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1
The UR of 5G
Dr. Chih-Lin I
CMCC Chief Scientist, Wireless Technologies
CMRI, China Mobile
IEEE CQR Emerging Technology Round Table
May 14 2018, Austin, Texas, US
2
2
Internet of
Everything
Service
Industry
Education Home
Transport
Agriculture
3 Major Application Scenarios
Cross-industry convergence
Requirements
5G Vision, Requirements, and Verticals
Information a Finger Away
Everything in Touch
Everywhere
NB-IoT/eMTC as a start Across industry
3
3
Latency
Data rate
1ms
5ms
10ms
20ms
25Mbps 125Mbps 250Mbps 1.5Gbps
Substation protection & management
1ms
Industrial control,
Transporter automatic control
1~10ms, >99.999%
Remote driving
5ms, >99.999%
VR/AR applications in the
Clouds
5~10ms
4K video
Emergency aid, remote surgery
Cloudy robot (image/speech processing and interaction)
Facility inspection, Electricity emergency communication
20ms, >99.999%
Image transmission of UAV:
8K 2D
UL 120Mbps
20ms
Advanced VR in the Clouds
(Image: 12K 2D)
DL 250Mbps
20ms, >99.999%?
Image transmission of UAV:
24K 3D
UL 1.4GMbps
20ms
Sensor-based applications in
connected vehicle networks
End-to-End 1Gbps
10ms Ultimate VR in the Cloud
(Image: 24K 3D)
DL 1.4Gbps
10ms, >99.999%?
AR/VR/HD 4K
Connected UAV
Intelligent Connected Vehicle
Smart grid
Smart medical treatment
Industrial Internet
Cloudy Robot
Ultra reliability
General reliability
5G Use Cases: Ultra Reliability with Different Latency & Data Rate Requirements
4
4
Embracing Verticals
Intelligent
Could-Robot
Connected
Droned
Sharing Bikes
Mechanical arm
Power grid and oil pipeline monitoring
Industrial factory
5G mHealth Water tank monitoring Cellular
UAV Intelligent
Airport
Ground-to-air communication
First Aerial Internet SUMMIT in
Zhangjiakou, Mar 2018
Traffic Warden
Cloud UAV platform
Secure & Efficient
connected service
“Airplane mode”
ended in Jan
2018 in China
Tech Test
since 2013
CMCC IoX Demo in MWC2018
Collaboration w/
multiple airports
5
5
Rethink Fundamentals (2011)
Rethink Protocol Stack
Rethink Fronthaul
Rethink Base Station
Rethink Ring & Young
RAN
“Towards Green & Soft” IEEE WCNC Keynote, Apr.8, 2013
“SDX: How Soft is 5G?”, IEEE WCNC Keynote, Mar. 21,2017
“Towards Green & Soft: A 5G Perspective” IEEE Comm. Magazine, Vol.52, Feb.2014
“5G: rethink wireless communication for 2020+”, Philosophical Trans. A. 374(2062), 2015
“On big data analytics for greener and softer RAN,” IEEE Access, vol.3, Mar. 2015.
“New paradigm of 5G wireless internet”, IEEE JSAC, vol.34, no.3, March 2016
“Big Data Enabled Mobile Network Design for 5G & Beyond,” IEEE Comm. Magazine., vol. 55, no. 9, Jul.2017.
“Big Data Driven Intelligent Wireless Network: Architecture, Use Cases, Solutions and Future Trends ,” IEEE VT Magazine, 2017
CT/DT/IT Convergence Open Source Business Model
Green Communication Research
Center established in Oct. 2011,
initiated 5G Key Tech R&D. Green Soft
Rethink Air Interface & Spectrum
Rethink Signaling & control
Rethink Shannon (& Nyquist?)
AI
To enable wireless signal to “dress for the occasion” via SDAI
To start a green journey of wireless systems, EE/SE
To explore structured overlap????
To make network application/load aware
Embracing verticals How it affects the traditional SDOs? What’s Big Data’s role in 5G era
For no more “cells” via C-RAN
To enable Soft RAN via NGFI
To make BS “invisible” via SmarTile
To enable User Centric Cell and flexible AI via MCD
Efficiency Agility
6
6
SDX based 5G Arch: SBA, C-RAN/NGFI, SDAI
Soft Transport Network
Soft CN
Soft RAN
Serviced based Arch,
Network Slice, NFV
Ultra wide BW, lower latency,
Higher timing precision
UCN: C-RAN, CU/DU design
Flexible/configurable AI
RAN Restructure, CN-RAN Repartition , Turbo Charged Edge , Network Slice as a Service (2014)
(S)PTN PON
Unified RAN arch+ Common high layer protocol
(UCN, enabled by C-RAN/NGFI)
SDAI (Software Defined Air Interface) Low Freq.
New RIT
High Freq.
RIT
mMTC
RIT
uRLLC
RIT
Low-latency &
high-reliability Seamless wide-area
coverage
Hotspot &
high data rate
Low-power &
m-connections
5G CN
O &
M
NSSF (Network Slice Selection Function), introduced to support flexible deployment,
operation & maintenance of diverse network slices
(Apr., 2017) EC
MEC
DU
DU
CU-U
CU-U CN-U
CU-C CN-U CN-C
CN-C
超低延迟
URLLC
延迟敏感
eMBB
AR/VR
Industry
DU(s) CU-U CU-C
Video
CN-U 延迟不敏感
eMBB/mMTC
Web CN-C
CU-C
V2X
7
7
A flexible, efficient, scalable and programmable
network towards to “Telecomm 4.0” era
Lead in 5G Network Arch design (Serviced based architecture agreed in 3GPP SA2 #121, May 2017, TR 23.799 )
CMCC delegate as Rapporteur for R-14 SI/R-15 WI
NovoNet: True Convergence of CT and IT
CN Transformation: Service Based Architecture, Telecom 4.0
4G Architecture by equipment: rigid network
Function split &
integrate
8
8
Reliability Progress on CN
Reliability Progress in Rel-15 Objective of Reliability in Rel-16
AMF management with reliability
UDSF Unstructured Data Storage Function
Improve system reliability by decoupling data computing and data
storage. It enables flexible management of lifecycle for computing
logic in VM.
Service Name Description
Unstructured Data
Management This service allows NF service consumers to
retrieve, create, update, and delete data
stored in the UDSF.
• AMF Addition/Update
• AMF planned removal procedure
- AMF planned removal procedure with UDSF deployed
- AMF planned removal procedure without UDSF
• Procedure for AMF Auto-recovery
Service Name Description
Namf_Commu
nication
Enable an NF to communicate with the UE and/or the
AN through the AMF; Enable SMF to request EBI
allocation to support interworking with EPS.
Namf_EventEx
posure
Enable other NFs to subscribe or get notified of the
mobility related events and statistics.
Namf_MT Enable an NF to make sure UE is reachable.
SI on eSBA [SP-180231]
Study further architectural support for highly reliable deployments,
considering:
- support for traceability & monitoring
- architectural aspects of automation and failover handling,
reusing, whenever applicable, the enablers for network
automation studied in FS_eNA.
- to support dynamic and automatic addition, update and planned
removal of CP NFs and/or services in virtualized environments,
by e.g., extension of the AMF related mechanisms that have
been specified in Release 15
- study service operation to avoid long-living UE-specific bindings
between service instances, e.g., by separating functional
processing from state repository or other mechanisms
SI on eURLLC in 5G CN [TR 23.725]
• Supporting high reliability by redundant transmission in user plane
• Supporting low latency and low jitter during handover procedure
• Enhancement of Session Continuity during UE mobility
• QoS Monitoring to assist URLLC service
9
9
C-RAN: Revolutionary Evolution of RAN
…
RRU
RRU
RRU
RRU
RRU
RRU
RRU
Virtual BS Pool
Distributed RRU
High bandwidth optical transport
network
Real-time Cloud for centralized processing
…
“Soft BS ” in C-RAN virtualization/Cloudification
C-RAN has been deemed as a 5G essential enabling element (2011)
F1-C F1-U F1-C F1-U
gNB
Xn/X2
NG/S1-U
gNB-CU
RRC
PDCP-C
SDAP
PDCP-U
gNB-DU gNB-DU
RLC
MAC
PHY
RLC
MAC
PHY
CP UP???
CU/DU based two-level RAN Arch
• CU-DU Arch identified in RANP 75 (Mar 2017)
• E1 SI approved in RANP 76 (June 2017)
• E1 WI approved in RANP 78 (Dec 2017)
Centralized Control and/or Processing
Collaborative Radio, Real-Time Cloud , Clean System
10
10
RAN Transformation: a Journey
2012-2013 2014
R&D on C-RAN
baseband pool 1, Design, development & test
on front-end accelerator
2, First soft 4G BS PoC based
on COTS platform
3, First field trial in the
commercial networks
2016 2015
C-RAN PoC development 1, OTA test with commercial EPC ,
RRU & UE
2, Proposal of NGFI (xHaul)
concept
3, Proposal of CU-DU arch
C-RAN field trials 1, Large-scale field trials in 10+
cities
2, Virtualized C-RAN PoC demo
3, Evaluation of NGFI & design
of CU/DU arch
4. Established IEEE 1914 WG
5G C-RAN 1, Continuous refinement on design
of CU-DU arch & the interface
2, In-house PoC develop of gNB with
CU-DU, MANO & cloud platform
3, Carrier-grade cloud platform
proposal accepted by Openstack
2017 2018
5G smart cloud BS 1, C-RAN Alliance launched & CU-
DU arch accepted by 3GPP
2, 1st proposal of RDA concept w/
AI-based wireless big data arch
3, In-hours PoC development on
cloud-based CU-DU with demo with
commercial RRU&UE
5G O-RAN: 1, RDA
2, AI
3, MEC
4, ……
PCIe CPRI CN RT-Linux+ Driver
CU_DU VM
SmarTile Front-End
F1-C F1-U F1-C F1-U
gNB
Xn/X2
NG/S1-U
gNB-CU
RRC
PDCP-C
SDAP
PDCP-U
gNB-DU gNB-DU
RLC
MAC
PHY
RLC
MAC
PHY
CP UP???
CU-DU Arch identified
in RANP (Mar 2017)
11
11
Option2 identified in 3GPP RAN3 #95bis in Apr 2017 [F1 interface]
CU/DU function split: 8 arch options + NG interface definition
Study on various split options and give a preferred recommendation
The proposal of NGFI leads to the CU-DU architecture
PDCPLow-
RLC
High-
MAC
Low-
MAC
High-
PHYLow-PHY
PDCPLow-
RLC
High-
MAC
Low-
MAC
High-
PHYLow-PHY
Option 5Option 4 Option 6 Option 7Option 2Option 1
RRC
RRC
RF
RF
Option 8
Data
Data
High-
RLC
High-
RLC
Option 3
Non-ideal
fronthaul
optimal option
Massive
MIMO
optimal option
Normal
antenna
optimal option
Non-ideal
fronthaul
optimal option
A project under National Science & Technology Program, “Study and demonstration of 5G FH/BH solutions” ongoing, led by
CMCC with partners of Huawei, ZTE, Fiberhome and BUPT
SDAP
NGFI (xHual) : Essential Enabling Element of 5G C-RAN
Function split study, since 2012
White Paper on NGFI (x-Haul) released in June 2015, http://labs.chinamobile.com/cran.
• P1914.1 TF:
- Use case, Arch, scenarios, & requirements
Lead in IEEE 1914 WG, the 1st SDO for NGFI
• P1914.3 TF: Radio over Ethernet
encapsulation & mapping
• Now under the recirculation stage of sponsor
ballot, to be approved soon
• Specific objects & parameters defined for
split option 7-1, 7-2
• Enabling OPEN interface - Support I/Q in time & frequency (Option. 7-1 & 7-2)
- Legacy CPRI support
• LS to O-RAN FH WG to seek collaboration
on open FH interface specification
New project under discussion
12
12
Key Requirements of NGFI (xHaul) Transport in IEEE 1914.1
• Distance of CU-DU link: usually less than, yet could be
up to 100km
• Distance of DU-RRU: < 2km
• One DU ~ around 30 RRUs
• One CU ~ 300-600 DUs
• Multi-RAT, including legacy 4G (CPRI as FH)
• Optic line rate: 10Gbps, 25Gbps
• Various topologies: ring, star and daisy chain
• 1:1 protection required for CU-DU transport
• Recovery time of NGFI I: less than 10ms
• Recovery time of NGFI II: FFS
• Working temperature: -40~85 Celsius
UP
RF RRU
BBU
EPC
Backhaul
CPRI
CN
CU
DU
RRU
FH-II
BH
FH-I
UP
CP core
4G 5G
L1'
L1", L2-RT
L2-NRT, L3
13
13
From Coverage to Reliability in 5G NR
DL UL
Large scale antenna
• Multiple Beam for SSB and control channel
Wide beam
Narrow beam
• PDCCH: max AL, 16 CCEs, 3 dB improved
• Higher DMRS Density for PDCCH (<1dB)
• mMIMO: 128192 Ant elements (1.5dB), 64 TR
• Beam Recovery: robust design
......
...
Beam failure detection
N times measurement
Send beam recovery request
...
Receive beam recovery response
TRP
UE
• PUCCH repetition: UCI Repetition on PUCCH over multiple slots
PUSCH
NR UL slot
PUCCH
PUSCH
NR UL slots
PUSCH
PUCCH PUCCH
Long PUCCH Long PUCCH
• Higher power UE: 23dBm 26dBm (3dB)
• SUL: supplementary UL
• PUSCH repetition: UL Grant-free transmission
Periodicity
Repetition #1 Repetition #2 Repetition #K
… …
K-repetitions within a period, K={1,2,4,8}
Follow a configured RV sequence: {(0 0 0 0), (0 3 0 3), (0 2 3 1)}
>2dB
14
14
uRLLC Preemption in 5G NR
Slot-based transmission
uRLLC
Preemption indication via group-common PDCCH;
14-bit payload size for each
serving cell
slot n slot n+1
eMBB
PDCCH
M
2
…
…
1 2 … N
… … … … … …
M*N=14
Bitmap with each bit corresponds to a fraction of reference downlink resource
FFS in Rel-16:
- Compact DCI format
- PDCCH repetition
- New MCS/CQI table
- Service multiplexing for UL
…
UE1
UE 2
UE1 UE1
15
15
Reliability in 5G NR Higher Layer
PDCP duplication
• High reliability &Low latency
• Duplicated data are transmitted on different CCs
• Activated/ deactivated by MAC CE
• SRB duplication is supported as well
PDCP
RLC RLC
MAC MAC
CC1 CC2
PDCP duplication (DC)
PDCP
RLC RLC
MAC
CC1 CC2
PDCP duplication (CA)
HARQ & ARQ
• HARQ entity in MAC
Retransmission in PHY to enhance reliability
Flexible HARQ timing in 5G NR
• ARQ in AM RLC
Retransmission in AM RLC to enhance
reliability
RLC status report enhancement
PDCP
RLC
tx
RLC
rx
MAC
PHY
Status report
HARQ
Data duplication on
two legs
16
16
RDA: WBD enabled RAN AI
CN-CP CN-UP
RF
RRC
5G RAN
RF
CU-C
DU
CU-U
RF
Control Plane
User Plane
MAC
PHY
RLC
SDAP
PDCP
CU
E1
F1-C F1-U
Data Plane
D1
CUDA
DUDA
E2
E3
RDA
E4
F1'
RDA: RAN Data Analytics CUDA: CU Data Analytics DUDA: DU Data Analytics
17
17
UE QoS
UE Location Network configuration & traffic data
BSs Energy Model
INPUT
S-cell List
Traffic Distribution
Total Energy Forecast
OUTPUT
MCES (Multi-RAT Cooperation Energy-saving System)
GSMOMC/OSS
Multi-RAT Cooperation Energy-saving System
TD-SCDMA RNC
GSM BSC
TD-SCDMAOMC/OSS
TD-LTEOMC/OSS
eNodeBNodeBBTSData Collection Module
Real-time information collection
Policy Decision Module
Collaborative energy saving algorithm
is implemented to obtain the optimal
traffic distribution scheme
Terminal
Execution Module
The Base Stations are turned up /off
according to policy decisions
MCES v1.0 at the end of 2015
City Cell Number Progress
Nanning 40000 100%
Shanghai 10000 70%
Suzhou 3000 20%
Yingtan 3000 20%
Beijing 3000 10%
Zibo TBD 10%
Cell number
Total Cell Number
MCES2.0 40746 S-cell Ratio
16.45% S-cell MCES2.0 6704
S-energy Kwh/day
MCES2.0 4880.2
178.13 kwh/year
Deployment in Nanning (2017)
WBD in CMCC 2/3/4G Network
18
18
Endow the RAN with Intelligence
Context and Load Aware
Application Optimization
Macro BS
Pico BS
DU
DU DU
Monitor & Management of
the BS Cooperation Intelligent RAN Resource
Orchestration
Key
Capability User Mobility
Pattern Prediction
Service
Recognition Traffic Load
Prediction
App-Network policy
Mapping Network Portrait
Basic
Capability
Data interface
Standardization Big Data Platform AI Framework GPU/CPU
RDA- RAN Intelligence Engine
RAN data
Collection
Real time RAN
Capability Report
Application
Server
CU/MEC
19
19
Data driven Intelligent RAN Arch (demo @MWC18)
Use Cases of AI in 5G RAN
User mobility & service patterns prediction
Customized
Mobility Management
-110dB-96dB
-98dB
-110dB
Grid-level KPI is good
Grid-level KPI is normal
Grid-level KPI is bad
Signalling event?
drop/HO/re-establish?
YN
Same issue of other users in
the same location?
Y
Coverage
optimiation
N
Specicial UE
related?
Y
UE issue
N
Dev
checking
YN
Bad radio condition?
Simul connected user
number excceed
threshold?Y
Load
balancing
worked?N
Product
issue
Enough data
in buffer? Y
N
N
Specific app server?
Y
App server
issue
N
Y
Y
Product
issue
N
Dev
checking
Low tput
Scheduling/Power
control issue?
CA CANo-CA CA
Low quality CA Coverage
Area
High quality CA Coverage
Area
CA
Frequency 1
Frequency 2
Coverage and Capacity Optimization
Virtual Grid
Network Energy Saving
QoE issue Debugging
Context Aware Cross Layer Optimization
Context Aware Cross Layer Optimization
Refined user trajectory prediction
Temporal-spatial service feature models
• Power consumption, Resource utilization
•User experience optimization…
Wireless Network User Portraits
20
20
Wireless AI Alliance (WAIA), Aug. 2017
Relying on the cooperation platform of industry-university-research, to realize the
intelligent guidance and in-depth integration of wireless big data, and promote the
development of green, reliable and intelligent communication.
Alliance goals
Organizational Units
Participating Units
BeiHang
University Zhejiang
University
Beijing University of
Posts &
Telecommunications
Cooperative Units
China University of
Science &
Technology
Requirements
WG
Architecture
WG
Tech & Field
Trial WG
Platform
WG
Standards
WG
Working Groups of WAIA
21
21
5G DU
5G CN
AAU/RRU
NMS MANO
Open Interface &
Architecture MEC
RDA (Big Data
Analytics & AI)
5G CU
RAN NFVI
CU-C
NGFI-I
NGFI-II
E2 E1
CU-U
Intelligence &
Standardization
Open Source &
Virtualization
White box
&Reference design
O-RAN: Open & Smart Ecosystem for 5G RAN (Feb 27, 2018, MWC18)
• E2, E3 Interface Standardization
• Open Interface of protocol stack
• Open Capability of Edge Computing
• Open Interface (NGFI-I/NGFI-II)
•Open-source Software,
white-box reference design
CU
DU
AAU/RRU
Intelligent
Management • Big Data-based RRM
• Intelligent computing-based apps
22
22
The Perfect Storm: ICDT True Convergence…
Ai Interface
Signaling/
Control
EE/SE
No more
“Cell”
Spectrum
Fronthaul
Protocol
Stack
Business model Open source NFV/cloud Big data
5G
23
23
Summary
• The UR of 5G: Currently the least resolved issue
• 5G E2E Slicing embracing Verticals
- SDX: SBA(Telecom 4.0, NFV/SDN), UCN/C-RAN, SDAI
• CN: AMF, USDF
• RAN: CU/DU/RRU
• NGFI (xHaul): 1:1 protection, 10ms
• PHY: Coverage (Beam, Repetition, RS Density, Power, SUL), Preemption
• Stack: MAC HARQ, RLC ARQ, PDCP duplication (DC/CA)
• New Frontier: From „Green & Soft‟ to „Open & Smart‟
• No longer “Diversity Coding” era!
• CT, IT (SDN/NFV, OS), DT
• WAIA, O-RAN