the united states in the great war: a...
TRANSCRIPT
The United States in the Great War: A HistoriographyAuthor(s): Dennis ShowalterSource: Magazine of History, Vol. 17, No. 1, World War I (Oct., 2002), pp. 5-13Published by: Organization of American HistoriansStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25163557Accessed: 25/05/2010 17:10
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available athttp://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unlessyou have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and youmay use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use.
Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained athttp://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=oah.
Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printedpage of such transmission.
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range ofcontent in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new formsof scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected].
Organization of American Historians is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access toMagazine of History.
http://www.jstor.org
Dennis Showalter
The United States in the Great War:
A Historiography
The subject of America's participation in World War I has
generated a body of literature far too extensive for compre hensive treatment in an essay. This piece is particularly
intended to provide some guidelines to English-language scholar
ship less likely to be familiar to non-specialist readers. It correspondingly emphasizes works
published recently, preferably in the last twenty five years. It focuses on monographs at the
expense of general histories with some discus
sion of the war. And it avoids as far as possible
citing familiar autobiographies and memoirs.
General Works
The United States in the early twentieth
century was a country in ferment. Industrializa
tion, immigration, and urbanization were only
the obvious manifestations of a "Great Trans
formation" that set the American polity and the
American people at odds with each other in new
ways. John Whiteclay Chambers's, The Tyranny
of Change: America in the Progressive Era, 1890
1920 (1992), and David Kennedy's Over Here
(1980) are the best scholarly surveys of a coun
try at war with itself as well as the Central
Powers. Briefer and more analytical, America's
Great War (2000), by Ralph H. Zieger, sees the
conflict as the defining event of American history in the twenti
eth century. Meirion and Susie Harries offer a general audience
narrative ofthe home front in The Last Days of Innocence (1997).
Byron FarwelPs narrative, Over There: The United States in the
Great War, 1917-1918 (1999), incorporates previously over
looked groups?blacks and women in particular. Among older
studies, Arthur S. Link's Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era
(1954) was a part ofthe midcentury New American Nation series, and remains a useful comprehensive analysis. Tim Nenninger's essay in Against All Enemies (edited by Kenneth J. Hagan and
William R. Roberts, 1986), "American Military Effectiveness in
World War I," remains the best discussion of that controversial
subject. The Germans, who were in a position to know, gave the
United States a solid "B", according to Gregory Martin in "Ger man Strategy and German Assessments of the American Expedi
tionary Force" in War and History.
Among reference works, Anne Cipriano Venzon's The United States in the First World
War: An Encyclopedia (1995) stands out for the
range and quality of its entries. Chambers's
Oxford Companion to American Military History (1999) has a number of specific entries, and
features a superb essay on the United States
role in the war, jointly written by several lead
ing scholars. Holger H. Herwig and Neil
Heyman's biographical dictionary (1982) is
useful for major military and political figures. The official seventeen-volume The UnitedStates
Army in the World War, published by the United
States Department of the Army in 1948, and
the corresponding four-volume official history ofthe Air Service, The United States Air Force in
WW1 (1978), are mines of primary source ma
terial, reports and documents. These two works
are also widely available in public libraries. The
massive edition of Wilson's papers edited by Arthur S. Link (1966-1994) is less common,
but can be found in college and university collections.
Policy and Diplomacy The diplomacy of America's entry into the war is well covered
by the still standard works by Link about Wilson and Ernest May's The World War and American Isolation, 1914-1917 (1954), both of
which affirm the strategic and moral desirability of United States
participation. Writing in the 1970s, John Coogan, in The End of
Neutrality (1981), and Patrick Devlin, in Too Proud to Fight (1974), were less certain. In Heir to Empire (1969), Carl Parrini
links military power and economic aggrandizement in a global
peXce Your Gift To The Nation
Peace was the ultimate gift Uncle Sam
and the chubby-cheeked doughboy sitting on his lap could give to the nation. (NARA NWDNS-4-P-163)
OAH Magazine of History October 2002 5
context. Thomas Knocks To End All Wars (1992) takes a positive view of Wilson's search for a "new world order," and Robert H.
Ferrell's Woodrow Wilson and WWl, 1917-1921 (1985), the best recent analysis of Wilson as war leader and peacemaker, stresses
the President's commitment to ending what he considered milita
rism run mad. The essay cowritten by Link and Chambers in The
United States Military under the Constitution of the United States
(1991), edited by Richard H. Kohn, is excellent on Wilson as
commander-in-chief. The generally dominant position of the
executive branch is also suggested by the title of Seward Livermore's
volume on the wartime Congress: Politics Is Adjourned (1966). Frederick Calhoun establishes Wilson's commitment to the
use of force in the Western Hemisphere as well as Europe in his
works Powers and Principles: Armed Intervention in Wilsonian For
eign Policy (1986) and Uses of Force and Wilsonian Foreign Policy (1993). The most obvious consequence, the Mexican interven
tion of 1916, is presented in John S. D. Eisenhowers's Intervention:
The United States and the Mexican Revolution, 1913-1917 (1993) and Joseph A. Stout's Border Conflicts (1999). Jack Sweetman's
The Landing at Veracruz: 1914 (1968) is excellent. Friedrich Katz covers the diplomatic background in The Secret War in Mexico
(1981), and his classic The Life & Times of Pancho Villa (1998)
incorporates the best survey in English of the intervention from
Mexico's perspectives.
Among other significant figures in United States foreign policy, Kendrick Clemens analyzes William Jennings Bryan's dilemma as
an isolationist secretary of state in a world at war in William Jennings
Bryan: Missionary Isolationist (1982). Daniel Smith's Robert Lansing and American Neutrality, 1914-1917 (1958) remains standard on
Bryan's successor Robert Lansing, as does Daniel Beaver's excellent
study of Secretary of War Newton D. Baker, Newton Baker and the
American War Effort, 1917-1919 (1966). Navy Secretary Josephus Daniels has no good biography, but his memoirs are useful for the
wartime role of his department. William J. Williams's article on
Daniels, "Josephus Daniels and the U. S. Navy's Shipbuilding
Program During World War I" in The Journal of Military History, has a broader scope than its title suggests. The relationship of Wilson to
his confidant and factotum Colonel Edward House is the subject of
Alexander and Juliette George's Woodrow Wilson and Colonel
House: A Personality Study (1956) but House still lacks a biography of his own. Edward M. Coffman's The Hilt ofthe Sword: The Career
of Peyton C. March (1966) remains definitive on wartime Chief of
Staff Peyton C. March.
Domestic Mobilization
Paul Koistinen's comprehensive monograph on domestic
mobilization, Mobilizing for Modern War (1980), is a demanding but rewarding read, stressing the government's commitment to
keeping control ofthe mobilization process. Kathleen Burk estab
lishes its roots in Anglo-American cooperation in Britain, America, and the Sinews of War, 1914-1918 (1985). Robert D. Cuffs
academic monograph, The War Industries Board (1973) and the
official history written by Bernard Baruch, American Industry in the
War (1941), combine to present the crucial role of the War
Industries Board. Franklin Grubbs, in Samuel Gompers and the
Great War (1982) and Valerie Connor, in The National War Labor
Board (1983), address American labor, and its ambivalence at
being simultaneously coerced and co-opted into the war effort.
Lettie Gavin's American Women in World War I (1997) and
Maureen Greenwald's Women, War, and Work (1980) present
A woman hangs posters for the United States Food Administration in Mobile, AL, one ofthe many ways women helped the war effort.
(NARA, NWDNS-165-WW-169B[4])
women's increasingly complex and comprehensive role in na
tional mobilization. Carole Marks, in Farewell?We're Good and
Gone (1989) and Florette Henri, in Black Migration (1975), cover
the massive African American migration to the North and Mid west in search of better jobs and new lives. Daniel Beaver's Newton
D. Baker and the American War Effort, 1917-1919 (1966) and
Phyllis Zimmerman's The Neck of the Bottle: George W. Goethals
and the Reorganization of the U.S. Army Supply System, 1917-1918
(1992) analyze the problems of integrating wartime supply and
production calculated in millions of dollars into a military system whose administration was structured and conditioned to think in
small change. Williams's monograph on the shipbuilding crisis, The Wilson Administration and the Shipbuilding Crisis of1917 (1992),
is a good case study.
An American people exhorted for years to be neutral in
"thought, word, and deed" were not automatically brought to
the trenches. Walton Rawls's Wake Up, America!: World War 1
and the American Poster (1988) deals with the new approaches of
poster propaganda. John Thompson covers the mobilization of
Progressive intellectuals in Reformers and War: Progressive Pub
licists and the First World War (1987); George T. Blakey does the same for the historians in Historians on the Homefront (1970).
George Creel's personal account, How We Advertised America
(1920), and Vaughn's monograph, Holding Fast the Inner Lines
(1980), feature the primary umbrella organization, the Commit tee on Public Information.
Citizens into Soldiers
Suppose they gave a war and nobody came? John Whiteclay Chambers's To Raise an Army (1987) is the definitive account of a conscription system that depended as much on persuasion as
compulsion for its effectiveness (see his essay on pages 26-33).
John P. Finnegan's Against the Specter of a Dragon (1974) deals with a peacetime preparedness movement oriented towards the middle
6 OAH Magazine of History October 2002
class and J. Garry Clifford focuses on the Plattsburgh camps in The
Citizen Soldiers (1972). The National Guard, much maligned as
politicized and ineffective, is rehabilitated by Jerry Cooper's
general monograph, The Rise ofthe National Guard (1997), which stresses regular army neglect of the citizen soldiers who were
supposed to be the nation's first line reserve.
National Guardsmen were not alone in suffering neglect. Arthur Barbeau's and Florette Henri's The Unknown Soldier: Black
American Troops in World War 1 (1974) remains the best mono
graph on the second-class status of African American soldiers; Gerald Patton discusses the struggle to train African American
officers in War and Race (1981). In A Night of Violence (1976), Robert Haynes presents the 1917 riot of ill-treated African Ameri can soldiers in Houston. Thomas Britten, in American Indians in
World War I (1997), points out that American Indians, in con
trast, were well regarded as "natural warriors." And immigrants took a long step towards full Americanization by service in an
army that, as Nancy Ford shows in Americans All! (2001), became
significantly multicultural in practice.
Organizing and training these men for war was a synergy of
improvisations. The best accounts of stateside train
ing are the unpublished dissertations of Douglas
Johnson, "A Few 'Squads Left' and Off to France"
(Temple University, 1992) and James Victory, "Sol
dier Making" (Kansas State University, 1990).
They should be read alongside James W. Rainey's
critiques of United States tactical doctrine and its
origins in Parameters. John M. Lindley's A Soldier is
Also A Citizen (1990) discusses the problems of
applying military justice to citizen soldiers. Nancy Bristow's Making Men Morai (1996) focuses on the
efforts of moralists to keep soldiers away from the
pleasant vices. Stephen Pope discusses the role in
that process the military gave to organized athletics in his essay "An Army of Athletes" in the Journal of
Military History; Thomas Canfield describes troop morale programs designed to inculcate "the will to
win" in Military Affairs. The whole process of "keep
ing the young ones moral after drill" sounds as
ghastly now as it seemed to many of its involuntary beneficiaries then.
"Over There"
By far the best survey of the American Expeditionary Force
(AEF) remains Edward Coffman's The War to End All Wars
(1968). John Eisenhower's Yanks is a fast-paced narrative, more
triumphant in tone than Coffman's balanced analysis. John Mosier's
The Myth ofthe Great War (2001) exaggerates America's contri
bution to victory to the point of distortion. Russell Weigley's The
American Way of War (1973) contextualizes the AEF's approach to the Western Front. Ronald Spector's brief essay in Military
Affairs, '"You're Not Going to Send Soldiers Over There, Are
You?': the American Search for an Alternative to the Western
Front, 1916-1917", discusses the vain search for an alternative
primary theater of operations.
The study of America's place in Allied strategic councils has
been dominated by the work of David Trask, with perceptive volumes on Anglo-American naval relations in Captains and
Cabinets: Anglo-American Naval Relations, 1917-1918 (1972), and
the United States role in the Supreme War Council, established in the wake ofthe German victories in the spring of 1918, in The
United States in the Supreme War Council (1961). Trask admires
cooperation even when it approaches deference, and his third
major work, on the AEF's approach to coalition war, The AEF and
Coalition Warmaking, 1917-1918 (1993), is sharply critical of its
nationalist orientation. Allan Millett's "Over Where? The AEF
and the American Strategy for Victory, 1917-1918, in Against All
Enemies takes a more balanced view of the United States military and political problems. David Woodward's analysis of Anglo
American military relations in Trial by Friendship (1993) is sympa thetic to the Americans' insistence on maintaining an independent
military identity, and an important article by Robert Doughty, "More than Numbers: Americans and the Revival of French
Morale in the Great War" in Army History reinforces the case by
establishing the central role of America's military presence in
sustaining French morale.
Nenninger's volume on the Leavenworth school
system, The Leavenworth Schools and the Old Army (1978), and his survey essay ofthe United States army in the early twentieth century, "The Army Enters the
Twentieth Century" in Hagan's and Roberts's Inter
pretations of American Military History from Colonial
Times to the Present (1986), combine with Soldiers and
Scholars: The U.S. Army and the Uses of Military
History (1990), Carol Reardon's outstanding analysis of the prewar army's use of military history for an
overview of the army's intellectual preparation for
modern war. Dissertations by Ronald Barr, "Neo
Hamiltonism and Military Reform in the Progressive Era" (Louisiana State University, 1994), and Barrie
Zais, "The Struggle for a Twentieth-Century Army" (Duke University, 1981), discuss the institutional and
intellectual problems of modernizing the army be tween 1898 and 1917. Another unpublished disserta
tion, by James T. Seidule, "Morale in the American
Expeditionary Forces during World War I" (Ohio State University, 1997) is the best work to date on the AEF's morale. Gary Mead makes
good journalistic use of personal experiences recorded for an Army War College project in his narrative of The Dougjriboys (2000). Two
essays by Edward Coffiman, "American Command and Commanders in World War I" in Dimensions in Military History (1976) and "The
AEF Leaders' Education for War" in The Great War, 1914-1918
(1990), focus on senior United States leadership whose results
Nenninger describes as making "unsystematic" into a style of com
mand in "Unsystematic as a Mode of Command: Command and the
Process of Command in the American Expeditionary Forces, 1917 1919" in the Journal of Military History. James Cooke's Pershingand His
Generals (1997) demonstrates the problems AEF commander John J.
Pershing faced in developing division and corps commanders from
among men who had never seen as many as five thousand troops
together before 1916.
This 1917 Navy recruitment poster capitalizes on George M. Cohan's popular World War
I song, "Over There". (Library
ofCongress, LC-USZC4-1346)
OAH Magazine of History October 2002 7
Among recent works on AEF personalities, Donald Smythe's
analysis of Pershing is the most scholarly in Pershing: General ofthe Armies (1986); Frank Vandiver's two-volume biography, Black
Jack: The Life and Times of John J. Pershing (1977) is reader
friendly. Allan Millett uses Robert L. Bullard as a focal point of an
excellent analysis ofthe World War I era army as an institution in
The General: Robert L. Bullard and Officership in the United States
Army, 1881-1925 (1975). I. B. Holley's work, General John M.
Palmer, Citizen Soldiers, and the Army of a Democracy (1982), takes a similar approach to a soldier better known for his support for
citizen soldiers than for his field performance. The first of Clayton
James's three volumes on Dou
glas MacArthur, The Years of MacArthur (1970-1985), is by far the best on his subject's role in World War I, as is the first
volume of Forrest Pogue's multivolume study of George C. Marshall, George C. Marshall:
Education of a General, 1880
1939 (1963). Marshall's own
account of his World War I ser
vice in Memoirs of My Services in
the World War, 1917-1918
(1976) embodies the intellec
tual and moral integrity charac
teristic of that great man and
soldier. The Marines' John
Lejeune is presented accurately and sympathetically by Merrill
Bartlett in Lejeune: A Marine's
Life, 1867-1942 (1991).
Operations The best case study of an AEF battle is Millett's detailed, warts
and-all account of Cantigny in America's First Battles 1776-1965
(1986). Robert Asprey's At Belleau Wood (1965) remains a
standard on Belleau Wood; Soissons 1918 (1999) by Douglas V.
Johnson II and Rolfe L. Hillman is particularly useful for its
treatment of the tensions at command levels between the French
and the AEF in the summer of 1918. In Squandered Victory (1995),
James Hallas argues that the Battle of St. Mihiel could have been a springboard to greater things. Donald Smythe's essay, "St.
Mihiel: The Birth of an American Army" in Parameters is more
skeptical. The second edition of Paul Braim's study of the Meuse
Argonne, The Test of Battle (1998), is more sympathetic to the
AEF's problems than the first version.
An alternative perspective on AEF performance is provided by a number of recent, well-done unit histories. George Clark's
history of Pershing's Marines, DevilDogs: FightingMarines of World
War I (1999), tells the story of an elite fighting force with a
corresponding flair for public relations. James Cooke has done the
42nd Division in The Rainbow Division in the Great War, 1917 1919 (1994), and the All-Americans of the 82nd in The All
Americans At War (1999). Lonnie White covers two southwestern
divisions, the National Guard 36th and the 90th, originally
composed primarily of Texas and Oklahoma draftees in Panthers to Arrowheads (1984) and The 90th Division in World War 1 (1996).
Stephen L. Harris's Duty, Honor, Privilege: New York's Silk Stocking
Regiment and the Breaking of the Hindenburg Line (2001) is one of
the very few modern regimental histories of the 107th Infantry, formed from the New York National guard. Chester Heywood, in
Negro Combat Troops in the World War: The Story of the 371st
Infantry (1969), and Arthur Little, in From Harlem to the Rhine:
The Story of New York's Colored Volunteers (1936), tell the stories
of African American regiments, unwanted by the AEF, who
compiled distinguished records under French command.
The women who served
with the AEF are the subject of an excellent study by Susan
Zeiger, In Uncle Sam's Service:
Women Workers with the Ameri can Expeditionary Force, 1917 1919 (1999). For the specialized arms and services,
Mark E. Grotelueschen offers
valuable insight into AEF gun
nery as a whole in Doctrine Un
der Trial: American Artillery
Employment in World War I
(2001). Dale Wilson's Treat lem
Rough: The Birth of American
Armor, 1917-1920 (1989) is
just as good on the Tank Corps. Charles Heller's monograph, Chemical Warfare in World War
1 (1985) and William Langer's Gas and Flame in World War I (1965) cover the AEF's chemical war. The latter work is noteworthy because of its author's later
distinguished career as a historian. Reg Schrader's essay in The
Great War, 1914-1918, "'Maconochie's Stew': Logistical Sup port of American Forces with the BEF, 1917-1918", offers an
interesting sidebar in his account of British logistical support for
AEF units.
Doughboy War (2000), edited by James Hallas, is an excel
lent selection of vignettes and anecdotes from contemporary and postwar firsthand accounts. Samuel Hynes contextualizes
Hallas's raw intellectual data in The Soldiers' Tale: Bearing Witness to Modern War (1997). Mark Meigs, Optimism at
Armageddon (1997), attempts to establish an overseas Ameri can mentality. Clayton Laurie evaluates AEF propaganda in
France in his essay "The Chanting of Crusaders': Captain Heber Blankenhorn and AEF Combat Propaganda in World
War I," featured in the Journal of Military History. Alfred
Cornebise covers doughboy poets in Dougboys Doggerel (1985) and journalists in The Stars and Stripes (1984); and has a good account of the AEF's higher education program in Soldier
Scholars (1997). Among an increasing number of newly pub lished frontline memoirs, Marine Elton Mackin's work, Suddenly
We Didn't Want to Die (1993), Albert Ettinger's A Doughboy with the Fighting 69th (1992), Milton Triplet's account of his
service as a sergeant in the 35th Division, A Youth in the Meuse
American Red Cross worker serves water to a badly wounded
British soldier at Montmirail, France, 31 May 1918 (NARA, NWDNS-111-SC-14129)
8 OAH Magazine of History October 2002
Argonne (2000), and Joseph D. Lawrence's Fighting Soldier
(1985) merit particular mention.
Air and Sea
James Cooke surveys the history of the AEF's Air Service in
The U.S. Air Service in the Great War, 1917-1919 (1996); James J. Hudson's Hostile Skies (1983) is operationally focused. Alfred F.
Hurley, Billy Mitchell, Crusader for Air Power (1975), does a good
job of presenting Billy Mitchell's wartime career and modifying some of Mitchell's enthusiasms. Stephen McFarland's mono
graph, America's Pursuit of Precision Bombing, 1910-1945 (1995) establishes the Great War roots of United States emphasis on
precision strategic bombing. LB. Holley's Ideas and Weapons:
Exploitation of the Aerial Weapon by the United States During World
War I (1983) remains classic on the synergies of technology and
doctrine in America's air war.
The Navy played an unexpectedly secondary role in the Great
War. David Trask's essay, "The American Navy in a World at
War" in Peace and War, is a good overview of its activities; A.B.
Feuer's The United States Navy in World War I (1999) is a compre hensive yet pedestrian account. In One Hundred Years of Sea Power
(1994), George Baer describes the Navy's unprecedented success
in moving millions of men across the Atlantic and its frustration
at being denied the decisive surface battle for which it was
configured. That disappointment is also a theme of Jerry W.
Jones's Battleship Operations in World War 1 (1998). Dean Allard
surveys naval policies from the perspective of Admiral William
Sims in his essay "Admiral William S. Sims and United States
Naval Policy in World War I," published in American Neptune. Adrian Van Wyen's Naval Aviation in World War I (1969) is useful on the embryonic position of naval air. Three ofthe fleet's leading
personalities have competent biographies: Elting Morison on
Sims, Admiral Sims and the Modern American Navy (1942); Mary Klachko's and David Trask's work Admiral William Shepard Benson:
First Chief of Naval Operations (1986); and Paolo Coletta's Admiral
Bradley A. Fiske and the American Navy (1979) about one of the
Navy's forward-thinking admirals.
Domestic Dissent
As the war progressed, the nation's wartime coalition was
increasingly tested and found increasingly wanting. Harry N.
Scheiber surveys the general question of wartime civil liberties in
The Wilson Administration and Civil Liberties, 1917-1921 (1960). William Preston, Jr.'s Aliens and Dissenters (1963) is strong on the
general aspects of control and repression. In World War I and the
Origin of Civil Liberties in the United States (1979), Paul Murphy describes the Great War as generating the modern institutional
ized concern for civil liberties. His argument is supported by Donald Johnson's work, The Challenge to American Freedoms
(1963), on the wartime origins ofthe ACLU, and from a feminist
perspective by Carrie Foster in The Woman and the Warriors
(1995) on the Women's International League for Peace and
Freedom. In A World Without War: How U.S. Feminists and
Pacifists Resisted World War 1 (1997), Francis H. Early discusses the Bureau of Legal Advice, formed to provide assistance to the war's
critics. Richard Polenberg presents the Supreme Court's treat
ment of a landmark free speech case in Fighting Faiths: The Abrams
Case, the Supreme Court, and Free Speech (1987).
Among repression's primary targets, Charles Chatfield's For
Peace and Justice: Pacifism in America, 1914-1941 (1971) analyzes the ideals and vicissitudes of American pacifists. Frederick Luebke, in Bonds of Loyalty: German Americans and World War I (1974),
and Christopher Gibbs, in The Great Silent Majority: Missouri's
Resistance to World War 1 (1980) focus on the problems facing German-Americans. Theodore Kornweibel's essay, "Black
America's Negative Response to World War I" in South Atlantic
Quarterly 80, is an overview of negative African American re
sponses to the war; Elliot M. Rudwick's Race Riot at East St. Louis,
July 2, 1917 (1964) and William M. Tuttle's Race Riot: Chicago in
the Red Summer of 1919 (1974) cover the racial upheavals in these
two Midwest cities. Labor discontent that built up during the war
manifested itself in major postwar strikes, including the steel
industry, covered in David Brody's Labor in Crisis: The Steel Strike
of 1919 (1965), and the Boston police department, covered in
Francis Russell's A City in Terror: 1919, The Boston Police Strike
(1975). Wartime and postwar antileft activity is presented in
Stanley Coben's biography of Attorney General A. Mitchell
Palmer (1963) and Robert K. Murray's Red Scare (1964).
Peacemaking and Aftermath
Woodrow Wilson sought to use the Great War as the basis for
establishing a peaceful world order of states organized on a
nationalist basis and along capitalist economic lines, functioning under international law. David Esposito's Legacy of Woodrow
Wilson (1996) sympathetically surveys the president's war aims.
Arthur Link offers what is still the best overall justification of
Wilson's approach to peacemaking in Wilson the Diplomatist (1957); see also his anthology Woodrow Wilson and a Revolutionary World
(1982). Arthur Walworth, in America's Moment, 1918: American
Diplomacy at the End of World War 1(1977), and Lloyd Ambrosius's
Wilsonian Statecraft (1991) are more critical, but remain balanced.
Lawrence Gelfand's The Inquiry (1963) is still good on America's
first think-tank, which provided Wilson with essential, usually sound advice. Jonathan Nielsen's American Historians in War and
Peace (1994) is solid?and overlooked?on the specific role
played by the United States historical community. Ralph Stone
deals with senatorial objections to the Versailles treaty and the
League of Nations in The Irreconcilables: The Fight Against the
League of Nations (1970); William Widenor focuses on a leading isolationist senator in Henry Cabot Lodge and the Search for an
American Foreign Policy (1980). Arno Mayer's Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking (1967) and
N. Gordon Levin, Jr.'s Woodrow Wilson and World Politics (1968) take an alternative position, describing Wilson's principal imme
diate objective as checking the threat of Bolshevism, and its
Communist development, a central result of which was United
States intervention in Russia. George Schild's monograph, bal ances Between Ideology and Realpolitik in his work by that title
(1995). David W. McFadden, in Alternative Paths: Soviets and Americans ,1917-1920 (1993) and David S. Foglesong, in America's Secret War Against Bolshevism (1995), however, more or less trace
the Cold War to Wilson's ill-advised meddling. On the other hand
OAH Magazine of History October 2002 9
Victor Fic's The Collapse of American Policy in Russia and Siberia, 1918 (1995) criticizes the President for not doing enough to
destroy the Bolshevik menace. Benjamin Rhodes demonstrates
the military difficulties of doing anything at all under the condi tions prevailing in both Russia and America in The Angfo-Ameri can Winter War With Russia, 1918-1919 (1988).
Klaus Schwabe's Woodrow Wilson, Revolutionary Germany, and Peacemaking, 1918-1919 (1985) is excellent on the evolu tion of German reactions to Wilson's changing views of peace;
see also Hans-Juergen Schroeder's scholarly anthology, Con
frontation and Cooperation: Germany and the United States in the
Era of World War I (1993) on German- American relations in the
first quarter of the twentieth century. Manfred Boemeke out
lines Wilson's changing views on Germans in "Woodrow Wilson's
Image of Germany, the War-Guilt Question, and the Treaty of
Versailles," and Marc Trachtenberg's "Reparation at the Paris
Peace Conference," in the Journal of Modern History, shows that
the famous Fourteen Points did not give Germany a free pass back into the community of nations. In Victors Divided: America
and the Allies in Germany, 1918-1923 (1975), Keith Nelson deals
with the interallied tensions generated by the occupation; George
Egerton's "Britain and the 'Great Betrayal': Anglo-American
Relations and the Struggle for the United States Ratification of
the Treaty of Versailles, 1919-1920," in Historical Journal, de
scribes the strains imposed by United States' failure to ratify the
results; Michael Hogan presents the evolution of an Informal Entente, the title of his 1977 work. There is less on Franco
American relations, but David Stevenson's "French War Aims
and the American Challenge. 1914-1918," in the Historical
Journal, discusses the wartime tensions over war aims, and
William R. Keylor surveys the postwar rupture in "How They Advertised France," published in Diplomatic History.
Bibliography Allard, Dean C. "Admiral William S. Sims and United States Naval Policy in
World War I." American Neptune 35 (1975): 97-110.
Ambrosius, Lloyd. Wilsonian Statecraft: Theory and Practice of Liberal Internation
alism during World War 1. Wilmington, DE: SR Books, 1991.
Asprey, Robert B. At Belleau Wood. New York: Putnam, 1965.
Baer, George. One Hundred Years of Sea Power: The U.S. Navy, 1890-1990.
Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1994.
Barbeau, Arthur E., and Florette Henri. The Unknown Soldiers: Black American
Troops in World War 1. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1974.
Barr, Ronald J. "Neo-Hamiltonianism and Military Reform in the Progressive
Era, 1898-1912." Ph.D Dissertation, Louisiana State University, 1994.
Bartlett, Merrill L. Lejeune: A Marine's Life, 1867-1942. Columbia, SC: Univer
sity of South Carolina Press, 1991.
Beaver, Daniel R. "George W. Goethals and the Problems of American Military
Supply." In Daniel R. Beaver, ed., Some Pathways in Twentieth Century
History. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 1969, 95-109.
-. Newton D. Baker and the American War Effort, 1917-1919. Lincoln,
NE:University of Nebraska Press, 1966.
Blakey, George T. Historians on the Homefront: American Propagandists for the
Great War. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 1970.
? University Press of Colorado
^^^^^H romance ^^^^^H H ^I9^^^^hBmEi HHHHH|and ^^^^^^H 111 B^^^^IHbii^PX
^^^^^^^^^^^Mortcmm. ^^^^^^^ MumA B fll ^'^''^^^Bf ^ SHE1'] ^^^^^HciiufjAsM-^o.i^f B^^HI^^^^^KflHI^Br! ^BfcS.'i^^B?iioSWIsfeilllM ^^^^^^^^^^ iw^ununiiMcom BflfflBIHiiiff^M^^^^^^^^BJ ^^^KH^^^IH^EPIifiiMpl
Galvanized Yankees on the Upper Missouri Lynching in Colorado, 1859-1919 The Face of Loyalty By Stephen j. Leonard
By Michele Tucker Butts $24.95 Hardcover $29.95 Hardcover
Co-winner of the 1999 Colorado Endowment
The Romance of Commerce and Culture for the Humanities Publication Prize
Capitalism, Modernism, and the Chicago-Aspen Colorado Crusade for Cultural Reform, Revised Edition A Sports History by James Sloan Allen by James Whiteside
$21.95 Paperback $34.95 Hardcover
10 OAH Magazine of History October 2002
Boemeke, Manfred F. "Woodrow Wilson's Image of Germany, the War-Guilt
Question, ant the Treaty of Versailles." In Manfred Boemeke et. al., eds.
The Treaty of Versailles'. A Reassessment after 75 Years. New York: Cambridge
University Press, 1998, pp. 603-614.
Braim, Paul F. The Test of Battle: The American Expeditionary Force in the
Meuse'Argonne Campaign, second rev. ed. Shippensburg, PA: White
Mane Press, 1998.
Breen, William J. Labor Market Politics and the Great War: The Department of
Labor, the States, and the First U.S. Employment Service, 1907-1933. Kent,
OH: Kent State University Press, 1997.
-. Uncle Sam at Home: Civilian Mobilization, Wartime Federalism, and the
Council of National Defense. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1984.
Bristow, Nancy K. Making Men Moral: Social Engineering During the Great War.
New York: New York University Press, 1996.
Britten, Thomas. American Indians in World War 1. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press, 1997.
Brody, David. Labor in Crisis: The Steel Strike of 1919. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1965.
Burk, Kathleen. Britain, America, and the Sinews of War, 1914-1918. Boston: G.
Allen & Unwin, 1985.
Calhoun, Frederick S. Power and Principle: Armed Intervention in Wilsonian Foreign
Policy. Kent, OH: Kent State University Pr ess, 1986. - Uses of Force and Wilsonian Foreign Policy. Kent, OH: Kent State
University Press, 1993.
Cameron, Rebecca Hancock. Training to Fly: Military Flight Training, 1907-1945.
Washington, DC: Air Force History and Museums Program, 1999.
Canfield, Thomas. "Will to Win?The US Army Troop Morale Program in
World War I." Military Affairs 41 (1977): 125-128.
Chambers, John Whiteclay, II. The Oxford Companion to American Military
History. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999
-. To Raise an Army: The Draft Comes to Modern America. New York: Free
Press, 1987.
-. The Tyranny of Change: America in the Progressive Era, 1890-1920.
second ed. New York: Saint Martin's, 1992.
Chatfield, Charles. For Peace and Justice: Pacifism in America, 1914
1941. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press, 1971.
Clark, George B. Devil Dogs: Fighting Marines of World War 1.
Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 1999.
Clements, Kendrick A. William Jennings Bryan: Missionary Isolation
ist. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press, 1982.
Clifford, J. Garry. The Citizen Soldiers: The Plattsburg Training Camp
Movement, 1913-1920. Lexington, KY: University Press of
Kentucky, 1972.
Coben, Stanley. A. Mitchell Palmer: Politician. New York: Columbia
University Press, 1963.
Coffman, Edward M. "The AEF Leaders' Education for War," in R.
J. Q. Adams, ed. The Great War, 1914-1918: Essays on the
Military, Political and Social History of the First World War.
Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan in association with King's Col
lege London, 1990, pp. 139-59.
-. "American Command and Commanders in World War
I." In Russell F. Weigley, ed., New Dimensions in Military
History. San Rafael, CA: Presidio Press, 1975, pp. 17-34.
-. The War to End all Wars: The American Military Experience in World War
1. New York: Oxford University Press, 1968.
-. The Hilt ofthe Sword: The Career of Peyton C. March. Lexington, KY:
University of Kentucky Press, 1966.
Coletta, Paolo E. Admiral Bradley A. Fiske and the American Navy. Lawrence, KS:
University Press of Kansas, 1979.
Conner, Valerie ]. The National War Labor Board: Stability, Social Justice, and the
Voluntary State in World War I. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North
Carolina Press, 1983.
Coogan, John W. The End of Neutrality: The United States, Britain, and Maritime
Rights, 1899-1915. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1981.
Cooke, James J. The All-Americans at War: The 82nd Division in the Great War.
Westport, CT: Praeger, 1999.
-. Pershing and His Generals: Command and Staff in the AEF. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1997.
-. The U.S. Air Service in the Great War, 1917-1919. Westport, CT:
Praeger, 1996.
-. The Rainbow Division in the Great War, 1917-1919. Westport, CT:
Praeger, 1994.
Cooper, Jerry. The Rise ofthe National Guard: The Evolution ofthe American Militia, 1865*1920. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1997.
Cornebise, Alfred E., ed. Doughboy Doggerel: Verse of the American Expeditionary
Force, 1918-1919. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 1985.
-. Soldier-Scholars: Higher Education in the AEF, 1917-1919. Philadel
phia: American Philosophical Society, 1997.
-. The Stars and Stripes: Dougjxboy Journalism in World War I. Westport,
CT: Greenwood Press, 1984.
Creel, George. How We Advertised America: The first telling of the amazing story of the Committee on Public Information that carried the gospel of Americanism to
every corner of the globe. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1920.
Cuff, Robert D. The War Industries Board: Business-Government Relations During World War I. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973.
Daniels, Josephus. Our Navy at War. New York: G.H. Doran, 1922.
Devlin, Patrick. Too Proud to Fight: Woodrow Wilson's Neutrality. New York:
Oxford University Press, 1974.
Doughty, Robert A. "More Than Numbers:" Americans and the Revival of
French Morale in the Great War." Arrrry History 52 (Spring 2001): 1-10.
Early, Francis H. A World Without War: How U.S. Feminists and Pacifists Resisted
World War I. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1997.
Egerton, George W. "Britain and the "Great Betrayal': Anglo-American Rela
tions and the Struggle for United States Ratification of the Treaty of
Versailles, 1919-1920," Historical Journal 21 (1978): 885-911.
Eisenhower, John S. D. Yanks: The Epic Story ofthe American Army in World War
1. New York: Free Press, 2001.
-. Intervention!: The United States and the Mexican Revolution, 1913-1917.
New York: W.W. Norton, 1993.
Esposito, David M. The Legacy of Woodrow Wilson: America's War Aims in World
War I. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1996.
Ettinger, Albert. A Doughboy with the Fighting Sixty-Ninth: A
Remembrance of World War 1. Shippensburg, PA: White Mane Pub.
Company, 1992.
Farwell, Byron. Over There: The United States in the Great War, 1917
1918. New York: Norton, 1999.
Ferrell, Robert H. Woodrow Wilson and World War I, 19174921.
New York: Harper & Row, 1985.
Feuer, A.B. The U.S. Navy in World War I: Combat at Sea and in the
Air. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1999.
Fie, Victor M. The Collapse of American Policy in Russia and Siberia,
1918: Wilson's Decision Not to Intervene. Boulder, CO: East European
Monographs; New York: Distributed by Columbia University Press, 1995.
Finnegan, John P. Against the Specter of a Dragon: The Campaign for American Military Preparedness, 1914-1917. Westport, CT: Green
wood Press, 1974.
Foglesong, David S. America's Secret War Against Bolshevism: U.S.
Intervention in the Russian Civil War, 1917-1920. Chapel Hill, NC:
University of North Carolina Press, 1995.
Ford, Nancy. Americans AM! Foreign-Born Soldiers in World War 1.
College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press, 2001.
Foster, Carrie A. The Women and the Warriors: The U.S. Section of the Women's
International League for Peace and Freedom, 1915-1946. Syracuse, NY:
Syracuse University Press, 1995.
Gavin, Lettie. American Women in World War I: They Also Served. Niwot, CO:
University Press of Colorado, 1997.
Geifand, Lawrence. The Inquiry. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1963.
George, Alexander L. and Juliette George. Woodrow Wilson and Colonel House:
A Personality Study. New York: J. Day, 1956.
Gibbs, Christopher. The Great Silent Majority: Missouri's Resistance to World War
1. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, 1988.
Greenwald, Maurine. Women, War, and Work: The Impact of World War 1 on
Women Workers in the United States. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1980.
Grossman, James R. Land of Hope: Chicago, Black Southerners, and the Great
Migration. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989.
Grotelueschen, Mark E. Doctrine Under Trial: American Artillery Employment in
World War 1. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2001.
" i i P511-' Ul^f ^
German soldiers refered
toU.S. Marines as "devil
dogs." (Library of
Congress, POS
U5.H02, no. 1.)
OAH Magazine of History October 2002 11
Grubbs, Frank L. Samuel Gompers and the Great War: Protecting Labor s Standards.
Wake Forest, NC: Meridional Publications, 1982.
Hallas, James H. Doughboy War: The American Expeditionary Force in World War
J. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2000.
-. Squandered Victory: The American First Army at St. Mihiel. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1995.
Harries, Meirion and Susie Harries. The Last Days of Innocence: America at War, 1917-1918. New York: Random House, 1997.
Harris, Stephen L. Duty, Honor, Privilege: New York's Silk Stocking Regiment and
the Breaking of the Hindenburg Line. Washington, DC: Brassey's, 2001.
Haynes, Robert V. A Night of Violence: The Houston Riot of 1917. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 1976.
Heller, Charles E. Chemical Warfare in World War I: The American Experience, 1917-1918. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute, 1985.
Henri, Florette. Black Migration: Movement North, 1900-1920. Garden City, NY:
Anchor Press, 1975.
Herwig, Holger H, and Neil Heyman, eds. Biographical Dictionary of World War
I. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1982.
Heywood, Chester. Negro Combat Troops in the World War: The Story ofthe 371st
Infantry. New York: Negro Universities Press, 1969.
Hogan, Michael J. Informal Entente: The Private Structure of Cooperation in Anglo American Economic Diplomacy, 1918-1928. Columbia, MO: University of
Missouri Press, 1977.
Holley, LB. Ideas and Weapons: Exploitation ofthe Aerial Weapon by the United States
During World War 1. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History, 1983.
Holley, LB. General JohnM. Palmer, Citizen Soldiers, and the Army of a Democracy.
Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1982.
Hudson, James J. Hostile Skies: A Combat History of the American Air Service in
World War I. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1968.
Hurley, Alfred F. Billy Mitchell, Crusader for Air Power. Bloomington, IN: Indiana
University Press, 1975.
Hynes, Samuel. The Soldiers' Tale: Bearing Witness to Modem War. New York:
Allen Lane, 1997.
James, D. Clayton. The Years of MacArthur. 3 vols. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1970-1985.
Johnson, Donald. The Challenge to American Freedoms: World War I and the Rise
ofthe American Civil Liberties Union. Lexington, KY: University of Kentucky
Press, 1963.
Johnson, Douglas V., II, and Rolfe L. Hillman, Soissons 1918. College Station:
Texas A&M Press, 1999.
-. "A Few 'Squads Left' and Off to France: Training the American Army in the United States for Service in World War I." Ph.D dissertation,
Temple University, 1992.
Jones, Jerry W. U.S. Battleship Operations in World War 1. Annapolis, MD: Naval
Institute Press, 1998.
Katz, Friedrich. The Life & Times of Pancho Villa. Stanford, CA: Stanford
University Press, 1998.
-. The Secret War in Mexico: Europe, the United States, and the Mexican
Revolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981.
Kennedy, David M. Over Here: The First World War and American Society. New
York: Oxford University Press, 1980.
Keylor, William R. "How They Advertised France: The French Propaganda
Campaign in the United States during the Breakup ofthe Franco-American
Entente, 1918-1923." Diplomatic History 17 (1993): 351-73.
Klachko, Mary and David F. Trask. Admiral William Shepherd Benson: First Chief
of Naval Operations. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1987.
Knock, Thomas J. To End All Wars: Woodrow Wilson and the Quest for a New World
Order. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.
Koistinen, Paul A. C. Mobilizing for Modem War: The Political Economy of American
Warfare, 1865-1919. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1997.
Kornwiebel, Theodore. "Apathy and Dissent: Black America's Negative Re
sponse to World War I." South Atlantic Quarterly 80 (1981): 322-338.
Langer, William L. Gas and Flame in World War 1. New York: Knopf, 1965.
Laurie, Clayton D. "The Chanting of Crusaders': Captain Heber Blankenhorn
and AEF Combat Propaganda in World War I." The Journal of Military
History 59 (July 1995): 457-82.
Lawrence, Joseph D. and Robert H. Ferrell, Fighting Soldier. Boulder, CO:
Associated University Press, 1985.
Luebke, Frederick. Bonds of Loyalty: German-Americans and World War 1. DeKalb:
Northern Illinois University Press, 1974
Levin, N. Gordon, Jr. Woodrow Wilson and World Politics: America's Response to
War and Revolution. New York: Oxford University Press, 1968.
Lindley, John M. "A Soldier Is Also a Citizen": The Controversy Over Military Justice, 19174920. New York: Garland Publishing, 1990.
Link, Arthur S., et. al. eds. The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, Vols. 1-69. Princeton,
NJ: Princeton University Press, 19664994.
-. Wilson: Campaigns for Progressivism and Peace, 1916-1917. Princeton,
NJ: Princeton University Press, 1965.
-. Wilson: Confusions and Crises, 1915-1916. Princeton, NJ: Princeton
University Press, 1964.
-. Wilson the Diplomatist: A Look at His Major Foreign Policies. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1957.
-. Wilson: The Struggle for Neutrality ,1914-1915. Princeton, NJ: Princeton
University Press, 1960.
-. Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era, 1910-1917. New York: Harper, 1954.
-., ed. Woodrow Wilson and a Revolutionary World. Chapel Hills, NC:
University of North Carolina Press, 1982.
-. and John Whiteclay Chambers II. "Woodrow Wilson as Commander
in-Chief," in Richard A. Kohn, ed. The United States Military under the
Constitution of the United States, 1789-1989. New York: New York Univer
sity Press, 1991, pp. 317-375.
Little, Arthur W. From Harlem to the Rhine: The Story of New York's Colored
Volunteers. New York: Covici, Friede, 1936.
Livermore, Seward W. Politics is Adjourned. Woodrow Wilson and the War Con
gress, 1916-1918. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1966.
Mackin, Elton E. Suddenly We Didn't Want to Die: Memoirs of a World War I
Marine, ed. George B. Clark. Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 1993.
Margulies, Herbert F. The Mild Reservationists and the League of Nations Contro
versy in the Senate. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, 1989.
Marks, Carole. Farewell?We're Good and Gone: The Great Black Migration.
Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1989.
Marshall, George C. Memoirs of My Services in the World War, 1917-1918. ed.
James L. Collins. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1976.
Martin, Gregory. "German Strategy and German Assessments of the American
Expeditionary Force (AEF), 1917-1918." WarlnHistory 1 (1994): 160-96.
Maurer, Maurer, ed. The U.S. Air Service in World War 1. 4 vols. Washington, D.C: The Office of Air Force History, Headquarters USAF, 1978.
May, Ernest R. The World War and American Isolation, 1914-1917. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1959.
Mayer, Arno. Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking: Containment and Counter
revolution at Versailles, 1918-1919. New York: Knopf, 1967.
McFadden, David W. Alternative Paths: Soviets and Americans, 1917-1920. New
York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
McFarland, Stephen L. America's Pursuit of Precision Bombing, 1910-1945. Wash
ington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1995.
Mead, Gary, The Doughboys. New York: Overlook, 2000.
Meigs, Mark. Optimism at Armageddon: Voices of American Participants in the
First World War. New York: New York University Press, 1997.
Millett, Allan R. "Cantigny, 28-31 May 1918." In Charles E. Heller and William
A. Stofft, eds., America's First Battles, 1776-1965. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1986, 149-85.
-. The General: Robert L. Bullard and Officership in the United States Army,
1881-1925. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1975.
-. "Over Where? The AEF and the American Strategy for Victory, 1917
1918." In Kenneth J. Hagan and William R. Roberts, eds., Against All
Enemies: Interpretations of American Military History from Colonial Times to
the Present. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1986, 235-56.
Morison, Eking. Admiral Sims and the Modern American Navy. Boston: Houghton
Mifflin, 1942.
Mosier, John. The M^th of the Great War: A New Military History of World War 1
New York: HarperCollins, 2001.
Murphy, Paul L. World War I and the Origin of Civil Liberties in the United States.
New York: Norton, 1979.
Murray, Robert K. Red Scare: A Study in National Hysteria, 1919-1920. New York:
McGraw-Hill, 1964.
Nelson, Keith L. Victors Divided: America and the Allies in Germany, 1918-1923.
Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975.
Nenninger, Timothy . "American Military Effectiveness in the First World War," In Military Effectiveness, Vol. L Edited by Allan Millett and Williamson K.
12 OAH Magazine of History October 2002
Murray (London: Allen & Unwin, 1988), pp. 116-56. - . "The Army Enters the Twentieth Century, 1904-1917." In Kenneth
J. Hagan and William R. Roberts, ed., Against All Enemies: Interpretations of American Military History from Colonial Times to the Present. Westport, CT:
Greenwood Press, 1986, 219-34.
-. The Leavenworth Schools and the Old Army: Education, Professionalism, and the Officer Corps of the United States Army, 1881-1918. Westport, CT:
Greenwood Press, 1978.
-. "Unsystematic as a Mode of Command: Commanders and the Process
of Command in the American Expeditionary Forces, 1917-1919." The
Journal of Military History 64 (2000): 739-68.
Nielson, Jonathan M. American Historians in War and Peace: Patriotism, Diplomacy, and
the Paris Peace Conference 1919, Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt Pub. Co. 1994.
Parrini, Carl. Heir to Empire: United States Economic Diplomacy, 1916-1923.
Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1969.
Patton, Gerald W. War and Race: The Black Officer in the American Military, 1915
1941. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1981.
Peterson, Horace C. and Gilbert C. Fite. Opponents of the War, 1917-1918.
Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1957.
Pogue, Forrest C. George C. Marshall New York: Viking Press, 1963.
Polenberg, Richard. Fighting Faiths: The Abrams Case, the Supreme Court, and Free
Speech. New York: Viking, 1987.
Pope, Stephen W. "An Army of Athletes: Playing Fields, Battlefields, and the
American Military Sporting Experience, 1890-1920." Journal of Military
History 59 (1995): 435-56.
Preston, William, Jr. Aliens and Dissenters: Federal Suppression of Radicals, 1903
1933. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1963.
Rainey, James W. "Ambivalent Warfare: The Tactical Doctrine of the AEF in
World War I." Parameters 13 (September 1983): 34-46.
-. "The Questionable Training of the AEF in World War I." Parameters
22 (Winter 1992-93): 89-103.
Rawls, Walton. Wake Up, America!: World War 1 and the American Poster. New
York: Abbeville Press, 1988.
Reardon, Carol. Soldiers and Scholars: The U.S. Army and the Uses of Military
History, 1865-1920. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1990.
Rhodes, Benjamin D. The Anglo-American Wmter War with Russia, 1918-1919: A
Diplomatic and Military Tragicomedy. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1988.
Rudwick, Elliott M. Race Riot at East St. Louis, July 2, 1917. Carbondale, IL:
Southern Illinois University Press, 1964
Russell, Francis. A City in Terror: 1919, The Boston Police Strike. New York: Viking Press, 1975.
Scheiber, Harry N. The Wilson Administration and Civil Liberties, 1917-1921.
Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1960.
Schild, Georg. Between Ideology and Realpolitik: Woodrow Wilson and the Russian
Revolution, 1917-1921. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1995.
Schrader, Charles R. "
'Maconochie's Stew:' Logistical Support of American
Forces with the BEF, 1917-1918," In R.J.Q. Adams, ed. The Great War, 1914 1918. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press, 1990, 101-31.
Schroeder, Hans-Juergen, ed. Confrontation and Cooperation: Germany and the United States in the Era of World War 1. Providence, RI: Berg Pub., 1993.
Schwabe, Klaus. Woodrow Wilson, Revolutionary Germany, and Peacemaking, 1918
1919: Missionary Diplomacy and the Realities of Power. Chapel Hill, NC:
University of North Carolina Press, 1985.
Seidule, James Tyrus. "Morale in the American Expeditionary Forces during World War I," Ph.D dissertation, Ohio State University, 1997.
Smith, Daniel Malloy. Robert Lansing and American Neutrality, 1914-1917. Berke
ley, CA: University of California Press, 1958.
Smythe, Donald. Pershing: General of the Armies. Bloomington, IN: Indiana
University Press, 1986.
-. "St. Mihiel: The Birth of an American Army." Parameters 12 (March
1983): 47-57.
Spector, Ronald. "'You're Not Going to Send Soldiers Over There, Are You?' The
American Search for an Alternative to the Western Front, 1914-1916,"
Military Affairs 36 (1972): 1-4.
Stevenson, David. "French War Aims and the American Challenge, 1914-1918," Historical Journal 22 (1979): 877-94- Stone, Ralph A. The Irreconcilables: The
Fight Against the League of Nations. Lexington, KY: University Press of
Kentucky, 1970.
Stout, Joseph A. Border Conflict: Villistas, Carrancistas, and the Punitive Expedition, 1915-1920. Fort Worth, TX: Texas Christian University Press, 1999.
Sweetman, Jack. The Landing at Veracruz: 1914. Annapolis, MD: United States
Naval Institute Press, 1968.
Thompson, John A. Reformers and War: Progressive Publicists and the First World
War. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
Trachtenberg, Marc. "Reparation at the Paris Peace Conference." Journal of Modem History 51 (1979): 24-55.
Trask, David F. The AEF and Coalition Warmaking, 1917-1918. Lawrence, KS:
University Press of Kansas, 1993.
-. "The American Navy in a World at War, 1914-1919." In Kenneth J.
Hagan, ed., In Peace and War: Interpretations of American Naval History, 1775-1984. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1984, 205-20.
-. Captains and Cabinets: Anglo-American Naval Relations, 1917-1918.
Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, 1972.
-. The United States in the Supreme War Council: American War Aims and
Inter-Allied Strategy, 1917-1918. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1961.
Triplet, William. A Youth in the Meuse-Argonne. ed. by Robert H. Ferrell.
Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, 2000.
Tuttle, William M. Race Riot: Chicago in the Red Summer of 1919. New York:
Atheneum, 1972.
United States Department of the Army. United States Army in the World War, 1917-1919. 17 vols. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing
Office, 1948.
United States War Industries Board [Bernard Baruch]. American Industry in the
War. New York: Prentice-Hall, 1941.
Vandiver, Frank E. Black Jack: The Life and Times of John J. Pershing. 2 vols.
College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press, 1977.
Van Wyen, Adrian O. Naval Aviation in World War I. Washington, DC: Chief of
Naval Operations, 1969.
Vaughn, Stephen. Holding Fast The Inner Lines: Democracy, Nationalism, and the
Committee on Public Information. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North
Carolina Press, 1980.
Venzon, Anne Cipriano. The United States in the First World War: An Encyclope dia. New York: Garland, 1995.
Victory, James. "Soldier Making: The Forces that Shaped the Infantry Training of White Soldiers in the United States Army in World War I." Ph. D
dissertation, Kansas State University, 1990.
Walworth, Arthur. America s Moment, 1918: American Diplomacy at the End of World War 1. New York: Norton, 1977.
Weigley, Russell F. The American Way of War: A History of United States Military
Strategy and Policy. New York: Macmillan, 1973.
White, Lonnie J. Panthers to Arrowheads: The 36th (Texas/Oklahoma) Division in World War I Austin, TX: Presidiai Press, 1984.
-. The 90th Division in World War 1. Manhattan, KS: Sunflower Press, 1996.
Widenor, William C. Henry Cabot Lodge and the Search for an American Foreign
Policy. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1980.
Williams, William J. "Josephus Daniels and the U.S. Navy's Shipbuilding Program During World War I." Journal of Military History 60 (1996): 7-38.
-. The Wilson Administration and the Shipbuilding Crisis of 1917. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 1992.
Wilson, Dale E. Treat 'em Rough: The Birth of American Armor, 1917-1920.
Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 1989.
Woodward, David R. Trial by Friendship: Anglo-American Relations, 1917-1918.
Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 1993.
Zais, Barrie E. "The Struggle for a 20th Century Army: Investigation and reform of the United States Army after the Spanish-American War, 1898-1903." Ph. D dissertation, Duke University, 1981.
Zeiger, Susan. In Uncle Sam's Service: Women Workers with the American Expedi tionary Force, 1917-1919. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1999.
Zieger, Robert H. America's Great War: World War I and the American Experience. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2000.
Zimmerman, Phyllis A. The Neck of the Bottle: George W. Goethals and the
Reorganization of the U.S. Army Supply System, 1917-1918. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press, 1992.
Dennis E. Showalter is professor of history at Colorado College and
past president of the Society for Military History. He is author of Tannenberg: Clash of Empires (1991), and editor of the two volume reference work History in Dispute: World War I (2000).
OAH Magazine of History October 2002 13