the west and the changing world chapters 15, 16 and 17
TRANSCRIPT
The West and the Changing World
Chapters 15, 16 and 17
1200-1400 Middle East
1200
Dominated by 2 empires
1. Byzantine Empire
2. Islamic Caliphates (Abbasid)
1400
Mongols conquer Abbasids
Eventually leads to rise of Ottoman
Byzantine almost done
Ottoman Turks conquer Constantinople (1453)
Shift in power by the 1400’s
Mongol Empire falls (1300’s)
1. Muslim society starts to change
2. China rises
3. Western Europe starts to rise
Italy Spain* Portugal* (*Regional monarchies)
Changes in the Americas and Polynesia also take place
Cultural change in the ME
Sufis increase
Scholarship focused on
1. religion and legal traditions
2. piety over indulgence
3. decrease in science
Philosophers
1. Al-Ghazali (one of most influential ever)
Incoherence of the Philosophers
Can’t discover religious truth through reason (influence orthodox)
2. Ibn Rushd (mostly influential in Europe)
Incoherence of the Incoherence
Shift in society and economy
Caliphates starts to decline (1100)
Landlords start to seize large estates
1. How did that effect the peasants?
2. Agriculture decreases WHY?
Decreases (gradual and not totally complete)
1. Taxes
2. Trading
3. Monetary system (WHY?)
Eventually see the rise of the Ottomans
Mongols Encouraged
1. trade (goods and ideas)
2. travel
Both help W Europe HOW?
Mongols fall disrupts trade. Trade moves to the sea
2 societies see opportunity
1. China (1405-1433)
2. W Europe (after Chinese decline start to dominate)
Chinese Trade Rebellions drive out Mongols
Ming Dynasty (lasts till 1644)
Reestablish the Tang dynasty structure
Differ from Tang in expansion
Begin state sponsored trade (1405)
Huge merchant marine
India first
Reach ME and Africa
Expeditions led by Zhenghe
Zhenghe Muslim from W China
Eunuch
Why are these 2 aspects important?
Trade (exps ostriches, lions, giraffes)
Trade abruptly stops
1. Costs are seen as too high
2. Bureaucrats oppose the trade (jealousy)
China stays trading near China
W Europe rises up to fill the void
Rise of the West Surprising in some ways
1. Awed by other empires
2. Church is having problems WHY?
3. Warrior aristocrats start to enjoy luxuries
4. Famine
WHY?
5. Plague (1348-1375)
How does it reach Europe?
Plague Results 1. 1/3rd of the population dies
2. Civil unrest WHY?
3. Some turn to religion but overall…
Religion decreases in most areas WHY?
4. Workers conditions start to get better WHY?
Standard of living goes up even though…
5. Prices go up WHY?
6. Feudalism declines WHY?
7. Clothing styles change for upper class WHY?
Dynamism in Europe
Dynamism
What is it?
Why did it happen?
1. 100 years War (1337-1453)
Britain vs France
Increase military innovation (gunpowder for weapons)
2.Gov becomes more stable/effective
3. Growth of cities
Why is this important?
Dynamism 4. Spain and Portugal drive out Muslims
5. New Ideas (metallurgy)
Mongols
6. World market problems
Europe goods aren’t as good (Asian goods worth more)
Made up for in gold (need to find more)
7. Muslim threat (Ottoman Empire)
Want to trade with India etc HOW?
8. Renaissance
100 Years War 1. Dispute over land
2. Dispute over succession
France should have won easily but took a while
Aided by Joan of Arc
Battle of Orleans
Eventually captured and burned at the stake (age 19)
Heresy and wearing men’s clothing
Aftermath England
Switched from continental control to naval power
Military advancements
Feudalism declines – professional standing armies
War of the Roses in England
War of the Roses 1455-1487
Between 2 royal houses of the Plantagenet
York (White Rose) vs Lancaster (Red Rose)
Causes
1. Economic problems from 100 years war
2. mental illness of Henry VI
Henry Tudor defeats Richard III (starts House of Tudor)
Becomes Henry VII marries Elizabeth of York (unites houses)
Give birth to Henry who becomes Henry VIII
Henry VIII’s daughter Elizabeth (Anne Boleyn)
Becomes Elizabeth I (Virgin Queen)
Daily Life Urban population (what is urban?)
1. Nobility (Patricians)
2. Merchants (Wool processors, boat making, banking (guilds) (Burghers)
3. Middle class (shopkeepers, professionals)
4. Workers
WHAT WOULD LIFE HAD BEEN LIKE AT THIS TIME?
Marriage and family (nuclear family)
People wait to get married and have fewer kids WHY?
Quote from a merchant “Those that are lazy in a way that does harm to the city,
and who can offer no just reason for their condition, should either be forced to work or expelled from the (city). The city would thus rid itself of that most harmful part of the poorest class”
Do you agree?
Is it the responsibility of the government to provide for the less fortunate?
Humanism Basis for the Renaissance
Study of classical Greek and Roman lit
Grammar, Moral philosophy and history
People are basically good
Problems can be solved with reason instead of just religion (doesn’t reject it)
Start by using Latin but switch to the VERNACULAR
WHY?
Renaissance Where does it start? When?
Why does it start where it does?
Rebirth of learning
Writing
Codes of behavior (chivalry)
Visual Arts (cityscapes, portraits, nature, perspective)
Music
Architecture (Gothic to classical)
Northern Renaissance
Italian Renaissance declines
1. Invasions by France and Spain
2. New Atlantic trade routes
Northern Renaissance happens later in France, Netherlands, Germany, England, Poland
Major difference
N Renaissance focused more on religion
Writers Petrarch (1304-1374)
Father of Humanism
Felt people could reach heights of the past
Coined term Dark Ages
Boccaccio (1313-1375)
Decameron (100 tales)
Written in the vernacular
Machiavelli Father of modern political theory
Wrote The Prince
Guide on how to rule
Rulers were to govern the state for good but must be ready to do evil when necessary. Justified by wickedness of the people
The ends justify the means
“Since love and fear can hardly exist together, if we must choose between them, it is far safer to be feared than loved.”
Do you believe that?
Gutenberg Bible
Printed with moveable type
Why was this important?
Art (De Medici)
Painters
Cimabue
Giotto
Apprentice
Move toward people and nature
Da Vinci (1450-1519)
Michelangelo (1475-1514)
Donatello
Raphael
Boticeeli
Brunelleschi’s Dome
Brunelleschi Linear Perspective
Reformation
Catholic Church in controversy (1517)
Greed and corruption
Indulgences were sold
Argument
Good deeds vs justification by faith alone (Luther)
Martin Luther
Posted 95 theses
Intended to fix the church
Martin Luther Eventually led to a split in the church
Lutheranism (1st protestants)
Keep baptism and the Eucharist (communion)
Clergy can marry
Publish Bible in vernacular
German rulers in Holy Roman Empire converted WHY?
State could control church not the papacy
Didn’t challenge moneymaking (banking)
Why was this important?
What does the division of the church lead to?
Why?
John Calvin Led the Protestant Church in Switzerland
Similar to Luther except:
Predestination
Calvinism
English Reformation Henry VIII (Tudor) wanted an
annulment
Wanted a male heir
Wanted to marry Anne Boleyn
Catholic Church denied this
Broke from Catholic Church
Forms the Church of England (Anglican)
Makes himself the supreme head of the church
English Reformation
Henry dies
Edward becomes King at 9 (Protestant)
King Edward dies at 16
Queen Mary (Bloody Mary)
Tries to restore Catholicism
Dies
Queen Elizabeth (Virgin Queen)
Protestant again
Legacy of Reformation
Educational reforms
Children should have an education (taxes)
Reformed clergy marrying
Kept belief in women being submissive
Anti-Semitism remained strong
Ghettos were established
Wars fought between Christians in the name of GOD
Counter-Reformation
Catholic Church gets stronger
1. Jesuits (religious order established)
Spread Catholic faith
2. Reform papacy corruption
3. Council of Trent (18 years)
Strengthened Catholic doctrine
Calvinist and Catholic conflict
Ends in 1598 (France)
Edict of Nantes
Huguenots (French protestants)
Allowed freedom to worship
Louis XIV overturns
Causes 400,000 Huguenots to flee to US, Prussia, England, Holland
Hurts French economy HOW?
30 Years War Catholics (Holy Roman Empire)
vs Protestants
Most Countries involved eventually (except England)
Peace of Westphalia (1648)
Results
Decline of Catholicism in Central Europe
Decline in Holy Roman Empire (Germany devastated 100 years)
Decline of Spanish Empire in Europe
Netherlands free
Rise of France
England Revolution Queen Elizabeth dies (End of Tudors)
James I takes over (Stuart line)
Thought he got rule b/c God wanted him to
Divine Right of Kings
Parliament disagreed
Tensions rise btwn Parliament and King
WAR Charles I (Cavaliers) vs Parliament (Roundheads)
Parliament wins (Oliver Cromwell)
Charles I executed
Monarchy abolished
Become a commonwealth
Cromwell dies and return to monarchy
Charles II (Restoration Period)
James II becomes king after his death
Parliament not happy
Glorious Revolution English nobles ask Dutch to invade
Agree and win with little bloodshed
William and Mary become Co-rulers
Accept Bill of Rights
Laid groundwork for constitutional monarchy
Exploration
Why explore? 1. Fascination/Fame
Read accounts of Marco Polo (China)
2. Economics
Spices in East (especially black pepper)
Metals
3. “Gold, glory, God”
Convert natives
How? 1. Improve ships
Faster (lowered cost of shipping)
Bigger (store more cargo)
Deep-draft round hulled (carry heavy arms)
2. Cartography
Better maps
3. Better tools
Astrolabe (plot latitude)
Compass
4. Better education
Knew more about:
1. currents
2. wind patterns
Who? Portuguese
Claim Brazil
Henry the Navigator (1430’s)
Responsible for the Age of Discoveries (financed trips)
Start western expansion and conquest
Vasco da Gama (1497)
1st European to reach India by sea SPICES
English
Early on try to find a NW passage to India
Henry Cabot (Italian) 1497
1st European encounter with NA mainland
Henry Hudson (1607)
NY area Canada
Who? Spain
Defeated the Ottoman Empire in 1571 at the Battle of the Lepanto
Effectively ended Muslim challenge to trade
Columbus (Italian) 1492
Ist European to reach NA
Magellan (1519)
1st to circumnavigate the globe
Claimed the Philippines
Amerigo Vespucci (Italian)
Realized America was a separate continent
Spanish Conquistadors How are they able to conquer massive empires?
Cortes
550 men 16 horses
Ransom Atahualpa for gold
Pizarro
180 men
1. Firearms, canons, swords
2. gods
3. Disease
Smallpox and measles
killed over 50% of the population
Dutch and British Differences with Iberian Peninsula
1. Improved ships (faster)
2. Exploration financed by merchant groups/trading companies
Pretty much self-governing
Dutch East India
British East India
Where? Dutch
New Netherland (New York)
English
East coast
French
Canada
Louisiana
Spanish
Florida
Southwest
How did exploration change the world?
1. Destroyed cultures
2. Increase slave trade
3. World economy increased
Columbian Exchange (Imports and exports)
Mercantilism (belief gold is sign of prosperity)
Export goods limit imports (encourage the internal economy)
Encouraged colonization
4. Increase infrastructure
Roads, Canals, Bridges
Why is this important?
5. Population increases with increase in food (potato and corn)
Slave Trade
Dependence on producing unprocessed goods cheaply
Coercive labor system
Triangular Trade
Europe-Africa-America
Middle Passage
To America
Crops
Tobacco
Molasses
Sugar
Raw cotton
Slave Trade Why did Africans participate in this?
How did slavery affect history and geography?
1. African (black) populations increase in NA
2. Took away young and strong
3. Increase warfare
4. Made coastal areas in Africa stronger (weapons)
5. Brought culture to US
6. Trade shifted from Muslims to Europeans
Columbian Exchange
• Goods traded with the New World
• To Europe To New World– Potato Rice
Smallpox– Tomato Wheat
Chicken pox– Corn Coffee Measles– Tobacco Bananas– Peanuts Olives– Turkeys Horses– Llamas Cattle– Alpacas Sheep– Syphilis Pigs– Polio Chickens
Latin America Gets name from Spanish and Portuguese languages
Social class
1. Peninsulares (born in Europe)
2. Creoles (Europeans born in America)
3. Native Americans and slaves
Work in mines and on plantations
Encomienda (pay taxes and provide labor get protection)
How does this affect this area?
Mestizo
European and NA mixed
Mulatto
European and African mixed
7 Years War AKA French and Indian War (1756-1763)
Britain (allies) win
France loses control in India (British)
Britain gets area East of Mississippi
Britain gets Florida
Polynesia Ethnocentrism
600’s-1400
Migration and conquest that spread from the Society Islands
Eventually reach Hawaii
Animal husbandry with pigs (imports of swine)
Warlike regional kingdoms
Social class structure
New Zealand
Maori
Problems Warfare
Plaque
Famine
Creates social tension
Witchcraft trials (16th and 17th centuries mostly)
Resentment of the poor
Uncertainties of religion
50,000-80,000 killed (Germany and France mostly)
Scientific Revolution
Copernicus
Heliocentric
Kepler
Planetary motion (orbit in ellipse)
Newton
Principia Mathematica (Laws of motion)
Developed calculus
Scientific Revolution
Descartes
Father of modern philosophy
Argued that human wisdom could explain nature
“I think, therefore I am”
Galileo
Astronomer (first to work with a telescope)
Published Copernicus’s findings (Condemned by the church)
William Harvey
1st to demonstrate the function of the heart and circulation of blood
Enlightenment Age of Reason
Paris was a major center
Adam Smith
Wealth of Nations
Free market (Laissez-faire)
Rousseau
People are born good and should be treated equal
Believed gov should work for the common good not the wealthy few
Montesquieu
Separation of powers
Influenced the American Revolution
Women’s rights
Mary Wollstonecraft (1792)
Women’s rights activist
Women are not inferior just not as educated
Enlightenment Leaders
Prussia
Frederick II
Establish elementary education
Abolished torture
Supported religious freedom except for Jews
Russia
Catherine the Great
Allowed Jews to worship in her empire
How does that affect them?
Enlightenment Ideals 1. Ability to reason makes humans unique
2. Reason can solve problems and improve life
3. Reason can free people from ignorance, superstition and unfair government
4. Natural world is governed by laws that can be discovered
5. Human behavior is governed by natural laws
6. Governments should reflect natural laws and encourage education and debate
France Louis XIV (Sun King)
Bourbon Dynasty
Absolute control
Fought wars
Built Versailles
Left France in bad shape