WW2 World Economic Order 1 st – 12th of July 1944 Bretton Woods Conference Bretton Woods Institutions: International](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062622/55204d6449795902118ba171/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Further differences WTO-GATT
Binding conflict resolution mechanisms 167 cases until 1999 (GATT 300, 1948-1994) Panels
mediationRetaliatory tariffs (asymmetric power!)
www.wto.org
![Page 10: The world trade order. As part of post WW2 World Economic Order 1 st – 12th of July 1944 Bretton Woods Conference Bretton Woods Institutions: International](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062622/55204d6449795902118ba171/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
WTO Organisation
H an d e lsp o lit is ch es P rü fo rg an(Trad e P o lic y R eview B od y)
R a t fü r H an d e l m it W aren(G A TT,
P ro toko ll d e r U ru g u ay R u n d e)
R at fü r H an d e l m it D ien s tle is tu n g en(G A TS ,
G en era l A g reem en t on Trad e in S ervices )
R a t fü r h an d e lsb ezog en e g e is t ig e E ig en tu m srech te(TR IP S
Trad e re la ted A sp ec ts o f In te llec tu a lP rop erty R ig h ts )
A llg em ein er R a t(G en era l C ou n c il)
S tre itb e ileg u n g sorg an(D isp u te S e tt lem en t B od y)
M in is te rtre ffena lle 2 Jah re
zu le tz t in S ea tt le
![Page 11: The world trade order. As part of post WW2 World Economic Order 1 st – 12th of July 1944 Bretton Woods Conference Bretton Woods Institutions: International](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062622/55204d6449795902118ba171/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Doha Round
Started November 2001 in Doha, Quatar Supposedly a „Development Round“ Originally to be finished by 2006 Emergence of a strong Development country
„block“ the G-20, lead by Brasil, South Africa, India and China
Presently (march 2008) stalled due to large differences as to how to liberalize agricultural trade
![Page 12: The world trade order. As part of post WW2 World Economic Order 1 st – 12th of July 1944 Bretton Woods Conference Bretton Woods Institutions: International](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062622/55204d6449795902118ba171/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
A different voice
UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) Forum for discussion, research pool Traditionally critical of free trade www.unctad.org
![Page 13: The world trade order. As part of post WW2 World Economic Order 1 st – 12th of July 1944 Bretton Woods Conference Bretton Woods Institutions: International](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062622/55204d6449795902118ba171/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Principles
Liberalization Non-Discrimination
Most Favored Nation Principle National Treatment
Reciprocity
![Page 14: The world trade order. As part of post WW2 World Economic Order 1 st – 12th of July 1944 Bretton Woods Conference Bretton Woods Institutions: International](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062622/55204d6449795902118ba171/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Exceptions: Scope
Agricultural Products Textiles (Mulit-Fibre Arrangement), 1974-
2004 System of quotas Has cost the developping world 27 million jobs
and 40 billion $ export earnings Expired January 1st, 2005
![Page 15: The world trade order. As part of post WW2 World Economic Order 1 st – 12th of July 1944 Bretton Woods Conference Bretton Woods Institutions: International](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062622/55204d6449795902118ba171/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Exceptions: „Non-economic „ reasons
Article 20 and 21: Protection due to non – economic reasons Life and Health of humans, animals and plants Protection of national cultural heritageProtection of depletable resourcesNational Security
Important: Protection of one‘s own country, not rest of the world!
![Page 16: The world trade order. As part of post WW2 World Economic Order 1 st – 12th of July 1944 Bretton Woods Conference Bretton Woods Institutions: International](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062622/55204d6449795902118ba171/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Exceptions from the principles
No most favored nation clause:FTA, CU (Art.24)Preferences towards developing countries
Z.B. GPS of the EU, Lomé
Possibility to create new tafriffsDumping (Art 6)Countervailing tariffs against export subsidies
(Art 16)
![Page 17: The world trade order. As part of post WW2 World Economic Order 1 st – 12th of July 1944 Bretton Woods Conference Bretton Woods Institutions: International](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062622/55204d6449795902118ba171/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Exportsubventionen
Arten: Beihilfen Steuererleichterungen Zinsvergünstigungen Verlustübernahme
Problem: Unterscheidung von Exportsubventionen und „heimischen Subventionen“ Z.B. zur Beschäftigungssicherung
![Page 18: The world trade order. As part of post WW2 World Economic Order 1 st – 12th of July 1944 Bretton Woods Conference Bretton Woods Institutions: International](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062622/55204d6449795902118ba171/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Dumping: Definitionen
Niedrigerer Preis als Grenzkosten ? Sporadisches Dumping:
Überschüsse werden verbilligt abgegeben („Winterschlussverkäufe“)
Aggressives Dumping Preis unter Grenzkosten als Mittel im
Verdrängungswettbewerb
![Page 19: The world trade order. As part of post WW2 World Economic Order 1 st – 12th of July 1944 Bretton Woods Conference Bretton Woods Institutions: International](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062622/55204d6449795902118ba171/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Dumping: Definitionen (Forts.)
Niedrigerer Preis als im Heimatmarkt (= WTO Def.)
Dauerhaftes Dumping: Preis über Grenzkosten Internationale Preisdifferenzierung Grenzerlös = Grenzkosten
Sozial- und Umweltdumping ?
![Page 20: The world trade order. As part of post WW2 World Economic Order 1 st – 12th of July 1944 Bretton Woods Conference Bretton Woods Institutions: International](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062622/55204d6449795902118ba171/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Dumping: EU Verfahren
Tatbestand? Bedeutende Schädigung? Kausalität? Strafzoll im Europäischen Interesse? Pro Jahr 30-40 Verfahren
![Page 21: The world trade order. As part of post WW2 World Economic Order 1 st – 12th of July 1944 Bretton Woods Conference Bretton Woods Institutions: International](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062622/55204d6449795902118ba171/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
WTO Regeln: Anti-Dumping Zölle
Verhältnismäßigkeit (Dumpingspanne abgeschöpft)
Befristet: Sunset-Clause (5 Jahre)
![Page 22: The world trade order. As part of post WW2 World Economic Order 1 st – 12th of July 1944 Bretton Woods Conference Bretton Woods Institutions: International](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062622/55204d6449795902118ba171/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
US-Verfahren
Niedrigste Preise (nicht Durchschnittspreise)
Anti-Dumping Zoll kann praktisch nur mit Zustimmung des Klägers rückgängig gemacht werden
![Page 23: The world trade order. As part of post WW2 World Economic Order 1 st – 12th of July 1944 Bretton Woods Conference Bretton Woods Institutions: International](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062622/55204d6449795902118ba171/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Aktuelle Fragen
![Page 24: The world trade order. As part of post WW2 World Economic Order 1 st – 12th of July 1944 Bretton Woods Conference Bretton Woods Institutions: International](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062622/55204d6449795902118ba171/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Aktuelle
![Page 25: The world trade order. As part of post WW2 World Economic Order 1 st – 12th of July 1944 Bretton Woods Conference Bretton Woods Institutions: International](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062622/55204d6449795902118ba171/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Missbrauch der Dumpingregel?
Verfahren der Feststellung von Dumping nicht hinreichend geklärt
Missbrauch gegen unliebsame Konkurrenz v.a. aus Entwicklungs- Transformationsländern
![Page 26: The world trade order. As part of post WW2 World Economic Order 1 st – 12th of July 1944 Bretton Woods Conference Bretton Woods Institutions: International](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062622/55204d6449795902118ba171/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Das GATS
Was sind Dienstleistungen ? Wie werden sie international gehandelt?
(„Modes“)1. grenzüberschreitende Lieferung (z. B. Call Centers)2. Konsum im Ausland (z.B. Tourismus)3. Bereitstellung im Inland durch ausländischen
Anbieter (z.B. private Universität)4. Zeitweilige Migration von Dienstleistungsanbietern
![Page 27: The world trade order. As part of post WW2 World Economic Order 1 st – 12th of July 1944 Bretton Woods Conference Bretton Woods Institutions: International](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062622/55204d6449795902118ba171/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Grundstruktur GATS
Gleiche Prinzipien wie GATT „Bottom –Up“ Ansatz: Länder legen selbst fest,
welche Dienstleistungssektoren sie diesen Prinzipien unterwerfen
„GATS der verschiedenen Geschwindigkeiten“ , z.B. zur Inländergleichbehandlung und Nichtdiskriminierung bei öffentlichen Aufträgen (EU, USA, Japan)
![Page 28: The world trade order. As part of post WW2 World Economic Order 1 st – 12th of July 1944 Bretton Woods Conference Bretton Woods Institutions: International](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062622/55204d6449795902118ba171/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Problematik 1
Eingrenzung staatlicher Regulierungshohheit ? Ausnahme von Liberalisierungsgebot (Art 1, 3):
Dienstleistungen die „in Ausübung hoheitlicher Gewalt erbracht“ werden
Schutz nur möglich wenn die jeweilige Dienstleistung „weder zu kommerziellen Zwecken, noch im Wettbewerb mit einem oder mehreren Dienstleistungserbringern erbracht wird.“
Interpretation?
![Page 29: The world trade order. As part of post WW2 World Economic Order 1 st – 12th of July 1944 Bretton Woods Conference Bretton Woods Institutions: International](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062622/55204d6449795902118ba171/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Problematik 2
Entscheidungsstruktur: Konsensprinzip, aber Aufgrund der Kosten der Vertretung und
Verhandlung: Verhandlungsmacht bei den großen 3 plus einiger „strategischer“ Entwicklungsländer
Geringer Öffentlichkeitsgrad von Entscheidungsprozessen
Weitere Umgehung der Legislativen ?
![Page 30: The world trade order. As part of post WW2 World Economic Order 1 st – 12th of July 1944 Bretton Woods Conference Bretton Woods Institutions: International](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062622/55204d6449795902118ba171/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Tendenz ?
Liberalisierungsdruck bei schleichendem nationalen Souveränitätsverlust?