The United The United States in States in

North AfricaNorth Africa

Colonial North AfricaColonial North Africa

French had taken Algeria 1830French had taken Algeria 1830

Tunisia 1881Tunisia 1881

Morocco 1912Morocco 1912

Colonial N. Africa, 1940Colonial N. Africa, 1940

Rise of NationalismRise of Nationalism

Small nationalist Small nationalist movementsmovements

Tunisia – Neo-Tunisia – Neo-Destour (Habib Destour (Habib Bourguiba) (mainly Bourguiba) (mainly middle class)middle class)

TunisiaTunisia

French leave fall 1942French leave fall 1942

German-Italian occupationGerman-Italian occupation

Bourguiba remains loyal to De Bourguiba remains loyal to De GaulleGaulle

Some nationalists collaborateSome nationalists collaborate

MoroccoMorocco

Sultan Muhammad Sultan Muhammad V emerges as V emerges as nationalistnationalist

During Vichy, During Vichy, Sultan disagrees Sultan disagrees with persecution of with persecution of Moroccan Jews, Moroccan Jews, though he has little though he has little powerpower

AlgeriaAlgeria

3 nationalist groups3 nationalist groups

Ferhat Abbas - French-speaking Ferhat Abbas - French-speaking middle classmiddle class

Salafis - Muslim revivalists (Ben Salafis - Muslim revivalists (Ben Badis) – popular among massesBadis) – popular among masses

Workers (Messali Hadj) (in France Workers (Messali Hadj) (in France and Algeria)and Algeria)

Free French and SyriaFree French and Syria

1941 - Under Anglo-US 1941 - Under Anglo-US pressure,pressure,

Gen. Charles De Gaulle of Gen. Charles De Gaulle of Free FrenchFree French

Promises Lebanon and Promises Lebanon and Syria independence after Syria independence after warwar

Impact of WarImpact of War

Destruction of cities, Destruction of cities, portsports Tobruk, Benghazi, Tobruk, Benghazi,

TripoliTripoli Roads, bridges, Roads, bridges,

power stations power stations blown upblown up

Italians conscript Italians conscript Libyans, many dieLibyans, many die

Long-term impact of Long-term impact of minesmines

CasablancaCasablanca

Roosevelt Roosevelt comes to comes to Morocco Jan. Morocco Jan. 19431943 For Casablanca For Casablanca

ConferenceConference

Meets SultanMeets Sultan

RooseveltRoosevelt

Secretly Secretly promises promises Sultan Sultan Muhammad V Muhammad V

That Morocco That Morocco will be will be independentindependent

Offers US Offers US economic aideconomic aid

MoroccoMorocco

10 Dec. 194310 Dec. 1943

Istiqlal Party Istiqlal Party established established

3000 nationalists3000 nationalists

IstiqlalIstiqlal

Jan. 1944 demonstrationsJan. 1944 demonstrations

Brutally put down by FrenchBrutally put down by French

Sultan, Istiqlal gain popularitySultan, Istiqlal gain popularity

Fail to get independence in 1945Fail to get independence in 1945

Algerian Independence Algerian Independence MovementMovement

Ferhat Abbas: Ferhat Abbas: Algerian Manifesto, Algerian Manifesto, Dec. 1942 Dec. 1942

Presented to Allies, Presented to Allies, FrenchFrench

Sought independence Sought independence for Algeria for Algeria

Half MeasuresHalf Measures

De Gaulle admitted that North De Gaulle admitted that North African Muslims had remained loyal African Muslims had remained loyal

1943 – some Muslims given French 1943 – some Muslims given French citizenshipcitizenship

Not enough for mostNot enough for most

SyriaSyria

1941 British attack Vichy Syria & 1941 British attack Vichy Syria & LebanonLebanon

In alliance with Arab Brigade of In alliance with Arab Brigade of JordanJordan

Take them in June 1941Take them in June 1941

IraqIraq

Iraq independent Iraq independent 19321932

Iraqi officer corps Iraqi officer corps makes coup 1936makes coup 1936

Sympathizes with Sympathizes with Hitler as anti-Hitler as anti-imperialistimperialist

Issue of GermanyIssue of Germany

Conservative pro-Conservative pro-British PMBritish PM

Nuri es-SaidNuri es-Said

Cuts off relations Cuts off relations with Germany 1939with Germany 1939

Opposed by Opposed by successor, Rashid Alisuccessor, Rashid Ali

Rashid AliRashid Ali 3 April 1941 military 3 April 1941 military

coupcoup

Installs Rashid Ali as Installs Rashid Ali as PMPM

Spokesman for Golden Spokesman for Golden Square military cliqueSquare military clique

Besieges British air Besieges British air base at Habbaniyahbase at Habbaniyah

British InvasionBritish Invasion

Churchill insists on actionChurchill insists on action

British invade from IndiaBritish invade from India

Arab Legion comes from JordanArab Legion comes from Jordan

Habbaniyah-based Royal Air Force Habbaniyah-based Royal Air Force decimates Iraqi militarydecimates Iraqi military

Baghdad FallsBaghdad Falls

British take BaghdadBritish take Baghdad

Restore Nuri es-Said Restore Nuri es-Said as Prime Ministeras Prime Minister

Safeguard British Safeguard British petroleum interests petroleum interests at Mosul & Kirkuk at Mosul & Kirkuk from Germansfrom Germans

ConclusionConclusion

Germans wanted Suez Canal,Germans wanted Suez Canal,

Petroleum resources of Middle EastPetroleum resources of Middle East

British keep them out of Egypt, IraqBritish keep them out of Egypt, Iraq

But cannot decisively defeat themBut cannot decisively defeat them

Rise of US as Power in North Africa, Rise of US as Power in North Africa, IranIran