chapters 32-33: the west, the soviet world, and latin america in the twentieth century
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Chapters 32-33: The West, The Soviet World, and Latin America in the Twentieth Century. Mr. Bartula AP World History. The World After World War II. European colonial empires began the process of decolonization Both Western and Eastern Europe were devastated by World War II - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Chapters 32-33:Chapters 32-33:The West, The Soviet World, and The West, The Soviet World, and
Latin America in the Twentieth Latin America in the Twentieth CenturyCentury
Mr. BartulaMr. BartulaAP World HistoryAP World History
The World After World War IIThe World After World War II
European colonial empires began the European colonial empires began the process of decolonizationprocess of decolonization
Both Western and Eastern Europe were Both Western and Eastern Europe were devastated by World War IIdevastated by World War II
A bipolar world dominated by two A bipolar world dominated by two superpowers emergedsuperpowers emerged
A Cold War between the two superpowers A Cold War between the two superpowers beganbegan
The Cold War’s Early YearsThe Cold War’s Early Years The Soviet Union absorbed some states and The Soviet Union absorbed some states and
established satellite or puppet governments established satellite or puppet governments elsewhere in Eastern Europeelsewhere in Eastern Europe
Yugoslavia, under Josip Broz Tito, was a Yugoslavia, under Josip Broz Tito, was a Communist state but escaped Soviet control and Communist state but escaped Soviet control and troops.troops.
Germany became a center of tension between Germany became a center of tension between the US and the Soviet Unionthe US and the Soviet Union
Brushfire wars or small conflicts served as Brushfire wars or small conflicts served as substitutes for direct conflict between the substitutes for direct conflict between the superpowers.superpowers.
The “Iron Curtain”The “Iron Curtain”
From Stettin on the Baltic, to Trieste on the From Stettin on the Baltic, to Trieste on the Adriatic, an Adriatic, an iron curtainiron curtain has descended has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the ancient capitals of Central and all the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern Europe.Eastern Europe. -- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946-- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946
Post-War GermanyPost-War Germany
Marshall Plan [1948]Marshall Plan [1948]1.1. ““European Recovery European Recovery
Program.”Program.”2.2. Secretary of State, Secretary of State,
George MarshallGeorge Marshall3.3. The U. S. should provide The U. S. should provide
aid to aid to allall European nations European nations that need it. This move that need it. This move is not against any country or is not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos.poverty, desperation, and chaos.
4.4. $12.5 billion of US aid to Western $12.5 billion of US aid to Western Europe extended to Eastern Europe Europe extended to Eastern Europe & USSR, [but this was rejected].& USSR, [but this was rejected].
Berlin Blockade & Airlift Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-49)(1948-49)
1949: The Year of Shocks1949: The Year of Shocks Soviets exploded an Soviets exploded an
atom bombatom bomb China became a China became a
Communist stateCommunist state North Atlantic Treaty North Atlantic Treaty
Organization formedOrganization formed
NNorth orth AAtlantic tlantic TTreaty reaty OOrganization (1949)rganization (1949)
United StatesUnited States BelgiumBelgium BritainBritain CanadaCanada DenmarkDenmark FranceFrance IcelandIceland ItalyItaly
LuxemburgLuxemburg NetherlandsNetherlands NorwayNorway PortugalPortugal 1952: Greece & 1952: Greece &
Turkey Turkey 1955: West 1955: West
GermanyGermany 1983: Spain1983: Spain
Warsaw Pact (1955)Warsaw Pact (1955)
} U. S. S. R.U. S. S. R.} AlbaniaAlbania} BulgariaBulgaria} CzechoslovakCzechoslovak
iaia
} East East GermanyGermany
} HungaryHungary} PolandPoland} RumaniaRumania
Premier Nikita Premier Nikita KhrushchevKhrushchev
About the capitalist About the capitalist states, it doesn't states, it doesn't depend on you depend on you whether we whether we (Soviet Union) exist.(Soviet Union) exist.If you don't like us, If you don't like us, don't accept our don't accept our invitations, and don'tinvitations, and don'tinvite us to come invite us to come to see you. Whether to see you. Whether you like it or not, history is on our you like it or not, history is on our side. side. We will bury youWe will bury you. -- 1956. -- 1956
De-Stalinization De-Stalinization ProgramProgram
The Korean War: A The Korean War: A “Police Action” (1950-“Police Action” (1950-
1953)1953)
Syngman RheeSyngman Rhee
Kim Il-SungKim Il-Sung
““Domino Theory”Domino Theory”
The US and Western Europe in the The US and Western Europe in the Cold WarCold War
Through NATO, the US took major responsibility Through NATO, the US took major responsibility for protecting Western Europe with a “nuclear for protecting Western Europe with a “nuclear umbrella”.umbrella”.
US policy towards the Soviet Union was called US policy towards the Soviet Union was called “containment”“containment”
As Soviet and US nuclear arsenals grew, As Soviet and US nuclear arsenals grew, brinksmanship or the threat of M.A.D. became brinksmanship or the threat of M.A.D. became the norm in superpower relationshipsthe norm in superpower relationships
Nuclear weaponry grew more advanced and Nuclear weaponry grew more advanced and lethal, from A Bombs to H Bombs to …..lethal, from A Bombs to H Bombs to …..
Nuclear Proliferation: The Nuclear Nuclear Proliferation: The Nuclear ClubClub
US 1945US 1945 Soviet Union 1949Soviet Union 1949 Britain 1950sBritain 1950s France late 1950sFrance late 1950s China 1960sChina 1960s India and Pakistan 1999India and Pakistan 1999 Israel?Israel? North Korea?North Korea? Iran?Iran? ????????????
Suez Crisis 1956Suez Crisis 1956 Egyptian President Egyptian President
Gamal Abdel Nasser Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the Suez nationalized the Suez Canal in July, 1956Canal in July, 1956
In October, Britain, In October, Britain, France, and Israel France, and Israel invaded Egypt and retook invaded Egypt and retook the Canalthe Canal
The Soviets supported The Soviets supported Egypt and forced a Egypt and forced a withdrawal from the withdrawal from the CanalCanal
Worst crisis since BerlinWorst crisis since Berlin
The Hungarian Uprising: The Hungarian Uprising: 19561956
Imre Nagy, Imre Nagy, HungarianHungarian
Prime MinisterPrime Minister} Promised free Promised free
elections.elections.} This could lead to This could lead to
the end of the end of communist rule in communist rule in Hungary.Hungary.
Sputnik I (1957)Sputnik I (1957)
The Russians have beaten America The Russians have beaten America in space—they have the in space—they have the
technological edge!technological edge!
The Berlin Wall Goes Up The Berlin Wall Goes Up (1961)(1961)
CheckpoinCheckpointt
CharlieCharlie
Khrushchev Embraces Khrushchev Embraces Castro,Castro,19611961
Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)(1962)
Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)(1962)
We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the Russians, and the other man blinked!Russians, and the other man blinked!
Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)(1962)
Vietnam War: 1965-1973Vietnam War: 1965-1973
Détente in the 1970sDétente in the 1970s
Western Society after World War IIWestern Society after World War II Expansion of liberal democracies and Expansion of liberal democracies and
civil liberties: Social Democrats, civil liberties: Social Democrats, Christian Democrats, Greens, Christian Democrats, Greens, Conservatives (centrist-left Conservatives (centrist-left dominance) civil rights, women’s dominance) civil rights, women’s movementmovement
Welfare states: supported by most Welfare states: supported by most partiesparties
Economic expansion: European Economic expansion: European Union, NAFTAUnion, NAFTA
Consumer societiesConsumer societies Cultural creativity: Abstract Cultural creativity: Abstract
Expressionism, Op Art, Pop Art, etc.Expressionism, Op Art, Pop Art, etc. Impact of technology on Impact of technology on
communications, politics, culture. communications, politics, culture. Rapid changes associated with Rapid changes associated with technologytechnology
Religious decline and secularizationReligious decline and secularization GlobalizationGlobalization Post-IndustrialismPost-Industrialism
Religious Belief in Modern EuropeReligious Belief in Modern Europe
British and US Parallels Since British and US Parallels Since World War IIWorld War II
Late 1940s: Harry Late 1940s: Harry Truman and the Fair Truman and the Fair Deal, Clement Attlee Deal, Clement Attlee and the Labour Party: and the Labour Party: welfare states beganwelfare states began
1950s: Dwight 1950s: Dwight Eisenhower, Eisenhower, Conservatives, little Conservatives, little action taken to end or action taken to end or limit welfare stateslimit welfare states
British and US Parallels Since British and US Parallels Since World War IIWorld War II
1960s: New Frontier and 1960s: New Frontier and Great Society, Harold Great Society, Harold Wilson and Labour Party: Wilson and Labour Party: reform and activism, reform and activism, expansion of welfare expansion of welfare statesstates
1970s: Richard Nixon, 1970s: Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, Jimmy Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter; Edward Heath, Carter; Edward Heath, Harold Wilson, James Harold Wilson, James Callaghan: alternating Callaghan: alternating periods of reform and periods of reform and conservatism.conservatism.
British and US Parallels Since British and US Parallels Since World War IIWorld War II
1980s: Ronald 1980s: Ronald Reagan, Margaret Reagan, Margaret Thatcher: Thatcher: conservatismconservatism
1990s-2000s: George 1990s-2000s: George Bush, Bill Clinton, Bush, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush; John George W. Bush; John Major, Tony Blair, Major, Tony Blair, Gordon Brown (Third Gordon Brown (Third Way, Compassionate Way, Compassionate conservatism.)conservatism.)
Will The Parallels Continue??Will The Parallels Continue??
Electoral Changes, 2004-2008Electoral Changes, 2004-2008
Jackson PollockJackson Pollock
Paul KleePaul Klee
Piet MondrianPiet Mondrian
Andy WarholAndy Warhol
Consumer SocietyConsumer Society
Economic Expansion and Economic Expansion and UnificationUnification
Beginning in the 1950s, Europe gradually unified its Beginning in the 1950s, Europe gradually unified its economy through the European Coal and Steel economy through the European Coal and Steel Community, the Common Market, and the European Community, the Common Market, and the European UnionUnion
In 1994 the North American Free Trade Agreement In 1994 the North American Free Trade Agreement moved to integrate the economies of Canada, the US, moved to integrate the economies of Canada, the US, and Mexicoand Mexico
Similar agreements have been reached or are in the Similar agreements have been reached or are in the process of development in Asia, Latin America, and process of development in Asia, Latin America, and Africa Africa
International agreements such as WTO, GATT, and the International agreements such as WTO, GATT, and the G-7 or G-8 have also sought to reduce trade barriers.G-7 or G-8 have also sought to reduce trade barriers.
The World Trade Organization, The World Trade Organization, 20032003
Other Trading blocsOther Trading blocs
The Soviet UnionThe Soviet Union 1917-1928: Revolution 1917-1928: Revolution
and aftermathand aftermath 1928-1953: Consolidation 1928-1953: Consolidation
and Industrializationand Industrialization 1953-1985: Superpower, 1953-1985: Superpower,
Empire, and Cold WarEmpire, and Cold War 1985-1991: Dissolution 1985-1991: Dissolution
and Collapseand Collapse 1991- Present: Aftermath1991- Present: Aftermath
Joseph Stalin 1878-1953Joseph Stalin 1878-1953 Seized power after the death Seized power after the death
of Lenin, 1924of Lenin, 1924 Enhanced and broadened the Enhanced and broadened the
“personality cult”“personality cult” Forced collectivization of Forced collectivization of
agricultureagriculture Destruction of kulaks and other Destruction of kulaks and other
“counter-revolutionaries”“counter-revolutionaries” ““Socialism in One Country”Socialism in One Country” Five Year Plans for speedy Five Year Plans for speedy
industrializationindustrialization Powerful military forcePowerful military force
Soviet Government Soviet Government Supreme Soviet: lawmaking Supreme Soviet: lawmaking
bodybody Actual power held by the Actual power held by the
Communist Party of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. (Politburo)Soviet Union. (Politburo)
Party members (about 10% Party members (about 10% of Soviet population) were of Soviet population) were privileged but expected to privileged but expected to perform extra dutiesperform extra duties
Party elite (nomenklatura) Party elite (nomenklatura) had access to better food, had access to better food, lodgings, and other privilegeslodgings, and other privileges
How To Become A Communist In How To Become A Communist In The Soviet UnionThe Soviet Union
Young PioneersYoung PioneersYoung Communist League (Komsomol)Young Communist League (Komsomol)Full Party member (invitation only)Full Party member (invitation only)
The Soviet EconomyThe Soviet Economy State OwnershipState Ownership Centralized planning Centralized planning
(Gosplan)(Gosplan) Five Year PlansFive Year Plans Tight control of media: Tight control of media:
Pravda, IzvestiaPravda, Izvestia Heavy Industry and Heavy Industry and
Military EmphasisMilitary Emphasis Consumer goods Consumer goods
shortagesshortages Women considered equal Women considered equal
to men (theoretically)to men (theoretically)
Socialist RealismSocialist Realism
The GulagThe Gulag
The Great Patriotic War (World War II)The Great Patriotic War (World War II)
The Soviet Union After World War The Soviet Union After World War IIII
Satellite governments Satellite governments set up in Eastern set up in Eastern EuropeEurope
Warsaw Pact Warsaw Pact countered NATOcountered NATO
Soviet atomic bomb Soviet atomic bomb 1949, H Bomb early 1949, H Bomb early 1950s1950s
Cold War with USCold War with US Stalin died 1953Stalin died 1953
Nikita KhrushchevNikita Khrushchev Successor to StalinSuccessor to Stalin Denounced Stalin’s Denounced Stalin’s
crimes in 1956, began crimes in 1956, began de-Stalinization processde-Stalinization process
Slightly more open Slightly more open societysociety
Alternated between thaw Alternated between thaw and freeze in Cold Warand freeze in Cold War
Space RaceSpace Race U-2 Incident, Berlin Wall, U-2 Incident, Berlin Wall,
Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis
Soviet Space ProgramSoviet Space Program
Leonid BrezhnevLeonid Brezhnev Became leader after Became leader after
Khrushchev’s ouster by Khrushchev’s ouster by the Politburo in 1964the Politburo in 1964
Cold War continued, Cold War continued, military spending military spending weakened the Soviets and weakened the Soviets and eventually led to collapseeventually led to collapse
Détente in 1970sDétente in 1970s Invasion of Afghanistan Invasion of Afghanistan
19791979 Economic stagnation and Economic stagnation and
decline in living standardsdecline in living standards
Latin America in the Twentieth Latin America in the Twentieth CenturyCentury
Part of Third WorldPart of Third WorldMuch of twentieth century a struggle Much of twentieth century a struggle
between revolution and reactionbetween revolution and reactionAuthoritarian governmentsAuthoritarian governmentsDependent economiesDependent economiesUS influenceUS influence
US involvement in Latin AmericaUS involvement in Latin America Big Stick DiplomacyBig Stick Diplomacy Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe
DoctrineDoctrine Dollar DiplomacyDollar Diplomacy More than 30 US military More than 30 US military
interventions between 1900 interventions between 1900 and 1930and 1930
Good Neighbor Policy and the Good Neighbor Policy and the Alliance for ProgressAlliance for Progress
1930s: Franklin D. Roosevelt: US would attempt 1930s: Franklin D. Roosevelt: US would attempt to be a “good neighbor” to Latin Americato be a “good neighbor” to Latin America
1960s: John F. Kennedy announces the Alliance 1960s: John F. Kennedy announces the Alliance for Progress to aid Latin Americafor Progress to aid Latin America
Inadequate fundingInadequate funding 1977 Panama Canal Treaty1977 Panama Canal Treaty US economic, political, and military intervention US economic, political, and military intervention
in Latin America, overt and covert, did continue.in Latin America, overt and covert, did continue. Opposition to US military interventions led to Opposition to US military interventions led to
revolutionary movements, particularly Augusto revolutionary movements, particularly Augusto Sandino’s Sandinistas in NicaraguaSandino’s Sandinistas in Nicaragua
Problems and Changes Within Problems and Changes Within Latin AmericaLatin America
Continued economic Continued economic dependence on the West, dependence on the West, particularly the United States.particularly the United States.
Explosive population growth, Explosive population growth, particularly in the citiesparticularly in the cities
Small but growing middle Small but growing middle classes led call for reformsclasses led call for reforms
Women and mestizos/mulattos Women and mestizos/mulattos slowly gained more rights, slowly gained more rights, including the franchiseincluding the franchise
Immigration within and out of Immigration within and out of Latin AmericaLatin America
Unstable governments Unstable governments (banana republics)(banana republics)
Problems and Changes Within Problems and Changes Within Latin AmericaLatin America
Liberation Theology: Liberation Theology: Combination of Marxism and Combination of Marxism and Catholicism to promote Catholicism to promote change. (criticized by Church change. (criticized by Church hierarchy)hierarchy)
1950s-1960s: Cold War and 1950s-1960s: Cold War and US influence encouraged US influence encouraged continuation of continuation of authoritarianism, caudillosauthoritarianism, caudillos
1980s-1990s: Authoritarian 1980s-1990s: Authoritarian governments replaced with governments replaced with democratic governments and democratic governments and market economiesmarket economies
2000s: Movement to the left in 2000s: Movement to the left in some Latin American some Latin American countries: Venezuela, Brazil, countries: Venezuela, Brazil, BoliviaBolivia
GuatemalaGuatemala Independent since 1821, Independent since 1821,
usually governed by usually governed by caudilloscaudillos
Economically dominated Economically dominated by US corporations, by US corporations, particularly United Fruit particularly United Fruit CompanyCompany
1944: Military junta called 1944: Military junta called the first free elections, the first free elections, Juan Jose Arevalo elected Juan Jose Arevalo elected first democratic Presidentfirst democratic President
GuatemalaGuatemala Arevalo called for “spiritual Arevalo called for “spiritual
socialism” based on the socialism” based on the New Deal and land New Deal and land reforms, criticized as reforms, criticized as Communism by Communism by conservativesconservatives
1954: CIA inspired coup 1954: CIA inspired coup overthrew Arevalo’s overthrew Arevalo’s successor Jacobo Arbenz successor Jacobo Arbenz and installed a dictatorshipand installed a dictatorship
1996: representative 1996: representative democracy restoreddemocracy restored
CubaCuba 1898: Independent under 1898: Independent under
US protection after the US protection after the Spanish American WarSpanish American War
Heavy US economic and Heavy US economic and political influence from political influence from corporations like United corporations like United Fruit, tobacco and sugar Fruit, tobacco and sugar manufacturersmanufacturers
Unstable, corrupt Unstable, corrupt governments culminating governments culminating in Fulgencio Batista from in Fulgencio Batista from 1938 to 1959. 1938 to 1959.
Widespread povertyWidespread poverty
Cuban RevolutionCuban Revolution Fidel Castro led the 26Fidel Castro led the 26thth of July of July
Movement opposing Batista, Movement opposing Batista, with some American support. with some American support. Assisted by, among others, Assisted by, among others, Che Guevara.Che Guevara.
Batista fled Havana January 8, Batista fled Havana January 8, 19591959
1959-1960 non-Marxist 1959-1960 non-Marxist leaders purged, land reforms leaders purged, land reforms confiscated US owned confiscated US owned propertyproperty
1961: Castro declared Cuba a 1961: Castro declared Cuba a Communist nationCommunist nation
Numerous efforts by US to Numerous efforts by US to overthrow Castrooverthrow Castro
ChileChile South American nation with a South American nation with a
long democratic traditionlong democratic tradition US corporations like Anaconda US corporations like Anaconda
Copper and ITT owned Copper and ITT owned substantial property in Chilesubstantial property in Chile
1970: Salvador Allende, 1970: Salvador Allende, Marxist economist, elected Marxist economist, elected PresidentPresident
"I don't see why we need to "I don't see why we need to stand by and watch a country stand by and watch a country go communist due to the go communist due to the irresponsibility of its own irresponsibility of its own people. The issues are much people. The issues are much too important for the Chilean too important for the Chilean voters to be left to decide for voters to be left to decide for themselves."themselves." — Henry — Henry Kissinger Kissinger
ChileChile September 11, 1973: a violent September 11, 1973: a violent
coup d’etat overthrew Allende, coup d’etat overthrew Allende, who committed suicide. It was who committed suicide. It was later revealed that the CIA later revealed that the CIA encouraged and funded the encouraged and funded the revoltrevolt
General Augusto Pinochet General Augusto Pinochet assumed power as dictator for assumed power as dictator for the next 17 yearsthe next 17 years
Chile underwent free market Chile underwent free market economic reforms while economic reforms while experiencing severe political experiencing severe political repressionrepression
Pinochet resigned after a Pinochet resigned after a referendum in 1990.referendum in 1990.
1990- Chilean democracy 1990- Chilean democracy restoredrestored
Venezuela and Hugo ChavezVenezuela and Hugo Chavez Charismatic President of Charismatic President of
Venezuela since 1999 Venezuela since 1999 (Personality Cult)(Personality Cult)
Leader of the “Bolivarian Leader of the “Bolivarian Revolution” opposing imperialism, Revolution” opposing imperialism, globalization.globalization.
Admirer of Castro, provides fuel to Admirer of Castro, provides fuel to CubaCuba
Democratic Socialism or Democratic Socialism or Dictatorship?Dictatorship?
Programs supported by high oil Programs supported by high oil pricesprices
Failed coup attempt, 2002Failed coup attempt, 2002 Opposition being muffledOpposition being muffled Similar leftist candidates elected Similar leftist candidates elected
in Bolivia, Brazilin Bolivia, Brazil