the value of serum alpha-n-acetylgalactosaminidase measurement for the assessment of tumour response...

6
British Joumal of Cancer (1998) 77 6), 1009-1014 © 1998 Cancer Research Campaign T h e value o f serum aoNHacetylgalactosaminidase measurement f o r t he assessment o f tumour response to radio- a n d photodynamic therapy M Korbelik1, V R Naraparaju2 a n d N Yamamoto2  Cancer Imaging Department, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, B C , Canada V5 Z 1 L 3 ; 2Laboratory of Cancer Immunology a nd Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Philadelphia, P A 19141, U S A Summary Serum activity o f ax-N-acetylgalactosaminidase (NaGalase), t h e extracellular matrix-degrading enzyme that appears t o b e produced exclusively bycancer cells, w a s measured in mice bearing SCCVII (squamous cell carcinoma). T h e NaGalase levels i n these mice increased with time o f tumour growth a n d were directly proportional t o tumour burden. After exposure o f SCCVII tumours t o a single X-ray dose o f 2 0 G y, the serum NaGalase levels gradually decreased during t h e first 1 0 days after treatment  t o approximately one-third of t h e initial value) an d then began t o increase. The decrease i n serum NaGalase activity wa s more rapid after the treatment o f SCCVII a n d EMT6 tumours by photodynamic therapy (PDT) a n d w a s dependent o n th e P D T dose. T h e treatments (based on photosensitizers Photofrin o r mTHPC) that were fully curative resulted in t h e reduction o f NaGalase activity t o background levels within 2 o r 3 days after PDT. A slower decrease i n NaGalase activity w as found after P D T treatments that attain a n initial tumour ablation b u t a re n o t fully curative. T he regrowth o f PDT-treated SCCVII tumours w a s preceded b y a n increase i n serum NaGalase levels, which w as detected as early a s 8 days before t h e visible tumour reappearance. These findings ascertain t h e validity o f serum NaGalase measurement f o r t h e assessment o f tumour response t o different treatments a n d support t h e concept that t he NaGalase measurement couldserve a s a diagnostic a n d prognostic index that might allow oncologists t o design t h e dosage o r nature oftreatment. Keywords: mouse tumour models; a-N-acetylgalactosaminidase; cancer-specific enzyme; prognostic index; radiotherapy; photodynamic therapy; tumour response indicator a-N-Acetylgalactosaminidase (NaGalase) appears t o b e o n e o f t h e extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes secreted by cancerous cells i n t h e process o f tumour invasion. T h e activity o f NaGalase c a n b e detected i n t he bloodstream of patients bearing a wide variety o f cancers bu t n o t i n t h e blood of healthy humans. I n addi- tion to t h e types o f cancer  i.e. prostate, breast a n d colon) refer- enced i n Yamamoto e t a l  1996), elevated NaGalase activity w a s detected indiscriminately i n a l l examined cases of mesothelioma, melanoma, fibrosarcoma, glioblastoma, neuroblastoma, cancers of lung, oesophagus liver, pancreas, kidney, bladder, testis, uterus a n d ovary a n d various leukaemias  i n total 2 0 patients examined thus far). T he progression o f radiation therapy i n cancer patients i s accompanied with a gradual decrease i n NaGalase levels i n their blood (Yamamoto e t a l , 1996), presumably reflecting a decrease i n t h e number o f cancerous cells secreting this enzyme. Studies correlating serum NaGalase levels with tumour burden suggest that t h e measurement o f this enzyme c a n diagnose t h e presence o f cancerous lesions below levels detectable b y other diagnostic means (Yamamoto e t a l , 1996; 1997a; Received 2 May 1997 Revised21 August 1997 Accepted 2 2 August 1997 Correspondence t : Mladen Korbelik, Cancer Imaging, B C Cancer Research Centre, 6 0 1 West 1 0th Avenue, Vancouver, B C , Canada V5Z 1 L 3 Yamamoto a n d Naraparaju, 1997). These findings l e d t o th e suggestion that th e NaGalase activity i n a patient s bloodstream c a n serve a s a diagnostic a n d prognostic index (Yamamoto e t a l , 1996; 1997a; Yamamoto, 1997). NaGalase secreted into patient s blood deglycosylates t h e vitamin D3-binding protein (DBP; human D B P i s known a s G c protein), a serum protein that i s t h e precursor f o r t h e major macrophage-activating factor (MAF) (Yamamoto e t a l , 1996; 1997a). T h e deglycosylated D B P cannot b e converted t T h e progress of malignant disease w a s found b e associated with a n increase i n t he serum NaGalase activity a n d a concomitant decrease i n t he precursor activity of serum D B P (Yamamoto e t a l , 1996; 1997a; Yamamoto a n d Naraparaju, 1997). A s macrophage activation f o r phagocytosis a n d antigen presentation i s t h e first step i n t he immune development cascade, lost o r reduced precursor activity leads to immunosuppression (Yamamoto e t al, 1996; 1997a). Studies using mouse tumour models have demonstrated that there i s a directcorrelation between th e serum NaGalase levels a n d growth rate o f both non-solid tumours  Ehrlich ascites growing i n t h e peritoneal cavity) (Yamamoto a n d Naraparaju, 1997) a n d solid tumours (human squamous cell carcinoma KB i n nude mice) (Yamamoto e t al , 1997a). T h e objective o f t h e present study w a s t o investigate ho w th e response o f tumours t o radiotherapy a n d photodynamic therapy (PDT) i s reflected i n t h e serum NaGalase activity o f t h e hosts. 1009

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Page 1: The value of serum alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase measurement for the assessment of tumour response to radio- and photodynamic therapy

7/23/2019 The value of serum alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase measurement for the assessment of tumour response to rad…

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B r i t i s h

J o u m a l o f

C a n c e r

( 1 9 9 8 )

7 7 6 ) , 1 0 0 9 - 1 0 1 4

©

1 9 9 8 C a n c e r R e s e a r c h

C a m p a i g n

The

v a l u e

o f

serum

a o N H a c e t y l g a l a c t o s a m i n i d a s e

measurement f o r

t h e assessment

o f

tumour

response

t o r a d i o -

and photodynamic

therapy

M

K o r b e l i k 1 ,

VR

N a r a p a r a j u 2

a n d

N Y a m a m o t o 2

  C a n c e r

I m a g i n g D e p a r t m e n t , B r i t i s h

C o l u m b i a C a n c e r A g e n c y , V a n c o u v e r ,

B C ,

C a n a d a

V5 Z 1

L 3 ; 2 L a b o r a t o r y

o f

C a n c e r I m m u n o l o g y

a n d

M o l e c u l a r B i o l o g y ,

A l b e r t E i n s t e i n

C a n c e r C e n t e r , P h i l a d e l p h i a , P A 1 9 1 4 1 ,

USA

Summary

S e r u m

a c t i v i t y

o f

a x - N - a c e t y l g a l a c t o s a m i n i d a s e

( N a G a l a s e ) ,

t h e

e x t r a c e l l u l a r

m a t r i x - d e g r a d i n g

e n z y m e t h a t

a p p e a r s

t o

b e

p r o d u c e d e x c l u s i v e l y

b y c an c e r c e l l s , w a s m e a s u r e d i n

m i c e b e a r i n g S C C V I I

t u m o u r s ( s q u a m o u s

c e l l

c a r c i n o m a ) . T h e N a G a l a s e l e v e l s i n

t h e s e

m i c e i n c r e a s e d w i t h

t i m e o f t u m o u r

g r o w t h

a n d

w e r e

d i r e c t l y

p r o p o r t i o n a l

t o t u m o u r

b u r d e n . A f t e r

e x p o s u r e

o f

S C C V I I t u m o u r s t o

a

s i n g l e X - r a y d o s e o f 2 0

G y , t h e s e r u m

N a G a l a s e l e v e l s g r a d u a l l y

d e c r e a s e d d u r i n g

t h e

f i r s t

1 0 d a y s a f t e r

t r e a t m e n t   t o

a p p r o x i m a t e l y

o n e - t h i r d

o f

t h e

i n i t i a l v a l u e ) a n d t h e n b e g a n t o i n c r e a s e .

T h e d e c r e a s e i n

s e r u m N a G a l a s e

a c t i v i t y w a s m o r e r a p i d

a f t e r t h e t r e a t m e n t o f S C C V I I a n d

EMT6

t um o u r s b y p h o t o d y n a m i c

t h e r a p y

( P D T )

a n d w a s d e p e n d e n t

o n t h e

PDT

d o s e . T h e

t r e a t m e n t s ( b a s e d

o n p h o t o s e n s i t i z e r s P h o t o f r i n

o r

mTHPC)

t h a t

w e r e

f u l l y c u r a t i v e r e s u l t e d

i n

t h e r e d u c t i o n

o f N a G a l a s e

a c t i v i t y

t o

b a c k g r o u n d

l e v e l s

w i t h i n

2

o r 3

d a y s

a f t e r P D T .

A

s l o w e r

d e c r e a s e

i n

N a G a l a s e

a c t i v i t y

was

f o u n d a f t e r

PDT

t r e a t m e n t s t h a t

a t t a i n a n i n i t i a l t u m o u r a b l a t i o n b u t

a r e

n o t

f u l l y

c u r a t i v e .

T h e

r e g r o w t h

o f

P D T - t r e a t e d

S C C V I I t u m o u r s w a s

p r e c e d e d b y a n i n c r e a s e i n s e r u m

N a G a l a s e

l e v e l s ,

w h i c h

was

d et ec te d a s

e a r l y

a s 8

d a y s

b e f o r e

t h e

v i s i b l e t u m o u r

r e a p p e a r a n c e . T h e s e

f i n d i n g s a s c e r t a i n t h e

v a l i d i t y

o f s e r u m

N a G a l a s e

m e a s u r e m e n t

f o r

t h e

a s s e s s m e n t o f

t u m o u r

r e s p o n s e

t o

d i f f e r e n t

t r e a t m e n t s

a n d

s u p p o r t t h e

c o n c e p t

t h a t

t h e

N a G a l a s e

m e a s u r e m e n t c ou l d s e r ve

a s

a

d i a g n o s t i c

a n d

p r o g n o s t i c

i n d e x

t h a t

m i g h t

a l l o w

o n c o l o g i s t s

t o

d e s i g n

t h e d o s a g e

o r

n a t u r e

o f t r e a t m e n t .

K e y w o r d s : m o u s e t u m o u r

m o d e l s ; a - N - a c e t y l g a l a c t o s a m i n i d a s e ;

c a n c e r - s p e c i f i c e n z y m e ;

p r o g n o s t i c

i n d e x ;

r a d i o t h e r a p y ; p h o t o d y n a m i c

t h e r a p y ; t u m o u r

r e s p o n s e

i n d i c a t o r

a - N - A c e t y l g a l a c t o s a m i n i d a s e

( N a G a l a s e ) a p p e a r s

t o

b e o n e o f

t h e

e x t r a c e l l u l a r

m a t r i x - d e g r a d i n g e n z y m e s

s e c r e t e d

b y

c a n c e r o u s

c e l l s

i n t h e

p r o c e s s

o f

t u m o u r i n v a s i o n .

T h e

a c t i v i t y

o f

N a G a l a s e

c a n b e d e t e c t e d i n

t h e b l o o d s t r e a m

o f

p a t i e n t s

b e a r i n g

a

w i d e

v a r i e t y

o f

c a n c e r s

b u t

n o t

i n

t h e b l o od o f

h e a l t h y

h u m a n s . I n a d d i -

t i o n

t o t h e

t y p e s

o f

c a n c e r

  i . e . p r o s t a t e ,

b r e a s t a n d

c o l o n )

r e f e r -

e n c e d

i n

Y a m a m o t o e t

a l

  1 9 9 6 ) ,

e l e v a t e d

N a G a l a s e

a c t i v i t y

w a s

d e t e c t e d

i n d i s c r i m i n a t e l y

i n a l l

e x a m i n e d c a s e s

o f

m e s o t h e l i o m a ,

m e l a n o m a ,

f i b r o s a r c o m a ,

g l i o b l a s t o m a ,

n e u r o b l a s t o m a ,

c a n c e r s

o f

l u n g ,

o e s o p h a g u s

s t o m a c h ,

l i v e r ,

p a n c r e a s , k i d n e y ,

b l a d d e r , t e s t i s ,

u t e r u s

a n d

o v a r y

a n d v a r i o u s

l e u k a e m i a s

  i n

t o t a l 4 2 0

p a t i e n t s

e x a m i n e d t h u s

f a r ) .

T h e

p r o g r e s s i o n

o f

r a d i a t i o n

t h e r a p y

i n

c a n c e r

p a t i e n t s

i s

a c c o m p a n i e d

w i t h

a

g r a d u a l

d e c r e a s e

i n

N a G a l a s e

l e v e l s

i n

t h e i r

b l o o d ( Y a m a m o t o

e t

a l ,

1 9 9 6 ) ,

p r e s u m a b l y

r e f l e c t i n g

a d e c r e a s e i n t h e

n u m b e r

o f

c a n c e r o u s c e l l s

s e c r e t i n g

t h i s

e n z y m e .

S t u d i e s

c o r r e l a t i n g

s e r u m

N a G a l a s e l e v e l s w i t h

t u m o u r b u r de n

s u g g e s t

t h a t

t h e

m e a s u r e m e n t

o f t h i s

e n z y m e

c a n

d i a g n o s e

t h e

p r e s e n c e

o f

c a n c e r o u s

l e s i o n s

b e l o w

l e v e l s d e t e c t a b l e

b y

o t h e r

d i a g n o s t i c

m e a n s

( Y a m a m o t o

e t

a l , 1 9 9 6 ;

1 9 9 7 a ;

R e c e i v e d

2

May

1 9 9 7

R e vi s ed 2 1

A u g u s t

1 9 9 7

A c c e p t e d

22

A u g u s t

1 9 9 7

C o r r e s p o n d e n c e

t o :

M l a d e n

K o r b e l i k ,

C a n c e r

I m a g i n g ,

BC C a n c e r R e s e a r c h

C e n t r e ,

6 0 1

W e s t

1

0 t h

A v e n u e ,

V a n c o u v e r ,

B C , C a n a d a

V5 Z

1

L 3

Y a m a m o t o a n d

N a r a p a r a j u ,

1 9 9 7 ) .

T h e s e

f i n d i n g s

l e d t o

t h e

s u g g e s t i o n

t h a t

t h e N a G a l a s e

a c t i v i t y

i n

a

p a t i e n t s b l o o d s t r e a m

c a n

s e r v e

a s

a d i a g n o s t i c

a n d

p r o g n o s t i c

i n d e x

( Y a m a m o t o

e t

a l ,

1 9 9 6 ;

1 9 9 7 a ;

Y a m a m o t o , 1 9 9 7 ) .

N a G a l a s e s e c r e t e d

i n t o

p a t i e n t s

b l o o d

d e g l y c o s y l a t e s

t h e

v i t a m i n

D 3 - b i n d i n g

p r o t e i n

( D B P ;

h u m a n DB P

i s k n o w n a s

Gc

p r o t e i n ) ,

a s e r u m

p r o t e i n

t h a t

i s t h e

p r e c u r s o r f o r

t h e

m a j o r

m a c r o p h a g e - a c t i v a t i n g

f a c t o r

( M A F )

( Y a m a m o t o

e t

a l ,

1 9 9 6 ;

1 9 9 7 a ) .

T h e

d e g l y c o s y l a t e d

DBP

c a n n o t

b e

c o n v e r t e d

t o

MAF.

T h e

p r o g r e s s o f m a l i g n a n t

d i s e a s e

w a s

f o u n d

t o

b e

a s s o c i a t e d w i t h

a n

i n c r e a s e i n

t h e

s e r u m

N a G a l a s e

a c t i v i t y

a n d a

c o n c o m i t a n t

d e c r e a s e i n t h e

p r e c u r s o r a c t i v i t y

o f

s e r u m

D B P

( Y a m a m o t o

e t

a l ,

1 9 9 6 ; 1 9 9 7 a ;

Y a m a m o t o

a n d

N a r a p a r a j u ,

1 9 9 7 ) .

A s

m a c r o p h a g e

a c t i v a t i o n f o r

p h a g o c y t o s i s

a n d

a n t i g e n p r e s e n t a t i o n

i s t h e

f i r s t

s t e p

i n

t h e

i m m u n e

d e v e l o p m e n t c a s c a d e ,

l o s t o r

r e d u c e d

p r e c u r s o r a c t i v i t y

l e a d s t o

i m m u n o s u p p r e s s i o n

( Y a m a m o t o

e t

a l ,

1 9 9 6 ; 1 9 9 7 a ) .

S t u d i e s

u s i n g

m o u s e t u m o u r m o d e l s

h a ve d e mo ns t ra te d

t h a t

t h e r e i s a d i r e c t c o r r e l a t i o n

b e t w e e n t h e

s e r u m

N a G a l a s e l e v e l s

a n d

g r o w t h

r a t e o f b o t h n o n - s o l i d

t u m o u r s

  E h r l i c h a s c i t e s

g r o w i n g

i n

t h e

p e r i t o n e a l c a v i t y ) ( Y a m a m o t o

a n d

N a r a p a r a j u ,

1 9 9 7 )

a n d s o l i d

t u m o u r s

( h u m a n

s q u a m o u s

c e l l

c a r c i n o m a

KB i n

n u d e

m i c e )

( Y a m a m o t o

e t

a l , 1 9 9 7 a ) . T h e o b j e c t i v e o f t h e

p r e s e n t s t u d y

w a s

t o

i n v e s t i g a t e

ho w t h e

r e s p o n s e

o f

t u m o u r s t o

r a d i o t h e r a p y

a n d

p h o t o d y n a m i c t h e r a p y ( P D T )

i s

r e f l e c t e d

i n

t h e

s e r u m

N a G a l a s e

a c t i v i t y

o f

t h e

h o s t s .

1 0 0 9

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1 0 1 0

M K o r b e l i k e t a l

MATERIALS

AND

METHODS

Tumour

m o d e l s a n d t r e a t m e n t s

M u r i n e

squamous

c e l l c a r c i n o m a

S C C V I I   S u i t e t a l , 1 9 8 5 )

a n d

mammary s a r com a

EMT6

( R o c k w e l l

e t

a l , 1 9 7 2 ) w e r e m a i n t a i n e d

i n

s y n g e n e i c C3H/HeN a n d BALB/c m i c e

r e s p e c t i v e l y ,

as

d e s c r i b e d

i n d e t a i l e l s e w h e r e   K o r b e l i k ,

1 9 9 3 ;

K o r b e l i k

a n d K r o s l ,

1 9 9 6 ) .

F o r

tumour

i m p l a n t a t i o n ,

1 x

1 0 6

tumour

c e l l s

w ere

i n o c u -

l a t e d s u b c u t a n e o u s l y

i n

t h e

l o w e r

d o r s a l r e g i o n o f 8 - t o 1 1 - w e e k -

o l d f e m a l e

m i c e .

T u m o u r s

w e r e t r e a t e d w i t h

X - r a y s

when

t h e y

r e a c h e d a v o l u m e

o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y 5 0

mm3.

T h e

m i c e

w ere

r e s t r a i n e d ,

unanaes-

t h e t i z e d

i n

l e a d h o l d e r s

t h a t

s h i e l d e d t h e i r

b o d y

w h i l e

f u l l y

e x p o s i n g t h e

tumour

t o

t h e

X - r a y

b e a m . T h e source

o f

i r r a d i a t i o n

was a

P h i l i p s R T 2 5 0 ( 2 5 0 kV, 0 . 5 mm

C u ) ,

a n d

t h e d o s e d e l i v e r e d

was 2 0

Gy

a t

3 . 3 3

G y

m i n - m . T o

ensure a u n if o r m d os e

t h r o u g h o u t

t h e

tumour

v o l u m e , t h e

m i c e

w e r e

t u r n e d

1 8 0 0

m i d - w a y

t h r o u g h

i r r a d i a t i o n .

M o n i t o r i n g t h e c h a n g e s

i n

tumour v o l u m e

a f t e r t h e

X - r a y t r e a t m e n t was

b a s e d

on m e a s u r i n g t h r e e

o r t h o g o n a l

tumour

d i a m e t e r s . T h e t r e a t m e n t group c o n s i s t e d o f 1 8

m i c e .

T h e

p h o t o s e n s i t i z e r s

P h o t o f r i n

p o r f i m e r

s o d i u m

( p r o v i d e d

b y

QLT P h o t o T h e r a p e u t i c s V a n c o u v e r , B C , C a n a d a )

a n d m e t a -

t e t r a h y d r o x y p h e n y l c h l o r i n

(mTHPC;

p r o v i d e d

b y

S c o t i a

P h a r m a -

c e u t i c a l s , S u r r e y ,

UK)

w e r e u s e d

f o r

P D T .

S t o c k

s o l u t i o n s

o f

P h o t o f r i n

  i n

5

d e x t r o s e )

a n d

m T H P C

  d i s s o l v e d

i n e t h a n o l -

P E G 4 0 0 - w a t e r

a t

1 : 1 : 1

v o l u m e r a t i o s ) were

i n j e c t e d i n t r a v e n o u s l y

2 4 h

b e f o r e

t h e l i g h t

t r e a t m e n t .

M i c e , r e s t r a i n e d u n a n a e s t h e t i z e d i n

t h e same

h o l d e r s as f o r

X - r a y i r r a d i a t i o n ,

w e r e t r e a t e d

w i t h l i g h t

( 6 3 0

±

1 0 nm f o r P h o t o f r i n or

6 5 2

±

1 0

nm f o r

mTHPC)

d e l i v e r e d

f r o m a t u n a b l e l i g h t source b a s e d on a

1-kW

xenon b u l b

( M o d e l

A

5 0 0 0 ;

P h o t o n

T e c h n o l o g y I n t e r n a t i o n a l ) t h r o u g h

a 5 - m m - c o r e

d i a m e t e r

l i q u i d

l i g h t

g u i d e ( 2 0 0 0 A ;

L u m i n e x ,

M u n ic h , G e r ma n y) .

T h e

p o w er d e n s i t y

a t t h e

i l l u m i n a t e d

area

e n c o m p a s s i n g

t h e tumour

a n d

1

mm

o f

s u r r o u n d i n g n o r m a l

t i s s u e

was

1 2 0 - 1 3 0

mW

c m - 2

w i t h

P h o t o f r i n

PDT

a n d

1 1 0 - 1 2 0 mW c m - 2

w i t h

mTHPC

P D T .

T h e

PDT

d o s e s

u s e d

( 5 5 - 1 1 0

J

c m - 2 ) were e i t h e r

f u l l y

c u r a t i v e or

y i e l d e d

cures

i n

t h e

range 1 0 - 5 0 , w i t h i l l u m i n a t i o n

t im e s r a n g in g

b e t w e e n

1 0 a n d 2 0

m i n .

T h e t r e a t e d

t u m o u r s were

o f t h e

same s i z e

as t h o s e

e x p o s e d

t o

X - r a y s .

A l l

t u m o u r - b e a r i n g m i c e

u s e d i n

a p a r t i c u l a r e x p e r i m e n t

r e c e i v e d t h e same PDT

t r e a t m e n t , e x c e p t i n t h e e x p e r i m e n t w i t h

tw o d i f f e r e n t

l i g h t

t r e a t m e n t s

  F i g u r e 3 B ) .

T h e m i c e w e r e

d i v i d e d

i n t o

groups ( 3 - 6

a n i m a l s )

t h a t w e r e

u s e d f o r

t h e

c o l l e c t i o n

o f

b l o o d a t d i f f e r e n t t i m e i n t e r v a l s

a f t e r

P D T .

M e a s u r e m e n t o f

t u m o u r

b u r d e n

B l o o d

f o r

t h e

N a G a l a s e

a c t i v i t y m e a s u r e m e n t

w a s

c o l l e c t e d f r o m

t h e t a i l v e i n o f

m i c e

i m m e d i a t e l y

b e f o r e

t h e y

w e r e

k i l l e d , a n d t h e

w e t

w e i g h t

o f

t h e

e x c i s e d

t u m o u r s w a s d e t e r m i n e d ( Y a m a m o t o e t

a l ,

1 9 9 7 a ) .

I n

e x p e r i m e n t s

p r e s e n t e d

i n

F i g u r e 4 B ,

m u l t i p l e

b l o o d

c o l l e c t i o n s

  n o t

m o r e

t h a n 0 . 1

m l

e a c h t i m e ) w e r e

p e r f o r m e d

f o r

a n

e x t e n d e d t i m e

p e r i o d

a f t e r t h e

t u m o u r t r e a t m e n t . T h e i n t e r v a l

b e t w e e n t h e

t w o b l o o d

w i t h d r a w a l s

f r o m

t h e

s a m e

m o u s e

w a s

1 0

d a y s

o r

l o n g e r .

No

i n f l u e n c e

o n

t u m o u r

r e s p o n s e

w a s

o b s e r v e d

i n

m i c e d u e t o

t h e b l o o d c o l l e c t i o n .

A s s a y

f o r

a - N - a c e t y l g a l a c t o s a m i n i d a s e

i n

mouse s e r a

T h e

s e r a

( 1 0 0

t l )

w e r e

p r e c i p i t a t e d

u s i n g

70

s a t u r a t e d

ammo-

n i u m

s u l p h a t e .

T h e

p r e c i p i t a t e s

w e r e d i s s o l v e d i n

5 0 mm

c i t r a t e

p h o s p h a t e

b u f f e r ( p H 6 . 0 )

a n d

d i a l y s e d

a g a i n s t

t h e s a m e b u f f e r a t

4 ° C o v e r n i g h t . T h e

d i a l y s a t e s

w e r e m a d e

u p

t o 0 . 5 m l i n v o l u m e

a n d

a s s a y e d f o r

e n z y m e a c t i v i t y ( Y a m a m o t o

e t

a l ,

1 9 9 7 a ;

Y a m a m o t o

a n d N a r a p a r a j u , 1 9 9 7 ) .

S u b s t r a t e s o l u t i o n

( 3 0 0

, 1 )

c o n t a i n e d

5 0

mm

c i t r a t e

b u f f e r ( p H 6 . 0 ) a n d 5 , u m o l

o f

p - n i t r o -

p h e n y l - N - a c e t y l - a - D - g a l a c t o s a m i n i d e .

T h e r e a c t i o n

w a s i n i t i a t e d

b y

t h e a d d i t i o n o f 5 0 0 , l

o f t h e

d i a l y s e d s a m p l e ,

w a s

k e p t

f o r

6 0 m i n

a t

3 7 ° C

a nd w a s

t e r m i n a t e d

b y

t h e a d d i t i o n

o f

2 0 0

p l

o f

10

TCA. A f t e r

c e n t r i f u g a t i o n , 5 0 0

, l

o f

0 . 5

g M

s o d i u m

c a r b o n a t e

s o l u t i o n

w a s

a d d e d

t o

t h e

s u p e r n a t a n t .

T h e

a m o u n t

o f

r e l e a s e d

p - n i t r o p h e n o l

w a s d et er mi ne d

s p e c t r o p h o t o m e t r i c a l l y

a t

4 2 0

nm

a n d

e x p r e s s e d

a s

n m o l

m i n -

p e r mg

o f s e r u m

p r o t e i n .

P r o t e i n

c o n c e n t r a t i o n s w e r e d e t e r m i n e d

b y

t h e B r a d f o r d

m e t h o d

  B r a d f o r d , 1 9 7 6 ) .

T h e

b a c k g r o u n d

l e v e l o f t h e

e n z y m e a c t i v i t y

m e a s u r e d

i n

t h e

s e r u m

o f

h e a l t h y

c o n t r o l m i c e

r a n g e d

f r o m

1

t o 1 . 5 n m o l m i n - 1

m g .

T h i s

w a s d u e t o t h e

p r e s e n c e

o f

x - g a l a c t o s i d a s e ,

w h i c h c a n

h y d r o l y s e

t h e s a m e s u b s t r a t e a s N a G a l a s e

( Y a m a m o t o

a n d

N a r a p a r a j u ,

1 9 9 7 ) . T h u s , t h e

e n z y m e

a c t i v i t i e s

b e y o n d

t h a t

o f

c o n t r o l

m i c e w e r e a t t r i b u t e d t o

N a G a l a s e r e l e a s e d

f r o m

c a n c e r o u s

c e l l s .

T h e

p h o t o s e n s i t i z e r

a d m i n i s t r a t i o n t o n o n - t r e a t e d

o r

t u m o u r -

b e a r i n g

m i c e

k e p t

i n t h e

d a r k s h o w e d

n o

e f f e c t o n t h e s e r u m

N a G a l a s e a c t i v i t y

i n

t h e s e

a n i m a l s ;

f o r

e x a m p l e

t h e l e v e l s i n

m i c e

b e a r i n g

a d v a n c e d t u m o u r s w it h a n d w i t h o u t

P h o t o f r i n t r e a t m e n t

( 1 0 mg

k g - ,

2 4 h

e a r l i e r

-

n o

l i g h t )

w e r e 7 . 5 2

±

0 . 1 5 a n d

7 . 5 3

±

0 . 1

  ± s . d . ) r e s p e c t i v e l y .

RESULTS

C o r r e l a t i o n

b e t w e e n serum

N a G a l a s e

a c t i v i t y

a n d

t u m o u r b u r d e n

S e r u m

l e v e l s

o f

N a G a l a s e

i n

n o n - t r e a t e d

m i c e

b e a r i n g

S C C V I I

t um ou rs o f

d i f f e r e n t

s i z e a r e s h o w n

i n

F i g u r e

l A .

B l o o d

f o r t h e

e n z y m e

a c t i v i t y

m e a s u r e m e n t

w a s c o l l e c t e d

i m m e d i a t e l y

b e f o r e

t h e m i c e w e r e k i l l e d ,

t h e t u m o u r s e x c i s e d

a n d

t h e

w e t

w e i g h t

d e t e r m i n e d . I t

c a n b e

s e e n t h a t t h e

s e r u m

N a G a l a s e

a c t i v i t y

i s

d i r e c t l y

p r o p o r t i o n a l

t o t h e t u m o u r

b u r d e n

i n

t h e

r a n g e

b e t w e e n 1 0

a n d

2 0 0

m g .

T h e

l i n e a r

f i t s h o w n i n

F i g u r e

1

h a s t h e

c o r r e l a t i o n

c o e f f i c i e n t o f 0 . 9 5 2 5 3 a n d

s u g g e s t s

t h e r a t e

o f

N a G a l a s e

s e c r e t i o n

t o

b e 0 . 0 4 6 n m o l

m i n -

m g -

p e r

mg

o f

t u m o u r t i s s u e . A s i m i l a r

r e s u l t

w a s r e p o r t e d

f o r

n u d e

m i c e

t r a n s p l a n t e d

w i t h a h u m a n

s q u a m o u s

c e l l c a r c i n o m a

KB

( Y a m a m o t o

e t

a l ,

1 9 9 7 a ) .

T i m e

c o u r s e

s t u d y

o f

serum

N a G a l a s e a c t i v i t y a f t e r

t u m o u r

i n o c u l a t i o n

S e r u m

N a G a l a s e l e v e l s

i n

m i c e

b e a r i n g

S C C V I I t u m o u r s

i n c r e a s e d

w i t h t i m e a f t e r

t u m o u r

i m p l a n t a t i o n

  F i g u r e

i B ) .

A l t h o u g h

t h e

t u m o u r s

b e c a m e

p a l p a b l e

a t

4

d a y s

a f t e r

i n o c u l a t i n g

1

x

1 0 6

S C C V I I

t u m o u r

c e l l s , t h e e n z y m e

a c t i v i t y w a s

a l r e a d y

d e t e c t a b l e

2 4

h

a f t e r

t h e i m p l a n a t i o n .

A f t e r

a n i n i t i a l

s h a r p

i n c r e a s e

i n t h e

N a G a l a s e l e v e l s

d u r i n g t h e f i r s t

3

d a y s p o s t -

i m p l a n t ,

t h e r e

a p p e a r

t o b e l e s s

p r o no u n ce d c h an g es

w i t h i n t h e

n e x t

f e w d a y s .

T h i s ma y r e f l e c t a r e t a r d a t i o n i n t u m o u r

p r o g r e s -

s i o n b e f o r e

t h e

d e v e l o p m e n t

o f

t h e v a s c u l a r

s u p p l y

n e e d e d t o

s u p p o r t

t h e

g r o w t h

o f

l a r g e r

t u m o u r

m a s s e s .

A n o t h e r

s l o w i n g

down i n

t h e

i n c r e a s e

o f N a G a l a s e

a c t i v i t y

w a s

o b s e r v e d

a t

l o n g e r

t i m e

i n t e r v a l s

p o s t - i m p l a n t ,

w h i c h

c o r r e l a t e d

w i t h

s i g n s

o f t u m o u r

n e c r o s i s i n t h i s

w e l l - c h a r a c t e r i z e d

t u m o u r

m o d e l .

B r i t i s h J o u r n a l

o f

C a n c e r

( 1 9 9 8 ) 7 7 6 ) , 1 0 0 9 - 1 0 1 4

0

C a n c e r R e s e a r c h

C a m p a i g n

1 9 9 8

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Enzyme m a r k e r f o r

c a n c e r t h e r a p y 1 0 1 1

S C C V I I

t u m o u r s n o n - t r e a t e d

)

E

E

=

E

I

 

5 0 1 0 0 1 5 0

T u m o u r w e i g h t

( m g )

3 0 0 -

2 5 0 -

2 0 0 -

1 5 0 -

1 0 0 -

5 0

0 -

2 0 0

0 2 4 6 8 1 0 1 2

1 4

1 6 1 8

T i m e

a f t e r

t u m o u r

i m p l a n t   d a y s )

0

2

4

6 8 1 0

1 2 1 4

1 6

1 8

T i m e a f t e r X - r a y s   d a y s )

- 5

- 4

3

 

2

-

1

P z

0

C D

_ 5

-3

3

a

-5

D

l<

F i g u r e 2

C h a n g e s i n

s e r u m a c t i v i t y

o f

a - N - a c e t y l g a l a c t o s a m i n i d a s e

i n

m i c e

b e a r i n g

X - r a y - t r e a t e d

S C C V I I t u m o u r s .

A f t e r

i r r a d i a t i o n

  2 0 G y ) ,

v a r i a t i o n s

i n

t u m o u r v o l u m e s

w e r e

r e c o r d e d a n d

b l o o d

s a m p l e s

f o r t h e

e n z y m e a n a l y s i s

t a k e n

a t

d i f f e r e n t t i m e i n t e r v a l s .

T h e t u m o u r

v o l u m e

d a t a

r e p r e s e n t

means

f o r

1 8 t u m o u r s ,

w h e r e a s

t h o s e

f o r e n z y m e a c t i v i t y

a r e means

f o r t h r e e o r f o u r

t u m o u r - b e a r i n g

m i c e .

B a r s

r e p r e s e n t s . d . 0 ,

t u m o u r

v o l u m e ;

0 , e n zy m e

a c t i v i t y

v o lu m e. N ec r os i s

b e c a m e

a p p a r e n t

w i t h

s o m e

r e g r o w i n g

t u m o u r s

a s

e a r l y

a s

1 0

d a y s

a f t e r t r e a t m e n t .

A s

e v i d e n c e d

b y

t h e

i n c r e a s i n g

e r r o r

b a r s ,

s o m e o f

t h e

t u m o u r s

r e g r e w

m o r e

r a p i d l y

t h a n o t h e r s .

I n

a d d i t i o n ,

2 o u t o f

1 8

m i c e ( 1 1 )

h a d

c o m p l e t e

t u m o u r a b l a t i o n

( w h i c h

w a s

o b s e r v e d w i t h i n 2 w e e k s a f t e r t r e a t m e n t ) ,

a n d

1

o u t o f

1 8

m i c e r e ma i ne d

t u m o u r - f r e e

a t

9 0

d a y s

a f t e r

t r e a t m e n t .

F i g u r e

1

S e r u m

a c t i v i t y

o f

a - N - a c e t y l g a l a c t o s a m i n i d a s e

i n

S C C V I I

t u m o u r -

b e a r i n g

m i c e .

T h e r e s u l t s f r o m

t h e

en zyme

assay

are

s h o w n

r e l a t e d t o e i t h e r

  A ) t u m o u r w e ig h t

  b l o o d

s a m p l e s

c o l l e c t e d

i m m e d i a t e l y

b e f o r e

t h e

m i c e

were k i l l e d a t

d i f f e r e n t

t i m e s a f t e r

i n o c u l a t i o n

a n d t h e i r

t u m o u r s e x c is e d f o r

w e t w e i g h t m e a s u r e m e n t )

o r

  B )

t i m e

a f t e r

t u m o u r i m p l a n t a t i o n .

S y m b o l s

i n

A

r e p r e s e n t

r e a d i n g s

f r o m

i n d i v i d u a l t u m o u r s ,

w h e r e a s t h o s e

i n

B are

means

  ± s . d . )

f o r

t h r e e

o r

f o u r

i n d i v i d u a l t u m o u r s . The l i n e a r

r e g r e s s i o n

l i n e i s

s h o w n f o r

t h e c o r r e l a t i o n

o f

en zyme a c t i v i t y

w i t h t u m o u r

w e i g h t

N a G a l a s e

a c t i v i t y

a f t e r

tumour

X - r a y t r e a t m e n t

T h e

e f f e c t

o f X - r a y t r e a t m e n t

o f

S C C V I I

t u m o u r s

w i t h a

s i n g l e

d o s e

o f 2 0

Gy

was

e x a m i n e d b y

r e g i s t e r i n g

c h a n g e s

i n

tumour

s i z e

a n d

serum

l e v e l s

o f

N a G a l a s e . A

g r a d u a l

d e c l i n e

i n

t h e

enzyme

a c t i v i t y

was o b s e r v e d

d u r i n g

t h e f i r s t 1 0 d a y s

a f t e r

t r e a t m e n t

  t h e

d a t a

p o i n t s

a t 6

a n d

1 0 d a y s a f t e r X - r a y s

are

s i g n i f i c a n t l y

l o w e r

t h a n t h e i n i t i a l

v a l u e ,

P <

0 . 0 5 )

f o l l o w e d

b y

a s l o w i n c r e a s e d u r i n g

t h e n e x t

7 d a y s

  F i g u r e

2 ) . By

t h e e n d o f t h i s

o b s e r v a t i o n

p e r i o d ,

t h e

average

serum

N a G a l a s e

l e v e l s

d i d

n o t

r e a c h

t h e v a l u e s

m e a s u r e d

a t t h e t im e o f

X - r a y

i r r a d i a t i o n . T h i s was n o t

i n

p a r a l l e l

w i t h

t h e

c h a n g e s

i n

average

tumour v o l u m e , w h i c h   a f t e r

a t e m p o -

r a r y

a r r e s t ) i n c r e a s e d b e t w e e n

d a y s 3 a n d

1 7

a f t e r

t r e a t m e n t . A s

i t

was

e s t a b l i s h e d

t h a t

t h e N a G a l a s e a c t i v i t y

i s

d i r e c t l y p r o p o r t i o n a l

t o

v i a b l e

tumour

b u r d e n ,

t h i s a p p a r e n t

i n c r e a s e

i n

tumour s i z e

c a n n o t b e

a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e

r e g r o w t h

o f

cancerous

c e l l s .

T h e f a c t o r s

t h a t most

p r o b a b l y

p l a y

a r o l e are c e l l u l a r / t i s s u e

o e d e m a

a n d

i n c r e a s e d

p r o p o r t i o n s

o f n o n - v i a b l e

t i s s u e i n

t h e

t o t a l

tumour

E f f e c t

o f

PDT

on tumours

r e f l e c t e d

b y

serum

N a G a l a s e

a c t i v i t y

An a l t e r n a t i v e

m o d a l i t y

f o r e f f e c t i v e

tumour t r e a t m e n t i s P D T . T h e

t r e a t e d SCCVII t u m o u r s

were

o f

a s i m i l a r s i z e

t o t h o s e u s e d f o r t h e

a b o v e - d e s c r i b e d X - r a y

t r e a t m e n t

( a p p r o x i m a t e l y

5 0 m m 3 ) .

T h e

serum

l e v e l s

o f

N a G a l a s e

i n

m i c e

b e a r i n g

t u m o u r s

e x p o s e d

t o

P h o t o f r i n - b a s e d

PDT

  r e s u l t i n g

i n

a p p r o x i m a t e l y

5 0

c u r e s )

m a r k e d l y

d e c l i n e d

b e t w e e n

2 4 a n d 4 8 h

a f t e r t h e

p h o t o d y n a m i c

l i g h t

exposure

  F i g u r e 3 A ) ,

w h i c h

c o r r e l a t e d

w i t h

a

v i s i b l e

d i s a p -

pearance

o f

tumour

mass.

T h e

v a l u e s

f o r

enz yme a c t i v i t y

d e t e r -

m i n e d

i n

t h e

sera o f m i c e

s h o w i n g

no

s i g n

o f

tumour recurrence

a t

9 0

d a y s

a f t e r PDT t r e a t m e n t

  d e f i n e d

as

tumour

c u r e )

w ere n o t

s i g n i f i c a n t l y

d i f f e r e n t

f r o m

t h e

measurement o f

s a m p l e s

f r o m

non-

t r e a t e d t u m o u r - f r e e

c o n t r o l m i c e . I n

c o n t r a s t , h i g h l y

e l e v a t e d

N a G a l a s e

l e v e l s were f o u n d

i n m i c e w i t h

r e c u r r i n g

t u m o u r s .

T h e

b l o o d f o r t h i s

measurement was t a k e n when

t h e

r e g r o w i n g

tumours

r e a c h e d f o u r

t i m e s t h e

P D T - t r e a t e d v o l u m e

( 2 2 - 2 8

d a y s

a f t e r

t r e a t -

m e n t ,

8 - 9

d a y s

a f t e r

t h e t u m o u r s

b e c a m e

p a l p a b l e a g a i n ) .

T h e e f f e c t o f

P h o t o f r i n - m e d i a t e d PDT i s

d e p e n d e n t

on

t h e

p h o t o s e n s i t i z e r

a n d

l i g h t

d o s e s . I n

t h e n e x t s e r i e s o f e x p e r i m e n t s ,

t h e P h o t o f r i n d o s e was

k e p t

c o n s t a n t

w h i l e tw o

l i g h t

d o s e s

  5 5

a n d

1 1 0

J

c m - 2 )

were t e s t e d . T h e

h i g h e r

l i g h t

d o s e

i s

100

c u r a t i v e ,

w h e r e a s t h e l o w e r o ne

i s

o n l y m a r g i n a l l y

c u r a t i v e f o r

t h e

EMT6

tumour

m o d e l

u s e d .

B l o o d s a m p l e s

w e r e

c o l l e c t e d

a t

2 4 ,

4 8

a n d

B r i t i s h J o u r n a l o f C a n c e r

  1 9 9 8 )

7 7 6 ) ,

1 0 0 9 - 1 0 1 4

A

2

1 2 -

:t

U

1 0 -

a)

:

cm

 

E

8 -

c u |

a ) .

o

4

C_

2

-

U

4

--I

B

. 5

C . ,

a )

CO )

_ n

* E

E

 

Co

  I

-

0 ~

C u O .

C u E

0

a )

6

4

2

0

m

0

.

0 C a n c e r R e s e a r c h

C a m p a i g n

1 9 9 8

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1 0 1 2

M

K o r b e l i k e t a l

A

1 0

-

> .

: t -

 .

C s

co

a )

* E

E

C D

 

0~

c s o

c s

E

C a

Cs

8

-

6

-

4

-

2

-

0

B

5 1

. 5

a )

)

o c

E

s 7

( s o

c n

c

0

C D )

4

3

2

0

 

P h o t o f r i n

2 5

mg k g - 1

7 5 J c m - 2

 

A s i m i l a r

a n a l y s i s w a s p e r f or m e d o n

S C C V I I

t u m o u r s t r e a t e d

w i t h

PDT

w i t h p h o t o s e n s i t i z e r mTHPC, w h i c h i s m o r e

p o t e n t

t h a n P h o t o f r i n . T h e

mTHPC a d m i n i s t r a t i o n   0 . 6 mg k g - , i . v . )

f o l l o w e d

2 4

h l a t e r

b y a

l i g h t

d o s e

o f 1 0 0 J c m - 2 w a s 100 c u r a -

t i v e f o r S C C V I I t u m o u r s .

T h e

r e s u l t s   F i g u r e 4 A ) s h o w

a

r a p i d

d e c l i n e i n

s e r u m N a G a l a s e a c t i v i t y

i n

t r e a t e d m i c e , w h i c h

d r o p p e d t o b a c k g r o u n d

l e v e l s

w i t h i n 4 8

h

a f t e r p h o t o d y n a m i c

l i g h t

t r e a t m e n t .

A l l t h e

v a l u e s

s h o w n

i n

F i g u r e

4

a r e

s t a t i s t i c a l l y

d i f f e r e n t

f r o m

t h e

n o n - t r e a t e d

t u m o u r - b e a r i n g

m i c e

( P

<

0 . 0 1 ) ,

w h e r e a s t h e

v a l u e s

a t 4 8 a n d 9 6

h

a r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y

l o w e r t h a n

t h a t

a t 3 2 h ( P <

0 . 0 1 ) .

M u l t i p l e

N a G a l a s e measurements

i n

i n d i v i d u a l

P D T - t r e a t e d

m i c e

 

N o n - t r e a t e d 2 4

h

4 8

h

T u m o u r T u m o u r

t u m o u r s p o s t

PD T

p o s t PD T

r e c u r r e n c e

c u r e

EMT6

t u m o u r

P h o t o f r i n

1 0

mg

k g

0

1 0 2 0 3 0

4 0

5 0 6 0

7 0

T i m e

a f t e r

PDT

  h )

F i g u r e 3

S e r u m

x - N - a c e t y l g a l a c t o s a m i n i d a s e a c t i v i t y

i n

m i c e

a f t e r

t r e a t m e n t

o f t u m o u r s

w i t h P h o t o f r i n b a s e d P D T .

M i c e w e re b e a r i n g

e i t h e r

  A ) S C C V I I

t u m o u r

  P h o t o f r i n

2 5

mg k g - ;

t u m o u r s i l l u m i n a t e d w i t h

7 5

J

c m - 2 )

o r

  B )

EMT6

t u m o u r

  P h o t o f r i n

1 0

mg

k g - ;

t u m o u r s

i l l u m i n a t e d w i t h

5 5

o r

1 1 0 J

c m - 2 ) .

B l o o d was

t a k e n

f r o m

m i c e

a t t h e

i n d i c a t e d

t i m e s a f t e r

P D T .

W i t h

m i c e

s h o w i n g t u m o u r r e c u rr e n c e t h e

b l o o d was c o l l e c t e d

w h e n

l e s i o n s

r e g r e w

t o

4 x

t h e P D T - t r e a t e d

v o l u m e ,

w h e r e a s

t h o s e

f r o m

c u r e d m i c e w e r e

t a k e n a t 9 0

d a y s

a f t e r P D T .

M e a n s   + s . d . ) a r e s h o w n f o r g r o u p s o f

3 - 6 m i c e .

* V a l u e s

s t a t i s t i c a l l y

d i f f e r e n t f r o m

n o n - t r e a t e d

t u m o u r - b e a r i n g m i c e

( P

<

0 . 0 1 )

U ,

55J

c m - 2 ; ,

1 1 0 J

c m - 2

7 2 h a f t e r

P D T ,

i . e .

d u r i n g

t h e

t i m e

p e r i o d

o f

m o s t

i n t e n s e t u m o u r

d e s t r u c t i o n . T h e

N a G a l a s e

a c t i v i t y

d r o p p e d

m a r k e d l y

i n

b o t h

t r e a t m e n t g r o u p s

a t 2 4 h

a f t e r

l i g h t t r e a t m e n t , w h i c h i s i n a c c o r -

d a n c e

w i t h

t h e

o b s e r v e d

c o m p l e t e

t u m o u r a b l a t i o n

o b s e r v e d a f t e r

b o t h PDT

d o s e s

  F i g u r e 3 B ) . H o w e v e r , f u r t h e r d e c l i n e i n

t h e

N a G a l a s e l e v e l s

w a s m o r e

p r o n o u n c e d

w i t h t h e

h i g h e r

PDT d o s e .

T h e

d a t a

f o r t h e

h i g h -

a n d

l o w - l i g h t - d o s e

g r o u p s

a t

7 2

h

a f t e r PDT

a r e

s t a t i s t i c a l l y d i f f e r e n t

( P

<

0 . 0 5 ) .

M i c e

b e a r i n g

S C C V I I t u m o u r s w e r e t r e a t e d w i t h a PDT

d o s e

t h a t

g i v e s a 5 0 t u m o u r c u r e   0 . 3 mg k g -

mTHPC,

1 0 0

J c m - 2 ) .

M u l t i p l e

m e a s u r e m e n t s o f N a G a l a s e

a c t i v i t y

w e r e

p er f o rm ed b y

c o l l e c t i n g

0 . 1

m l

o f b l o o d f r o m

t h e t a i l v e i n o f t h e s a m e m ic e a t

s e v e r a l t i m e

i n t e r v a l s

a f t e r P D T . T h i s t i m e c o u r s e

s t u d y

r e v e a l s

t h a t

t h e

p r o f i l e s

o f

t h e

e n z y m e

a c t i v i t y

i n

m i c e

w i t h c u r e d t u m o u r s

c o m p a r e d

w i t h

t h o s e

i n

m i c e

w i t h

r e c u r r i n g

t u m o u r s

a r e

s u b s t a n -

t i a l l y

d i f f e r e n t

  F i g u r e

4 B ) .

I f t h e t u m o u r t h e r a p y w e r e s u c c e s s f u l , t h e N a G a l a s e

l e v e l s

d r o p p e d

t o

<

1

n m o l m i n -

m g - p r o t e i n

a n d

r e m a i n e d a t

b a c k -

g r o u n d l e v e l s t h r o u g h o u t t h e

o b s e r v a t i o n

p e r i o d

( 1 0 0 d ay s

a f t e r

P D T ) .

I n

t h e

c a s e o f t u m o u r

r e g r o w t h ,

t h e l e s i o n s

b e c a m e

p a l p a b l e

a g a i n

a t 1 5 - 1 7

d a y s

a f t e r PDT

a n d

t h e s e

m i c e

w e r e

k i l l e d

a t

2 0 d a y s a f t e r P D T . A t

9 - 1 2

d a y s

a f t e r

P D T ,

t h e

a v e r a g e

s e r u m

N a G a l a s e

l e v e l i n

n o n - c u r e d

m i c e w a s

s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r

( P

<

0 . 0 1 )

t h a n

t h a t

i n

c u r e d m i c e

  a l r e a d y p r e d i c t i n g

t h e o u t c o m e

o f

t h e r a p y

4 - 8 d a y s

b e f o r e t h e

v i s i b l e

t u m o u r

r e c u r r e n c e )

a n d

i n c r e a s e d

s t e e p l y

f o r

t h e

f o l l o w i n g

8 - 1 1

d a y s .

DISCUSSION

T h e

m a l i g n a n t - s p e c i f i c

N a G a l a s e

s p e c i f i c

a c t i v i t y

i s

r e a d i l y

d e m o n s t r a t e d

w i t h

p r e c i s i o n

i n

1 0 0 - , u l q u a n t i t i e s

o f s e r a

f r o m t h e

c a n c e r - b e a r i n g

h o s t s . I n

n u d e

m i c e

b e a r i n g

h u m a n

s q u a m o u s

c e l l

c a r c i n o m a ,

s e r u m

N a G a l a s e a c t i v i t y l e v e l s

a r e

d i r e c t l y

p r o p o r -

t i o n a l t o

t u m o u r

w e i g h t

( Y a m a m o t o

e t

a l ,

1 9 9 7 ) .

I n

s u p p o r t

o f

t h i s

c o n c e p t ,

t h e

c o r r e l a t i o n

b e t w e e n a s c i t i e s t u m o u r

c e l l

c o u n t s a n d

s e r u m

N a G a l a s e

i n

B A L B / c

m o u s e

h a s

b e e n

d e m o n s t r a t e d

( K o g a

e t

a l , 1 9 9 6 ;

Yamamoto a n d

N a r a p a r a j u , 1 9 9 7 ) .

T h e

p r o p o r t i o n a l i t y

o f

s e r u m

N a G a l a s e t o t u mo u r b u r de n e n a b l e d

u s

t o

u s e

s e r u m

N a G a l a s e a s a

p r o g n o s t i c

i n d e x

e f f e c t i v e l y

d u r i n g m a c r o p h a g e -

d i r e c t e d

i m m u n o t h e r a p y

o f

h u m a n

a n d

m u r i n e

c a n c e r s

( Y a m a m o t o

e t

a l , 1 9 9 7 b ;

Yamamoto a n d

N a r a p a r a j u , 1 9 9 7 ) .

I n

a

c o u r s e

o f

p r o t r a c t e d

r a d i a t i o n t h e r a p y ,

t h e s e r u m

N a G a l a s e

a c t i v i -

t i e s

o f i n d i v i d u a l

p a t i e n t s

c o n s t a n t l y

d ec r ea s e d t o wa r ds

h e a l t h y

c o n t r o l

l e v e l i f

t h e t u m o u r s a r e l o c a l i z e d

a t

t h e

t a r g e t e d

l e s i o n

( Y a m a m o t o

e t

a l , 1 9 9 6 ) .

T h i s

s e r um N a G a l a s e

p r o p o r t i o n a l i t y

t o t u m o u r b u r d e n

i s

m o r e

d i s t i n c t w h e n t u m o u r s

a r e

s u r g i c a l l y

r e m o v e d . A

d a y

a f t e r

s u r g i c a l

r e m o v a l o f

p r i m a r y

t u m o u r s f r o m c a n c e r

p a t i e n t s ,

N a G a l a s e

a c t i v i t y s u d d e n l y

d e c r e a s e d

t o

n e a r

t h e t u m o u r - f r e e c o n t r o l

l e v e l

( Y a m a m o t o

e t

a l ,

1 9 9 7 ) ,

s u g g e s t i n g

t h a t

t h e

h a l f - l i f e

o f

N a G a l a s e

i s

l e s s

t h a n

2 4

h . T h i s s h o r t h a l f - l i f e o f

t h e t u m o u r m a r k e r i s v a l u -

a b l e f o r

p r o g n o s i s

o f

t h e d i s e a s e

d u r i n g

v a r i o u s

t h e r a p i e s .

I n

t h e

p r e s e n t s t u d y ,

we

t h u s s t u d i e d

t i m e

c o u r s e

a n a l y s i s

o f s e r u m

N a G a l a s e

a f t e r a

s i n g l e

r a d i a t i o n

d o s a g e   2 0

Gy

a t 3 . 3 3

Gy m i n ) .

B r i t i s h J o u r n a l

o f C a n c e r

( 1 9 9 8 )

7 7 6 ) , 1 0 0 9 - 1 0 1 4

0

C a n c e r

R e s e a r c h

C a m p a i g n

1 9 9 8

.

1

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Enzyme m a r k e r f o r c a n c e r t h e r a p y

1 0 1 3

A

mTHPC 0 . 6 mg k g -

1 0 0

J

c m - 2

0

2 0

4 0

6 0 8 0 1 0 0

T i m e a f t e r

PDT

  h )

B

7]

6

-

5 -

4

-

3 -

2 -

1

-

0-

mTHPC

0 . 3 mg k g - 1

1 0 0 J

m c - 2

A

: 1 0 0 7

mg

 354

mg

304

mg

` 5 0 3

mg

-165

mg

0

1 0

20 30

40

Time a f t e r

PDT

( D a y s )

5 0

1 0 0

F i g u r e

4

Serum

a - N - a c e t y l g a l a c t o s a m i n i d a s e a c t i v i t y

i n m i c e

a f t e r

t r e a t m e n t

o f

S C C V I I t u m o u r s

w i t h

mTHPC-based

P D T .

M i c e r e c e i v e d

e i t h e r

  A )

0 . 6

mg k g -

o r

  B )

0 . 3

mg

k g - 1

o f mT H PC f o l l o w e d

2 4 h

l a t e r

b y

t r e a t m e n t

w i t h

l i g h t ( 1 0 0

J

c m - 2 ) .

T h e

d a t a

p o i n t s

are

b a s e d on

e i t h e r

  A )

means

  + s . d . )

f r o m t h r e e

o r

f o u r serum

s a m p l e s

  s i n g l e b l o o d c o l l e c t i o n

p e r m o u s e )

o r

  B )

s e p a r a t e

m e a s u r e m e n t s

f o r

i n d i v i d u a l m i c e

( r e p r e s e n t e d b y

d i f f e r e n t

s y m b o l s )

w i t h

m u l t i p l e

b l o o d c o l l e c t i o n s

  t w o

o r f o u r

d e p e n d i n g

on t u m o u r

cure

o r

r e g r o w t h ) .

The w e i g h t s

o f

r e c u r r i n g

t u m o u r s

a t

d a y

2 0 a f t e r

PDT

( w h e n

t h e s e

m i c e were

k i l l e d )

are i n d i c a t e d

i n

t h e

g r a p h .

T h e d a t a

f r o m

c u r e d

m i c e

are

shown as

open s y m b o l s

c o n n e c t e d

w i t h

s o l i d

l i n e s ,

a n d t h o s e

f r o m n o n- c ur e d

m i c e ar e c l o s e d

s y m b o l s

c o n n e c t e d w i t h d o t t e d l i n e s

4 ,

6 ,

7 ,

8 , d a y s

b e f o r e

t u m o u r

reappearance

Serum N a G a l a s e

a c t i v i t y

d e c r e a s e d

u n t i l

1 0

d a y s

w i t h

s m a l l

d e v i a -

t i o n s

  F i g u r e

2 ) ,

w h e r e a s

tumour

v o l u m e

g r a d u a l l y

i n c r e a s e d

a f t e r

a

b r i e f a r r e s t f o r 3

d a y s .

T h i s

v o l u m e i n c r e a s e

a f t e r t h e l e t h a l

c h r o -

m o s o m a l

d a m a g e

s u g g e s t s

t h e

p e r s i s t e n c e

o f m e ta b o li c a c t i v i t i e s

a n d

n e c r o s i s f o r a

p r o l o n g e d

p e r i o d .

I n

c o n t r a s t ,

a n o t h e r

h u m a n t u m o u r

p r o g n o s t i c m a r k e r , p r o s t a t e -

s p e c i f i c a n t i g e n

  P S A ) , d i s a p p e a r s

f r o m

s e r u m w i t h a h a l f - l i f e

o f

b e t w e e n 2 a n d 3

d a y s

u p o n c o m p l e t e

r e m o v a l o f

t h e

p r o s t a t e

g l a n d

i n

t h e

a b s e n ce o f m e t a s t a s i s

  O s t e r l i n g , 1 9 9 1 ) .

H o w e v e r ,

R i t t e r e t

a l

  1 9 9 2 )

d e m o n s t r a t e d

i n a

c o m p r e h e n s i v e

s t u d y

t h a t t h e

h a l f - l i f e

o f

t h e

PSA

i s a b o u t

2 . 6

m o n t h s

a f t e r

r a d i a t i o n

t h e r a p y .

T h u s ,

i n

s p i t e

o f

l e t h a l l y d a m a g e d g e n o m e ,

t h e c e l l s

a r e s t i l l m e t a -

b o l i c a l l y c a p a b l e

o f

p r o d u c i n g

PSA

f o r a n

e x t r e m e l y p r o l o n g e d

p e r i o d

  2 . 6 m o n t h s )

a f t e r

r a d i a t i o n

t h e r a p y . T h e r e f o r e ,

i t

i s n o t

f e a s i b l e

t o

p r o g n o s e   p r e d i c t ) a c c u r a t e l y

t h e f a t e o f t h e r a d i a t e d

t u m o u r s

w i t h r a t e

o f

PSA

d e c r e a s e

d u r i n g

r a d i a t i o n

t h e r a p y .

T h e

p r o f i l e s

o f s e r u m

N a G a l a s e

a c t i v i t y

i n m i c e

a f t e r

t h e

t r e a t m e n t o f

S C C V l l

t u m o u r s

w i t h v a r i o u s

PDT

r e g i m e n s

r e v e a l

d i f f e r e n c e s

i n

t h e k i n e t i c s

o f t u m o u r

c e l l

k i l l i n g

a n d

s u b s e q u e n t

r e g r o w t h .

T h e r e s u l t s s h o w e d t h a t t u m o u r

c e l l d e a t h o c c u r s

more

r a p i d l y

a f t e r

PDT t h a n w i t h

X - r a y s

  F i g u r e

3 ) .

C e l l

m e m b r a n e

r u p t u r e ,

i n i t i a t e d

b y p e r o x i d a t i o n

o f

f a t t y

a c i d

m o i e t y

o f

m e m b r a -

n o u s

p h o s p h o l i p i d s

  K e s s e l ,

1 9 9 6 ;

T h o m a s

e t

a l ,

1 9 8 7 ;

K e l l e y

e t

a l ,

1 9 9 7 ) ,

c a n

b e o b s e r v e d

w i t h i n

s e v e r a l

h o u r s

a f t e r

P D T ,

w h e r e a s

X - r a y s

t r i g g e r

a

d e l a y e d

c e l l d e a t h

p r o c e s s o r i g i n a t i n g

i n

c h r o m o -

s o m a l

d a m a g e .

A f t e r

PDT

t h e r e

i s a

r a p i d

i n f l a m m a t i o n - m e d i a t e d

r e m o v a l

o f

d e s t r o y e d

c e l l s

  K o r b e l i k , 1 9 9 6 )

a s

o p p o s e d

t o a

p r o l o n g e d

r e t e n t i o n

o f

m e t a b o l i c a l l y

a c t i v e

m o r t a l l y

a f f e c t e d

c e l l s

i n

X - r a y - t r e a t e d

l e s i o n s .

N e v e r t h e l e s s ,

t h e s e

f i n d i n g s

a s c e r t a i n

t h e

v a l i d i t y

o f

s e r u m

N a G a l a s e

m e a s u r e m e n t f o r

t h e a s s e s s m e n t o f

t u m o u r

r e s p o n s e

t o d i f f e r e n t

t r e a t m e n t s .

T h e i n f o r m a t i o n o n

t h e

e x t e n t o f

t u m o u r d e s t r u c t i o n f o r

l e s i o n s n o t a s s e s s a b l e

b y

t h e

c l o n o g e n i c

m e t h o d

w i l l b e

o f

a s s i s t a n c e

i n

i n v e s t i g a t i n g

t h e u n d e r -

l y i n g

m e c h a n i s m

o f a c t i o n .

A s s h o w n

w i t h

P D T - t r e a t e d S C C V I I t u m o u r s

  F i g u r e

4 B ) ,

e l e v a t e d N a G a l a s e l e v e l s

p r e d i c t e d

t h e

r e g r o w t h

o f t h i s

r a p i d l y

g r o w i n g

c a r c i n o m a

u p

t o

8

d a y s

b e f o r e

i t s

v i s i b l e

r e c u r r e n c e .

I n

s i m i l a r

c l i n i c a l

s i t u a t i o n s ,

t h e

t i m e

s c a l e

w i t h

s l o w - g r o w i n g

h u m a n

c a n c e r s w o u l d b e

c o n s i d e r a b l y l o n g e r .

W i t h

s u c h i nf or ma ti on

a v a i l a b l e ,

o n c o l o g i s t s

c o u l d

m o d i f y

t h e

i n t e n s i t y

o r n a t u r e

o f

t r e a t -

m e n t

d u r i n g

c a n c e r

t h e r a p y .

T h e

p r e s e n t s t u d y

a n d

e v i d e n c e a c c u m u l a t e d

f r o m

o t h e r

p r e c l i n -

i c a l a n d

c l i n i c a l

s t u d i e s

  N a r a p a r a j u

e t

a l ,

1 9 9 6 ;

Y a m a m o t o

e t

a l ,

1 9 9 7 a ;

1 9 9 7 b ;

Y a m a m o t o a n d

N a r a p a r a j u ,

1 9 9 7 )

s u g g e s t

t h a t

N a G a l a s e

h a s t h e

p o t e n t i a l

t o

b e c o m e

a v a l u a b l e

d i a g n o s t i c /

p r o g n o s t i c

i n d e x a n d a

p o w e r f u l

t o o l f o r

m o n i t o r i n g

t h e t u m o u r

r e s p o n s e

t o

c a n c e r

t h e r a p y .

O t h e r v a l u a b l e

i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t

c a n b e

d e r i v e d f r o m

s e r u m

N a G a l a s e m e a s u r e m e n t s

i s t h e i n d i c a t i o n o n

a

p a t i e n t s

i m m u n e

s t a t u s ,

a s

  a s

m e n t i o n e d

i n

t h e

I n t r o d u c t i o n )

t h i s

e n z y m e

d e g l y c o -

s y l a t e s

s e r u m

Gc

p r o t e i n ,

t h u s

i m p a i r i n g

a n

i m p o r t a n t c o m p o n e n t

i n t h e

p r o c e s s

o f i m m u n e

d e v e l o p m e n t ( Y a m a m o t o

a n d

H omma

1 9 9 1 ;

Y a m a m o t o e t

a l ,

1 9 9 6 ; 1 9 9 7 a ;

Y a m a m o t o a n d

N a r a p a r a j u ,

1 9 9 7 ) .

T h i s

i s

c l e a r l y

e v i d e n c e d

b y

t h e f a c t t h a t c a n c e r

p a t i e n t s

f r e q u e n t l y

d i e f r o m

o v e r w h e l m i n g

i n f e c t i o n .

T h e

p r a c t i c e

o f m o n i -

t o r i n g

s e r u m

N a G a l a s e

a c t i v i t y

h a s

a l r e a d y

b e e n

i m p l e m e n t e d ,

w i t h

a

f e w

h u n d r e d c a n c e r

p a t i e n t s u n d e r g o i n g

e i t h e r

e s t a b l i s h e d

t h e r a p i e s

( Y a m a m o t o

e t

a l ,

1 9 9 6 ;

1 9 9 7 a )

o r

e x p e r i m e n t a l

i m m u n o t h e r a p y

w i t h

e n z y m a t i c a l l y

g e n e r a t e d

Gc

p r o t e i n - d e r i v e d

MAF

  N a r a p a r a j u

e t

a l , 1 9 9 6 ;

Yamamoto e t

a l ,

1 9 9 7 b ) .

W i t h o u t

e x c e p t i o n ,

t h e N a G a l a s e

a c t i v i t y

i n t h e

b lo o d o f

p a t i e n t s

who

r e s p o n d

w e l l

g r a d u a l l y

d e c l i n e d

d u r i n g

t h e

c o u r s e

o f

t h e r a p y

a n d

d r o p p e d

t o b a c k g r o u n d

l e v e l s

i n

t h o s e i n d i v i d u a l s

t h a t

a p p e a r e d

t o

b e

c u r e d

( Y a m a m o t o

e t

a l , 1 9 9 7 b ) .

B r i t i s h

J o u r n a l

o f

Cancer

( 1 9 9 8 ) 7 7 6 ) ,

1009-1014

Z 3

C

t

E

0 a

)

a . .

C O L

c o -

oU

a >

o

a ) c

  o

C X

.C 

0r

c o 7

C ) > C

a

C ) 7

0

a )

0

C a n c e r R e s e a r c h

C a m p a i g n

1 9 9 8

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1 0 1 4

M

K o r b e l i k

e t a l

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

T h e p a p e r

i s

d e d i c a t e d

t o t h e

memory o f

t h e l a t e S a nd y L y n d e who

p r o v i d e d e x p e r t

t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e i n t h i s

p r o j e c t . R e s e a r c h

s u p p o r t

w a s

p r o v i d e d b y

t h e

M e d i c a l

R e s e ar c h C o un c il

o f

C a n a d a

( G r a n t n o . MT- 1 2 1 6 5 ) , US P u b l i c H e a l t h

S e r v i c e

( G r a n t

n o .

A l -

3 2 1 4 0 ) a n d A l b e r t

E i n s t e i n S o c i e t y

F u n d .

REFERENCES

B r a d f o r d

MM ( 1 9 7 6 )

A

r a p i d

a n d

s e n s i t i v e

m e t h o d f o r

t h e

q u a n t i t a t i o n

o f

m i c r o g r a m q u a n t i t i e s o f

p r o t e i n u t i l i z i n g

t h e

p r i n c i p l e

o f

p r o t e i n - d y e

b i n d i n g .

A n i a l B i o c h e m 7 2 : 2 4 8 - 2 5 4

K e l l e y

E E , B u e t t n e r G R

a n d

Bums

CP

( 1 9 9 7 ) P ro du c ti o n o f l i p i d - d e r i v e d f r e e

r a d i c a l s i n L 1 2 1 0

m u r i n e l e u k e m i a

c e l l s

i s

a n e a r l y o x i d a t i v e e v e n t

i n

t h e

p h o t o d y n a m i c a c t i o n o f P h o t o f r i n . P h o t o c h e m P h o t o b i o l 6 5 : 5 7 6 - 5 8 0

K e s s e l

D

( 1 9 8 6 )

S i t e s o f

p h o t o s e n s i t i z a t i o n

b y

d e r i v a t i v e s o f

h e m a t o p o r p h y r i n .

P h o t o c h e m P h o t o b i o l 4 4 : 4 8 9 - 4 9 3

K o g a

Y ,

N a r a p a r a j u

VR

a n d Yamamoto N

  1 9 9 6 )

A n t i t u m o r e f f e c t s

o f v i t a m i n

D

3 -

b i n d i n g p r o t e i n - d e r i v e d m a c r o p h a g e a c t i v a t i n g

f a c t o r o n E h r l i c h t u m o r

b e a r i n g

m i c e . C a n c e r

R e s

P r o c

3 7 : 4 8 1

K o r b e l i k

M

  1 9 9 3 )

D i s t r i b u t i o n o f

d i s u l f o n a t e d

a n d t e t r a s u l f o n a t e d a l u m i n u m

p h t h a l o c y a n i n e b e t w e e n

m a l i g n a n t

a n d

h o s t

c e l l

p o p u l a t i o n s

o f a m u r i n e

f i b r o s a r c o m a .

J P h o t o c h e r n

P h o t o b i o l B : B i o l 2 0 :

1 7 3 - 1 8 1

K o r b e l i k

M ( 1 9 9 6 )

I n d u c t i o n o f

t u m o r

i m m u n i t y

b y

p h o t o d y n a m i c

t h e r a p y .

J

C l i n

L a s e r Med

S u r g

1 4 :

3 2 9 - 3 3 4

K o r b e l i k

M a n d K r o s l

G   1 9 9 6 )

P h o t o f r i n

a c c u m u l a t i o n

i n

m a l i g n a n t

a n d h o s t c e l l

p o p u l a t i o n s

o f

v a r i o u s

t u m o u r s . B r

J

C o n c e r 7 3 :

5 0 6 - 5 1 3

N a r a p a r a j u

VR

a n d

Y a m a m o t o

N

( 1 9 9 4 ) R o l e s

o f

f - g a l a c t o s i d a s e

o f B

l y m p h o c y t e s

a n d

s i a l i d a s e

o f

T

l y m p h o c y t e s

i n

i n f l a m m a t i o n - p r i m e d

a c t i v a t i o n o f

m a c r o p h a g e s . I r n m m i o l

L e t t

4 3 :

1 4 3 - 1 4 8

N a r a p a r a j u V R ,

W i m m e r s

R S ,

N e i l

R N , O r c h a r d P J

a n d Y a m a m o t o N

( 1 9 9 6 ) O r i g i n

o f

i m m u n o s u p p r e s s i o n

i n

j u v e n i l e

l e uk e m ia a n d

t h e r a p e u t i c e f f i c a c y

o f

v i t a m i n

D ,

b i n d i n g

p r o t e i n - d e r i v e d

m a c r o p h a g e a c t i v a t i n g

f a c t o r . C a n t c e r R e s

P r o c 3 7 :

2 1 3

O s t e r l i n g

J E

  1 9 9 1

)

P r o s t a t e s p e c i f i c a n t i g e n : a

c r i t i c a l

a s s e ss m e nt o f t h e m o s t u s e f u l

t u mo r m a rk e r f o r a d e n o c a r c i n o m a o f t h e

p r o s t a t e .

J U r o l

1 4 5 :

9 0 7 - 9 2 3

R i t t e r

MA,

M e s s i n g EM, S h a n a h a n T G , P o t t s S , C h a p p e l l R J

a n d

K i n s e l l a T J

( 1 9 9 2 )

P r o s t a t e - s p e c i f i c a n t i g e n a s

a

p r e d i c t o r o f

r a d i o t h e r a p y

r e s p o n s e

a n d

p a t t e m s

o f

f a i l u r e

i n

l o c a l i z e d p r o s t a t e c a n c e r .

J

C l i t i

O n c o l

1 0 : 1 2 0 8 - 1 2 1 7

R o c k w e l l

S C ,

K a l l m a n

RF a n d F a j a r d o LF

( 1 9 7 2 ) C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f a

s e r i a l l y

t r a n s p l a n t e d m o u s e mammary t u m o r a n d i t s t i s s u e - c u l t u r e - a d a p t e d

d e r i v a t i v e .

J

N a t l

C a n c e r I n i s t

4 9 :

7 3 5 - 7 4 9

S u i t H D ,

S e d l a c e k R S , S i l v e r G

a n d

D o s o r e t z

D

( 1 9 8 5 )

P e n t o b a r b i t a l a n e s t h e s i a

a n d

t h e r e s p o n s e

o f t u mo r a n d n o rm al

t i s s u e i n

t h e C 3 H f / S e d m o u s e

t o

r a d i a t i o n .

R a d i a t i o n

R e s 1 0 4 :

4 7 - 6 5

T h o m a s J P ,

H a l l

RD

a n d

G i r o t t i AW ( 1 9 8 7 ) S i n g l e t o x y g e n i n t e r m e d i a c y i n

t h e

p h o t o d y n a m i c

a c t i o n o f m e m b r a n e

b o u n d

h e m a t o p o r p h y r i n

d e r i v a t i v e .

C a n c e r

L e t t 3 5 : 2 9 5 - 3 0 2

Y a m a m o t o N   1 9 9 7 )

D i a g n o s t i c a n d p r o g n o s t i c

i n d i c e s f o r c a n c e r a n d a i d s .

US

P a t e n t N u i m b e r :

5 , 6 2 0 , 8 4 6 .

A p r i l

1 5 ,

1 9 9 7

Y a m a m o t o N a n d H omma S

( 1 9 9 1 ) V i ta m in

D 3

b i n d i n g

p r o t e i n

( g r o u p s p e c i f i c

c o m p o n e n t , G c )

i s a p r e c u r s o r f o r t h e

m a c r o p h a g e a c t i v a t i n g s i g n a l

f r o m

l y s o p h o s p h a t i d y l c h o l i n e - t r e a t e d l y mp h o cy t e s . P r o c N a i t l

A c a d S c i US A 8 8 :

8 5 3 9 - 8 5 4 3

Y a m a m o t o N , N a r a p a r a j u

VR

  I 1 9 9 6 )

R o l e

o f m o u s e

v i t a m i n

D , - b i n d i n g p r o t e i n

i n

a c t i v a t i o n

o f m a cr o p h ag e s . J

I m m u n o l

1 5 7 : 1 7 4 4 - 1 7 5 1

Y a m a m o t o N , N a r a p a r a j u

VR

( 1 9 9 7 ) I m m u n o t h e r a p y o f B A L B / c

m i c e

b e a r i n g

E h r l i c h a s c i t e s t u m o r w i t h

v i t a m i n

D - b i n d i n g p r o t e i n - d e r i v e d m a c r o p h a g e

a c t i v a t i n g

f a c t o r . C a n c e r R e s

5 7 : 2 1 8 7 - 2 1 9 2

Y a m a m o t o N , N a r a p a r a j u V R , A s b e l l SO ( 1 9 9 6 ) D e g l yc o s y la t io n

o f

s e r u m v i t a m i n

D 3 - b i n d i n g

p r o t e i n

l e a d s t o

i m m u n o s u p p r e s s i o n

i n

c a n c e r

p a t i e n t s .

C a n c e r

R e s

5 6 :

2 8 2 7 - 2 8 3 1

Y a m a m o t o N , N a r a p a r a j u V R , U r a d e

M ( 1 9 9 7 a )

P r o g n o s t i c u t i l i t y

o f

s e r u m

o w - N -

a c e t y l g a l a c t o s a m i n i d a s e

a n d

i m m u n o s u p p r e s s i o n

r e s u l t e d

f r o m

d e g l y c o s y l a t i o n

o f

s e r u m

Gc p r o t e i n

i n

o r a l

c a n c e r p a t i e n t s . C a n i c e r R e s

5 7 :

2 9 5 - 2 9 9

Y a m a m o t o N ,

N a r a p a r a j u V R ,

N e i l

R N , S u y a m a

H

a n d N a ka z at o

H

( 1 9 9 7 b )

T h e r a p e u t i c e f f i c a c y

o f

v i t a m i n D 3 b i n d i n g p r o t e i n - d e r i v e d

m a c r o p h a g e

a c t i v a t i n g

f a c t o r

f o r

p r o s t a t e ,

b r e a s t

a n d c o l o n c a n c e r s . C a n c e r R e s

P r o c

3 8 : 3 1

B r i t i s h

J o u r n a l

o f C a n c e r ( 1 9 9 8 ) 7 7 6 ) , 1 0 0 9 - 1 0 1 4

C )

C a n c e r R e s e a r c h

C a m p a i g n

1 9 9 8