the universe tonight, may 7, 2011
DESCRIPTION
Slides of a presentation I gave at the Mauna Kea Visitor Center on May 7, 2011, as part of a series called the Universe Tonight, about extrasolar planets and the means of detecting them. It was followed by a stargazing session on the Visitor Center Parking Lot.TRANSCRIPT
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Frantz MartinacheSubaru Telescope
New tools to image new worlds
Sunday, May 8, 2011
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Since 1995, many Extrasolar planets
http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/Sunday, May 8, 2011
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Before that, one example only...
Our own Solar System!
For ~ 400 years, astronomers agreed on a theory built from this one single example, that made perfect sense
smallrocky
big, gaseousand/or icy
http://www.wikipedia.org
Sunday, May 8, 2011
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Mayor et Queloz, 1995, Nature, 378, 355
51 Pegasi
And then: Surprise!
Sunday, May 8, 2011
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How can that be?
An exception maybe?
51 Pegasi
Sunday, May 8, 2011
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Earth
Jupiter
15 years of observations pay off...
... the Solar System is the exception!Sunday, May 8, 2011
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Charbonneau et al, 2000, ApJ, 529, L45
Mass + radius ➙ DensityModel planet interior
When planets cast shadows...
Transit of Venus, 2004Images by Olivier Lardière
(next one in 2012, visible from Hawaii, the one after: 2117!)
Light curve of HD209458
Sunday, May 8, 2011
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Transiting planets teach a lot
HD 209458 is the exoplanet that know the best
Sunday, May 8, 2011
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Now, where to look?
Movie by Olivier GuyonSunday, May 8, 2011
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One space mission: Kepler
http://kepler.nasa.gov/
Launched in 2009Stares at the same region of the sky for 3.5-6 years
Sunday, May 8, 2011
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An incredible harvest
15 confirmed planets, but... 1235 candidates!Moreover: Earth-like planets appear to be ubiquitous
Sunday, May 8, 2011
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This is happening in our neighborhood
Sagittarius armOrion arm
our Galaxy, the Milky WaySunday, May 8, 2011
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How about some pictures now?
51 Pegasi
51 Pegasi b
Euh... we have a problem here.
A two-fold difficulty:
1. Stars are bright, planets not so bright: blinded by the star
2. Stars are far: difficult to make star and planet apart
Sunday, May 8, 2011
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Let’s learn from nature again!
The Moon is big/far enough to hide the Sun, and reveal the faint structures in the Solar Corona.
Total Solar Eclipse, 2001, Olivier Lardière
Sunday, May 8, 2011
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... and reproduce this in the lab
Bernard Lyot, 1932
Les flammes du Soleil(1953)
http://www.cerimes.fr/le-catalogue/flammes-du-soleil.html
Sunday, May 8, 2011
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But the problem isn’t quite the same
The coronagraph must operate on a very small region of the field of view.
The Sun A star
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It turns out that...
The image of a star depends on:- the telescope itself- the observing conditions
Alpha Ophiucus
Sunday, May 8, 2011
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Simulations by Pr James Lloyd
Adaptive Optics
Sunday, May 8, 2011
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How much does that help?A LOT !!!
Sunday, May 8, 2011
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We begin to “see” planets
Both images were taken right here, from Mauna Kea!
GJ 758HR 8799
30 Myr old,3 (4?) 7Mj planetary companions
8 Gyr old,30 Mj @ 40 AU
Sunday, May 8, 2011
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Planets within disks
Beta Pictoris b
Star:Spectral type: A6VAge: 12 Myr
Debris Disk:Warped, signs of comets falling on the central Star
Planet: 8 Mj @ 8 AU
Lagrange et al, 2008
Sunday, May 8, 2011
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Planets seen from space
Star:Spectral type: A3VAge: 200 Myr
Planet: 1 Mj @ 115 AU
Imaged with the Hubble Space Telescope, at visible wavelength.
Sunday, May 8, 2011
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The Habitable Zone
The window is very shallow... and close to the starWe have developed the ideas and the technology to do it
GJ 758
Sunday, May 8, 2011
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Taming the light to look closer to stars!
SCExAO Sunday, May 8, 2011
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Extrasolar planets: Subaru is on the hunt
HiCIAOSCExAO
SubaruHiCIAO operational and observing since ~2009
Next SCExAO observations: July Stay tuned for results!
http://www.scexao.blogspot.comhttp://www.frantzmartinache.com/blog/
Sunday, May 8, 2011