The West on the Eve of a New The West on the Eve of a New World OrderWorld Order

1717

The Scientific RevolutionThe Scientific Revolution

Toward a New Heaven: A Revolution in Astronomy Geocentric theory of the universe Nicholas Copernicus (1473 – 1543) Johannes Kepler (1571 – 1630) Galileo Galilei (1564 – 1642) Isaac Newton (1642 – 1727)

Toward a New Earth: Descartes and Toward a New Earth: Descartes and RationalismRationalism Rene Descartes (1596 – 1650)

Cartesian dualism Rationalism

Europe, China, and Scientific Revolutions

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Centers of Enlightenment circa 1700Centers of Enlightenment circa 1700

The EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment

Background to the Enlightenment Isaac Newton (1642-1727)

• World and everything in it worked like a giant machine John Locke (1632-1704)

• Essay Concerning Human Understanding• Every person born with a blank mind

The Philosophers and Their Ideas Who were the philosophes? Paris: the capital of the Enlightenment Role of philosophy: not just to discuss the world but to

change it

Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Montesquieu, Voltaire, and DiderotDiderot Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755) Spirit of the Laws (1748)

Natural laws Three kinds of government Checks and Balances/Separation of powers

François-Marie Arouet, Voltaire (1694-1778) Criticism of traditional religion Favored religious toleration Deism

Denis Diederot (1713-1784) Encyclopedia, 28 volumes Spread the ideas of the Enlightenment

Voltaire

Toward a New “Science of Man”Toward a New “Science of Man” Belief in natural laws for all areas of human life Called “Science of Man”, or social sciences Physiocrats

Natural economic laws Adam Smith (1723-1790)

• State should not interfere with economic matters• Idea became known as laissez-faire• Three functions of government: protect society against

invasion; defend citizens against injustice; and keep up certain public works The “Woman Question” in the Enlightenment

The Later EnlightenmentThe Later Enlightenment Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)

Discourse on the Origins of the Inequality of Mankind The Social Contract

• Entire society agrees to be governed by its general will• General will is not only political but also ethical, representing what the entire

community ought to do Émile

• Education should foster, rather than restrict, children’s natural instincts Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797)

Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) Subjection of women by men wrong Philosophical idea of innate reason means women have to be equal

Culture in an Enlightened AgeCulture in an Enlightened Age Rococo Art

Emphasized grace, charm, and gentle action Highly secular

Antoine Watteau (1684-1721) World of upper-class joy and pleasure; underneath the fragility and

transitory nature of pleasure, love, and life High Culture

Literary and artistic culture Expansion in the 18th century of reading public and publishing

Popular Culture Group activity Feast days and festivals

• Carnival

Watteau paintingWatteau painting

http://www.latifm.com/artists/Watteau.htm

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Global Trade Patterns of the EuropeanGlobal Trade Patterns of the EuropeanStates in the Eighteenth CenturyStates in the Eighteenth Century

Economic Changes and the Economic Changes and the Social OrderSocial Order New Economic Patterns

Population Growth• Growth begins in Europe about 1750• Agricultural revolution

Textile industry Global economy

Gold and silver from Spanish America made its way to Britain, France, and the Netherlands for manufactured goods

In turn, the profits used to buy tea, spices, silk, and cotton goods from China and India

Plantations of the Western Hemisphere British ships carry British goods

European Society in the European Society in the Eighteenth CenturyEighteenth Century Society still divided into traditional orders or estates

determined by heredity Governments helped maintain the divisions Free peasant and serf

85 percent of Europe’s population Eastern Germany, eastern Europe, and Russia peasants remained tied to

the land as serfs Peasants in Britain, northern Italy, the Low Countries, Spain, most of

France, and some areas of western Germany were largely free Nobles Urban population

Patrician oligarchies, upper middle class, lower middle class, laborers

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Latin America in the Eighteenth Latin America in the Eighteenth CenturyCentury

Colonial Empires and Revolution Colonial Empires and Revolution in the Western Hemispherein the Western Hemisphere Society in Latin America

Multiracial• Mestizos• Mulattoes

The Economic Foundations• Precious metals• Agriculture• Trade

The State and the Church in Colonial Latin America• Difficulty of communication and control• Portuguese Brazil

• Brazil will have a Governor-general

Spanish AmericaSpanish America

Viceroy All governmental positions held by Spaniards Missionaries

Missions Hospitals, orphanages, and schools Nunneries Sor Juan Inés de la Cruz (1651-1695)

British North AmericaBritish North America

Shared political power between monarch and Parliament Parliament gradually gained the upper hand Crown chose ministers responsible to the crown Parliament made laws, levied taxes, passed budgets,

and influenced the king’s ministers Growing middle class

William Pitt, the elder, prime minister in 1757 Gained Canada and India in The Seven Year’s War

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North America, 1700-1803North America, 1700-1803

The American RevolutionThe American Revolution

Consequences of the Seven Years’ War Second Continental Congress

Declaration of Independence The War

Foreign support Continental Army Yorktown, 1781 Treaty of Paris, 1783

Birth of a New NationBirth of a New Nation

Articles of Confederation, 1781 Constitution, 1789

Three branches of government “Checks and balances” Bill of Rights

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Expansion of Prussia, 1640-1795Expansion of Prussia, 1640-1795

Toward A New Political Order Toward A New Political Order and Political Conflictand Political Conflict Enlightenment impacts political development Philosopher’s natural rights What made a ruler enlightened? Enlightened absolutism Prussia: The Army and the Bureaucracy

Frederick William II, the Great, of Prussia (1740-1786)• Well educated• Believed the king was the “first servant of the state”• Reforms

The Austrian Empire of the Habsburgs Joseph II of Austria (1780-1790)

• Reforms• Problems

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From Muscovy to Russia, 1584-From Muscovy to Russia, 1584-17961796

Russia Under Catherine the GreatRussia Under Catherine the Great

Catherine II, the Great, of Russia (1762-1796) Initial reforms Charter of the Nobility, 1785 Expansion Emelyan Pugachev Rebellion, 1773-1774

Joseph II - true radical change Catherine II and Frederick II attempted some reforms Enlightened rulers were limited in what they could do

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The Seven Years’ WarThe Seven Years’ War

Changing Patterns of War: Changing Patterns of War: Global ConfrontationGlobal Confrontation International rivalry War of Austrian Succession, 1740-1748

Maria Theresa of Austria (1740-1748) Silesia was seized by Prussia from Austria France occupied the Austrian Netherlands France took Madras in India from the British Britain took Louisbourg in North America All exhausted by 1748; return of all territories but

Silesia

Seven Years’ War: A Global Seven Years’ War: A Global War, 1756-1763War, 1756-1763

Britain-France conflict France-Austria-Russia alliance European conflict Indian conflict North American conflict

The French RevolutionThe French Revolution Background to the French Revolution Social Structure of the Old Regime

First Estate (Clergy)• 130,000 who own about 10 percent of the land• Exempt from the taille• Were divided from within as well• 350,000 owning about 25 to 30 percent of the land

The French Revolution (cont.’d)The French Revolution (cont.’d) Second Estate (Nobility)

• About 350,000 people• Owned about 25 – 30 percent of the land• Looking to expand their power• Were exempt from the taille

Third Estate (Commoners, skilled workers, bourgeoisie)• Peasants were 75 to 80 percent of the population owning 35 to 40

percent of the land• No serfdom but obligations• Skilled craftsmen, shopkeepers, and wage earners• Bourgeoisie (middle class) make up about 8 percent (about 2.3

million) of population who own about 20 to 25 percent of the land

Other Problems Facing the Other Problems Facing the French MonarchyFrench Monarchy

Bad harvests in 1787 and 1788 Collapse of government finances Louis XIV (1774-1792)

Estates General, last called in 1614 First Estate and Second Estate 300 delegates Third Estates 600 delegates

From Estates-General to National From Estates-General to National AssemblyAssembly Estates General opens May 5, 1789, at the Palace

of Versailles Organization Demands of the Third Estate

Third Estate constitutes itself as the National Assembly, June 17, 1789

Bastille, July 14, 1789 The Great Fear, July-August, 1789

Destruction of the Old RegimeDestruction of the Old Regime Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, August 26, 1789 Olympe de Gouges

Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen Parisian women march to Versailles and force Louis XVI and his family to

return to Paris Civil Constitution of the Clergy, July 12, 1790 National Assembly creates a constitution, 1791

Set up a limited constitutional monarchy Legislative Assembly to make the laws Uses an indirect voting method to elect representatives

Opposition to the new government King attempts to flee France in June 1791 Legislative Assembly declares war on Austria, April 20, 1792

The Radical RevolutionThe Radical Revolution National Convention, September 1792

Abolition of the monarchy, September 21, 1792, creation of a republic

Execution of Louis XIV, January 21, 1793 Paris Commune Informal European coalition against France -- Austria, Prussia,

Spain, Portugal, Britain, the Dutch Republic, and Russia A Nation in Arms

Committee of Public Safety, 1793-1794• Universal mobilization of the nation, August 23, 1793• Army grew from 650,000 to 1,169,000 in September 1794

Reign of TerrorReign of Terror

Protect the Republic from internal enemies Executions

Lyons De-Christianization New calendar Temple of Reason

Reaction and the DirectoryReaction and the Directory

Robespierre guillotined on July 28, 1794, thus ending the Reign of Terror

Directory, August 1795-1799 Stagnation and corruption Coup d’état in 1799

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The French Republic, Its Satellites, The French Republic, Its Satellites, and Hostile States in 1799and Hostile States in 1799

The Age of NapoleonThe Age of Napoleon Born on the island of Corsica in 1769 Brigadier general, 1794 Disastrous expedition to Egypt, 1797 Consulate created following the coup d’état of 1799

Napoleon the First Consul Consul for life, 1802

Crowned Emperor Napoleon I, 1804 Domestic Policies

• Concordat of 1801 with the Catholic Church• Napoleonic Civil Code• Bureaucratic reform• Effects of Napoleon’s domestic policies

Napoleon’s Empire and the Napoleon’s Empire and the European ResponseEuropean Response Peace 1802; war renewed in 1803 Britain, Austria, Russia, Russia, and Prussia in the Third Coalition Victories of 1805 to 1807 The Grand Empire

Napoleon master of Europe, 1807-1812• The French Empire• Dependent states• Allied states

Napoleon sought acceptance for revolutionary ideas Napoleon sought to destroy the old order Why does Napoleon fail?

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The Napoleonic Empire, 1810-The Napoleonic Empire, 1810-18131813

Fall of NapoleonFall of Napoleon Invasion of Russia, 1812

Russia refused to remain in the Continental System Russian tactics Only 40,000 of 600,000 invaders returned to Poland in January, 1813

Defeat , April, 1814 Paris captured in March, 1814 Exile to Elba, 1814 Louis XVIII took the throne Napoleon returns to France

Battle of Waterloo, June 18, 1815 Napoleon defeated by the Duke of Wellington Exile to St. Helena, 1815-1821

Discussion QuestionsDiscussion Questions How did the Scientific Revolution of the sixteenth and

seventeenth centuries contribute to the Enlightenment of the eighteenth century?

How did changing economic patterns in the eighteenth century affect European social development?

Compare and contrast British and Spanish rule in the Americas.

What were the most important causes of the French Revolution?

Is it accurate to describe Napoleon as an advocate of the ideals of the French Revolution?