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THE USE OF AFFIXATION IN ENGLISH

TRANSLATION OF THE HOLY QUR’AN IN SURAH

AS SAJDA

GRADUATING PAPER

Submitted to the Board of Examiners as a Partial Fulfillment of the

requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Pendidikan Islam (S.Pd.I)

In the English Education Department of Teacher Training and

Education Faculty

BY:

NURUS SA’ADAH

113 11 037

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT OF TEACHER

TRAINING AND EDUCATION FACULTY

STATE INSTITUTE FOR ISLAMIC STUDIES (IAIN)

SALATIGA

2015

THE USE OF AFFIXATION IN ENGLISH

TRANSLATION OF THE HOLY QUR’AN IN SURAH

AS SAJDA

GRADUATING PAPER

Submitted to the Board of Examiners as a Partial Fulfillment of the

requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris

(S.Pd.I)

In the English Education Department of Teacher Training and

Education Faculty

BY:

NURUS SA’ADAH

113 11 037

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT OF TEACHER

TRAINING AND EDUCATION FACULTY

STATE INSTITUTE FOR ISLAMIC STUDIES (IAIN)

SALATIGA

2015

DECLARATION

In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious and the Most Merciful

Hereby the writer fully declares that the graduating paper is wtitten by the writer

herself and there is not containing materials written or had been published by

other people and other people‘s ideas, except the information from the references.

The writer is capable accounts for the graduating paper if in the future the

graduating paper can be proved of containing other‘s ideas or in fact the writer

imitates the other‘s graduating paper.

Likewise, the declaration is written by the writer and the writer hopes that

the declaration can be understood.

Salatiga, August 25, 2015

The writer

NurusSa’adah

NIM.11311037

MOTTO

Family is not an important thing, it's everything

(Michael J. Fox)

Being deeply loved by someone gives you strength,

while loving someone deeply gives you courage

(Lao Tzu)

DEDICATION

This paper is dedicated to

My beloved family and

To everyone who helped me accomplished this paper.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Allah SWT for the

greatest blessing, so I am able to finish my graduating paper entitled ―The Use of

Affixation in English Translation of The Holy Qur’an in Surah As Sajda‖. I would

like to express my special thanks to my academic supervisor, Mashlihatul Umami,

S. PdI., M. A. who has patiently guided me in writing and finishing this

graduating paper. I would also like to express gratitude to:

1. Dr. RahmatHariyadi, M. Pd, the Rector of State Institute for Islamic

Studies (IAIN) of Salatiga.

2. Suwardi, M. Pd, the Dean of Teacher Training and Education Faculty

IAIN of Salatiga.

3. Noor Malihah, Ph. D, the Head of English Education Department

thanks for guidance and kindnessfor giving me the permission to write

this graduating paper.

4. Mashlihatul Umami, S. PdI., M. A, the counselor of graduating paper

who guides me in finishing this graduating paper.

5. All of the lecturers of the English Education Department, who have

giving me knowledge during the academic year.

6. My beloved parents (BapakMustahalandIbuMuflikhah), my only

beloved sister (AlfiahNuryuliAstuti) and the big family of mine for

giving supports, love, pray and for being my happy family.

7. My sweety Arifah Wulandari who gives the motivation, love and

spirit.

8. My crazy best friends, Ciripa, Acil, Roisa, Risa, Ika, Yudi, Fareq,

Darus, Tetod, Hasan, Zary, Said, Misbah,for your supports. (I will

never forget all of our memories. Keep smile everytime with you all and I

hope we always keep in touch)

9. All 2011 generation of English Department, especially B Class.

10. All of my Islamic boarding house friends, Nurul, Dewik, MbaVina,

Lida, Mba Cir, for giving support and giving fun. For always warning

me to take a pray, to eat, to wake up, and to take a bath.(We through

all day since morning until night, since wake up until sleep, and make

so many sweet memories every day. My big love for you all)

11. All of the people who cannot be mention to write here but always stay

in my heart.

The writer realizes that this paper is still far from being perfect. Therefore,

any suggestion towards the improvement of this report will be useful and openly

accepted. Finally, the writer hopes that this report will be very useful for the

reader‘s knowledge.

Salatiga, August 29, 2015

NurusSa‘adah

ABSTRACT

Sa‘adah, Nurus. 2015. The Use of Affixation in English Translation of The Holy

Qur’an in Surah As Sajda. Skripsi. English Department, Education

Faculty,State Institute Islamic Studies (IAIN) Salatiga. Advisors:

Mashlihatul Umami, S. PdI., M. A

This study is aimed to describe derivational affixes and inflectional affixes

contain in the translation of Surah AsSajda by Abdullah Yousuf Ali. The research

problems of the study were the kinds of affixation according to their position and

their function in a word. Besides, the other problem is the changing of word class

after process of affixation.

This research is descriptive qualitative research where researcher tries tofind

out the derivational affixes, inflectional affixes and the roots from the words in the

translation of Surah AsSajda by Abdullah Yousuf Ali without using statistical

calculation. In this research, the writer uses all of words that are attached prefix

and suffix as the data. The datasource is all the translation of Surah AsSajdastart

from first verse until the last verse (1-30 verses).

The results of analyzing dataare gained by the derivational affixes that is

found in the translation of Surah As Sajda by Abdullah Yousuf Ali are re- (2), un-

(1) as prefixes, while the suffixes are –ing (7), -ion (7), -ment (1), -er (4), -ty (1), -

ance (1), -ence (1), -ous (2), -y (1), -ed (1), and inflectional affixes that is found in

the words of translation of Surah As Sajda by Abdullah Yusuf Ali are –s as plural

suffix (26), -s as present suffix (1), -s as possessive suffix (1), -edas pastsuffix (10),

-en as past participle suffix (2), -edas past participle (9), -ingas present participle

suffix (3).

To conclude, learning vocabulary is an essential part of understanding

meaning through translation. So, it‘s very important to study affixation for our

better translation skill and surely it is better too for our understanding the Qur-ān.

From the conclusion of this research, the writer suggests that to improve people

mastery of vocabulary, the readers should apply the derivational affixes and

inflectional affixes by breaking the word into its elements root and affixes because

from one word they can get the structure of words and they also find how the

words built. By knowing the roots, the readers can build the word by themselves.

Key Words: affix, derivational affixes, inflectional affixes

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Table Page

COVER…………………………………………………………………………. i

LOGO…………………………………………………………………………… ii

TITLE…………………………………………………………………………… iii

ATTENTIVE CONSELOR NOTES……………………………………………. iv

CERTIFICATION PAGE………………………………………………………. v

DECLARATION………………………………………………………………. vi

MOTTO AND DEDICATION…………………………………………………. vii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT………………………………………………………viii

ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………….. x

TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………………. xi

LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………..…… xiv

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study ……………………………… 1

B. Problems of the Study …………………………………. 3

C. Objectives of the Study ………………………………... 4

D. Benefits of the Study …………………………………... 4

E. Limitation of the Problem ……………………………... 5

F. Definition of Key Terms ………………………………. 5

G. Review of Related Research …………………………... 7

H. Graduating Paper Organization …………………………. 9

CHAPTER II LITERARY REVIEW

A. Morphology……………………………………………. 10

1. Lexemes and Words ……………………………… 10

2. Morpheme and Allomorph ……………………….. 11

3. Root, Stem and Base……………………………..... 12

B. Affixation………………………………………………. 13

1. Definition of Affixes……………………………… 13

2. Types of Affixes………………………………….... 14

C. Translation……………………………………………… 21

1. Definition of Translation…………………………... 21

2. Translation Procedures…………………………….. 21

D. Correlation Between Affixation and Translation……..... 29

E. AzbabunNuzul of Surah AsSajda………………………. 30

F. Translation of Surah As Sajda By Abdullah Yousuf Ali.. 31

1. Introduction to Surah XXXII (Sajda)………….…… 31

2. Surah XXXII, Sajda, or Adoration ……………….... 32

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD

1. Types of Research…………………………...…….. 40

2. Data Sources……………..………………………... 40

3. Technique of Data Collection……………………... 41

4. Method of Data Analysis…………………………… 42

CHAPTER 1V DATA PRESENTATION AND RESEARCH FINDING

A. Data Presentation…………...………………………….. 44

1. The Biography of Abdullah Yusuf ‗Ali

(1872-1953)……………………………………..… 44

2. Data presentation………………………………..… 49

B. Derivational and Inflectional Affixes Found in

Surah AsSajda………………………………………….. 49

1. The Classification of Derivational Affixes…….….. 57

2. The Classification of Inflectional Affixes………… 59

C. Word Class-Changing of Derivational Suffixes……….. 63

1. Conversion of Verb to Noun………………………. 64

2. Conversion of Verbs to Adjectives……………….. 65

3. Conversion of Adjectives to Nouns……………….. 65

4. Conversion of Nouns to Adjectives……………….. 65

5. Conversion of Adjectives to Adverbs……………... 66

D. Discussion……………………………………………… 66

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusions..…………………………………………… 73

B. Suggestions…...………………………………………… 74

REFERENCES

CURRICULUM VITAE

APPENDICES

LIST OF TABLES

Number of Table Page

2.1 Kinds of Inflectional Affixes……..………………………………………… 19

2.2 Surah XXXII, Sajda, or Adoration………………..…………………….…... 34

4.1 The list of English words that contain of affixes……..……………………. 49

4.2 Types of Derivational and Inflectional Affixes in the Words of Surah

As Sajda......................................................................................................... 52

4.3 Types of Derivational Affixes (Noun Marker)..…………………………… 60

4.4 Types of Derivational Affixes (Adjective Marker)………..……………….. 61

4.5 Types of Derivational Affixes (Adjective Marker)………..……………….. 62

4.6 Types of Inflectional Affixes (Plural-Suffix)………………..……………... 62

4.7 Types of Inflectional Affixes (Present-Suffix)……………..……………… 64

4.8 Types of Inflectional Affixes (Possessive-Suffix)……..…………………... 64

4.9 Types of Inflectional Affixes (Past-Suffix)………..………………………. 64

4.10 Types of Inflectional Affixes (Past Participle-Suffix)……………………. 65

4.11 Types of Inflectional Affixes (Present Participle -Suffix)………………... 66

4.12 Conversion of Verb to Noun……………………………………………… 67

4.13 Conversion of Verbs to Adjectives……………………………………….. 68

4.14 Conversion of Adjectives to Nouns………………………………………. 68

4.15 Conversion of Nouns to Adjectives………………………………………. 68

4.16 Conversion of Adjectives to Adverbs…………………………………….. 69

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Language is a tool for communication. If we talk to foreigners, we

automatically have to use a language that can be understood by them.

English is one of the languages that can be used to communicate with

foreigners who come from various part of the world. This situation

motivates us to study or master English well.

In studying English, we have to master the vocabularies or words

of that language. We can learn more things and understand deeper

concepts and learn the connections between various bits of knowledge. In

traditional grammar, words are the basic units of analysis. Grammarians

classify words according to their parts of speech and identify and list the

forms that words can show up in. Words are potentially complex units,

composed of even more basic units, called morphemes. A morpheme is the

smallest part of a word that has grammatical function or meaning.

According to Napa (1991: 6), vocabulary is one of the components

of language and that no language exists without words. He further explains

that there are three main areas in studying vocabulary; they are lexical

meaning, contextual clues, and structural analysis. Those become the main

areas that should be learnt by the students in studying vocabulary.

Structural analysis is one of the main areas in studying vocabulary.

Structural analysis itself is the analysis that is breaking a word into its

element (root, prefix and suffix). Every word in English has a basic

meaning. A word normally begins with a root which perhaps the complete

word, or perhaps a part of complete word. To this root may add a prefix (a

word – part that appears in front of a root) or a suffix (word – part that

appears in the end of a root). When root is added by prefix or suffix it will

be a new word formation and sometimes by new meaning. Affixation can

change a word‘s part of speech (friend vs. friendly) or a word‘s meaning

within its part of speech (dark vs. darkness).

Gleason (1980: 59) says ―affixes are subsidiary to roots, while

roots are the center of such constructions as words‖. Root are frequently

longer than the affixes, and generally much more numerous in the

vocabulary. Crowley (1995: 6) says ―affixes are morphemes that are not

free, in that they must always be attached to a root morpheme‖. There are

two kinds of affixes: inflectional and derivational.

Affixation is one of morphological process in language. Many

people analyze morphological process in their study, but most of their

study does not discuss affixation in detail. That is why the writer is

interested in analyzing affixation process in detail. The writer only

discusses the kinds of affixation and their word class changing after the

process of affixation.

The writer chooses Surah As Sajda because it will be

different research from the others. When other researchers use

novel or magazine as their object, in this graduating paper uses the

translation of Surah As Sajda as the object of the study. It is also

based on the consideration that this Surah contains some words

that can be analyzed. The words of Surah As Sajda are added by

some prefixes or suffixes and it changes both the word form and

their class changing. It is interesting to talk about root, prefix and

suffix that are found in the translation of Surah As Sajda by

Abdullah Yousuf Ali to understand well the meaning and get the

message from this verse. Based on the study about affixation, the

writer finds some words in Surah As Sajda that contains of affixes

then classify them in order to be analyzed the changing of word

class after process of affixation. The researcher hopes that this

research is useful for everybody and especially for the student who

wants to find affixes marker and their word class changing. The

result analysis of this research becomes an input to understand

more in the process of morphology.

B. Problem of the Study

Based on background above, this graduating paper is meant to

analyze the affixation in the translation of Surah As Sajda by Abdullah

Yousuf Ali. The researcher discusses the following problems, they are:

1. What kinds of affixes which are found in the translation of Surah As

Sajda by Abdullah Yousuf Ali?

2. Are there any word class changing after process of affixation of the word

in the translation of Surah As Sajda by Abdullah Yousuf Ali?

C. Objectives of the Study

1. To find out the kinds of affixation of the word in the translation of Surah

As Sajda by Abdullah Yousuf Ali.

2. To find out if there are any changing of the word class after process of

affixation of the word in the translation of Surah As Sajda by Abdullah

Yousuf Ali.

D. Benefits of the Study

Theoretically, this research aims to add the result of linguistic

research, especially in the morphology field about affixation. After

accomplishing the research, the writer expects that this graduating paper

will be beneficial to:

1. The writer

This discussion makes easier for the writer to understand the

meaning after knowing the basic form of the word and the affixes of

the word itself.

2. The lecturers

The result of the research can be used as additional materials in

giving the lectures to the student of IAIN Salatiga for Vocabulary

subject especially for affixation topic or it can be beneficial for

Morphology subject too.

3. The students

This paper helps the student in understanding vocabulary for

their study and it becomes one of additional materials, especially in

the word and affixation field.

4. Other researcher

The result of the research can be used to give some information

to another writer who has same discussion with the field. It also

becomes the reference for them when they want to find and analyze

the word and affixation.

E. Limitation of the Problem

It is very important to limit the analysis and the object of analysis in

order to get clear and satisfactory result. In this graduating paper, the writer

focuses on the word and affixation, including their class changing in English

translation of Surah As Sajda in the Holy Qur‘an by Abdullah Yousuf Ali.

According to Crowley (1995), there are two most common types of affixes:

prefixes and suffixes. Based on this theory, the writer focuses on analyzing

the prefix and suffix of the words in Surah As Sajda and also their word

class changing.

F. Definition of the Key Terms

1. Morpheme

Morpheme is the smallest meningful elements into which words

can be analyzed (Sibarani, 2002: 3)

2. Free Morpheme

Free morpheme is a morpheme that can stand alone as an

independent word. A morpheme which can be used on its own is

called free morpheme (Richard, 1985: 31)

3. Bound Morpheme

Richard (1985: 31) defines, ―Bound morpheme is a morpheme

which is never used alone but must be used with another morpheme‖.

4. Word

Definition of word according to Richard (1985: 92) a word is the

smallest of linguistic units which can occur on its own in speech or

writing.

5. Word Class

According to Tallerman (1998: 49), a word class is distinguished

by their morphology, their function and their patterns of distribution:

this covers both slots, which words can appear, and the modifying

words then can occur with them.

6. Affixes

According to Haspelmath (2002:18), word-forms in an inflectional

paradigm generally share (at least) one longer morpheme with a

concrete meaning and are distinguished from each other in that they in

addition contain different shorter morpheme with an abstract meaning

are called affixes.

7. Inflectional Affixes

According to Fromkin and Rodman (1998:91), such bound

grammatical morpheme are called inflectional morpheme (or, less

technically, inflectional endings) they never change the syntactic

category of the words or morpheme to which they are attached.

8. Derivational affixes

According to Fromkin and Rodman (1998:76) bound morpheme

like –ify ‗to make or become‘ and –ation ‗nominal‘ are called

derivational affixes. When they are added to root morpheme or stems a

word is derived.

G. Review of Related Research

The writer knows that this research is not the first research in

linguistics field. There are people who ever write about linguistics analysis.

In this paper, the writer takes literature review from another paper as

comparison from Herlyn Puspita Sari (2004) in her research ―The English

Noun Suffixes and Their Translation into Indonesian: A translation Study‖,

Gunadarma University as a Thesis. The researcher tries to identify the

English noun suffixes and the appropriate translation of those suffixes into

Indonesian. In her research, the researcher found that there are a lot of noun

suffix in the book of Sidney Sheldon‘s ― A Stranger in the Mirror‖ there are

–y, -al, -man, - ion, - ity, -er, - ic, -ment, -hood, -ing, -ness, ist, - non, -dom,

- or, -sion, - ure, - ance/ence, and some more.

Bisman (2004) from University of Gunadarma. Writes ―Word

Classes in English‖ as a thesis. He tried to find what the markers of the open

word classes are and the type of the markers of word classes. His paper is

conducted to explain some elements of word classes by giving details on

types of the markers used in some word classes, from verbal, nominal and

adjectival affixes.

Qiyat Alfianto (2014) in his research ―A Morphological Study of

Affixes Found in Campus English Magazine‖ Muhamadiyah University of

Surakarta finds that in derivational affixes, first, the researcher finds seven

noun indicators which have a form as a suffix such as {-er}, {-ment}, {-

ness}, {-ity}, {-ist}, {-ion/ -ation}, and {-ship}. The researcher also finds

five adjective indicators which have a form as a suffix such as {-ive}, {-

able}, {-al}, {-est}, and {-ful} and a form of prefix, namely prefix {in-}.

The researcher only finds an adverb indicator, namely suffix {-ly} and

only finds a verb indicator, namely suffix {-ize}. Moreover, inflectional

affixes, the researcher only finds a noun indicator, namely suffix {-s} and

an adjective indicator, namely suffix {-ing}. The researcher also finds two

adjective indicators, namely suffix {-ed} and {-ing}. The writer finds a

prefix (prefix -in) which can be attached to adjective. Prefixes {-in} form

adjective from which originally has a form of adjective. Meanwhile, there

are sixteen kinds of suffixes and each suffix can only be attached to noun,

verb, adverb and adjective. Suffixes have seven form, namely to form

adverb from adjective, noun from verb, noun from adjective, adjective

from verb, adjective from noun, verb from noun, adverb from noun, and

verb from adjective. Second, the meaning of the affixes that is used

Campus English Magazine show the indicators of changing the class of

category.

H. Graduating Paper Organization

This graduating paper is divided into five chapters and each chapter

explains differently according to the topics being discussed.

Chapter I is introduction that discusses background of the study,

problem of the study, objectives of the study, benefits of the study,

limitation of the study, definitions of key terms, review related research and

graduating paper organization.

Chapter II presents literary review. It consists of the discussion about

morphology, affixation, translation, Asbabun Nuzul of Surah As Sajda and

translation of Surah As Sajda.

Chapter III is description of research method. It discusses about type

of research, data sources, technique of data collection, method of data

analysis. biography of Abdullah Yousuf Ali, and the list of word that

contains of affixes in the Surah As Sajda.

Chapter IV is the data presentation and the analysis of research

finding on classification of affixes included words, roots, prefixes or

suffixes, derivational affixes, inflectional affixes and the word class

changing.

Chapter V is closure. It presents conclusion and suggestion.

The last parts are references and appendices.

CHAPTER II

LITERARY REVIEW

A. Morphology

The study of language is called linguistics. Language is used not

only to communicate with others but also influence, persuade, motivate or

even provoke others. Morphology is one of linguistic field. According to

Katamba, ―Morphology is the study of the internal structure of words‖

(1993: 2). While O‘Grady and Guzman, (1996: 132) explain that

morphology is the system of categories and rules involved in word

formation and interpretation. In addition Ramelan defines morphology as:

―another level of studying or analyzing the expression system of language

which is concerned with the identification of morphemes and the ways in

which they are distributed or combined into longer utterance‖ (1992: 110).

From the definition above, the writer assumes that morphology is one of

linguistic field that study the word formation process.

1. Lexemes and Words

Lexemes are the vocabulary items that are listed in the dictionary

(O‘Grady, 1997:132). Lexemes will be written in capital letters in the

dictionary. For example, lexeme Speak has some different realization

spoke, spoken, speaking, but they all have a core meaning although

they are spelled and pronounced differently.

Katamba (1993: 19) defines words as a representation of lexemes

that is associated with certain morpho-syntactic properties.

Morphological properties such as noun, adjective, verb, adverb,

pronoun, preposition, conjunction and syntactic properties such as

tense, aspect, mood, gender, number, etc.

2. Morpheme and Allomorph

A morpheme is one of the components of word structure.

According to Katamba (1993:24), morpheme is the smallest difference

in the shape of a word that correlates with the smallest difference in

grammatical structure. Therefore a morpheme cannot be divided into a

smaller unit. For example, morpheme ‗pen‘ cannot be torn apart into p-

e-n, because they do not have meaning when these are separated.

A morpheme can be divided into bound morphemes and free

morphemes. Bound morphemes can only occur when they are attached

to free morpheme. Common bound morpheme in English such as –ed

(past tense marker), -s (plural marker), -er, -pre and etc. Free morpheme

is morpheme that can stand alone without being attached to other

morpheme. The examples of free morpheme are house, rainbow, man,

book, coffee and etc. Bound morpheme can be classified into

inflectional and derivational morphemes. Inflectional morphemes are

those which do not change the form class or meaning, but Derivational

morphemes are those which change the form class or the meaning.

For example:

Inflectional : Read (verb) + -ing : reading (verb)

Derivational : Beauty (Noun) + -full : beautiful (adjective)

When allomorph represents the same morpheme, they are grouped

together and called allomorph of that morpheme (Katamba, 1993: 26).

In addition, O‘Grady and Guzman stated that ―the variant forms of a

morpheme are called allomorphs‖ (1996: 135). In English, the past

tense marker of regular verb, which is spelled –ed, is realized in speech

by /id/ (if the verb ends in /d/ or /t/), /d/ ( if the verb ends in any voiced

sound except /d/), or /t/ (if the verb ends in any voiceless sound except

/t/). Therefore, /id/, /d/, and /t/ are grouped together as allomorph of the

past tense morpheme in English and those allomorphs can also be called

complementary distribution, because complementary distribution is

allomorphs represent the same meaning or serve the same grammatical

function and they are never found on identical contexts. (Katamba,

1993:27)

3. Root, Stem, and Base

Root, stem and base are all terms in linguistic to designate that part

of word that remains when all affixes have been removed. Katamba

stated that, ―a root is irreducible core of a word with absolutely nothing

else attached to it. It is the part that always present, possibly with some

modification, in the various manifestation of a lexeme‖ (1993:41).

While, a base is any unit whatsoever to which affixes of any kind can

be added. The stem is part of a word that exists before any inflectional

affixes that have been added (Katamba, 1993:45). In otehr words, all

roots are bases. Bases are called stems only in the context of

inflectional morphology (Katamba, 1993:45)

For example:

Agreements

Agreement (base and stem) -s (inflectional suffix)

Agree (base and root) -ment (derivational suffix)

Root = agree

Stem = agreement

Base = agree, agreement

B. Affixation

1. Definition of Affixes

Affixation is one of morphological processes that commonly found.

According to Harimurti, affixation is a process of changing lexeme into

complex words (2007:28). According to O‘Grady and Guzman

affixation is the addition of affixes (1996: 138), it means additional of

affixes. Affixation process occurs when a bound morpheme is placed on

a free morpheme orderly. In addition, Chaer (2003:87) argues that affix is

thing that can change the meaning, types, and function of a basic word or

basic form. Affixation in English occurs with the addition of prefix and

suffix. Prefixation is a bound morpheme which is added to the front base

while suffixation is a bound morpheme which is added to the back base.

2. Types of Affixes

Affixes can be classified into two different ways: according to their

position in the word and according to their function in a phrase or

sentence.

a. According to their position in the word (or side of the word they are

attached to), affixes are classified into prefixes, infixes and suffixes.

- Prefixes are bound morphemes that are added to the beginning of

the word; e.g., un- in unnoticed, a- in amoral, sub- in subway, etc.

Notice that prefixes are represented by the morphemes followed by

a hyphen (-).

- Infixes are bound morphemes that are inserted within the words.

There are no infixes in the English language, but in the languages

such as Tagalog and Bontoc (in the Philippines), Infixes are

represented by the morphemes preceded and followed by a hyphen;

e.g., -um-.

- Suffixes are bound morphemes which are attached to the end of the

word; e.g., - able in noticeable, -less in careless, -s in seeks, -en in

shorten, etc. Notice that suffixes are represented by the morphemes

preceded by a hyphen.

On the other hand, Crowley (1995:6) argues that there are two most

common types of affixes, they are Prefixes and Suffixes.

- Prefix

These are affixes which come before a root. The following English

words all contain prefixes (presented in bold type), and these are

separated from the root by means of hyphen:

re-act un-holy

dis-believe non-smoking

in-sincere a-symmetry

pre-view co-operate

- Suffixes

These are affixes that are added after a root. The following English

words contain suffixes.

cat-s man-ly

kill-er kind-ness

green-ish eat-ing

laugh-ed king-dom

b. According to the function affixes fulfill in the language, affixes are

classified into derivational affixes (derivational morphemes or

derivations) and inflectional affixes (inflectional morphemes or

inflections).

1) Inflectional Affixes

Rachmadie (1990:31) said that some affixes when attached

to the root or base do not change the part of speech of the root and

they do not create new words. They only have certain grammatical

function. These affixes are usually called inflection affixes. In

English we have inflectional affixes to indicate the following:

- Plural form, such as:

-s book books

glass glasses

-en ox oxen

child children

- Possession, such as:

Amir‘s book

Amir and Nita‘s book

A cat‘s tail

- Third singular verb maker, for example:

Mother always cooks rice

Rizal goes to school

He never watches TV

- Tense maker, such as:

He worked hard yesterday. (past tense)

I have repeated the lesson. (past participle)

We are studying English. (present progressive)

Sari (1988:82) argues that morphemes which serve a purely

grammatical function, never creating a different word, but only

different form of the same word, are called inflectional

morphemes. And English has eight inflectional affixes; all other

affixes are derivational. The eight inflectional affixes are listed in

the following table, along with the type of root that each one

attaches to, and a representative example.

Tabel 1.1 Kinds of Inflectional Affixes

INFLECTIONAL AFFIXES ROOT EXAMPLE

Plural Noun

boys

Possessive

Noun boy’s

Comparative

Adjective older

Superlative

Adjective oldest

Present

Verb walks

Past

Verb walked

Past Participle

Verb Driven

Present Participle Verb driving

Below are listed four characteristics of inflectional affixes:

a) Do not change meaning or part of speech e.g. big and bigger

are both adjective.

b) Typically indicate syntactic or semantic relations between

different words in a sentence e.g. the present tense

morphemes –s in waits shows agreement with the subject of

the verb (both are third person singular).

c) Typically occur with all members of some large class of

morphemes e.g. the plural morphemes –s occurs with most

nouns.

d) Typically occur at the margin of words e.g. the plural

morphemes –s always come last in a word, as in babysitters

or rationalizations.

2) Derivational Affixes

As we know that a word sometimes is built by joining of

affixes and root together, sometimes it can form a new word with

the new meaning and it also can change the part of speech of root

which is called derivational affixes. The following are the more

explanation of derivational affixes.

Rachmadie (1990:23) said that derivational affixes are

affixes that change the part of speech of the root or base.

Derivatonal affixes serve as an important means by which new

words may be created in English. A derivational affix is an affix

by means of which one word is formed (derived) from another.

The derived word is often of a different word class from the

original. Based on the statements above, the writer concludes that

derivational affixes are affixes that change part of speech of root.

And there are some type of derivational affixes, they are:

- Productive affix

A productive affix is a derivational affix that is currently

used in the derivation of new formations. For example, the

prefix non- is a productive affix, as demonstrated in the

following new coinage:

The only non-upended chair in the ransacked room.

- Unproductive affix

An unproductive affix is a derivational affix which is no

longer used to form new words.

a) Characteristic of Derivational Affixes

Derivational affixes have a special characteristic. The

following are the specific characteristic of derivational affixes.

According to Rachmadie (1990:23), derivational affixes have

any characteristics, just below:

- The words with which derivational suffixes combine are

an arbitrary matter. To make a noun from the verb adorn

we must add the suffix – ment and no other suffix will do,

whereas the verb fail combines only with –ure to make a

noun failure. Yet the employ may use the diffferent

suffixes –ment, -er, -ee to make three nouns with different

meaning (employment, employer, employee).

- In many case, but not all, derivational suffixes changes the

part of speech of the word to which it is added. The noun

act becomes an adjective by addition of –ive, and to the

adjective active we could add – ate, making it verb

activate.

- Derivational suffixes usually do not close off a word, that

is after a derivational suffix you can sometimes add

another derivational suffix and next, if required. For

example, to the word fertilizer.

Below are listed four characteristics of derivational affixes,

according to Yudi (2001:23):

- Change meaning or part of speech e.g. –ment form nouns,

such as judgment from verbs such judge.

- Typically indicate semantic relation with the word e.g. the

morpheme – full in painful has no particular connection

with any other morpheme beyond the word painful.

- Typically occur with only some members of e.g the suffix-

hood occurs with just a few nouns, such as brother, knight

and neighbor, but not with most other e.g friend, daughter,

candle etc.

- Typically occur before inflectional suffixes e.g in chillier,

the derivational suffix –y comes before the inflectional –

er.

C. Translation

1. Definition of Translattion

Hatim and Munday (2004) say that ―translation is a phenomenon

that has a huge effect on everyday life‖. The first of these two senses

relates to translation as a process, the second to the product. The first

sense focuses on the role of the translator in taking the original or source

text (ST) and turning it into a text in another language (the target text,

TT). The second sense centers on the concrete translation the product

produced by the translator.

Machali (2000) notes that ―translation as an operation performed

on languages: a process of substituting a text in one language for a text in

another‖. Larson (1998) stated that ―translation is basically a change of

form. In translation, the form of the source language is replaced by the

form of receptor (target) language‖. It can be concluded that translation is

a process of transferring the meaning of the source language into the

target language.

2. Translation Procedures

Vinay and Darbelnet (2000:84-93) are experts who firstly identify

two general methods that comprise seven procedures in translating source

text to target text. The two methods are Direct Translation and Indirect

(Oblique). Direct translation covers borrowing, calque, and literal

translation while oblique translation covers transposition, modulation,

equivalence, and adaptation.

According to Vinay and Darbelnet (1958:61-64), literal translation

means that the source language message can be translated perfectly into

target language, because the message is based on parallel categories or

concepts. Oblique translation comes into use when there are gaps in the

target language which have to be filled by some equivalent meant, so that

the meaning or impression is the same for the source language and target

language. Oblique translation must also be used when the language have

some structural or metalinguistic differences so that certain stylistic

effect can be transferred without radical semantic or lexical change. More

precisely, the translator must turn to oblique translation if the literally

translated message either has another meaning than the source language,

correspond to something in the metalinguistics of the target language but

not the same linguistic level.

Vinay and Darbelnet (2000:84-93) mention that the methods of

translation can be divided into two covering methods , they are (a) literal

or direct translation; which covers borrowing, calque, and literal

translation, (b) oblique translation which covers transposition,

modulation, equivalence, and adaptation.

a. Borrowing

Vinay and Darbelnet (1958) in Venuti (2000:84-93) say that

Borrowing is the simplest of all translation procedures. In borrowing

procedure, the Source Language is directly transferred to the Target

Language. Borrowing in translation is not always justified by lexical

gap in the target language, but it can mainly used as a way to preserve

the local color of the word, or be used out of fear from losing some of

the semiotic aspects and cultural aspects of the word if it is translated.

Hockett (1958:402) says, ―the feature which is imitated called

the model; the language which is the mode occurs, or the speaker of

that language, called donor, the language which acquires something

new in the process is borrowing process.‖ Lehman (1962:213) says,

―The process by which word are imported into a language is known as

borrowing.‖

According to Haugen in Siregar (2009:73), there are some

possibilities that may occur in this procedure. First, borrowing with no

change in form and meaning (pure loanwords), the second, borrowing

with changes in form but without changing the meaning (mix loan),

and the third, borrowing when part of the term is native and other part

is borrowed, but the meaning is fully borrowed (loan blends).

Examples:

1) Borrowing with no change in form and meaning (pure loanwords)

Supermarket supermarket

cybermall cybermall

merger merger

2) Borrowing with change in form but without change the meaning

(mix loanwords)

inflation inflasi

productivity produktivitas

stability stabilitas

business bisnis

recession resesi

3) Loan blend (borrowing when part of the term is native and the other

part is borrowed)

fiscal policy kebijakan fiskal

corporate strategy strategi perusahaan

environment economy lingkungan ekonomi

national debt hutang nasional

b. Calque

Vinay and Darbelnet in Venuti (2000:84-93) say that a calque is a

special kind of borrowing whereby a language borrows an expression

from another, but then translates literally each of its elements. Vinay and

Darbelnet in Venuti define the result of calque: first, a lexical calque,

which respects the syntactic structure of the TL, whilst introducing a new

mode of expression, the second, structural calque, introduces a new

construction into the language.

Examples:

functional strategy strategi fungsional

crisis management manajemen krisis

c. Literal Translation

Vinay and Darbelnet say that literal, word for word, translation is

the direct transfer of a SL text into a grammatically and idiomatically

appropriate TL text in which translators‘ task is limited to observing the

adherence to the linguistic servitudes of the TL. In principle, a literal

translation is a unique solution which is reversible and complete in itself.

The translation has not needed to make any changes other than the

obvious one, like those concerning grammatical concord or inflectional

endings, for example English ―where are you?‖ translated into French

“Ou etes vous?”. This procedure is most commonly found in translations

between closely related language, for example French-Italian, and

especially those having a similar culture.

Literal translation is the authors‘ prescription for good translation

literalness should only be sacrificed because of structural and

metalinguistic requirements and only after checking that the meaning is

fully preserved. But Vinay and Darbelnet say, that the translators may

judge literal translation to be ‗unacceptable‘ because it:

- gives a different meaning

- has no meaning

- is impossible for structural reasons

- does not have a corresponding expression within the metalinguistic

of the TL

- Corresponds to the something at a different level of language.

For examples:

unlimited liability tanggung jawab tak terbala

stock saham

entrepreneur wiraswasta

d. Transposition

Vinay and Darbelnet in Venuti (2000:84-93) define transposition is

a procedure that involves replacing one word class with another without

changing the meaning of the message or the sense. Besides that, it also

can be used within a language, as when rewarding the phrase, for

example: ―He hopes that he would return‖ to ―He hopes his return‖ (the

subordinate verb becomes a noun). In translation, there are two distinct

types of transposition: obligatory and optional.

It is also a change in the grammar from source language to target

language (singular to plural; position of the adjective, changing the word

class or part of speech)

For examples:

standard of living standar hidup

balance of trading neraca perdagangan

limited liability tanggung jawa terbatas

e. Modulation

According to Vinay and Darbelnet in Venuti (2000) modulation is

a variation of the form of the message, obtained by a change in the point

of view. This changes the semantic and point of view of the Source

Language. And it can also be justified when, although literal, or even

transposed, translation results in a grammatically correct utterance, it is

considered unsuitable, unidiomatic or awkward in the Target Language.

Vinay and Darbelnet place much store by modulation as the touch

stone of ‗a good translator‘, whereas transposition ‗simply shows a very

good command of the target language.‘

As with transposition, there are two types of modulation, free or

optional modulation and fixed or obligatory modulation. Fixed

modulation, translators with a good knowledge of both languages freely

use this method, as they will be aware of the frequency of use, the overall

acceptance, and the confirmation provided by a dictionary or grammar of

the preferred expression. While free modulation tends towards a unique

solution, a solution which rests upon an habitual train of thought and

which is necessary rather than optional. Free modulation is used often

enough, or is felt to offer the only solution, it may become fixed. Fixed

modulation is also the type of modulation which turns a negative SL

expression into a positive TL expression.

For example:

it is not difficult to see him mudah menjumpainya

f. Equivalence

Vinay and Darbelnet use this term (2000:90) to refer to cases

where languages describe the same situation by different stylistic or

structural methods. Equivalence is particularly useful in translating

idioms and proverbs.

For examples:

she is lovely like the morning star cantik seperti rembulan

we‘re in the same boat senasib

bookworm kutu buku

it‘s raining cats and dogs hujan deras

The classical example of equivalence is given by reaction of an

amateur who accidentally hits his finger with hammer: if he were French

his cry of pain would be transcribed as, ―Aie‖, Indonesian ―Aw‖ but if he

were English this would be interpreted as ―ouch!‖ Another striking case

of the equivalences are the many onomatopoeia of animal sounds, for

examples:

Cocorico cock-a-dooodle-do

Miaou miaow

Hin-han heehaw

g. Adaptation

Vinay and Darbelnet in Venuti (2000:84-93) define adaptation as a

procedure that creates a new situation to indicate a situational

equivalence. And also it involves changing the cultural reference when a

situation in the source culture does not exist in the target culture. Vinay

and Darbelnet suggest that the cultural connotation of a reference in an

English text to the game cricket might be best translated into French by a

reference to the Tour de France. Adaptation is particularly used in the

translation of book and film.

For examples:

children of nation anak segala bangsa

a road with no end jalan tak ada ujung

gone with the wind hilang tak berkesan

A refusal to make the use of adaptation which is not only structural

but also pertain to the presentation of idea or their arrangement in the

paragraph, leads to a text that is perfectly correct but nevertheless

invariably betray its status as translation by something indefinable in its

stone, something that does not quite ring true.

D. Correlation Between Affixation and Translation

Today "English" is the most spoken and written language on the earth

and therefore it is considered as a universal language. In everywhere,

English is the most commonly used language among people to communicate

with each other. People who come from different location, if they want to

communicate with each other then they have to use English language as a

bridge. This language connects two people of different countries, societies

and cultures. When they communicate, surely they have to understand

language that is used. Learning vocabulary is an essential part of translating

other language.

Mastering the vocabularies or words is the important thing in order to

understand what others speak or write. According to Stockwell and Donka

(2001), well over 80 percent of the total vocabulary of English is borrowed

and most of its words can be used with affixation. Studying vocabulary with

affix systems or patterns would seem to be much more effective for

language learners than just memorizing words. So, it‘s very important to

study affixation for our better translation skill and surely it is better for our

communication skill with people around the world.

E. Asbāb al-Nuzūl of Surah As Sajda

Asbāb al-nuzūl, is an Arabic term meaning "occasions/circumstances

of revelation". Knowledge about the asbab al-nuzul helps one to understand

the circumstances in which a particular revelation occurred, which sheds

light on its implications and gives guidance to the explanation (tafsir) and

application of the ayah in question for other situations (Abu al-Hassan Ali

ibn Ahmad, 2008). Al-Wahidi in his book Asbāb al-nuzūl (2008) gives

traditions concerning the occasions of verses in 83 out of 114 Surahs of the

Qur‘an. But, for surah As Sajda it has traditions relating to just one verse.

The circumstance of surah As Sajda revelation is in verse 16 of that

surah. ―(Who forsake their beds to cry unto their Lord in fear and hope…)‖

[32:16]. Al-Wahidi writes in his book of Asbāb al-nuzūl that:

Said Malik ibn Dinar: ―I asked Malik ibn Anas about whom

this verse was revealed and he said: ―Some of the Companions of

the Prophet, Allah bless him and give him peace, used to stand in

prayer from after the prayer of Maghrib until the time of the prayer

of 'Isha', and so this verse was revealed about them‖. Abu Ishaq al-

Muqri' informed us> Abu'l-Husayn ibn Muhammad al-Daynuri>

Musa ibn Muhammad> al-Husayn ibn 'Alawiyah> Isma'il ibn 'Isa>

al-Musayyib> Sa'id>> Qatadah> Anas ibn Malik who said: ―This

verse (Who forsake their beds to cry unto their Lord in fear and

hope) was revealed about us, the Helpers. We used to perform the

Maghrib prayer and did not return to our homes until we performed

the 'Isha' prayer with the Prophet, Allah bless him and give him

peace‖. Al-Hasan and Mujahid said: ―This was revealed about

those who keep the prayer of the night vigil‖. This is substantiated

by the report with which Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn 'Umar al-

Khashshab informed us> Ibrahim ibn 'Abd Allah al-Asfahani>

Muhammad ibn Ishaq al-Sarraj> Qutaybah ibn Sa'id> Jarir> al-

A'mash> al-Hakam> Maymun> Ibn Abi Shabib> Mu'adh ibn Jabal

who said: ―While we were with the Messenger of Allah, Allah

bless him and give him peace, at the Battle of Tabuk, suffering

from the heat, people dispersed. I looked around and found that the

Messenger of Allah, Allah bless him and give him peace, was the

closest person to me. I drew closer to him and asked: 'O Messenger

of Allah, tell me about a deed which will cause me to enter the

Garden and distance me from hellfire'. He said: 'You have asked

about a great matter which is easy to do for whoever Allah, exalted

is He, makes it easy: It is that you worship Allah, exalted is He, and

not associate anything with Him, perform the prescribed prayers,

pay the obligated poor-due, and fast the month of Ramadan. But if

you will, I will inform you about all the doors of goodness'. I said:

'Do inform me, O Messenger of Allah!' He said: 'Fasting is a

shield; almsgiving expiates sins, and the standing of a man in

prayer in the middle of the night, seeking the countenance of Allah,

exalted is He'. Then he read this verse: (Who forsake their beds to

cry unto their Lord in fear and hope). (Al- Wahidi, 2008:142)

F. Translation of Surah As Sajda by Abdullah Yousuf Ali

1. Introduction to Surah XXXII (sajda)

This short surah closes the series of four A. L. M. Suras, which

began with the 29th. Its theme is the mystery of Creation, the mystery of

Time and the mystery of ma’ad (the Final End) as viewed through the

light of God‘s revelation. The contemplation of these mysteries should

lead to Faith and the adoration of God. In chronology it belongs to the

middle Meccan period and is therefore a little earlier that the last, but its

chronology has no significance. In summary, this surah revealed the

mystery of Creation, the mystery of Time, and the mystery of the End of

Things. These are known by externals symbols to man; Revelation brings

faith and humble adoration, and is blessing like Rain, which brings life to

dead soil (Ali, 1934: 1091)

2. Sura XXXII. Sajda, or Adoration

Tabel 2.2 Translation of Surah As Sajda by Abdullah Yousuf Ali

حيم حمن ٱلر بسم ٱهلل ٱلر

In the name of God, Most Gracious, Most Merciful

1. A. L. M.

١الم )

2. (This is) the Revelation of the Book

in which there is no doubt,- from

the Lord of the Worlds

ب تنزيل ٱلكتب ل ريب فيه من ر

٢ٱلعلمين )

3. Or do they say, "He has forged it"?

Nay, it is the Truth from thy Lord,

that thou mayest admonish a people

to whom no warner has come before

thee: in order that they may receive

guidance.

أم يقولون ٱفترىه بل هو ٱلحق من

ن ذير م ن ن ا أتىهم م بك لتنذر قوما م ر

٣قبلك لعلهم يهتدون )

4. It is Allah Who has created the

heavens and the earth, and all

between them, in six Days, and is

firmly established on the Throne (of

Authority): ye have none, besides

Him, to protect or intercede (for

موت وٱلرض وما ٱهلل ٱل ذى خلق ٱلس

ام ثم ٱستوى على ة أي بينهما فى ست

ن دونه ۦمن ولى ٱلعرش ما لكم م

رون ) ٤ول شفيع أفل تتذك

you): will ye not then receive

admonition?

5. He rules (all) affairs from the

heavens to the earth: in the end will

(all affairs) go up to Him, on a Day,

the space whereof will be (as) a

thousand years of your reckoning.

ماء إلى ٱلرض ثم يدبر ٱلمر من ٱلس

وم كان مقداره ۥألف سنة يعرج إليه فى ي

ون ) ا تعد م ٥م

6. Such is He, the Knower of all

things, hidden and open, the Exalted

(in power), the Merciful;-

حيم هدة ٱلعزيز ٱلر ذلك علم ٱلغيب وٱلش

(٦

7. He Who has made everything which

He has created most good: He

began the creation of man with

(nothing more than) clay,

وبدأ خلق ۥٱلذى أحسن كل شىء خلقه

٧ٱلنسن من طين )

8. made his progeny from a

quintessence of the nature of a fluid

despised:

هين اء م ثم جعل نسلهۥ من سللة من م

(٨

9. But He fashioned him in due

proportion, and breathed into him وحهۦ وجعل ىه ونفخ فيه من ر ثم سو

ا ر وٱلفـ دة قليل ممع وٱلبص لكم ٱلس

something of His spirit. And He

gave you (the faculties of) hearing

and sight and feeling (and

understanding): little thanks do ye

give!

٩تشكرون )

10. And they say: "What! when we lie,

hidden and lost, in the earth, shall

we indeed be in a Creation

renewed? Nay, they deny the

Meeting with their Lord.

ا وقالوا أءذا ضللنا فى ٱلرض أءن

هم لفى خلق جديد بل هم بلقاء رب

فرون ) ١١ك

11. Say: "The Angel of Death, put in

charge of you, will (duly) take your

souls: then shall ye be brought back

to your Lord."

ل بكم لك ٱلموت ٱلذى وك قل يتوفىكم م

كم ترجعون ) ١١ثم إلى رب

12. If only thou could see when the

guilty ones will bend low their

heads before their Lord, (saying:)

"Our Lord! We have seen and we

have heard: Now then send us back

(to the world): we will work

righteousness: for we do indeed

ولو ترى إذ ٱلمجرمون ناكسوا

نا أبصرنا هم رب رءوسهم عند رب

ا وسمعنا فٲرجعنا نعمل لحا إن ص

١٢موقنون )

(now) believe."

13. If We had so willed, We could

certainly have brought every soul its

true guidance: but the Word from

Me will come true, "I will fill Hell

with Jinns and men all together."

ولو شئنا لءاتينا كل نفس هدىها

كن حق ٱلقول منى لملن ول

اس أجمعين ة وٱلن م من ٱلجن جهن

(١٣

14. Taste ye then - for ye forgot the

Meeting of this Day of yours, and

We too will forget you - taste ye the

Penalty of Eternity for your (evil)

deeds!

ا فذو ذا إن قوا بما نسيتم لقاء يومكم ه

كم وذوقوا عذاب ٱلخلد بما كنتم نسين

١٤تعملون )

15. Only those believe in Our Signs,

who, when they are recited to them,

fall down in prostration, and

celebrate the praises of their Lord,

nor are they (ever) puffed up with

pride.

روا بها تنا ٱلذين إذا ذك ما يؤمن بـ اي إن

هم وهم حوا بحمد رب دا وسب وا سج خر

١٥ل يستكبرون ۩ )

16. Their limbs do forsake their beds of

sleep, the while they call on their

Lord, in Fear and Hope: and they

spend (in charity) out of the

sustenance which We have

bestowed on them.

تتجافى جنوبهم عن ٱلمضاجع يدعون

هم خوفا وطمع هم رب ا رزقن ا ومم

١٦ينفقون )

17. Now no person knows what delights

of the eye are kept hidden (in

reserve) for them - as a reward for

their (good) deeds.

ة ن قر ا أخفى لهم م فل تعلم نفس م

١٧عملون )أعين جزاء بما كانوا ي

18. Is then the man who believes no

better than the man who is

rebellious and wicked? Not equal

are they.

أفمن كان مؤمنا كمن كان فاسقا ل

١٨يستوۥن )

19. For those who believe and do

righteous deeds are Gardens as

hospitable homes, for their (good)

deeds.

ت لح ا ٱلذين ءامنوا وعملوا ٱلص أم

ت ٱلمأوى نزل بما كانوا فلهم جن

١٩يعملون )

20. As to those who are rebellious and

wicked, their abode will be the Fire:

every time they wish to get away

therefrom, they will be forced there

into, and it will be said to them:

"Taste ye the Penalty of the Fire,

the which ye were wont to reject as

false."

ار كلما ا ٱلذين فسقوا فمأوىهم ٱلن وأم

منها أعيدوا فيها أرادوا أن يخرجوا

ار ٱلذى وقيل لهم ذوقوا عذاب ٱلن

بون ) ٢١كنتم بهۦ تكذ

21. And indeed We will make them

taste of the Penalty of this (life)

prior to the supreme Penalty, in

ن ٱلعذاب ٱلدنى دون ولنذي هم م قن

٢١ٱلعذاب ٱلكبر لعلهم يرجعون )

order that they may (repent and)

return.

22. And who does more wrong than one

to whom are recited the Signs of his

Lord, and who then turns away

therefrom? Verily from those who

transgress We shall exact (due)

Retribution.

هۦ ثم ت رب ر بـ اين ذك ومن أظلم مم

ا من ٱلمجرمين أعرض عنها إن

٢٢منتقمون )

23. We did indeed aforetime give the

Book to Moses: be not then in doubt

of its reaching (thee): and We made

it a guide to the Children of Israel.

ب فل تكن فى ولقد ءاتينا موسى ٱلكت

ه هدى لبنى ن لقائهۦ وجعلن مرية م

ءيل ) ٢٣إسر

24. And We appointed, from among

them, leaders, giving guidance

under Our command, so long as

they persevered with patience and

continued to have faith in Our

Signs.

ا ة يهدون بأمرنا لم وجعلنا منهم أئم

تنا يوقنون ) ٢٤صبروا وكانوا بـ اي

25. Verily thy Lord will judge between

them on the Day of Judgment, in the

matters wherein they differ (among

themselves)

مة ك هو يفصل بينهم يوم ٱلقي إن رب

٢٥فيما كانوا فيه يختلفون )

26. Does it not teach them a lesson,

how many generations We

destroyed before them, in whose

dwellings they (now) go to and fro?

Verily in that are Signs: Do they not

then listen?

ن أولم يهد لهم كم أهلكنا من قبلهم م

كنهم إن فى ٱلقرون يمشون فى مس

ت أفل يسمعون ) لك لءاي٢٦ذ

27. And do they not see that We do

drive rain to parched soil (bare of

herbage), and produce therewith

crops, providing food for their cattle

and themselves? Have they not the

vision?

ا نسوق ٱلماء إلى ٱلرض أولم يروا أن

نه ٱلجرز فنخرج بهۦ زرعا تأكل م

مهم وأنفسهم أفل يبصرون ) ٢٧أنع

28. They say: "When will this decision

be, if ye are telling the truth?" ذا ٱلفتح إن كنتم ويقولون متى ه

دقين ) ٢٨ص

29. Say: "On the Day of Decision, no

profit will it be to Unbelievers if

they (then) believe! nor will they be

granted a respite."

قل يوم ٱلفتح ل ينفع ٱلذين كفروا

نهم ول هم ينظرون ) ٢٩إيم

30. So turn away from them, and wait:

they too are waiting. هم فأعرض عنهم وٱنتظر إن

نتظرون ) ٣١م

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHOD

This chapter deals with the research method used in this research. As

stated by Ary (1985: 21) ―Research may be defined as the application of the

scientific approach to the study of a problem‖. Problem is something which has to

be solved. Thus, research is required to look for the answer relate with problem

which want to be solved. In research, the researcher must have design to make

easy in analyzing the data. A research design is a plan or strategy for conducting

the research. It is required to get dependable and useful information. To know

what design which should be taken by the researcher, the first the researcher has

to look at the problem of research.

As stated in problems of the research, this research is conducted to find out

the kinds of affixation and their word class changing after process of affixation of

the word in translation of Surah As Sajda by Abdullah Yousuf Ali. Thus, in this

study, the researcher uses descriptive research. Descriptive research refers to

research studies that have as their main objective the accurate portrayal of the

characteristics of persons, situations or groups (Polit and Hungler 2004:716). This

approach is used to describe variables rather than to test a predicted relationship

between variables. Ary (1985: 322) explained ―Descriptive research method is

used to obtain information about existing conditions and have been widely used in

educational research‖. In analyzing the affixation in Surah As Sajda, the writer

takes certain procedures as follows:

1. Type of Research

Research is systematic effort to attain answers to questions

(Tuckman, 1987:1). This statement means that research appears when

there is a problem about something that has not been clear. So the

research is done to make it clear or find something behind it that is never

found before. Tuckman added that basic research is carried out by

identifying problem, examining selected relevant variables through a

literature review to investigate the problem. The next steps are collecting,

analyzing appropriate data, and presenting conclusion about the

relationships of the variables.

The writer uses descriptive qualitative method in this research.

According to Issac and Michael (1987:46), descriptive research is used to

provide a systematic, factual, accurate description of situation or area of

interest. Meanwhile, Moleong (2001:3) states that qualitative method is a

research procedure, which produces oral or written text from people and

their observable habit as descriptive data. Affixation process is one of

morphology process. The aim of this research is to analyze the use of

affixation in translation of Surah As Sajda by Abdullah Yousuf Ali.

2. Data Sources

The data resource is the essential part of this research. In this paper

the data resource is Surah As Sajda translation which was taken from

Abdullah Yousuf Ali‘s Holy Qur‘an translation entitles ―The Glorious

Kur'an - Translation and Commentary‖. This Surah consists of 30 verses,

it is one of 29 Suras that begin with abbreviated letters and after which

the Qur‘an is glorified. As Sajda was revealed in Mecca and it is one of

four Surah of Qur‘an which contain obligatory prostration. The main

data are the verses of Surah As Sajda which consist of all of the words,

phrases, clauses and sentences.

3. Technique of Data Collection

In this research, the technique of data collection is study

documentation or document analysis. Documentation method is a method

of collection by studying books, transcription, newspaper, magazine, etc

(Arikunto, 1998: 149). The writer uses some books as the instrument, so

here, the writer uses library study to support the collecting data.

Documentation method is a systematic procedure for reviewing or

evaluating documents—both printed and electronic (computer-based and

Internet-transmitted) material. Like other analytical methods in

qualitative research, document analysis requires that data be examined

and interpreted in order to elicit meaning, gain understanding, and

develop empirical knowledge (Corbin and Strauss, 2008; see also Rapley,

2007). Documents contain text (words) and images that have been

recorded without a researcher‘s intervention. Atkinson and Coffey (1997)

refer to documents as ‗social facts‘, which are produced, shared, and used

in socially organized ways.

Documents that may be used for systematic evaluation as part of a

study take a variety of forms. They include advertisements; agendas,

attendance registers, and minutes of meetings; manuals; background

papers; books and brochures; diaries and journals; event programs (i.e.,

printed outlines); letters and memoranda; maps and charts; newspapers

(clippings/articles); press releases; program proposals, application forms,

and summaries; radio and television program scripts; organizational or

institutional reports; survey data; and various public records. Scrapbooks

and photo albums can also furnish documentary material for research

purposes. These types of documents are found in libraries, newspaper

archives, historical society offices, and organizational or institutional

files. As a research method, document analysis is particularly applicable

to qualitative case studies—intensive studies producing rich descriptions

of a single phenomenon, event, organization, or program (Stake, 1995;

Yin, 1994).

4. Method of Data Analysis

Analyzing data is organizing process and ordering data in the

pattern categories, and analyzing base unit. We can get the topic and

formulate hypothesis work likes the data suggested (Moleong, 2000:

103). Sudaryanto (1993: 13-17) argues that there are two kinds of

methods in analyzing data; they are Padan (Identify) and Agih

(Distributional). Agih method is used since the language itself becomes

the determiner of the research. While Padan method is a method in

which determiner is outside, unbound, and not a part of the relevant

language. In this research the writer uses Agih method.

In the study the writer performs some steps in analyzing data as

follows:

1) The writer reads the English translation of Surah As Sajda by

Abdullah Yousuf Ali.

2) The writer gives an underline to the English words which contain

of affixes.

3) The writer rewrites the English words which contain of affixes.

4) The writer classifies the English words which contain affixes

according to the types of affixes.

5) The writer identifies the types of affixation that occurs on English

words which contain of affixes.

6) The writer identifies the change of word class that occurs on

English words which contain of affixes.

7) The writer concludes the affixation in each word and their word

class changing.

CHAPTER IV

DATA PRESENTATION AND RESEARCH FINDING

In this chapter, the writer presents the data presentation and the

classifications of the types of affixation including derivational affixes, inflectional

affixes, prefixes and suffixes. In the second chapter, it has been discussed about

the types of affixation. Here, the writer wants to identify the classification of

derivational and inflectional affixes and their word class changing which are used

in the translation of Surah As Sajda by Abdullah Yousuf Ali.

A. Data Presentation

1. The Biography of Abdullah Yousuf Ali (1872-1953)

‗Abdullah Yousuf ‗Ali may be the most renowned translator of the

Qur‘an. He was born in 1872 in a humble Bohri family in Surat, India.

Then, he received his education in Bombay. Later, he was sent on a

government scholarship to complete his studies at Cambridge University.

On returning to India, ‗Ali worked as a member of the Indian Civil

Service in many provinces for a short time. But he had an influential

impact on the political and educational fields in India and represented his

country at national and international gatherings.

Finally, he resigned and left for London, where he lived for the rest

of his life. ‗Ali achieved almost everything in terms of respect and

position. However during the last days of his life, he got mentally sick

and was seen walking in the streets of London in worn clothes, with no

aim or abode. On December 10th, 1953, ‗Ali died as a result of a heart

attack at the age of 81. Then, he was buried in the Islamic Cemetery

Brook wood, Surrey, near Working, where Pickthall had been buried

sixteen years before. Thus, the two great translators of the Qur‘an finally

shared the same place. After his death, ‗Ali was awarded the title of Khan

Bahadur, an award the British government conferred upon Muslims for

an act of public service (Bangash, 2002).

‗Ali was a man of vast experience in almost all spheres of life. He

was deeply read in Western culture, as he admits in the Preface of his

translation, saying, ―I have explored Western land, Western manners, and

the depths of Western thought and learning, to an extent that has rarely

fallen to the lot of an Eastern mortal" (1403 A.H.: iii). However, he never

lost touch with his Eastern heritage (‗Ali, 1403 A.H.: iii). Thus, ‗Ali

wanted to make use of such experience to strengthen the faith of his

fellow English-speaking Muslims through presenting the Qur‘an in "a

fitting garb of English" (1403 A.H.: iii), especially he expressed his

dissatisfaction over the available English translations at his own time due

to either their weak language or being not supplemented with notes (1403

A.H.: xiii).

To prepare himself for translating the Qur‘an, ‗Ali collected books,

took notes, visited many places and met so many people to talk about the

Qur‘an and its meanings. He did all of this to reproduce the meanings of

the Qur‘an and its ―nobility… its grandeur, and it‘s sweet‖ (1403 A.H.:

iii) in English. Then, in the city of Lahore, in 1934, ‗Ali began producing

the first part of his translation titled The Holy Qur’an: Translation and

Commentary, intending to produce a part at intervals of not more than

three months. Thus, the whole work was completed in three years: from

1934 to 1937 (‗Ali, 1403 A.H.: VI).

‗Ali's translation came as a monumental translation as well as a

deeply scholarly work that has passed through at least thirty-five editions

up till now (Kidawi, 2006). The most distinguishing feature of this

translation is that the text and the English translation are arranged in

parallel columns, with many profound footnotes as a commentary.

Moreover, a summary at the beginning of each surah is given, with a

complete analytical index and fourteen appendixes at the end of some

surah in the form of scholarly essays dealing with specific themes

referred to in this surah.

‗Ali's voluminous translation is perhaps the most popular and

widely circulated translation of the Qur‘an all over the world. This may

be due to the fact that it is couched in chaste English, with a choice of

words that is close to the original and scholarly notes. Besides, the

language ‗Ali uses in his translation reflects that he has an excellent

command of English (Ghali, personal communication, March 27th,

2004). However, it is seen that some of his notes on heaven, hell and

angels reflect his Sufism and overemphasis on spiritual matters and are

blended with the ―pseudo-rationalist spirit of his times‖ (Kidawi, 2004).

2. Data Presentation

Data is assumption which form basis for inference (Western,

2004:244). In this chapter, the writer would like to show the data

presentation that is taken from data transcription as guidance for data

analysis discussion. Based on Crowley‘s theory that there are two most

common types of affixes: prefixes and suffixes, the writer divided the

English word that contains of prefix or suffix.

Tabel 4.1 The list of English words that contain of affixes

No. Words No. Words

1. Revelation 2. Worlds

3. Warner 4. Created

5. Guidance 6. Rules

7. Heavens 8. Affairs

9. Days 10. Years

11. Established 12. Reckoning

13. Feeling 14. Knower

15. Admonition 16. Things

17. Exalted 18. Merciful

19. Creation 20. Guilty

21. Despised 22. Certaintly

23. Fashioned 24. Heads

25. Breathed 26. Righteousness

27. Hearing 28. Willed

29. Thanks 30. Jinns

31. Hidden 32. Yours

33. Renewed 34. Penalty

35. Meeting 36. Eternity

37. Souls 38. Deeds

39. Recited 40. Signs

41. Praises 42. Turns

43. Puffed 44. Verily

45. Limbs 46. Retribution

47. Beds 48. Reaching

49. Bestowed 50. Children

51. Knows 52. Appointed

53. Delights 54. Leaders

55. Believes 56. Giving

57. Rebellious 58. Persevered

59. Wicked 60. Continued

61. Righteous 62. Judgment

63. Gardens 64. Matters

65. Hospitable 66. Generations

67. Homes 68. Destroyed

69. Forced 70. Dwellings

71. Crops 72. Parched

73. Providing 74. Telling

75. Unbelievers 76. Granted

77. Waiting 78. Guidance

79. Prostration 80. Reserve

81. Patience 82. Verily

83. Decision

B. Derivational and Inflectional Affixes Found in Surah As Sajda

The writer wants to list the words which having the affixes, both

derivational and inflectional affixes that found in the translation of Surah As

Sajda quoted from ―The Glorious Kur’an Translation and Commentary by

Abdullah Yousuf Ali (1934).

Table 4.2 Types of Derivational and Inflectional Affixes in the Words of

Surah As Sajda

Translation of As Sajda

Verses

Word Types of Affixes

(This is) the Revelation of the

Book in which there is no

doubt,- from the Lord of the

Worlds

Revelation

Worlds

Derivational – suffix (-ion)

Inflectional – suffix (-s)

Or do they say, "He has Warner Derivational – suffix (-er)

forged it"? Nay, it is the Truth

from thy Lord, that thou

mayest admonish a people to

whom no warner has come

before thee: in order that they

may receive guidance.

Guidance Derivational – suffix (-ance)

It is Allah Who has created

the heavens and the earth, and

all between them, in six Days,

and is firmly established on

the Throne (of Authority): ye

have none, besides Him, to

protect or intercede (for you):

will ye not then receive

admonition?

Created

Heavens

Days

Established

Admonition

Inflectional – suffix (-ed)





He rules (all) affairs from the

heavens to the earth: in the

end will (all affairs) go up to

Him, on a Day, the space

whereof will be (as) a

thousand years of your

reckoning.

Rules

Affairs

Heavens

Years

Reckoning





Derivational – suffix (-ing)

Such is He, the Knower of all Knower Derivational – suffix (-er)

things, hidden and open, the

Exalted (in power), the

Merciful;-

Things

Hidden

Exalted

Merciful


Inflectional – suffix (-en)

Derivational – suffix (-ed)

Derivational – suffix (-full)

He Who has made everything

which He has created most

good: He began the creation

of man with (nothing more

than) clay,

Created

Creation



made his progeny from a

quintessence of the nature of a

fluid despised:

Despised


But He fashioned him in due

proportion, and breathed into

him something of His spirit.

And He gave you (the

faculties of) hearing and sight

and feeling (and

understanding): little thanks

do ye give!

Fashioned

Breathed

Hearing

Feeling

Thanks






And they say: "What! when

we lie, hidden and lost, in the

earth, shall we indeed be in a

Hidden

Creation

Renewed




Creation renewed? Nay, they

deny the Meeting with their

Lord.

Meeting

Inflectional – suffix (-ing)

Say: "The Angel of Death, put

in charge of you, will (duly)

take your souls: then shall ye

be brought back to your

Lord."

Souls


If only thou could see when

the guilty ones will bend low

their heads before their Lord,

(saying:) "Our Lord! We have

seen and we have heard: Now

then send us back (to the

world): we will work

righteousness: for we do

indeed (now) believe."

Guilty

Heads

Righteousness

Derivational – suffix (-ty)


Derivational – suffix (-ness)

If We had so willed, We could

certainly have brought every

soul its true guidance: but the

Word from Me will come

true, "I will fill Hell with

Jinns and men all together."

Willed

Certainly

Guidance

Jinns


Derivational – suffix (-ly)

Derivational – suffix (-ance)


Taste ye then - for ye forgot

the Meeting of this Day of

yours, and We too will forget

you - taste ye the Penalty of

Eternity for your (evil) deeds!

Meeting

Yours

Penalty

Deeds





Only those believe in Our

Signs, who, when they are

recited to them, fall down in

prostration, and celebrate the

praises of their Lord, nor are

they (ever) puffed up with

pride.

Signs

Recited

Prostration

Praises

Puffed






Their limbs do forsake their

beds of sleep, the while they

call on their Lord, in Fear and

Hope: and they spend (in

charity) out of the sustenance

which We have bestowed on

them.

Limbs

Beds

Bestowed




Now no person knows what

delights of the eye are kept

hidden (in reserve) for them -

as a reward for their (good)

Knows

Delights

Hidden

Reserve




Derivational – prefix (re-)

deeds. Deeds Inflectional – suffix (-s)

Is then the man who believes

no better than the man who is

rebellious and wicked? Not

equal are they.

Believes

Rebellious

Wicked


Derivational – suffix (-ous)


For those who believe and do

righteous deeds are Gardens

as hospitable homes, for their

(good) deeds.

Righteous

Deeds

Gardens

Hospitable

Homes

Deeds




Derivational – suffix (-able)



As to those who are rebellious

and wicked, their abode will

be the Fire: every time they

wish to get away therefrom,

they will be forced there into,

and it will be said to them:

"Taste ye the Penalty of the

Fire, the which ye were wont

to reject as false."

Rebellious

Wicked

Forced

Penalty





And indeed We will make

them taste of the Penalty of

this (life) prior to the supreme

Penalty

Penalty



Penalty, in order that they

may (repent and) return.

And who does more wrong

than one to whom are recited

the Signs of his Lord, and who

then turns away therefrom?

Verily from those who

transgress We shall exact

(due) Retribution.

Recited

Signs

Turns

Verily

Retribution





Derivational – prefix (re-)

and Derivational – suffix (-

ion)

We did indeed aforetime give

the Book to Moses: be not

then in doubt of its reaching

(thee): and We made it a

guide to the Children of

Israel.

Reaching

Children



And We appointed, from

among them, leaders, giving

guidance under Our

command, so long as they

persevered with patience and

continued to have faith in Our

Signs.

Appointed

Leaders

Giving

Guidance

Persevered

Patience

Continued


Derivational – suffix (-er) and



Derivational – suffix (-ance)


Derivational – suffix (-ence)


Signs Inflectional – suffix (-s)

Verily thy Lord will judge

between them on the Day of

Judgment, in the matters

wherein they differ (among

themselves)

Verily

Judgment

Matters


Derivational – suffix (-ment)


Does it not teach them a

lesson, how many generations

We destroyed before them, in

whose dwellings they (now)

go to and fro? Verily in that

are Signs: Do they not then

listen?

Generations

Destroyed

Dwellings

Verily

Signs


and Inflectional – suffix (-s)



and (-s)



And do they not see that We

do drive rain to parched soil

(bare of herbage), and

produce therewith crops,

providing food for their cattle

and themselves? Have they

not the vision?

Parched

Crops

Providing




They say: "When will this

decision be, if ye are telling

the truth?"

Decision

Telling



Say: "On the Day of Decision,

no profit will it be to

Unbelievers if they (then)

believe! nor will they be

granted a respite."

Decision

Unbelievers

Granted


Derivational – prefix (un-),

Derivational – suffix (-er)



So turn away from them, and

wait: they too are waiting.

Waiting


1. The Classification of Derivational Affixes

The classification of derivational affixes based on the position in

the part of speech.

a) Noun

Table 4.3 Types of Derivational Affixes (Noun Marker)

Types of

Affixes

Origin Forms Roots/Stems Resultant

Combination

Prefix (re-) Verb serve Reserve

Suffix (-ing) Verb reckon Reckoning

hear Hearing

feel Feeling

meet Meeting

reach Reaching

give Giving

dwell Dwellings

Suffix (-ment) Verb judge Judgment

Suffix (-er) Verb warn Warner

know Knower

lead Leader

Suffix (-ty) Adjective penal Penalty

Suffix (-ion) Verb admonish Admonition

create Creation

reveal Revelation

generate Generation

decide Decision

Suffix (-ion) Adjective prostrate Prostration

Suffix (-ance) Verb guide Guidance

Suffix (-ence) Adjective patient Patience

Preffix (re-) and

Suffix (-ion)

Noun tribute Retribution

Prefix (un-) and

Suffix (-er)

Verb believe believer

b) Adjective

Table 06. Types of Derivational Affixes (Adjective Marker)

Types of

Affixes


Combination

Suffix (-ed) Verb exalt Exalted

Suffix (-y) Noun guilt Guilty

Suffix (-ous) Noun rebel Rebellious

right Rightous

Suffix (-full) Verb mercy Merciful

Suffix (-able) Noun hospital hospitable

c) Adverb

Table 4.5 Types of Derivational Affixes (Adjective Marker)

Types of

Affixes


Combination

Suffix (-ly) Adjective certain Certainly

very Verily

2. The Classification of Inflectional Affixes

The classification of inflectional affixes based on the position in

the part of speech.

a) Plural-Suffix

Table 4.6 Types of Inflectional Affixes (Plural-Suffix)

Types of

Affixes


Combination

Suffix (-s) Noun world Worlds

heaven Heavens

day Days

affair Affairs

year Years

thing Things

thank Thanks

soul Souls

head Heads

jinn Jinns

deed Deeds

sign Signs

praise Praises

limb Limbs

bed Beds

know Knows

delight Delights

believe Believes

home Homes

turn Turns

leader Leaders

matter Matters

generation Generations

dwelling Dwellings

crop crops

unbeliever Unbelievers

b) Present-Suffix

Table 4.7 Types of Inflectional Affixes (Present-Suffix)

Types of

Affixes


Combination

Suffix (-s) Verb rule Rules

c) Possessive-Suffix

Table 4.8 Types of Inflectional Affixes (Possessive-Suffix)

Types of

Affixes


Combination

Suffix (-s) Noun you yours

d) Past-Suffix

Table 4.9 Types of Inflectional Affixes (Past-Suffix)

Types of

Affixes


Combination

Suffix (-ed) Verb create Created

establish Established

fashion Fashioned

breath Breathed

renew Renewed

appoint Appointed

persevere Persevered

continue Continued

destroy Destroyed

parch Parched

e) Past Participle-Suffix

Table 4.10 Types of Inflectional Affixes (Past Participle-Suffix)

Types of

Affixes


Combination

Suffix (-en) verb hide Hidden

child Children

Suffix (-ed) Verb despise Despised

will Willed

recite Recited

puff Puffed

bestow Bestowed

wick Wicked

force Forced

grant Granted

f) Present Participle-Suffix

Table 4.11 Types of Inflectional Affixes (Present Participle -Suffix)

Types of Origin Forms Roots/Stems Resultant

Affixes Combination

Suffix (-ing) Verb provide Providing

tell Telling

wait Waiting

From the table above, it shows some of derivational affixes there are re-

(2), un- (1) as prefixes, while the suffixes are –ing (7), -ion (7), -ment (1), -er

(4), -ty (1), -ance (1), -ence (1), -ous (2), -y (1), -ed (1) and many inflectional

affixes found in the translation of Surah As Sajda by Abdullah Yusuf Ali. It

shows that suffix–ing and –ion as derivational affixes which are the most

frequently present.

Inflectional affixes also attached to the some roots or stems in the words

of translation of Surah As Sajda by Abdullah Yousuf Ali, there are –s as

plural suffix (26), -s as present suffix (1), -s as possessive suffix (1), -ed as

past suffix (10), -en as past participle suffix (2), -ed as past participle (9), -ing

as present participle suffix (3). It shows that suffix –s as plural suffix which is

the most frequently present.

C. Word Class-Changing of Derivational Suffixes

Derivational affix consists of adding an affix or affixes to the root or

stem of the word. When this is done, new words are derived and the suffixes

can change word from one grammatical class to another, we have basically

four groups. The presence of the suffixes signal the grammatical class of the

words in which they appear. They are, Noun Suffixes, Verb suffixes,

Adjective Suffixes, Adverb Suffixes.

1. Conversion of Verb to Noun

To derive nouns from verbs, the noun forming suffixes are added

to the verb and new words are formed.

Table 4.12 Conversion of Verb to Noun

No. Types of

Derivational Affixes

Example of Words Number of

Words

1. Prefix ―re-― Serve Reserve 1

2. Prefix ―un-― Believe Unbeliever 1

3. Suffix ―-ing‖ Reckon Reckoning

Hear Hearing

7

4. Suffix ―-ment‖ Judge Judgment 1

5. Suffix ―-er‖ Warn Warner

Believe Unbeliever

4

6. Suffix ―-ion‖ Create Creation

Generate Generation

5

7. Suffix ―-ance‖ Guide Guidance 1

2. Conversion of Verbs to Adjectives

Table 4.13 Conversion of Verbs to Adjectives

No. Types of



Words

1. Suffix ―-ed‖ Exalt Exalted 1

2. Suffix ―-full‖ Mercy Merciful 1

3. Conversion of Adjectives to Nouns

Table 4.14 Conversion of Adjectives to Nouns

No. Types of



Words

1. Suffix ―-ty‖ Penal Penalty 1

2. Suffix ―-ness‖ Righteous

Righteousness

1

3. Suffix ―-ion‖ Prostrate Prostration 1

4. Suffix ―-ence‖ Patient Patience 1

4. Conversion of Nouns to Adjectives

Table 4.15 Conversion of Nouns to Adjectives

No. Types of



Words

1. Suffix ―-y‖ Guilt Guilty 1

2. Suffix ―-ous‖ Rebel Rebellious 2

Right Rightous

3. Suffix ―-able‖ Hospital Hospitable 1

5. Conversion of Adjectives to Adverbs

Table 4.16 Conversion of Adjectives to Adverbs

No. Types of



Words

1. Suffix ―-ly‖ Certain Certainly

Very Verily

2

D. Discussion

Almost all languages spoken by Muslims have translations of the Qur-

ān in them. All of the things that we need are there. Qur-ān includes the

teaching and instruction about creed, morality, duties, obligations,

civilization, culture, economics, politics, law, social system, peace, war and

other human problems. The answers of these problems have written in Qur-

ān. For someone who desires to know the Qurānic solution of a certain

human problem, they should first make a study of a relevant literature, both

ancient and modern, and note down the basic issues. When one studies the

Qur-ān with a view to making research into any problem, one will find an

answer to it even in those verses which one had skipped over without ever

imagining that it lay hidden therein.

The one pre-requisite for understanding the Qur-ān is to study it with

an open and detached them. Those people, who study it with preconceived

notions of their own, read only their ideas between its lines and cannot,

therefore, grasp what the Qur-ān wants to convey. There is another thing

which must be keeping in view. If someone wants to have merely a cursory

acquaintance with the content of the Qur-ān, then perhaps it might enough for

him to read it once. But, if someone wishes to have a deep knowledge of it,

he will have to go through it several times and each time from a different

point of view. Those, who desire to make a thorough study of the Qur-ān,

should read it at least twice with the sole purpose of understanding, as a

whole, the system of life it presents.

Many people interested in Islam and they will get their ideas of the

Qur-ān from English translation. English language being widely spread over

the world. The Qur-ān has been translated into English many times. A good

Muslim around the world tries to understand the meaning of the Holy Qur-ān

by the varieties of that translation and one of them is the Muslim who uses

English translation of the Holy Qur-ān. They use Qur-ān as the Guidance for

their life.

As Larson (1998) stated that ―translation is basically a change of form.

In translation, the form of the source language is replaced by the form of

receptor (target) language‖. It can be concluded that translation is a process of

transferring the meaning of the source language into the target language.

Vocabulary is central in translating the language because without

sufficient vocabulary people cannot understand others or express their own

ideas. Belonging to Qur-ān’s translation, it is important to translator to master

the vocabulary well in order to get a good translation and they can convey the

meaning from the Qur-ān. The vocabulary of English translation of the Holy

Qur-ān not just the root or base of the words, but there are words that added

by some affixes. Different word form will have different meaning, so it is

important too for people mastering the vocabulary to take up its Message. As

Chaer (2003:87) argues that affix is thing that can change the meaning, types,

and function of a basic word or basic form.

This research is not the only one that analyzes morphology in affixation

terms. The previous research is graduating paper written by: Maharani Sri

Ariyati (2014) that has done a research with the title: AN ANALYSIS OF

DERIVATIONAL AFFIIXES IN THE LAND OF FIVE TOWERS NOVEL

BY A. FUADI TRANSLATED BY ANGIE KILBANE. The theme of

analysis in her graduating paper and my graduating paper is similar. It

concerns with affixes. But, the graduating paper of Maharani Sri Ariyati

analyses only in derivational affixes and in the writer‘s graduating paper more

about affixes. The next distinction is the data source of the research. In

Maharani‘s graduating paper, she identifies the derivational affixes in the

Land of Five Towers Novel, while in here the writer identifies the affixation

in the translation of Surah As Sajda of the Holy Qur-ān translated by

Abdullah Yousuf Ali.

In Surah As Sajda, the main theme here is to remove the doubts of the

people concerning Tauhid, the Hereafter and the Prophethood, and to invite

them to all these three realities. But, how can people figure out the Messages

of this Surah without having the deep understanding the meaning of each

word in every verse.

In conclusion, learning vocabulary is an essential part of understanding

meaning through translation. So, it‘s very important to study affixation for

our better translation skill and surely it is better for our understanding the

Qur-ān too, either in Arabic or in the mother tongue or some well-develop

tongue which we understand well.

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

In this chapter, the writer discusses about conclusion and suggestion of

this study entitled The Use of Affixation in English Translation of The Holy

Qur’an in Surah As Sajda. The conclusion is drawn from the finding and

discussion that had been analyzed by the writer. This chapter also included

suggestion related to the study.

A. Conclusions

Based on the findings of the research elaborated in chapter IV, the

writer can conclude several conclusions.

Affixes can be classified into two different ways: according to their

position in the word (prefix and suffix) and according to their function in a

phrase or sentence (derivational and inflectional). The writer found 103 words

that contain of affixes in the translation of Surah As Sajda by Abdullah

Yousuf Ali. The suffix –ing and –ion as derivational affixes which are the

most frequently present and inflectional suffixes –s as plural-suffix and –ed

as past participle are very often occur in the affixation process.

Based on the research, the process of affixation occurs in English

words makes category of word class change. The changing of word class

which often occurs in English words is from Verb to Noun, Verb to

Adjective, Adjective to Noun, Adjective to Verb and Noun to Adjective. The

affixes which found in the translation of Surah As Sajda that can change word

from one grammatical class to another are prefix re- and un- then suffix –ing,

-ment, -ion, -full, -ous, -ness, -ly and many others. From the analysis above,

the writer conclude that the use of affixation in English translation of the

Holy Qur‘an in Surah As Sajda is in accordance with that stated in the theory.

B. Suggestions

The writer realizes that this graduating paper is not perfect, but the

writer will be glad if there are some readers who can use this graduating

paper for further research. The writer also hopes that this graduating paper

can be a reference for the next similar research. Hopefully this graduating

paper will be expanded the reader‘s knowledge on linguistic, especially on

morphology.

Recite Al Qur’an is not only read the surah, we can get so many

messages when we are reciting with the meaning of Al Qur‘an, because there

are many insight almost all of the worldly knowledge, and the religious

knowledge. The researcher suggests the reader to analyze deeper about this

affixation process so they can figure out the message of Al Qur’an.

Based on the research that is done by the researcher, the suggestion

also for the students and lecturers. They should find out more about the

theory of affixation. They also should add knowledge about affixation to

enrich their knowledge due to the fast development of affixation and

morphology terms.

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