the war of 1812 and expansion...tecumseh and the prophet • urged tribal unity to oppose u.s....
TRANSCRIPT
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James Madison, Republican
Charles Pinckney, Federalist
v.
Election of 1808
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Non Intercourse act
• Repeals Jefferson's embargo act
• Opens trade to all nations except France
and Britain
• This act reopens foreign trade but
maintains US stance against alliances with
France or Britain
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Causes of the War of 1812
• Continuing warfare in Europe between
France and Great Britain that drew the
United States into the conflict.
• Westward expansion of American
settlement that collided with a native
population determined to protect its lands.
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Neutral Rights
• France: Continental System
– Closed the European continent to British trade
– No British or neutral ship that had first touched a British port could land a cargo on the European continent.
• Britain: Orders in Council
– Blockaded the European coast
– Any goods shipped to Napoleonic Europe must be carried in British ships or landed first in England.
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British policy of “impressment”:
•Britain claimed the right to stop and search any
American merchant ship and re-impress deserters.
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The USS Chesapeake and HMS Leopard
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The “Indian Problem” and the
British
• Jefferson’s
solution:
– Assimilation, or
– Migration west of
the Mississippi
River
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British Policy
• Northwestern Indians looked to Great
Britain for protection from expansionist-
minded Americans.
• Britain looked to the Indians as partners in
the lucrative fur trade and as wartime
allies.
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Tecumseh and the Prophet
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• Urged tribal unity to
oppose U.S.
expansion.
• Sought to unite all
tribes of the
Mississippi River
Valley.
•Argued that the
treated negotiated by
Harrison were
invalid. Tecumseh
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Battle of Tippecanoe
• William Henry Harrison Defeats Tecumseh
and his Indian Confederation
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Lure of Canada and Florida
• Because of the British
support given to
Tecumseh, northern
frontiersmen believed
that only by driving
the British out of
Canada could the
frontier be made safe
for American
expansion.
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Lure of Canada and Florida
• Southern
frontiersmen coveted
Spanish Florida
(present state of
Florida, and southern
parts of Alabama,
Mississippi, and
Louisiana).
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War Hawks
John C. Calhoun of
South Carolina Henry Clay of
Kentucky
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Early Battles of the War of 1812
An attack on Canada by way of Detroit failed, and
Detroit and Fort Dearborn (Chicago) fell to the British.
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Early Battles of the War of 1812
Against the northern Indians, William Henry
Harrison won the Battle of the Thames, killing
Indian leader Tecumseh (Jan. 1813)
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Early Battles of the War of 1812
Against the southern Indians, Andrew Jackson led a
Tennessee force against the Creeks and defeated
them in the Battle of Horseshoe Bend (Mar. 27, 1814).
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New British
attacks in 1814:
•Chesapeake
Bay
•Lake
Champlain
•Mouth of the
Mississippi
River
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August 1814: a British fleet sails up
Chesapeake Bay and lands an army that
threatens Washington D.C.
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American forces are routed—the flight of the
Americans is known as the “Bladensburg
Races.”
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President and Mrs. Madison quickly left
Washington as the British entered the city.
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The British burn Washington, including the
President’s House.
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The bombardment of Fort McHenry guarding
Baltimore, Sept. 1814.
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Fort McHenry National Historic Site
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American lawyer
Francis Scott Key
watched the
bombardment.
The next morning,
“by the dawn’s
early light,” he
could see the flag
on the fort still
flying.
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Francis Scott Key and the real “Star-Spangled
Banner”
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The Battle of New Orleans, Jan. 8, 1815
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OWkOe
K5AmI8
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British General
Edward Pakenham
led battle-hardened
veterans of the war
against Napoleon
who landed south of
New Orleans and
moved up the
Mississippi River.
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Andrew Jackson led the troops protecting the city
of New Orleans.
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New Orleans battlefield
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291 British dead; 1200 wounded; 500 captured.
13 Americans dead; 39 wounded.
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The Treaty of Ghent was signed on Dec. 24, 1814,
before the Battle of New Orleans!
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The Treaty of Ghent
• All lands taken by either side would be
returned to the previous owner;
• The United States retained fishing rights
off the Newfoundland coast;
• All outstanding debts and property taken
was to be returned or paid for in full.
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Hartford Convention
• Convention of New England merchants
who opposed the embargo and the War of
1812
• Strong states rights
• Propose amendments to constitution
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Results of the War of 1812
• The United States gained international
stature by battling the British Empire to a
standstill.
• American morale and pride increased after
the Battle of New Orleans.
• The Federalist Party disappeared and the
U.S. entered an “era of good feelings.”
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Results of the War of 1812
• Increased emphasis on military professionalism and the training of military officers—West Point Military Academy founded.
• Transportation problems during the war encouraged road building afterwards.
• Dramatic effect on manufacturing in the U.S., as American manufacturers replaced British imports.