the water security and energy nexus in southeastern europe from a wwf perspective presented by ...
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The water Security and Energy Nexus in Southeastern Europe from a WWF Perspective presented by Angela Klauschen, WWF Mediterranean at GWP CP Meeting 2010TRANSCRIPT
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The water security and energy nexus in Southeastern Europe
from a WWF perspective
Angela Klauschen, WWF Mediterranean
GWP CP Meeting - Stockholm, 3 September 2010
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1. Some global facts on freshwater ecosystems
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• “Freshwater ecosystems tend to have the highest proportion of species threatened with extinction.” [pg 19];
• “The use of two ecosystem services - capture fisheries and freshwater - is now well beyond levels that can be sustained even at current demands, much less future ones.” [pg 20].
UN Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, March 2005
Freshwater biodiversity
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Water for energy
• Hydropower: the major threat
• Biofuels: 1 litre biofuel = 2500 litres of water
• Thermal power plants: more water is needed for cooling
• Solar energy: constrained by water for cooling
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Fragmentation by dams
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Over-abstraction and agriculture
• 54% diverted for human use of which:
• 70% agriculture
• 20% industry
• 10% urban use
Eradicating malnutrition by 2025, with current productivity, requires additional diversions “close to all the water withdrawals at present” (IMWI & SIWI).
WWF LPR 2002
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2. WWF’s approach to water security
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Water StewardshipPromoting Water Stewardship to Reduce Water
Footprint Impacts
Water SecurityPromoting Responsible Water Infrastructure and
Securing Sustainable Flows
Freshwater HabitatsProtecting & Managing
Representative Freshwater Habitats
Goal 2: Safeguarding representative freshwater habitats
Goal 1: Keeping rivers flowing
Vision: Securing water for people and nature
Advocating Good Water/River Basin Governance
Adapting to Climate Change
Mainstreaming Freshwater Ecosystem Services into Development Agenda (MDGs, food, energy)
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WWF’s water security initiative
Drivers and threats:
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WWF’s water security initiative
Strategic goal:• protect and/or restore environmental flows necessary to freshwater /estuarine ecosystems
• protect the freshwater species & human livelihoods that depend on these ecosystems
• maintain ecosystem connectivity
Objectives:• E-flows and connectivity protected or restored in key rivers or tributaries
• Policies developed and implemented in a significant number of countries to protect e-flows
• Key global or regional water management institutions adopt and implement standards and policies on e-flows
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3. WWF’s work on water security in Southeastern Europe
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Why do we work there?
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Biodiversity Loss(State)
Threats(Pressure)
Root Causes(Drivers)
•Changing hydrological and flow regimes
•Drying out of wetlands
•Fragmentation of river systems
•Loss of freshwater species
•Changing natural processes
• Water resources over-exploitation
• Water infrastructure development, water regulation
• Wetland reclamation for agriculture
• Industrial, domestic, agricultural pollution
•Increased agricultural production for domestic markets•Industry and tourism development•Increased energy demand (nationally and internationally) •Lack or not enforced institutional setting for IRBM/IWRM•Insufficient systems of PAs
What are the main threats in SEE?
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Why do we focus on hydropower?
• Hydropower = 43 % of region’s energy consumption (2004)
• Scarcity of conventional sources of energy (oil, coal & gas)
• Energy deficit: Consumption needs matched by imports
• Good hydropower potential (steep canyons, fast-flowing rivers, high precipitation levels under normal conditions)
• Low energy efficiency due to transmission losses , obsolete generation systems and distribution networks & solar and wind energy potential not yet explored
• Growing interest in exporting energy to neighbours & EU
• AND!!!: 32% of freswhater fishes in the Med are threatened by dams construction (IUCN, 2006)
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Why do we focus on hydropower?
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How do we respond?
Some key principles and directions:
- Taking on board the principles of the World Commission on Dams & IHA Sustainability Guidelines
- Promoting measures to enhance the sustainability of hydropower development:
1. Careful strategic planning that spares precious natural areas ( “no go rivers”)
2. Adequate design and operation of water infrastructure
3. Adoption of environmental standards at any level(e.g. ensuring environmental flows which limit impacts on nature)
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WWF’s presence in the Southeastern Europe:
• Active in HR, BiH, MN, AL, SRB
• Dinaric Arc Initiative launched in 2005
• Freshwater programmes in 3 priority basins: Cetina basin (Livansko Polje), Neretva river (Upper part and Hutovo Blato), Moraca river/Lake Skadar
Where do we work?
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What have we achieved so far?
• Create momentum & raise the visibility on highly controversial projects (e.g. Moraca HPPs, MN)
• Strengthen ties with key players (e.g. EU, WB, IFC)
• Mapping key investors in our priority areas
• Develop dialogue and understanding with hydropower sector (EP, Statkraft, Verbund, etc.)
• Be recognised as an influential player
• Increase knowledge and promote good standards and practices (incl. new guidelines for sustainable hydropower > HSAF Protocol)